Assignment No.

857 AIM To carry out tensile tests on plain carbon steels of different amount and compare the mechanical properties of each specimen.

APPARATUS The materials include Hounsfield tensometer, 20kn beam, Graph paper, Test pieces, Micrometer/Vernier, and metric chuck.

SPECIMENS 0.15% plain carbon steel normalised 0.4% plain carbon steel normalised 0.8% plain carbon steel normalised

METHODS 1. Measure the diameter of each test piece and calculate its cross-sectional area. 2. Adjust elongation gauge to the individual specimen (Note: gauge length = 5 x diameter). 3. Place graph paper on the rotating drum. 4. Apply load evenly and slowly plotting a load/extension graph on paper until fracture occurs. 5. Repeat procedure with remaining specimens. 6. Calculate elongation (%), yield stress (N/mm^2), ultimate tensile stress (N/mm^2), and fracture stress (N/mm^2) for each specimens.

7. Calculate proof stress where applicable using 0.2% gauge length.

RAW RESULTS Carbon content Diameter Reduction cross section area Elongation Fracture diameter Hardness 0.1% 5.02 50% 33% 3.49 63.3 0.4% 5.03 35% 19% 3.89 87.6 0.8% 5.05 30% 15% 4.12 93

CALCULATED RESULTS YEILD STRESS 0.1% plain carbon steel solution for yield stress

Yield stress

0.4% plain carbon steel solution for yield stress

Yield stress

 0.8% plain carbon steel solution for Yield stress

Yield stress ULTIMATE TENSILE STRESS 0.1% plain carbon steel solution for ultimate tensile stress Ultimate tensile stress 0.4% plain carbon steel solution for ultimate tensile stress Ultimate tensile stress 0.8% plain carbon steel solution for ultimate tensile stress Ultimate tensile stress FRACTURE STRESS 0.1% plain carbon steel solution for fracture stress

0.1% Fracture stress

0.4% plain carbon steel solution for fracture stress

 0.4% fracture stress

0.8% plain carbon steel solution for fracture stress

0.8% fracture stress Conclusions a) The differences in mechanical properties of the specimens tested. i) The result gotten from the experiment shows that increase in carbon content decreases the elongation. ii) Hardness increases as the carbon content increases. iii) The more carbon contents the less reduction cross sectional area. iv) The yield stress increases as carbon increases. b) The ratio of yield stress to fracture stress of each specimen tested. i) ii) iii) For 0.1% carbon For 0.4% carbon For 0.8% carbon

c) The areas of elastic and plastic deformation of each are attached to this document.

d) Normalising: is the process of raising the temperature above A3 line fully into the austenite range. It is held at this temperature to fully convert the structure into Austenite, and then removed from the furnace and cooled at room temperature under natural convention. This results in grain structure of pearlite with excess of ferrote or cementite. Temperature dffers from test piece to test piece because of the differences in mechanical properties and carbon content. Basically what you want from the material. e) Work hardening: the term work hardening is when a metal is strained beyond the yield point. An increasing stress is required to produce additional plastic deformation and the metal apparently becomes stronger and more difficult to deform. f) The graph of hardness against carbon content is attached to this document. The results shows that the more carbon content the harder the material will become. g) Graph of mechanical result against carbon content. Increase in yield stress and ultimate stress but reduction in ductility. h) 100% pearlite in 0.1% carbon 50% pearlite and 50% ferrite. 20% pearlite. The amount of ferrite controls the corrosion and stress corrosion resistance. The amount of ferrite and pearlite determines the strength and ductility of the material. i) Case hardening low carbon steel: case hardening produces a hard, wear-resistant surface or case over a strong, tough core. The principal forms of case hardening are carburinzing, cyaniding, and nitriding. Only ferrous metals are case hardened. Case hardening is ideal for parts that require a wear-resistant surface and must be tough enough internally to withstand heavy loading.

CARBURIZING: This results in carburized steel that has a high-carbon surface and a low-carbon interior. When the carburized steel is heat treated, the case becomes hardened and the core remains soft and tough. Two methods are used for carburizing steel. One method consists of heating the steel in a furnace containing a carbon monoxide atmosphere. The other method has the steel placed in a container packed with charcoal or some other carbon-rich material and then heated in furnace. To cool the parts, you can leave the container in the furnace to cool or remove it and let it air cool. In both cases, the parts become annealed during the slow cooling. The depth of the carbon penetration depends on the length of the soaking period. With present methods, carburizing is almost exclusively done by gas atmospheres. CYANIDING: this process is a type of case hardening that is fast and efficient. Preheated steel is dipped into a heated cyanide bath and allowed to soak. Upon removal, it is quenched and then rinsed to remove any residual cyanide. This process produces a thin, hard shell that is harder than the one produced by carburizing and can be completed in 20 to 30 minutes vice several hours. The disadvantage is that cyanide salts are deadly poison. NITRIDING: this case hardening method produces the hardest surface of any of the hardening processes. It differs from the other methods in that the individual parts have been heat-treated and tempered before nitriding. The parts are then heated in a furnace that has an ammonia gas atmosphere. No quenching is required so there is no worry about warping or other types of distortion. This process is used to case harden items, such as ears, cylinder sleeves, camshafts and other engine parts, that need to be wear resistant and operate in high-heat areas.