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Chapter 13 Lab/Activity 3
Learning Outcomes: After completing this lab activity and studying Chapter 13, The Theory of Seafloor Spreading, you should be able to: 1. Describe how sediment thickness in relationship to the mid-ocean ridge can be used to support the concept of seafloor spreading.
2. Describe how seafloor depth away from the mid-ocean ridge can be used to support the concept of Seafloor Spreading. 3. Provide an explanation using both verbal and illustrative means of the processes occurring at the mid-ocean ridge. 4. Provide a theory as to how the Earth is able to change its magnetic field every few million years or so. 5. Explain how the magnetic reversals of the Earth leave evidence behind in a telltale signature of surface igneous rocks. 6. Describe how the magnetic reversal signatures or banding of ocean crust is used to support the theory that the seafloor is spreading at the ridge and then moving off to the sides. 7. Use the information provided by magnetic banding to estimate spreading rates of the mid-ocean ridges.
Vocabulary:
Epoch refers to a time frame in which the earth has a stable magnetic field. Event refers to the actual magnetic flip. Igneous rock rock that forms from solidifying lava and has not undergone sediment or metamorphic affects. Igneous rock can occur on land or on the sea floor. Magnetic band the fixing of the magnetite crystals in igneous rock Magnetic field the field produced by movement of the inner and outer iron based cores of the Earth. Magnetite iron composed crystals that are common in basaltic and other igneous rocks. Mid-ocean ridge the 46,000-mile mountain chain that circumnavigates the globe and is the site of seafloor spreading and production of oceanic crust. Seafloor spreading the name of the theory in which new seafloor is being produced at the mid-ocean ridge and then moved to either side. Thermal subsidence the condensation of the oceanic crust as it cools resulting in the sinking into the Earths asthenosphere (upper mantle). Transect a set of data that is acquired along a known path such as a cross station along the ocean floor.
Introduction: When James Hutton introduced the world to the concept of a dynamic Earth in the 18th Century, he probably never envisioned just how dynamic science would theorize the Earth is. In Huttons time, the idea of an ancient Earth was controversial enough, much less that never-ending cycles produce and destroy mountains. To propose that continents move or that the crust is actually part of its own production and destruction cycle would have probably been called scientific heresy. The 150 years following James Hutton brought great changes in both thought and technology. This series of activities explores the unveiling of features on the ocean floor, age estimates, magnetism, and ocean depth. It includes an innovative way of viewing Earth from models of ocean crust production and destruction.
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Examine Graphs 2A and 2B of the crust age and the distance to the ridge. Provide an interpretation of what the graph is indicating.
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Compare Graphs 2A and 2B of the crust age and the distance to the ridge. Are there any differences between the shapes of the curves? If so, provide an explanation as to what is causing the difference.
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Examine Graphs 3A and 3B of the crust age and ocean depth. Provide an interpretation of what the graph is showing.
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Compare Graphs 3A and 3B of the crust age and ocean depth. Are there any differences between the shapes of the curves? If so, provide an explanation as to what is causing the difference.
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Data Questions Using the equation of velocity, calculate in centimeters per year: 1) Atlantic Ridge. Use data provided to you earlier in Station 1 for the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Show all work and do not forget your units. 2) the spreading rate of the Pacific Ridge. 1. Spreading rate of seafloor at Atlantic Ridge
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Data/Results questions: Using the data obtained from the sea floor depth and age plotted graphs you will need to estimate the AGE of the ocean crust in the Pacific using the line of best fit in Graph 3B. (Approximate years only.) Depth 3,000 m/9,840 ft 3,300 m/10,827 ft 3,600 m/11,811 ft 3,900 m/12,795 ft Age ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
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Data/Results Questions After completing the plot of sediment thickness and distance from the ridge what pattern do you observe?
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After completing the plot of sediment thickness and sediment age what pattern did you observe?
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Procedure Part 3: Paleomagnetic Banding as Supporting Evidence of Sea-floor Spreading 1. Using the data provided in Figure 1 (Observed Marine Magnetic Anomalies along the Mid-Ocean Ridge) you will construct an illustration depicting the magnetic field reversals on either side of the ridge. 2. Examine the figure carefully before beginning. a. The top x-axis is displaying the distance of the ocean crust away from the ridge. Zero is referencing to the midocean rift. If you observe to the right and the left of the zero the distance is increasing away from the ridge.
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Data/Results questions Are there any patterns in the magnetic banding profile that you constructed?
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Calculate the spreading rate of the ocean crust based on information provided to you in Figure 1. Use the same procedure that you used in Station 1 to calculate the spreading rates.
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Analysis of Results: Interpret and analyze your results for each Station by answering the following questions. Part 1: Bathymetric and Radiometric Evidence of Seafloor Spreading 1. Based on the plotted graphs you constructed, provide an explanation as to what is causing the age of the crust to increase the further away from the ridge.
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2. Provide a possible cause that explains the difference in spreading rates between the Atlantic and Pacific mid-ocean ridges.
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3. Provide an explanation as to why the seafloor increases in depth away from the ridge, and why it tends to level out at great distances away from the ridge.
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Part 2: Use of Sediment Thickness Patterns as Supporting Evidence of Seafloor Spreading. 1. Provide an explanation of the sediment thickness pattern you observed in your graph from Station 2.
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2. Would you expect the sediment thickness away from the ridge to perfectly show the sedimentation rate based on age? For example if the sediment rate is 1mm every 1000 years would you expect that a 100,000-year-old crust would have exactly 100 mm of sediment on top of it?
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Part 3: Paleomagnetic Banding as Supporting Evidence of Seafloor Spreading 1. Provide an explanation that supports the magnetic banding observed in the profile you drew in Station 3.
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2. Why does the magnetic banding profile show such strong evidence for seafloor spreading?
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3. Based on the observed data of magnetic reversals what seems to be the average number of years between the actual flips?
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4. Based on your magnetic profile do you think that mid-ocean ridges around the world would show magnetic profiles that would be exactly the same? Explain your answer.
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Conclude and Communicate: 1. Present an explanation that would account for the differences in the plotted data graphs between the Pacific and Atlantic data that was provided to you.
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2. If a mid-ocean ridge was to stop its production of oceanic crust, in other words the ridge becomes dormant or dies out, what would you expect to observe with the sediment thickness at the site of the ridge? Explain.
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4. Recently magnetic banding patterns have been found on the surface of Mars by orbiting probes carrying magnetometers. What conclusions can be made by this discovery?
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5. How important is it that we have found some evidence of dynamic crusts on other worlds? Does this evidence strengthen or weaken the support for seafloor spreading and continental drift on Earth? Explain.
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