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EARLYHISTORY
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EARLYTRADETHROUGHSEA TextilesofIndiawereindemandinEgyptandtheMediterraneanbetweenthe1st2ndcenturies TheseregionsbecameoverseasmarketsforIndianexports. InJavaandBorneo,theintroductionofIndianculturecreatedademandforaromatics. ThesetradingoutpostslaterservedtheChineseandArabmarketsaswell. ProductswereshippedacrosstheportsofArabiatotheNearEastthroughtheportsofIndia. TheCholas(2001279)wereatthepeakofseapowerduringthemedievalperiod. EmperorsRajarajaChola(9851014)andRajendraChola(10121044)extendedtheChola kingdombeyondIndianShores TheIndiancommercialconnectionwithSouthEastAsiaprovedvitaltothemerchantsofArabia andPersiabetween78century
CHOLAS
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54THPARAGRAPHPERIPLUS
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54.TyndisisoftheKingdomofCerobothra;itisavillageinplainsightbythesea.Muziris,ofthe samekingdom,aboundsinshipssenttherewithcargoesfromArabia,andbytheGreeks;itis located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia. Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundredstadia,andisofanotherKingdom,thePandian.Thisplacealsoissituatedonariver, aboutonehundredandtwentystadiafromthesea.
CEROBOTHRA CerobothrasaretheCheraKingsmentionedinSangampoetryandthenamesmentionedare: NedumCheralathan PalyaneChelKezhuKuttuvan KalankaiKanniNarmudiCheran ChenkuttuvanCheran(KadalPirakottiyaVelKezhuKuttuvan) AttuKottuPattuCheralathan ChelvaKadunkoAzhiAthan ThakadurErinthaPerumCheralIrumporai KudakoIlamCheralIrumporai.
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FINALLYTHESCENEOFBIGSHIPSCOMINGINTOTHEPORTSANGAMSAYS
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East India Company Company rule in India British Raj British Rule in Burma Princely States Partition of India
AFTERTHE1857INDEPENDENCEEFFORT
GovernmentofIndiaActcameintoforcein1858. ThiswasthedirecteffectofthefirstwarofIndependenceof1857. BritishIndiawasthereafterdirectlyruledbytheBritishCrownasacolonyoftheBritish. From1876itwasknownasEmpireofIndia. IndiaconsistedofregionsreferredtoasBritishIndiathatweredirectlyadministeredbythe British. ESTABLISHMENTSOFPRESIDENCIES MadrasPresidency:established1640. BombayPresidency:establishedin1687 Bengalpresidency:establishedin1690 EastIndiaCompany'sheadquartersmovedfromSurattoBombayin1687. TheBritishstartedextendingtheirtentaclesalloverthecountry,mostlybyfoulmeans. Page11of24
THEACTOF1858 TheCompany'sterritoriesinIndiawerevestedintheQueen. TheCompanyceasestobecontrollingthecolony. IndiawastobegovernedintheQueen'sname. TheCrownwasempoweredtoappointaGovernorGeneralandGovernorsoftheStates. CreationofanIndianCivilServiceunderthecontroloftheSecretaryofState. AllthepropertyoftheEastIndiaCompanywastransferredtotheCrown. TheCrownalsoassumedtheresponsibilitiesoftheCompanyastheyrelatedtotreaties, contracts,andsoforth. THEVICTIMSOFTHEACT AllindustrieswerecontrolledbytheBritish TextilebecamethemaintradewithrawcottongoingfromIndiaandclothsentfromtheUK. Systematicallyallimportantindustriesweretakenoverandfullcontroloftrade. AppointmentsmadetoinducewillingIndians shippingwasthebiggestsufferer SHIPPINGANDSHIPBUILDING Restrictivelegislationsslowlykilledtheshippingindustry. TheforerunnerwastheNavigationActof1646. In1650itbecametougher. OliverCromwellbroughtyetanotherrestrictionin1651:itprovidedthatnogoodsproducedin Asia,canbeimportedintoEnglandinanyshipthatwasnotbuiltinEnglandanddidnothaveat least75%ofEnglishsailors! CHANGINGSHIPS TheIndustrialrevolutionandmechanizationbroughtinlargechangesinindustry. SteamEnginesreplacedsails Nowtimberwasreplacedbyironinshipbuilding. SailorshadtolearnnewtechniqueswhichweredeniedtoIndians Page12of24
EVENSOINDIANSWERENOTBEHIND! In1819itselfIndianshadasteamshipsailingintheriverGomathi ItwasapleasureboatofKingofOudh. InHooghlyalsosteamferrieswereoperating. BombaydockyardbuiltthefrigateFIROZof1,450tonsfortheBritishNavy. SimilarlyBombayDocksbuiltseveralshipsfortheBritishNavy. BANNEDSKILLS! EvenduringCompanyregimeinCalcutta,Indianartificersandcarpenterswerebannedthey werenotallowedtotakeupanyshipbuildingorshiprepairingactivitybythemselves! Thiswasinpracticefrom1789itself! InotherwordstheEnglishstartedslowlybutsteadilykillingtheshippingIndustry! Firstitwasoncraftsmenthenontariff! TARIFFDISCRIMINATION 1811wasthefirstdiscriminatoryorderontariff. CalcuttapromulgatedseparateratesofimportdutiesongoodscarriedbyIndianandCompanys ships! Theratewas7.5%forthecompanyvesselsand15%fornonBritishships. Madrasfollowedthisin1812andBombayin1813. OriginallyallnonBritishshipssufferedbutbyprotestFrenchandtheDutchwereexempted. THE1814ACT AsBritishshipbuildersandtraderswantedprotectionandwereworriedthatIndiansmay becomecontenders,theysoughtandgotthisactpassed Accordingtothis,eventhoughIndiansailorsareBritishsubjects,theyshallnotbedeemedas BritishMariners! ShipsnothavinganEnglishcaptainand/or allowedtoenterEnglishPorts! Page13of24
75%ofitscrewasBritishmarinersshallnotbe
SIRWILLIAMDIGBY Digbywasajournalist. HeworkedinCeylonandIndia. InMay1888hesetuptheIndianPoliticalandGeneralAgencyinLondonforraisingawareness aboutIndiangrievancesintheBritishParliamentandPress. HebecameastrongadvocateofconstitutionalreformandactedasanunofficialguidetoINC leadersvisitingLondon. HeusedhispoliticalcontactstoraiseIndia'sgrievancesintheBritishPublicsphere. SIRWILLIAMDIGBYWROTE(1901) Theancientoccupationsonseaandlandhavebeendestroyed. TheshipswhichnowcarryIndiascoastwisetradearesteamersbuiltinBritain,theofficersare Britons,theprofitsderivablefromtradegotoBritain. WeareliterallydrainingIndiadrybleedingwasthetermusedbyLordSalisburyin1875 Itismoreaccuratethanmyown. ADDINGINSULTTOINJURY! Theparliamentarycommitteewhilerecommendingtherestrictivemeasuressaid: ThenativesailorsofIndiatothedisgraceofournationalmorals,ontheirarrivalhere,areled intosceneswhichsoondivestthemoftherespectandawetheyhadentertainedinIndiaforthe Britishcharacter ..Theeffectsofitmayproveextremelydetrimental 1857to189899
Vessels 3 4 ,2 8 6 5 9 ,4 4 1 2 ,3 0 2 6 ,2 1 9
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GEOGRAPHYASABASEFORHISTORY GEOGRAPHYISSPACERELATED&HISTORYISTIMERELATED GEOGRAPHICALBACKGROUND GEOGRAPHYWASTHEBASEFROMWHEREHISTORYSTARTED Historyandgeographyarecooperativedisciplines. Theaimisforstudentstohaveasynthesizedtimerelatedandspacerelatedawarenessastheir knowledgebase. Withbasicknowledgeofgeography,thestudentswillbeabletoaccuratelyinterpretthe historicalevolution. EARLYCIVILISATIONS
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EARLYHISTORYTIMELINE
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THEFOURANCIENTCIVILISATIONS TheFOURMAJORancientcivilisationsoftheoldworldare: Sumerian3500BCE Egyptian3000BCE IndusValley2500BCE Chinese2200BCE CIVILISATIONBASE ThusweseeallearlycivilizationswerebasedontheSUITABLEgeographicallocations. Thepeoplechoseriverbanksastheirmainpalceofliving. Theearlypeoplelivedbyhuntingandslowlytheybecameagriculturists. Manswealthwasknownbythecattlehepossessed. Landwasthenextacquisition. SEAROUTES In275BC,PtolemyII(285BC246BC),KingofEgypt,foundedashippingportontheRedSea coastandnameditafterhismother,BerenikeI. ThegeographicpositionofBerenikewaseminentlysuitablesinceitwasanaturalharbour, protectedagainsttheprevailingnorthernwindsbyalargepeninsula. Furthermore,thedangerousshippingrouteovertheRedSea,withitstreacherouscoralreefs anditspiratesoperatingfromtheArabianpeninsulamadeitdesirabletohaveasafelanding placeasfartothesouthaspossible. FromBereniketherewereoverlandroutesthroughtheEasterndeserttotheNilevalley, protectedbywaystations(hydreumata). BERENIKEDEVELOPS IntheRomanperiod,Berenikedevelopedintoatradeemporium. Spices,pearlsandtextileswereshippedviaBereniketoAlexandriaandRome. Thenatureofthistradewasmoreorlessknownfromtextualevidence,especiallyfromtheso calledPeriplusoftheErythraeanSeawhichliststheharboursalongtheRedSea. Page18of24
LOCATIONOFBERENIKE
TRADEFROMINDIA AstoryrelatingtoStrabo(STRABOANDGEOGRAPHY)saysthatanIndiansailorwasfoundon thebanksoftheNileandhehadnarratedaboutaseavoyage. FordevelopingthetradewithEast,inEgypttwoportsplayedimportantrole.Alexandriainthe NorthandBernikeintheEast. Separatedbyalandrouteofabout20daysthecargofounditswaytobothseasoftheeastand westthroughtheseports.Cargolikegold,wineusedtobetransportedtoIndianportsbysea fromthewesttoAlexandriaandfromtherebylandtoBernike. STRABOBORN64/63BCAD23 GreekgeographerandhistorianwhoseGEOGRAPHYistheonlyextantworkcoveringthewhole rangeofpeoplesandcountriesknowntobothGreeksandRomansduringthereignofAugustus (27BCAD14). Itsnumerousquotationsfromtechnicalliterature,providearemarkableaccountofthestateof Greekgeographicalscience,aswellasofthehistoryofthecountriesitsurveys.
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GreekgeographerStrabo Straboisfamousforhis17volumeworkGeographica,whichpresentedadescriptivehistoryof peopleandplacesfromdifferentregionsoftheworldknowntohisera. Itisanimportantsourceofinformationontheancientworld. WithinthebooksofGeographicaisamapofEurope THEMONSOONWINDS Hippaluswasprobablythefirst(inthewest)torecognizethenorthsouthdirectionofIndia's westcoastandoftheregularityofthemonsoonwinds. BeforeHippalus'discoveryofregulartradewinds,GreekgeographersthoughtthattheIndian coaststretchedfromwesttoeast. TheuseofHippalus'directroutegreatlycontributedtotheprosperityofTradecontacts betweentheRomansandSouthIndians. FromRedSeaportslikeBerenike,largeshipscrossedtheIndianOceantotheTamilkingdoms. PERIPLUSOFTHEERYTHRAEANSEA ThePeriplusoftheErythraeanSea(PeriplusMarisErythraei)isaGreekPeriplus. ItdescribesthenavigationandtradingopportunitiesfromRomanEgyptianPortsalongthecoast ofredseaandthecoastsofAfricaandIndia. Amid1stcenturydateisnowthemostcommonlyaccepteddateofthewriting. Thoughtheauthorisunknown,itisclearlyafirsthanddescriptionbysomeonefamiliarwiththe areaprovidingaccurateinsightsintowhattheancientworldknewaboutthelandsaroundthe IndianOcean. PERIPLUSOFTHEERYTHRAEANSEA(1stPara) 1.OfthedesignatedportsontheErythraeanSea,andthemarkettownsaroundit,thefirstisthe EgyptianportofMusselHarbor.Tothosesailingdownfromthatplace,ontherighthand,aftereighteen hundredstadia,thereisBerenice.TheharborsofbothareattheboundaryofEgypt,andarebays openingfromtheErythraeanSea. PERIPLUSOFTHEERYTHRAEANSEA(59thPara) 59.FromComaritowardthesouththisregionextendstoColchi,wherethepearlfisheriesare; (theyareworkedbycondemnedcriminals);anditbelongstothePandianKingdom.Beyond ColchitherefollowsanotherdistrictcalledtheCoastCountry.
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Atthisplace,andnowhereelse,areboughtthepearlsgatheredonthecoastthereabouts;and fromthereareexportedmuslins,thosecalledArgaritic. PERIPLUSOFTHEERYTHRAEANSEA(60thPara) 60.Amongthemarkettownsofthesecountries,andtheharborswheretheshipsputinfrom Damiricaandfromthenorth,themostimportantare,inorderastheylie,firstCamara,then Poduca,thenSopatma;inwhichthereareshipsofthecountrycoastingalongtheshoreasfaras Damirica;andotherverylargevesselsmadeofsinglelogsboundtogether,calledsangara;but thosewhichmakethevoyagetoChryseandtotheGangesarecalledcolandia,andarevery large.ThereareimportedintotheseplaceseverythingmadeinDamirica,andthegreatestpart ofwhatisbroughtatanytimefromEgyptcomeshere,togetherwithmostkindsofallthethings thatarebroughtfromDamirica THEMERCANTILEPERIOD Eleventhcenturywastheperiodofwarriors Thirteenthcenturybelongedtogreatmerchants ThediscoveryofgreatnumberofChineseceramicshredsof13thCent.AndlaterperiodinTN confirmsthis ThereareseveralinscriptionsfoundinSEAsiaandChina Theimportantfactisthelanguageusedinthoseinscriptions. TEXTOFANINSCRIPTION 1. harahswastisrisagaptam1203vatucittirai 2. Cittirainalsrice[kace]kantirumenikkunan 3. Rakaudaiyartiruk[ka]niccuramudaiyanayanarai 4. Eriyarulappanninarcampndapperumal 5. Anatavaccakravartikalce[ka]caikanparmanpadi CHENNAIMADRAS TodaysChennaiwascausedtobeherebecauseofgeographicalreasons! TheEnglishwerelookingforaplacetotradefrom,bysea. TheyknewthevalueofthecottonmaterialavailableinSouthIndia,especiallynorthMadras area.
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Chintzwasaspecialitemforthem. TRADEANDMERCHANDISE TheEnglishandotherEuropeansbarteredIndiangoodslikeclothforspicesinSouthEastAsia, whichtheysoldinEurope. MasulipatnamChintzwasverypopular.Themadderandvegetabledyesusedwereunknownin theWest. ThesewereavailableonlynearMasulipatnam. Golcondadiamondswereanotherattraction.(Kohinoor,Pittsdiamondetc.,) IndianshadlosttheirshippingskillsandthatprovedtheadvantageoftheWest. CHINTZCOTTONMATERIAL Bylate1600theCoromandelCoastwasthesceneofrivalriesamongEuropeanpowersfor controloftheIndiatrade. TheEnglishestablishedthemselvesatFortStGeorge. TheDutchatPulicat TheFrenchatPuducherryandKaraikkal. TheDanishatTarangambadi COTTONMATERIALFROMINDIA Chintzwasoriginallyawoodblockprinted,paintedorstainedcalicoproducedinIndiabetween 1600to1800. ThismaterialwaspopularinEurope Theseearlyfabricswereextremelyexpensiveandrare. By1680morethanmillionpiecesofchintzwereimportedintoEngland. THEDYESUSED Themostcommoncolorsofred,black,blue,violet,green,andyellowwereobtainedfrom plantsandmineralsnativetoAndhraregion. Indigoplantsareprocessedandtradedintheformofdriedcakesthatareusedtocreate differentshadesofblue. Page22of24
GEOGRAPHYDECIDESLOCATION Madras/Chennaiasatownwasnonexistent. InnorthThiruvottiyurwasanancienttown InsouthitwasThiruvanmiyur. InbetweenMylaporewasknownfromthebeginningofCommonEra. ForeigntravelershavenoticedMylapore. EvidenceistheretoshowthatMylaporefunctionedasaport. CHOICEOFMADRAS Cooumwasariverflowingfromwesttoeast.Elumurriverwasflowingfromnorthtosouth. Adyarwasflowingfromwesttoeast. TheplacechosenbytheEnglishtobuildastoragearea,thatcametobeknownasFortwas whereElumurorNorthrivermettheCooum. ItwasnamedafterthepatronsaintofEngland(St.George). InCOROMANDELCOAST(EastCoastofIndia), SEATRADESTARTEDWITHMADRASASAROADSTEADPORT THERIVERS ElamboreriverflowedfromNorthparalleltothecoast,curvednearthepresentGeneral HospitalandmettheCooumriver. CooumthenknownasKomalewaramandTriplicaneriver,flowedfromtheWestandjoinedwith thisnorthernriverandemptiedintotheBayofBengal. ThenaturalmarshyareatherewascalledISLANDaportionNorthEastofitwasknownas Narimedu. MADRASBECAMEABUSYHARBOUR THETOWNDEVELOPS MadrasapatnamdevelopedasBlackandWhitetowns Thisbroughtintheneedtohaveservices Thegovernorsdevelopedthetowns.
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LaterMadrasbecamethefirstCorporationinIndia Thatneededfullfledgedadministration. Theflagstaffisa150ft(tallestinIndia)teakwoodmastgotfromafounderedship(Loyal Adventure)erectedin1687,andtheflag(crossofSt.George)hoistedbyElihuYale. THEADMINISTRATION In1652,theFortwasmadeaPresidencyandtheAgentwasrenamedthePRESIDENT HehadthreehereditaryIndianofficialsAdhikari.KanakkuppillaiandPeddaNaik PeddaNaikwastheChiefwatchmanandhadTalayaristoassisthim FRENCHOCCUPYMADRAS TheFrenchcaptureofMadrasbyLabourdonnaisin1746isagreateventinthehistoryofthe City. TheFrenchwereinoccupationoftheCityforthreeyearstillAugust1749.Theyplannedto retainitpermanently.TheydemolishedtheIndianhousesofOldBlackTownwhichadjoinedthe northwalloftheFortandformedaglaciswiththedebris. On21stAugust1749MadraswasrestoredtotheBritishunderthetreatyofAixLaChapelle ***
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