Draft CSP Moradabad CSP

PLAN
MORADABAD
NAGAR NIGAM MORADABAD, MORADABAD, INDIA
MORADABAD
CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA HYDERABAD, INDIA
MORADABAD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE ABSTRACT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES/ CHARTS/ GRAPHS LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 CONTEXT CSP SANITATION RANKING EXPECTED OUTPUTS NUSP AND STATE SANITATION PLAN CSP PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES CSP APPROACH, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS CSP METHODOLOGY CSP COMMUNICATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 02 CITY PROFILE 2.1 DEMOGRAPHY 2.2 TOPOGRAPHY 2.2 ECONOMY 2.3 URBAN POVERTY AND SLUMS 2.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRAGEMENTS
CHAPTER 03 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION IN THE CITY 3.1 SERVICE PROFILE 3.1.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 3.1.2 SEWERAGE AND STORM WATER DRAINAGE 3.1.3 WASTE WATER GENERATION AND TREATMENT 3.1.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 3.2 ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION FACILITIES IN POTENTIAL AREAS 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN SLUM AREAS (COMMUNITY TOILETS) SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN INSTITUTIONAL AREAS SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOSPITALS SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT SCHOOLS Page 2
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3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 3.2.9 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES SANITATION IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS SANITATION AT OTHER POSSIBLE POTENTIAL AREAS SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BODIES
FINANCIAL PROFILE OF THE CITY COST RECOVERY AND USER CHARGES O&M ARRANGEMENTS IEC AND AWARENESS ISSUES
CHAPTER 04 INFERENCES/ GAPS IDENTIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS 4.1 SUMMARY OF THE KEY ISSUES 4.2 IEC AND AWARENESS- MESSAGES & CHANNELS
CHAPTER 05 KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES 5.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD 5.2 PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD 5.3 SOLUTIONS TO KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD CHAPTER 06 PROPOSALS/ RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 6.2 6.3 SWOT ANALYSIS VISION SANITATION OPTIONS 6.3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS 6.3.2 FINANCING OPTIONS 6.3.3 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST APPROPRIATE OPTIONS 6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 6.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 6.3.6 LINKAGE WITH STATE SANITATION PLAN 6.3.7 IEC AND AWARENESS ACTION PLAN 6.3.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
CHAPTER 07 ROAD MAP BEST PRACTICES
REFERENCES APPENDIX ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 3
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CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION 1.1 CONTEXT
The population of India is 1027 million with approximately 28% or 285 million living in urban centers and it is expected that the share of urban population will increase to about 40% of total population by the year 2021. This is in sharp contrast to only 60 million (15 percent) who lived in urban areas in 1947 when the country became independent. During the last fifty years the population of the country has grown two and half times, while the urban India has grown by nearly five times. The positive role of urbanization has often been over-shadowed by the deterioration in the physical environment and quality of life in the urban areas caused by widening gap between demand and supply of essential services and infrastructure. It is further associated with many problems, such as high levels of poverty, environmental stress, risks to productivity, high health costs, and lack of access to basic services, such as water supply, sanitation, and housing. The insufficient availability of services, inadequate awareness and also poor operation and maintenance has also given rise to poor sanitation conditions. Hence, therefore, proper allocation of resources both in terms of human and monetary will improve the sanitary conditions and also awareness among people in turn improve the hygienic conditions of the city. Since the level of investments and participation required for this sector i.e. on water supply, sanitation and solid waste management is of very high order, it is felt that the national level initiatives are required that would bring the Central, State and Local governments and on the other side Non-government organizations and public participation are also required together to ensure proper flow of necessary funds to bring about any kind of developments and improvements in these sectors to an acceptable level in tune with the international standards. The government should also recognize the urban issues which require integrated approaches that specifically target the urban poor and slum areas, promote sanitation and sewerage services at basic household levels to community levels and develop the city as a living eco-sanitation and foster the involvement of private sectors and also the civic societies.
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Considering Moradabad, this city and its development activities are the prime drivers of sanitation and sewerage problems and also problems in solid and liquid waste management and in other key potential areas such as slaughter houses, hospitals, public places, institutions, industries and schools, the Vision provides incentives or development strategies at every possible potential areas at local level, and also incentives that can be undertaken at institutional, structural and fiscal reform levels that are necessary for improved and sustainable service delivery systems addressing all sectors/ groups of population and also enhance the operation and maintenance of these services. The incentives also include IEC strategies and action plans to bring awareness and improve the public participation in well-utilization of available sanitation and sewerage services. Thus, in order to propose any strategies/ proposals for the improvements of the citys sanitation and sewerage conditions and reduce the potential problems of the city, it is very important to make a situational analysis of the current conditions. 1.2 CSP SANITATION RANKING The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India (GoI), organized and conducted the comprehensive survey during Mar- Jun 2010, to carry out sanitation rating exercises for the 436 Class-I cities of India. In order to ensure the standard outputs, a uniformly methodology (Annexure 1) administered across the cities that follows a standard set of steps, fixes the protocol for data collection and analysis, and uses a consistent analysis and evaluation scheme leading to valid and comparable results. Brief details of city sanitation ranking indicators are given below. Three Categories of Indicators The rating exercise will involve three categories of indicators: 1. Output Indicators: pertain to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in different dimensions of sanitation ranging from behavioral aspects and provision, to safe collection, treatment and disposal without harm to the citys environment. There are nine main outputindicators accounting for 50 points of the total of 100 points. 2. Process Related: indicators pertain to systems and procedures that exist and are practiced by the city agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There are seven main process-indicators accounting for 30 points of the total of 100 points.
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3. Outcome Related: indicators include the quality of drinking water and that of water in water-bodies of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne diseases in the city over a time period. There are three main outcome-indicators accounting for 20 points of a total of 100 points (The weights for output, process and outcome indicators are valid for this round of rating. In later years, with improvements in the situation of cities and better availability of data, greater importance and hence, weights will be accorded to outcome indicators). Ideally, data for the above outputs, processes and outcomes should have been regularly collected by city authorities but at present, very few cities will have, at best, partial data. This rating exercise will help in highlighting the need for regular data-collection and monitoring of indicators. Based on CSP ranking methodology (see Annexure 1.1) which is applied to the current study city i.e. Moradabad, following all the indicators at different levels and giving marks to each indicator resulted in overall marks for Moradabad city as 38.322/100, which states the rank is #138 for Moradabad city out of 423 cities in India (see Annexure 1.2). The following chart shows the total points and secured points for the Moradabad city for different indicators. Fig. 1.1: RATING CHART FOR SANITATION IN CITIES-MORADABAD NO INDICATORS TOTAL POINTS 1 A I OUTPUT RELATED No open defecation sub-total Access and use of toilets by urban poor and other un-served households (including slums) - individual and community sanitation facilities Access and use of toilets for floating and institutional populations adequate public sanitation facilities III IV No open defecation visible Eliminate Manual Scavenging and provide personnel protection equipment to sanitary workers 4 4 0.8 4 50 16 4 13.9 5.9 0 POINTS SECURED
II
1.1
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Proportion of total human excreta generation that is safely collected (6 points for 100%) Proportion of total black waste water generation that is treated and safely disposed of (6 points for 100%) Proportion of total grey waste water generation that is treated and safely disposed of (3 points for 100%)
Proportion of treated wastewater that is recycled and reused for non potable applications Proportion of total storm-water and drainage that is efficiently and safely Managed (3 points for 100%)
Proportion of total solid waste generation that is regularly collected (4 points for 100%)
Proportion of total solid waste generation that is treated and safely disposed of (4 points for 100%)
City wastes cause no adverse impacts on surrounding areas outside city Limits (5 points for 100%)
2 A B
PROCESS RELATED M&E systems are in place to track incidences of open defecation All sewerage systems in the city are working properly and there is no exfiltration (Not applicable for cities without sewerage systems)
30 4 5
13.9 3 1.3
Septage / sludge is regularly cleaned, safely transported and disposed after treatment, from on-site systems in the city (Maximum 10 marks for cities without sewerage systems) Underground and Surface drainage systems are functioning and are well maintained
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Solid waste management (collection and treatment) systems are efficient (and are in conformity with the MSW Rules, 2000) There is clear institutional responsibility assigned; and there are documented operational systems in practice for b)/c) to e) above
1.6
Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is clearly laid out and followed in practice OUTCOME RELATED Quality of drinking water in city compared to baseline Water quality in water bodies in and around city compared to baseline Reduction in water-borne disease incidence amongst city population compared to baseline TOTAL
3 A B
20 7 7
10.6 4.6 0
100
38.322
Thus, one of the main objectives of the City Sanitation Plan is to increase the points of Moradabad in these different indicators, which is only possible after detailed understanding and analysis of the existing situation and ground realities. Based on the situational analysis, key potential issues and gaps are identified and then recommendations are made which are economically feasible and ecologically sustainable. 1.3 EXPECTED OUTCOMES Roll out Sanitation Vision and Goals for Moradabad City to become open defecation city by 2015 Brings out the Moradabad City Sanitation Situational Analysis Highlights the major sanitation gaps and recommendations to overcome them in a acceptable timeframe IEC &Awareness action plan with indicative budget Suggest low cost and high impact initiatives before new projects funding approved by central/state governments Suggest institutional & regulatory framework to improve and sustain the sanitary services
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Suggest convergence of institutions & people participation in city sanitation Improve the Moradabad city sanitation rating
1.4 NUSP AND STATE SANITATION PLAN The National Urban sanitation Policy launched during 2008 envisages All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.
1.5 CSP PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES The overall goal of National policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns. Specific goals include: A. Awareness Generation and Behavior Change, B. Open Defecation Free Cities, C. Integrated City-Wide Sanitation, D. Sanitary and Safe Disposal, and E. Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations. The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) is aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment in Moradabad city to promote social, economic and physical well-being of all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in the city of Moradabad through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection, construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation. The principal components of city-wide approach include: (a) Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta, industrial wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes; (b) Storm water drainage;
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(c) Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces; (d) Environmental sanitation education; (e) Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations; (f) Monitoring the observance of environmental standards.
1.6 CSP APPROACH, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The process detailed below for planning urban sanitation and wastewater management improvements offers a step-by-step guide for:
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Fig. 1.2: Process for planning urban sanitation
Preparatory Steps
Profiling ULB
Stakeholder Analysis
Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop Constituting: CTF Core Team Technical Team - IEC Core
3 4
5 6
Initiating IEC Activities Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status Data collection & Gaps
Surveys Transect walks FGDs
Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options

Planning for: Solutions
8 9
Developing and Consolidating CSP Formulation of Action Plans & Road Map
Selecting options New facilities Behaviour change Monitoring and
10 Finalization of CSP at Stakeholder Workshop Evaluation Profiling NNM: As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of Moradabad City was carried out
using Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) indicators, City Sanitation Ratings and secondary data sources to highlight the ODF status, sanitation situation, health indicators and status of current ongoing projects. Stakeholder Analysis: Nagar Nigam Moradabad is in the frontline of implementation and has a key role in ensuring sanitation and should focus on demand responsive approach. Plan formulation through stakeholder consultation will provide the foundation for CSP which has government endorsement as well as an informed civil society to monitor its implementation. To play their part, as per the requirements of CSP, institutions, organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals,
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local councilors, industry owners, consultants, representatives of private sector etc are identified and analyzed the strengths and competencies required for sanitation. Constituting City Sanitation Task Force CSTF CSTF has been constituted (Annexure ) headed by Mayor of Moradabad City to mobilize Stakeholders to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and amongst the people of the city. CSTF will organize a multi-stakeholder, multi-party meeting in the preparatory stage, and take a formal resolution to make the city 100% sanitized. The task force should meet periodically to monitor and guide the process of planning and implementation. Sensitisation/Orientation Workshop: A sensitisation cum orientation workshop involving identified stakeholders and City Sanitation Task Force was organised on 16 November 2010 at Moradabad to access the concerns & issues of citizen about the city sanitation. Dr S T Hasan, Mayor and Mr Sri Ram, Nagar Ayukt Moradabad chaired the meeting and Col J Jamwal, Advisor, ASCI Hyderabad gave a comprehensive presentation highlighting the importance of sanitation issues relating to toilets access especially in slums; awareness generation for changed behaviour and practices; community participation and mobilization to accord sanitation priority at all levels from policy to action on ground; and a number of technical, institutional and financial issues to be addressed in CSP. All the CSTF members, prominent citizen, NGOs, corporators of various political parties, nagar nigam officials, media people etc actively participated and expressed their views about the state of city sanitation. The list of the CSTF members & participants and summary of their concerns are given in Annexure 1.3.
Fig. 1.3 & 1.4 CSTF Meeting at Moradabad
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Initiating IEC activities: The objective of well driven IEC has to be demand-driven with social marketing approaches to increase demand for toilets and ensure hygiene behaviors, promote government schemes for household toilets, and encourage diversity in technology and design. For this purpose Nagar Nigam may utilize suitable players for IEC and training from the existing system like; ward development committees, health institutions, schools, National Service Scheme volunteers, self help groups, neighborhood committees and NGOs. Tools Used: Data Templates, Survey Questionnaire, Transect Walks along with schedules of interviews (Slums, markets, water bodies), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Discussions with Nagar Nigam Officials, Stakeholders Consultations at city level etc.
Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options: Followed by situational analysis problem and challenges have been identified in coverage, access, treatment and disposal, institutional, financial, social and cultural aspects and capacity concerns. Also reviewed comprehensive range of sanitation and wastewater management options, including industrial and municipal sewerage, sewage treatment , conventional & low cost centralized and decentralized sewerage, separate and
combined effluent disposal options, on-site sanitation options, separate programs for schools, public toilets, sanitation in slums, community-based NGO-supported programs etc. Purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible technical, financial and institutional solutions and will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and environmental benefits, (iii) sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy including land use zoning, (vi) piloting new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater as a resource, (ix) lessons learned from the past and (x) political commitment. Developing and Consolidating CSP: Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and financials based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made depending on costs of capital investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation. The study will prioritise & focused on the following: (i) Serving the un-served urban poor
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(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
Serving the un-served schools Serving the un-served public areas Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private developers)
(vi) (vii) (viii)
Rehabilitation of existing facilities. Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment). Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority).
Action Plan and Road Map Keeping in view the vision and goals, city sanitation action plan and road map has been evolved in terms of short, medium and long term projects. 1.7 CSP RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The current project on City Sanitation Plan for Moradabad city highlights the extent of services provided at city level and proposes strategies to improve the conditions of services with long term, medium term and short terms strategies which are at-most low cost high impact strategies. This research study requires wide range of data in various areas and population groups, to develop a robust analysis and produce outputs; and this is only possible with well-established methodology to achieve the required set of results. This chapter primarily focuses on the methodology of this research and illustrates that is undertaken in the current project. The methods used within this project were varied and chosen in order to achieve the most robust and valuable information in meeting the requirements of aims and objectives. This chapter also outlines the epistemological research methods that are most appropriate for this current research study. EPISTOMOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS: The research study will consider the epistemology, which acts as an important basis for any research in natural and social science projects (Willis, 2007). Since the evaluation of existing situation of services require wide range of data, the current project shall reflect on components such as water services, sewerage services, solid waste management services at city level, making sure that it reflects upon the entire sanitation and
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solid waste management scenario of the city. According to Sarantakos (2005), the diversity in ontology and epistemology directly influence the research study. Further, there is no single fixed rule to conduct a social research study; different people follow different methods and different ways to explain and understand the research. Underlying these different explanations are paradigms which are considered by Babbie (2007) to be fundamental models or frames of references we use to organize observations and reasoning. These different paradigms are just different ways of looking at a research study; they are neither true nor false way of approaches. These paradigms make their own assumptions about the nature of the social reality and each inspires different kinds of research (see Babbie, 2007). This research has recognized a positivist paradigm which focuses on applications that involve social aspects in natural aspects. The social aspects in this current research would be of population and the services available to them. The paradigm of positivist is the most suitable approach, since it emphasizes on human behavior and surveying different groups of population i.e. in relevant to the current study, understanding the human behavior in terms of their usage of the available sanitation and sewerage facilities of different respondents. This project study also considers the situational analysis of available services provided and the usage patterns of these services by the population throughout the city. This research project study also into qualitative analysis to support the interpretations made which includes interviews, Questionnaire surveys and analysis of primary and secondary data to estimate the current status of sanitation and sewerage and other key potential issues and also to evaluate the possible recommendations/ proposals to meet the goals of the project. Thus, positivism approach is most appropriate to the current study. In addition, the other possible paradigm is Critical Realm which also considers social factors involved in shaping the city and its infrastructure services and facilities. It was expected that populations role in usage patterns of these available infrastructure facilities influence the healthy and livable conditions of the city. Since the research project study considers the populations socio-economic and demographic details and their behavior that influences the living conditions in the city, the critical realism can also be considered as an apt approach. Further to epistemology considerations, ontology of the research considered the constructive nature. This is primarily depended upon the facts that the research being accomplished solely by population at the city level and also unavoidable personal bias in carrying out the research.
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RESEARCH STRATEGIES: The current research project is in assessment of key potential problems related to sanitary, sewerage and solid waste management and provides suitable strategy options to overcome them. Therefore, this involves robust and in-depth study for which Case Study Approach was used for analyzing the situation and gaps in sanitary conditions. As the case study approach of research is more precise to specific boundaries and make convenience in collection of data (Denscombe, 2007; Blaxter et al, 2006), it became the appropriate strategy for the current project study. Therefore, the case study population that was chosen for the current research study includes population at residential areas, slum areas, institutional areas, schools, hospitals, public areas, industries, market places, commercial areas and understanding the sanitary conditions at these places. RESEARCH METHODS: As this research study involves qualitative analysis that involves statistical methods to support the situational analysis and interpretations of the research team. And one of the best qualitative methods is a closed Questionnaire interview which directly helps in collecting the required data and estimates the gaps and conditions based on which the proposal could be given to improve the existing conditions. In addition, there is also detailed analysis of policy reviews of various documents in order to get the complete picture of present and future scenario of the city developments. The prime objective of research study in assessing the situation of key potential problems related to sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste management in the city with the chosen research paradigm is only possible with Questionnaire interviews. The other possibility in the assessment includes Focus Group Discussion. This would be used on various participants or respondents within the study area, but taking care to cover entire city population and different possible potential areas those affecting from poor sanitation and sewerage facilities and high rate of open defecation. The Questionnaires are the only means of gathering first hand information, thus they play vital role in any research studies (Oppenheim, 2001). Further, Oppenheim (2001) also states, Questionnaires are cheapest means of data collection without any bias, less cost of processing and the best way to cover wide range of population within the study region. The Questionnaire those used in this project study were of different categories and these categories are based on the criteria that complete sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste of the city is understood and analyzed. The Questionnaires are designed so as to get the complete picture and
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make the situational analysis of the city sanitary conditions thus different Questionnaires are designed for different target areas such as for households include residential, slums and other possible potential areas. The other set of Questionnaires target areas such institutions, public areas (community toilets and public toilets), hospitals, schools, commercial/ market areas, industries and other potential areas such as slaughter houses and water bodies. There are separate Questionnaires prepared for each category in order to know the present conditions of toilet facilities and their usage conditions. On the other hand to support these Questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions are also conducted at slum areas, selected residential areas, with elected representatives and other potential areas to understand the situation of sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste management conditions of the city. The following table illustrates the different activities undertaken by the research team to make a situational analysis and also the focused areas of the Questionnaire interviews and the type of tools used to gather the required information and also the sample sizes at each level to support and further understand the situations. FOCUSED AREAS Household level Slum areas, residential areas, elected representatives, and other potential areas Collector office, Municipal office, Bus & Rail station, etc., All potential areas All potential areas
S.NO.
ACTIVITIES Household surveys
TOOLS
SAMPLING Random Sampling
SAMPLE SIZE Upto 300 households
01
Questionnaire
02
Focused Group Discussions
Check list
Random Sampling
10 12 FGDs
03
Institutions
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
10 (in Nos)
04
Community Toilets Public Toilets
Questionnaire
Random Sampling Random Sampling
50 100%
05
Questionnaire
50 100%
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06
Hospitals
All Hospitals with 100+ beds (must) or 50 100 beds Primary, Secondary, High school and all government schools Potential areas Potential areas (include Questionnaires both for shopkeeper and customers) Potential areas
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
10 15 (in Nos)
07
School Sanitation
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
10%
08
Slaughter Houses
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
2 3 (in Nos)
09
Commercial/ market areas
Questionnaire
Random Sampling
10 15 (in Nos)
10
Industries Secondary Data Water Bodies
Questionnaire
Random Sampling Random Sampling
5 10 (in Nos)
11
Check list
12
Potential areas
Questionnaire
50 100%
1.8. CSP COMMUNCATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT Information, Education and Communication (IEC) & Capacity Building strategy are integral to the core issue of developing the city sanitation plan. In fact it will lead to development of robust yet effective awareness and communication strategy for promoting hygiene & sanitation in the city to trigger behavior change and demand for sanitation. The strategy will aim for citizen participation in improving city sanitation specifically reaching out to the slum dwellers and urban poor in the city. It will evolve a methods, tools & techniques, and use of various media (interpersonal, print, electronic, folk etc) including advocacy with opinion leaders, NGOs/CBOs and other stakeholders to deliver awareness strategy in the city.
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Objectives: The objective of IEC & Capacity Building Strategy is to evolve an effective plan of sustainable programmes for capacity building and sensitization of implementers, education and enhanced awareness for stakeholders specifically citizens regarding sanitation activities in Moradabad City. The strategy is designed to:
Strengthening CSP implementation by Nagar Nigam Moradabad (NNM) through training and capacity building;
Sensitize citizens for adopting water wastage minimization, segregation & management of solid waste and open defecation free practices through IEC campaign.
By working at both the levels mentioned above a culture of communications and consultations is fostered leading to participation.
Methodology: Moradabad is renowned for its brass work and popularly known as Brass City or Peetal Nagri. The city faces specific challenge of Water and Sanitation services. This pose challenges to the city administration with respect to water supply, toilets, solid waste management and storm water drainage. It is found that communication strategy is a crucial element in improving service delivery standards. However, apart from educating citizens on health and hygiene, improving municipal processes by way of citizen consultation and participation remains a necessary goal; without citizen inputs right from the design stage to implementation of water and sanitation projects risk failure. Communication needs assessment identified three stages for implementation of Information, Education and Communication strategy for improvement in water and sanitation services. These are 1) Awareness, 2) Process and 3) Compliance. While it is generally understood that these stages would lead to better citizen participation in the schemes, it is in fact imperative for all stakeholders to be appraised of them from their own specific stand points. Awareness includes an understanding of health and hygiene related education specifically directed towards slums. Equally important is an awareness of municipal officials about the problems face by all the city residents including slum & middle class households and sanitation workers. This awareness is generally taken for granted. Here, we propose that open and specific appraisals be carried out without assuming too much of prior knowledge regarding sanitation issues. Next is to create processes which are essential to maintain improved services. These could include citizen participation in community toilet maintenance,
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outsourcing of operations and maintenance to private partners in public toilets, solid waste management and establishing citizen grievance resolution systems to name a few. A consolidation of these gains can only occur when all stakeholders comply with the laid down norms. As system of incentivizing desirable behaviors and weeding out undesirable behaviors must be developed, these programmes, processes and goals will be set by the Nagar Nigam. The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure of service delivery. Following steps were identified before visiting the field:
1. Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication 2. Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transect Walks. 3. Topic Guides and Probes prepared for each stakeholder group. 4. Field assessment of communications needs to be carried out.
These methods helped us to evolve a case study approach towards communication needs assessment for Moradabad city. Case study approach offers the best possible method for evolving a Information, Education and Communications strategy for the city concerned. The random sampling based survey will be labour intensive and time consuming. Moreover, such a survey is likely to conceal extreme situations within the city. A case study approach utilizing information sampling can reveal much more through discussions with citizens on the margins and those on the frontlines of implementation.
Stakeholders: Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for interviews and implementation of communications strategies among residents, establishments and Nagar Nigam officials. Residents include all those living within city municipal limits; they can be classified as HIG, LIG and slum dwellers. Shopkeepers and commercial establishments constitute a separate group especially for generation of market waste. Specifically, in Moradabad a series of focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted with slum residents in various parts of the city. Interview and discussions included officials from various Nagar Nigam departments particularly Health & Sanitary officials, sanitation workers, prominent citizens, residents in middle class areas, NGOs involved in water and sanitation sector, shopkeepers, media persons etc.
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Locations for FGDs & Transact Walks were selected to represent the variety of samples. Generally, slum in outskirts and those in interiors offer two different typologies. The core city areas are predominantly by small scale brass works units and business class. Similarly there are slum on the outskirts are predominant with muslim, SC or ST population. Probes for interviews and FGDs: 1. Residents including slum residents Awareness regarding Health and Hygiene: The current practices and awareness regarding illeffects of lack of sanitation, ODF, hand washing, water logging etc. Awareness regarding government schemes/policies for improving water and sanitation: NUSP, SUDA, DUDA, sources and channels of such knowledge and communication.
Awareness regarding various technical options toilets. Willingness to upgrade sanitation facilities: financial, space and behavioural constraints
Participation in any public awareness campaign regarding sanitation, agencies that carried the campaign and learning from the campaign.
Activities of local SHGs and other community organizations such as RWAs.

Media consumption patterns reading newspapers, Cable TV etc Information regarding demography of the slum, quality of water supply etc. Complaint resolution system: complaints and mechanisms of resolution, how do they deal with water and sanitation crisis, approaching local corporators, complain to Nagar Nigam, satisfaction level with current arrangement.
2. Municipal officials
Role envisaged for communication for implementing CSP. Channels of communication at Nagar Nigams disposal, extent to which these channels are being exploited.
Technological
options,
geographic
and
infrastructural
issues
involved
in
implementing Water and Sanitation schemes.

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M&E, feedback, support, rewards: Maintenance of citizen grievance records, discernible patterns in complaints, efficiency of complaint redressal.
Details of any specific communication campaign being taken up, Content, Channels used, budget allocated, awareness regarding multiplying message through media.
Kinds of training given to Safai Karamcharies for safe disposal of waste etc and their satisfaction level what has been provided to them.
3. Commercial establishment and Public places
Observation regarding sanitation is these places. Practices involved in disposal of commercial waste such as door to door collection, segregation.
O&M practices, regular upkeep of public places. Major complaints, public redressal mechanisms and its effectiveness. Willingness to pay user charges for public toilets.
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MORADABAD
CHAPTER 02 CITY PROFILE

Moradabad is a small town in Western part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, in Northern India. It was founded in c. 1600 as part of Mughal Emperor Akbars Empire. It was named Rustam Nagar and was later changed to Moradabad after Murad, the son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, also the grandson of Akbar. Today, Moradabad is also the headquarters of a district by the same name. It is located on the banks of Ram Ganga River. The City has a population of around eight lakh and thirty seven thousand in an urban area of 70 sq.m. The following image gives the locational and regional setting of the city.
Fig. 2.1: Regional location of Moradabad city
The city has a decent infrastructure for transport and medical services. It is well connected by rail to Delhi, Calcutta and Lucknow. Among interesting places to visit are the Jama Masjid, built in 1631 by Rustam Khan (allegiance to Mughal Emperor Akbar and the original founder of the city). Moradabad falls en route from Delhi to any popular hill stations in the Kumaon region of Uttarkhand (like Nainital, Ranikhet etc) or Jim Corbett National Park (Tiger Reserve). So for anyone staying in Moradabad, a safari to the Corbett National park is a must. For those who love the mountains, Kumaon hills await. Nainital, Naukuchiatal, Bhimtal, Ranikhet and Almora are close by and worth visiting. In recent years, the city has seen sudden spurt in construction works that has resulted in to the establishment of several posh high-end societies and townships. The city has grown manifold since then and has firmly established itself as flourishing commercial town.
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MORADABAD
The geographical area of the Moradabad District is 70 Sq. Km. The city is situated in western U.P. between 28-21 to 28-16 Latitude North and 78- 4 to 79 Longitude East. It has an average elevation of 186 metres (610 feet). Presently it is an administrative, industrial and commercial city of western UP. After the establishment of Divisional Commissioner Office, its importance and status has further been elevated. This city lies on National Highway 24 from traffic and transport point of view and is a main Railway Station, also Divisional Headquarters of Northern Railways, on Howrah & Amritsar main line. It is very well connected with main cities like Delhi, Lucknow, Indore, Patna, Haridwar, etc. by Rail and Road transport.
Fig. 2.2: Connectivity of Moradabad city
Ramganga River flows in the north east and Ganga River is there in south west of the city. The temperatures vary in summer from 43C to 30C and in winter from 5 C to 25 C. 2.1 DEMOGRAPHY The total geographical area of Moradabad District is 70 sq kms. Its total population as per 2001 census is 6,52,248. The following table2.1 gives the population details of the city:
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Table 2.1: Trend in Population growth
YEAR 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2010
POPULATION 189238 270340 386202 429214 652248 837000
DECADAL INCREASE
GROWTH RATE
81102 115862 43012 223034 184752
42.8% 42.8% 11.13% 51.9% 28.3%
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
Fig. 2.3: Population growth graph of Moradabad city
Population growth
1000000 500000 0 Population growth
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2.2 SOIL AND TOPOGRAPHY CONDITIONS It lies within the great Gangetic plain, and is demarcated into three subdivisions by the rivers Ramganga and Sot. The eastern tract consists of a submontane country, with an elevation slightly greater than the plain below, and is traversed by numerous streams descending from the Himalayas. The central portion consists of a level central plain descending at each end into the valleys of the Ramganga and Sot. The western section has a gentle slope towards the Ganges, with a rapid dip into the lowlands a few miles from the bank of the great river.
2010
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2.3 ECONOMY Primarily the economy of Moradabad District is agrarian based. However, there are number of small scale cottage industries in the city. Major crops cultivated in the district are Paddy, wheat, sugarcane and mustard. There is a network of Agro based industries namely Rice and Dal Processing Units in Moradabad District. Over 15000 small scale industry units are spread all over the district having more concentration on urban cities Moradabad and Sambhal. Moradabad city is famous for the Brass Metal Handicrafts and exports. Moradabad is renowned for brass work and has carved a niche for itself in the handicraft industry throughout the world. The brassware is exported to several foreign countries across the world. Therefore, Moradabad is also called Brass City or Peetal Nagri. The city is also known as the Brass City or Peetal Nagri (the Hindi equivalent of Brass City). The city has carved out a niche for itself worldwide in brass related handicrafts and products. There are more than Six Hundred Export Oriented Units engaged in brass work in Moradabad, exporting nearly INR 2,500 worth of Brass Products. Furthermore, there are more than Five Thousand small medium scale industries engaged in Brass Work in the district. One will find everything possible made in Brass from utensils, to decorative items, to furniture, to jewelry, to cutlery, to statuettes, to handicrafts. Other than Brass, the Industrialization of Moradabad also revolves around Furniture, Glass, Aluminum, Animal Bone and Horn, Kitchen-ware, combs, and wooden sticks in a smaller but significant manner. Recently other products like Iron Sheet Metal wares, Aluminium Artworks and Glassware's have also been included as per need of the foreign buyers. Due to increase of exports and popularity in foreign especially in Europe, America, and other countries, a large number of exporters are establishing their units and started their export business. 2.4 URBAN POVERTY & SLUMS There are a about 100 notified slum settlements in Moradabad city. The approximate slum population is 1,80,000 in 2010. The list of slums is given in Annexure 2.1.The percentage of slum population to total population is 21% in 2010.
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Fig. 2.4: Graph of Slum population to total population

1000000 500000 0 2010 Total population Slum population
Source: NNM & DUDA 2010
The total number of slum households is approximately 30,000 and the percentage of slum households to total households is 23% in 2010.
Fig. 2.5: Graph of Slum households to total households
150000 100000 50000 0 2010 Total households Slum households
Source: NNM & DUDA 2010
Slum location map is given in Annexure 2.2. 2.4.1 OPEN DEFECATION The areas of open defecation are Kundanpur, Dhakka, Fazalpur, Panditangala, Manpar Narayanpur, Mau, Mainather,Dhimri,Kalyanpur,Lodhipur,Bhimather,Sirkoi,Meerpur,ShahpurTigri, Kajipura, Bhattawali, Paipatpura, Lakdi, Chauhani ki Milak, Pandit Nagla ki milak, Jhajhanpur, Daanshah ki milak. Map showing open defecation areas is given in Annexure 2.3.
2.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS The Nagar Ayukt is the highest administrative body of Moradabad city. The Health Department (Swasth Vibhag) and Engineering Department (Nirman Vibhag) are the two executive bodies responsible for implementation of the solid waste management plan and civil infrastructure in the city, respectively. The Health Department is involved in planning and management of the SWM activities and in providing sanitary facilities to the residents of Moradabad. The Engineering department works in coordination with the Health department and undertakes civil and infrastructure development activities for the city. The Varisht Nagar Swasth Adhikari and the Chief
MORADABAD
Engineer are the senior officers of the Health and Engineering departments respectively, who report to the Nagar Ayukt. The administrative charts for each of these governing bodies are as shown below:
Fig. 2.6: Administrative Set-up of Nagar Nigam Moradabad for Solid waste management
Nagar Ayukt
Upper Nagar Ayukt
Sahayak Nagar Ayukt
Varishth Nagar Swasth Adhikari
Chief Engineer
Zonal health officers
Executive Engineers
Chief Sanitary Inspectors (2)
Assistant Engineers
Sanitary Inspectors (5)
Junior Engineers
ENGINEERING Supervisors DEPARTMENT
Safai karamcharis HEALTH DEPARTMENT
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CHAPTER 3 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION IN THE CITY

3.1 SERVICE PROFILE OF THE CITY 3.1.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 3.1.1.1 Source of Water The source of water in Moradabad city is mainly ground water. The following tables give the list of sources of water.
Table 3.1: Sources of water
List of Ground water sources:
1598 hand pumps 73 power bores with pump sets
There are 73 power wells in Moradabad city, 1598 hand pumps and 327 public stand posts. There are 6 tankers for fulfilling the water demand in the needed areas. The average volume of water produced in Moradabad city is 141.68 MLD.
Table 3.2: Water Production capacity
Type of Source
Unit
Installed
Production
Ground water (power pumps)
MLD
141.6
141.6
Total
MLD
141.6
141.6
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3.1.1.2 Existing Transmission, Distribution and Storage Capacities The total length of distribution network is 480 km.
Table 3.3: Water distribution
Length of distribution network
Kilometers
480
Average age of distribution pipes
Years
30
Total service storage capacity in network
MLD
39.23
Tankers Trips
Trips/Month
180
Total area covered by distribution network
Sq Km
60
3.1.1.3 Service coverage

Table 3.4: Number of service connections
Total Number of Service Connections
37768
Domestic House service connections
36057
Commercial Connections
1384
Number of PSPs (Public Stand Posts)
327
The duration of water supply is 2 to 3 hrs. per day on an average.
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3.1.1.4 Water Consumption

Table 3.5: Volume of Water Consumed and Billed
Type of connection
Unit
Unmetered
Total
House Service Connections
MLD
95.55
95.55
Public taps
MLD
13.65
13.65
Commercial
MLD
6.83
6.83
Industrial
MLD
6.83
6.83
Institutional
MLD
6.83
6.83
Other
MLD
6.83
6.83
Total
MLD
136.5
136.5
3.1.1.5 Water Quality

Table 3.6: Water service quality
Average duration of water supply
Hours/day
2-3
Leaks reported in the year
Number
90
Leaks repaired in the year
Number
90
Details of Water Quality Lab
Utility/Other
1 No.

MORADABAD
Table 3.7: Treated Water Quality Surveillance Sample location Sampling Frequency 2 / Zone 2 / Zone 2 / Zone 6 / Zone 6 / Zone 6 / Zone Number of Samples tested for Residual Chlorine 2 2 2 2 6 6 Bacteriological 2 2 2 6 6 6 Physical/chemical 2 2 2 6 6 6
At outlet of WTP At intermediate points At consumer end Total Total Tests Passed Tests required as per standard Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
3.1.1.6 Water Demand and Deficit

Table 3.8: Deficit in water supply
Year
Projected Population (in lakh)
Water demand (in MLD)
Water Availability (in MLD)
Deficit (in MLD)
2006 2011 2016 2021
4.5 8.5 11.9 16.06
96.15 181.61 254.26 343.14
86.83 164.01 229.61 309.88
9.32 17.00 24.65 33.26
Presently the water available per capita per day is 85 lpcd while required is 135 litres, so there is a shortage of 50 lpcd. 3.1.1.7 Water supply Tariff structure
Table 3.9: Water supply tariff rates
Category Domestic Commercial
Flat Rate (per month) Rs/30 pm 75 pm
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Table 3.10: Connection costs
S. No. Domestic Commercial
Cost per connection Rs/815 1050
3.1.1.7 Water supply Management System in Moradabad City 3.1.1.7a. Manpower engaged in water supply management system
Table3.11: Staff Information
Category
Unit
Technical
Non-technical
Class I
Number
Class II
Number
Class III
Number
Class IV
Number
34
50
Contracted Staff
Number
170
Others
Number
30
Total
Number
236
51
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MORADABAD
3.1.1.7 b. Complaint Redressal A control room has been set up for redressal of complaints relating to drinking water supply. The complaints relating to maintenance of hand pumps are resolved within 72 hours and relating to leakage are redressed within 24 hours. 3.1.2 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 3.1.2.1 Sewerage network The city has an underground sewer line of total length of 44 km. which does not cover the whole city. The sewer lines have completed their term of usability and are not in a good condition. Only 6% of the households are connected to sewer line.
Table 3.12: Sewerage Network Length of sewerage network pipes Average age of sewerage network pipes Total area covered by sewerage network Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010 Kilo Meters Years Sq Km 44.0 20.0 5.0
There is no provision of Sewer Treatment Plant and all the wastewater is directly discharged in to the nallas without any treatment which is a major health hazard in the city. 3.1.2.2 Storm water drainage network The coverage of storm water drainage network is 40% of the city. The regular initiatives are taken by Nagar Nigam to clean the drains of the city particularly before the onset of monsoon season.
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Fig. 3.1 to 3.4: Cleaning of drains
3.1.1.4 Sewage and drainage Management System in Moradabad City 3.1.1.4a. Manpower engaged in sewerage management system
Table3.13: Staff Information
Type of Staff Class I Class II Class III Class IV Contracted Staff Total Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
Unit Number Number Number Number Number Number
Technical 1 1 2
Non-technical 1 5 15 21
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3.1.1.4b. Complaint Redressal

Table 3.14: Complaints recorded and rectified
Sewer blockages reported for the year Sewage related complaints recorded in the year Sewage related complaints rectified in the year Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
Number Number Number
120 200 200
3.1.3 WASTE WATER GENERATION & TREATMENT The total wastewater generated is 109.2 MLD out of total water consumption of 136.5 MLD. The wastewater generated is calculated based on the sewage return factor taken as 0.8 which indicates that 80% of water supplied returns as sewage. There is no waste water treatment plant in Moradabad. 3.1.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 3.1.4.1 Generation of Solid waste The waste generated from the city includes household waste, commercial waste, bio-medical waste and industrial waste. Following are the major sources of generation of waste at city level: Residential establishments, Commercial establishments, Hotels & Restaurants, Bazaar and vegetable markets, Industrial establishments, Hospitals and dispensaries, Slaughter houses, Street sweeping, Drain silt and Construction debris. About 336 MT of solid waste is generated every day in the city, which comes out to be about 400 grams per capita per day. For the purpose of solid waste management the city is divided into 9 sanitary wards/circle. Presently there are 8 Sanitary Inspectors managing the sanitary wards.
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Table 3.15: Waste Generation Category Residential Street Sweeping Commercial Establishments Hotels/Restaurants/Marriage/Banquet Hall Markets (e.g. Vegetable markets, mandis) Other (construction & demolition waste, horticulture waste, drain silt) Total Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010 MT / Day 95 168 11 28 11 22 336 MT / Month 2856 5040 336 840 336 672 10080
Residential Establishments The residents in the residential areas dump their household waste outside their homes and in some cases in Dumper Placer (DP) containers or on the streets (open dumps). The open dumps are not designated by NNM and are only temporary dumping places. The private agency A2Z Infrastructure has starts the door to door collection in few wards of the city as a pilot project. Most the collected garbage is dumped on roadside as shown below in Figure 3.2. The estimated total daily waste generated is around 95 MT from residential establishments.
Fig. 3.5: Waste lying on the streets in Moradabad
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Commercial Establishments The commercial establishments are identified in the areas of Bodha Bazar, Harthala, Fal mandi, Sabji mandi in Moradabad city. These areas are mixed zones comprising of commercial (shops and markets) and residential areas as well as hotels and restaurants. The waste from these establishments is accumulated in Dumper Placer (DP) containers or on the roads/streets side (open dumps) in the morning hours (7.00-11.00 AM.). Nagar Nigam Safai Karamcharis clean the roads/streets and market places and dump the waste in the nearby DP containers (if available)/open dumps. The estimated total waste generated from these areas is around 22 MT/day. Hotels/Restaurants/Dhabas/Guest houses/Banquet/Marriage Halls The waste from these establishments is mostly includes left-over food and disposable crockery. Workers from these establishments dump the wastes at nearby DP container/open dump sites from where the same is transported to designated dump site by Nagar Nigam. An estimate of the total waste generated from hotels, restaurants, dhabas, guest houses and banquet/marriage halls is 28 MT/day. Street Sweeping Street sweeping starts in the morning at 6.00 AM and continues up to 10.00 AM and in the second shift starts at 3.00 P.M. upto 6 P.M. The sweepers are provided with jharoo(brooms), pans, favda, handcarts, panji (bamboo stick used to clean drains) and gayti (pointed favda to clean roads). They collect the waste on road/street sides, which is then transported to the nearby dustbins by means of handcarts and then transported to open dumping sites. The estimated total waste collected by street sweeping is around 168 MT/day. Drain silt The drainage is inadequate as it is unable to cope with the developing demands of the city. There are a total of 159 drains in the city. At places, the waste generated from various sources is disposed off in storm water drains, which degrades over a period of time, thus becoming a part of the drain silt. The drains are cleared of the accumulated solid waste almost daily in few parts of the city. At other parts, the waste is left unattended for months and cleared before the monsoon season or when complaints are received from the local residents. The cleared waste is left for drying for one to two days adjacent to the drains and then transported to the secondary collection points, from where they are disposed off to the dumpsites. The drain silt constitutes about 3.33% of the MSW generated in Moradabad city.
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Construction and Demolition Sites This waste varies from time to time depending upon the construction or demolition activities in Moradabad city. A major portion of this waste is generally used in reconstruction activities or for filling up of the low lying areas. The individual generating construction waste generally engages the services of private bullock carts or tractors to collect the construction waste and dump it elsewhere in the city for a nominal cost. As such, there are no standard practices for disposal of construction waste in Moradabad city.
3.1.4.2 Segregation of waste There is no segregation of waste at source practiced in Moradabad. 3.1.4.3 Waste Collection Primary Collection of Waste The primary collection of waste refers to door to door collection of waste or collection of wastes in the community waste bins either by the resident themselves or by the sanitary workers. Door-todoor collection of waste has started in few wards as a pilot project by A2Z Infrastructure Ltd., Gurgaon. Presently, only 2% of the population is covered by door-to-door collection. The waste from households, restaurants, shops is being dumped on the roads/streets side or thrown into the nallas, open drains, open spaces etc. Community bins are not available at convenient locations for depositing the waste. It was also observed that the condition around the DP containers or dustbins is unhygienic and unaesthetic.
Fig.3.6: Waste dumped outside the DP container at Moradabad
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Table 3.16: List of containers for solid waste disposal S. No. No. of R.C. bins(1100 litres)) No. of R.C. bins(600 litres) No. of D.P. Bins No. of big handcarts No. of small handcarts No. of Rickshaws Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
22 350 8 120 50 40
There is no arrangement of door to door collection of garbage in Moradabad city. Secondary Waste collection system The MSW collected from each of the primary collection points mentioned above is transported to the DP containers (if available) or open dumps, which are the secondary collection points identified in Moradabad city. Most of the waste is transported manually (by means of handcarts) to the secondary collection points. In some cases, JCB loaders are used for transferring the waste into the tractor trolleys, which in turn are used to transport the waste to locality dumps. In addition, the JCB loaders are also used to transfer the construction and demolition waste as and when a complaint is filed with Nagar Nigam. The waste is collected from the secondary collection points in three to four trips per day. The estimated collection efficiency is 70%. 3.1.4.4 Transportation of waste i) Transportation Equipment/Vehicles At present, Nagar Nigam Moradabad has close to 52 waste transportation vehicles, used for day-today collection/transportation of waste. In addition to these, Nagar Nigam has close to 170 handcarts and 40 rickshaws for transportation of waste. These vehicles make three to four trips per day for collecting and transporting the MSW from secondary collection points to the waste dump sites. The table below provides the details of each of these collection and transportation vehicles, furnished by NNM. These vehicles transport about 235 MT/day of MSW.
Table 3.17: Details of transportation equipment
Vehicle Swaraj Majda Mini Lorries/ Trucks Tractors JCB Loader RC Tata 407 DCM
Number 10 2 14 4 4 5 3 1
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Tempo New RC
6 3
ii) Routing of vehicles There are no specific routes followed by drivers as the location from where waste is to be lifted but keeps on changing on day to day basis. Based on quantity of waste at a particular location, JCB/loader is allocated along with Tipper. The drivers are required to make entries in logbook in the afternoon when they return from work regarding the amount of fuel used, number of locations visited, timing, etc.
Fig. 3.7: Vehicles for transportation of MSW, Moradabad
The vehicles make three to four trips per day to transport the MSW to these dumpsites. iii) Transfer Stations There is no transfer station as part of the MSW transportation process. The waste collected from secondary collection points is directly sent to the trenching ground located at the outskirts of city on Rampur road. 3.1.4.5 Waste Processing and Disposal mechanisms This section describes the waste processing and disposal methods for each type of wastes adopted in Moradabad city. Various types of wastes were identified in Moradabad city-recyclables, biodegradable wastes, and non-biodegradable wastes. Recyclable Wastes The recyclable wastes (polythene, plastics, paper, cartons, etc.) are segregated manually by ragpickers. The rag-pickers in turn sell the same to scrap dealers (kabadiwalas) at the nominal rates. However, ragpickers do not exploit the recyclable waste to the maximum extent, thereby allowing them to be a part of the dumpsite waste.
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Fig. 3.8: Waste lying in the drains, Moradabad
Bio-degradable Wastes Bio-degradable waste is not segregated either at the primary or secondary collection points or at dumping sites. Most of the bio-degradable waste is found to be grazed upon by cattle at the open dumps sites resulting in waste being littered here and there, thereby leading to unhygienic and dirty conditions. Non-biodegradable Wastes Street sweepings and drain silt is a major constituent of the non-biodegradable wastes. This waste is disposed off at the dumping sites along with other wastes without any prior processing. 3.1.4.6 Dumping site The existing SWM system of Moradabad does not have a designated engineered sanitary landfill for scientific disposal of solid waste. The waste collected from secondary collection points is dumped in an unorganized manner at trenching ground on the outskirt of city Rampur road. This ground has an area of 30 acres and is situated near Ramganga river. There is no weighbridge available at this dumping site to weigh and quantify the daily solid waste being dumped.
Fig. 3.9: Dumping site on Rampur Road, Moradabad
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3.1.4.7 Quantification and Characterization of Waste The total waste generation in Moradabad city is 336MT/day (approximately). Since a major portion of the waste is dumped into open drains (nallas), which is eventually converted into drain silt, it is difficult to characterize the waste into its various components.
Table 3.18: Characterization of MSW in Moradabad Waste Characteristic Recyclables (paper, rubber, synthetics, glass and metals) Bio-degradable Inert material (sand, soil, construction waste, drain silt) Total Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010 Percentage(%) of total waste 8 42 50 100
3.1.4.8 MSW Management System in Moradabad City 3.1.4.8a. Manpower engaged in MSW Management system A total of 1736 workers are engaged in cleaning the city of Moradabad.
Table 3.19: Manpower engaged for MSW Management Staff Information Category Unit Senior Management - Health Officer Number Sanitary Inspector Number Sanitary Superviser Number Regular Safai Karam chari Number Class III workers Number Class IV workers Number Contracted workers Number Total Number Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
Working
7 33 795 323 190 428 1736
3.1.4.8b. Complaint redressal Nagar Nigam has computerized solid waste management complaint redressal system. The people make complaints through phone or letter.
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3.2 ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION FACILITIES IN POTENTIAL AREAS 3.2.1 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL Moradabad has a total of 1,27,924 households in slum and non-slum areas combined with a population of 8,37,000. An analysis of the sanitation facilities at the household level is as below:
Fig. 3.10: Sanitation facilities at household level
TOTAL HHs:
1,27,924
TOTAL POPULATION: 8, 37, 000
Manual Scavenging -492 HHs
Households with access to toilets HHs- 1,12,424- 88%
Households w/o access to toilets 15500 HHs -12% Open defecation 12%- 100440 population Open defecation
Sewerage connection 7910 HHs-6.2%
Onsite disposal HHs-101014
Using community toilets 3500 HHs-2.8%
15500 HHs-12%100440 population
79%
Pour flush with septic tankHHs-53,333
KuddiHHs-47189 37%
Dry toiletHHs-492 0.4%
Sewerage connection 6.2%
41.6 %
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A survey was conducted of around 250 households primarily in the notified slum areas to know the present sanitation situation of the city. The average household size is around 6.0. An analysis of the survey results was done and is as below:
Fig. 3.11: Sanitation facilities in slum households SLUM TOTAL HHsSLUM POPULATION: 30,000 1,80,000
Households with access to toilets 15,500HHs-52%
Open defecation 48%
Households w/o access to toilets 14,500 HHs -48%
Open defecation Sewerage connection 0% Onsite disposal 12300 HHs-41% 3200HHs--11% Using community toilets 14,500 HHs-48%
Sewerage connection 0% ILCS/Pour flush with septic tank3300 HHs-11 % Kuddi-8508 HHs-28% Dry toilet492 HHs-2%
Open defecation : It is 48% in the slums which is a very high percentage. Sewer Connection : There is no sewer connection in any of the slum households. Pour flush Pit Latrine: 56% of the pit latrines are single pit and 44% are two pit.
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Septic tanks: Only 11% of the slum households have toilets connected to pour flush with septic tanks. Only 53% of the septic tanks are cleaned by the municipality and 47% of them are cleaned by private sweepers. Also in 65% of the cases it is cleaned once in two years and in 24% of the cases it is cleaned once in a year. Also, the soakpit is not working in all seasons in some of the toilets and is connected to open drain. Unimproved latrines: In case of unimproved latrines, most of them have overflowing problem. The other problems faced by dry pit latrine are bad odour, fly nuisance and unhygienic condition. Water supply to toilets: 93% of the households are dependent on hand pumps and only 6% are dependant on municipal supply and 1% have their own arrangement. This shows that the people are dependent on hand pumps and municipal supply is highly inadequate.
Fig. 3.12: Percentage distribution of households according to water supply to toilets
100 80 60 40 20 0 Own Arrangement Municipal supply Handpump Water supply to toilets
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
The municipal supply is not adequate in 95% of the cases. The duration of water supply is 1-2 hours per day in 57% of the households and it is 2-4 hours per day in 43% of the households. Households depending on community toilets: Condition of toilets: The conditions of most of the community toilets (about 70%) are very bad and unserviceable. Merely few (about 10%) community toilets are in serviceable and usable condition. The overall O&M of these toilets is far below the expectation and people are having monthly family passes for using the toilets.
MORADABAD
Fig. 3.13: Percentage distribution of community toilets according to their condition
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Average Unusable Not in use
Condition of toilets
There is no institutionalise arrangement of maintaining the upkeep & cleanliness of these community toilets. The people are not satisfied with the present system of maintenance of these community toilets.
Fig. 3.14: Percentage distribution of households according to reason for unable to construct toilet
60 50 40 30 20 10 Space constraint Construct toilet Lack of water 0 Reason for unable to construct toilet
32% of the households are unable to construct toilet.60% are having space constraint and 8% have lack of water. Most of the people prefer to have pour flush twin over open defecation. 51% of the people are willing to have pay for use of community toilets and monthly pass is preferred and 49% are not willing to pay. This shows that a high proportion of people are not willing to pay for the community toilets.
MORADABAD
Wastewater disposal: Maximum numbers of households dispose off wastewater (from kitchen/bath/wash other than latrine) directly into public drain/nalla/pond. Health: Around 60% of the people were affected with diseases like malaria, diarrhoea, cholera and skin disease in the last six months. The people are spending a lot on health. Around 50% of the households are spending Rs.100-500 on health, 45% are spending Rs. 501-1000 on health and some of the people spend even Rs. 1001-2000 and Rs. 2000 and above.
Fig. 3.15: Percentage distribution of households according to expenditure on health
50 40 30 20 10 0 100-500 501-1000 1001-2000 2001 & above Expenditure on health
Solid waste disposal: The solid waste is disposed at open dumping sites by about 69% of the households, in roadside bins by 20% of the households and 11% of the households dispose in drain.
Fig. 3.16: Percentage distribution of households according to disposal of solid waste
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Roadside bin Open dumping spot Drain
Disposal of solid waste
There is no door to door collection in slum households.
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The distance to disposal site is around 100-200 ft. in most of the cases. The municipality does not lift the waste openly dumped in most of the localities. The frequency of collection of waste is once in two days in 24% of the cases and once in 3 days in 40% of the cases. The people say that the service of the municipality is very bad. Road sweeping is irregular in 94% of the cases. The drains cleaning is also very irregular. Around 13% of the areas in slums are prone to flooding during rains.
Fig. 3.17: Water logging near the houses
The complaint redressal system in the slum areas is not very efficient. The people are partially satisfied with the system. 3.2.2 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN SLUM AREAS (COMMUNITY TOILETS) There are a total of 16 community toilets in Moradabad city. The list of toilets is as below:
Table 3.20: List of community toilets by Nagar Nigam, Moradabad (total 16 in number): S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Name of community toilet Gulab Badi Railway Station Nagaphani Thane Ke Piche Ekta Dvar Roadwej Bus Stand Kajari Sray Dehari Gaw Gulab Badi Dolat Gaw Rja Ali Compound Makhaniya Nabav Pura Kali Ka Mandir Indra Chok Funding Organisation Sulabh Sulabh Sulabh Sulabh Sulabh Sulabh Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam
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15. Dehari Ghat 16. Taun Hal Source: Primary survey,2010
Sulabh Sulabh
100% survey was conducted and the analysis gave the following results: Urinals/Bath/washbasin Urinals: Around 60% of the community toilets do not have urinals.33% of the toilets have 1-5 no. of urinals and only 1 community toilet at Roadways Bus stand has 6-10 no. of urinals.
Fig. 3.18:Percentage distribution of community toilets according to no. of urinals provided
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 to 5 6 to 10
No. of urinals
Bath: Around 33% of the community toilets have no bath facility.

Fig. 3.19:Percentage distribution of community toilets according to no. of bath provided
100
0 0 1 to 5
No. of Bath provided
Washbasins Around 33% of the community toilets have no washbasins.
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Fig. 3.20: Percentage distribution of community toilets according to no. of washbasins provided
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 to 5
No. of washbasins
Number of toilets (male + female) The graph below shows that 27% of the community toilets have 1-5 no. of toilets,60% have 6-10 number of toilets and 13% have 11-15 number of toilets.
Fig. 3.21: Percentage distribution of community toilets according to no. of toilets provided
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 to 5 6 to 10 10 to 15
No. of toilets
Male toilets 73% of the toilets have male toilets 1-5 in number and 27% have 6-10 in number.
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Fig. 3.22: Percentage distribution of community toilets according to no. of male toilets provided
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 to 5 6 to 10
No. of male toilets
Female toilets 93% of the toilets have 1-5 number of female toilets and 7% have 6-10 number of female toilets.
Fig. 3.23: Percentage distribution of community toilets according to no. of female toilets provided
100 80 60 40 20 0 1 to 5 6 to 10 No. of female toilets
Number of users per day: The no. of people using the community toilets is 100-150 in 40% of the toilets. It is 150-200 in 27% of the toilets.
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Fig. 3.24: Percentage distribution of community toilets according to no. of users per day
50 40 30 20 10 0 50- 100- 150- 200- 250100 150 200 250 300 No. of users per day
Condition of the toilets: 70% of the toilets are in unusable condition.21% are not in use. Only 9% of the toilets are in average condition.
Fig. 3.25: Percentage distribution of community toilets according to condition of toilets
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Average Unusable Not in use
Condition of toilets
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Fig. 3.26 & 3.27: Community toilets in unusable condition
Cleaning (times per day): The cleaning of toilets is done once a day in most of the community toilets. Type of latrine: In 13% of the community toilets, the type of latrine is unimproved pit latrine and 87% of the toilets have water closets.
Fig. 3.28: Percentage distribution of community toilets according to type of latrine
100 80 60 40 20 0 Unimproved pit latrine Water closet Type of latrine
Effluent Discharge: Most of the effluent discharge from the community toilets is thrown in to the drains or nallas. In few cases, it is discharged in to the septic tanks. O & M Arrangements: The community toilets are being maintained by Nagar Nigam Moradabad and Sulabh.
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3.2.3 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN INSTITUTIONAL AREAS A survey conducted of institutions namely Bus stand, B.S.A. Office, Electricity department office, Varishth Aayojan Adhikari , Thana, Jila Panchayat office, Kachahri and State Govt. Bank. The analysis of the survey gives the following results: Condition of toilets: Only 10% of the toilets are in serviceable condition. About 60% of toilets are in poor condition and rest 30% of the toilets are in worst condition.
Fig. 3.29: Percentage distribution of toilets according to condition of toilets
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Good Bad Worst Condition of toilets
No. of toilet seats provided: The toilet facilities are provided to male and female staff separately. The number of toilet seats available for male and female staff are 1-3 in number. The number of toilet seats available for both the genders are 1-5 in number. Infrastructure in toilets: 60% of the toilets do not have minimum infrastructure facilities. In 57% of the toilets the source of water supply is overhead tank and in 28% it is ground water and 14% have piped water as the source of water supply.
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O & M in toilets: A lot of improvements are required in the toilet conditions. They are not maintained properly. The type of improvements required are cleaning, continuous water supply, maintenance and upgradation of infrastructure. There is no monthly annual budget for O & M of toilets. User charges are not collected. 3.2.4 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOSPITALS
A survey was conducted of hospitals like Nais dental hospital, D.L. hospital, Government hospital, Varshney hospital, Sanjeevani hospital, Aashirwaad hospital, Vivekanand hospital, Sai hospital, Lohia hospital and P.K. hospital. The analysis gives the following results: Quantity of waste produced (kg.): The hospitals produce daily solid waste of around 15-20 kgs. Segregation of waste: No colour coding is done for the waste produced. There is no segregation of bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes. Bio-medical Waste disposal: The hospitals have private arrangement for waste disposal and there is no arrangement by the municipality for waste disposal. Moreover, the system of disposing biomedical waste is not in accordance with bio-medical waste (management and handling) rules 1998. 3.2.5 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT SCHOOLS A survey was conducted of schools and the analysis gave the following results: Infrastructure facilities in schools: Most of the schools are not having proper toilet facilities. Hand pumps are the main source of water supply and there is no facility of water storage. About 77% of toilets are in unusable condition because there is no provision of water supply and maintenance/cleaning arrangement. O& M of toilets: The toilets are not cleaned regularly in 83% of the schools. There is no specific budget allocated for O & M of the toilets of the schools. Drop-out of students and teachers: The survey shows that the students and teachers have dropped out because of poor sanitation in schools.
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3.2.6 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES A survey was conducted of the market places in Moradabad city such as pettal bazaar, sabji mandi, fal mandi, railway station market etc. The sanitation facility in the commercial places is very poor. Toilet Facility: The market places do not have toilet facility. There is no awareness about public toilets in the area. The shopkeepers defecate openly when needed. Also, they are not willing to have pay and use toilets. Waste collection: Most of the market waste is thrown on the roadsides, nallas, and bins. The market garbage is not collected regularly. In 40% of the markets it is collected once in 2 days and in 20% of the markets, it is collected once in 3 days. The shopkeepers are not satisfied with the present system. A survey of the customers gave the following results: Most of them are not aware of toilet facility in the markets. They mostly urinate in the open. They are willing to have pay and use toilets. The present condition of garbage management is bad. They suggested that there should be a public toilet and the market place should be cleaned daily. 3.2.7 INDUSTRIAL SANITATION There are a total of around 1305 Brass industrial units in Moradabad city. A survey was conducted of medium and large scale industries and it gave the following results: Most of the industries are located in the industrial areas, some are in commercial areas. Waste generated: The quantity of daily solid waste generated is 10-100 kg in about 50% of the industries, it is 101-200 kg in 35% of the industries, and above 200 kg in 15% of the industries.
Fig.3.30: Percentage distribution of industries according to solid waste generated
50 40 30 20 10 0 10 to 100 101 to 200 above 200
Solid waste generated

MORADABAD
The solid waste is managed by private agencies. The payment made to private agency is as below:
Fig.3.31: Percentage distribution of industries according to Payment to private agencies
50 40 30 20 10 0 1000-2000 2001-3000 3001-4000 4001-8000 Payment to private agency
Around 45% of the industries pay Rs. 2001-3000 to private agencies for the disposal of solid waste. The liquid waste is disposed off in the nalas, open place and sewerage. The amount of liquid waste generated is 10-100 litres in 55% of the industries, 100-200 litres in 25% of the industries and above 200 litres in 20% of the industries.
Fig.3.32: Percentage distribution of industries according to liquid waste generated (litres)
60 40 20 0 10 to 100 101 to 200 above 200 Liquid waste generated
3.2.8
SANITATION SITUATION AT SLAUGHTER HOUSES
One of the slaughter houses surveyed has a very unhygienic condition. It is an open slaughter house functioning from the last 25 years. It is totally polluted with foul smell and filth all around. There is no systematic arrangement of cleaning/maintenance. The solid waste is dumped in the open and liquid waste is discharged in nallas.
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3.2.9 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BODIES In Moradabad city, the water bodies which were surveyed are: Pond at Chauhan ki malik, Pond at Khushhaalpur, river near Ram ganga kalyanpur and Betadi river. These water bodies are maintained by nagar nigam. Condition of water bodies: These water bodies are mainly the drain receiving points. Most of the city wastewater is discharged in to these water bodies. These water bodies are very dirty and
pollute the complete surrounding environment. There are also instances of flooding in nearby areas in case of 80% of these water bodies.
Fig. 3.33: Highly polluted water bodies
3.3 FINANCIAL PROFILE OF THE CITY The Income Expenditure Accounts of the Nagar Nigam for the last financial years i.e. year 2001-02, 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05 & 2005-06 were obtained and have been analyzed for the financial assessment. Expenses on new projects are treated as Capital Expenditure and expenses towards maintenance are treated as Revenue Expenditure.
Table 3.21: Financial status of NNM - Abstract Statement Head Revenue Account Income Expenditure Capital Account Income Expenditure 64.56 105.00 151.38 107.86 86.74 107.05 86.74 191.06 89.12 90.67 1825.41 1935.47 2310.87 2107.74 2002.52 2277.31 2048.22 2448.12 2561.89 2329.68 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
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The Revenue Receipts is classified under two main heads i.e. Tax Receipts and Non-Tax Receipts as under:
Table 3.22: Revenue Receipts/Income of the last five years (in actual): Actual (Rs. in Lakhs) S. No Head 2001-02 I Taxes 1 2 a) Property Tax b) Vacant Land Tax Total Taxes II Non Taxes a) D & O Trades, Market Fees, Encroachment Licence Fees b) Betterment Contribution, Building License Fees c) Miscellaneous Receipts d) Water Supply and other charges Total Non-taxes III Assigned Revenues 1 2 3 4 a) Entertainment Tax b) Surcharge on Stamp Duty c) Profession tax compensation d) Others Total Assigned Revenues IV Grants State Govt. Education Programmes etc.,S.F.C. Parliament members Grant
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
167.10
243.67
165.44
189.06
235.35
229.51
342.04
246.36
303.02
353.07
0.26
3.28
1.06
10.84
6.88
2 3 4
3.98 40.48
17.88 55.55
19.64 37.09
14.5 37.45
8.22 48.67
2.28
2.26 145.67
2.14 17.92
2.02 179.02
2.16 237.58
34.39 478.00 827.59 555.86 783.94 876.95
1 2
1347.41 11.21
1483.29 9.00
1446.66 3.75
1264.28 0.80
1684.94
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3 4
11th Finance Commission Grants Others Grand Total
64.56 104.01 2005.19
151.38
86.74
86.74
89.12
2541.26
2123.01
2186.96
2719.01
Observations: The tax receipts show an increasing trend in 2005-06. While the population and geographical area of the city are increasing, the tax receipts do not show a corresponding increase indicating substantial non-compliance in tax payment.
Table 3.23: NNM Capital Receipts (Rs. in Lakhs) State government Year Grants 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 64.56 151.38 86.74 86.74 89.12 Loans 104.00 70.00 30.00 51.20 68.00 Institutions 168.56 221.38 116.74 137.94 157.12 Financing Market Others Total
REVENUE EXPENDITURE This includes: Establishment Expenses Operation & Maintenance Interest Payment
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Others
Based on the Accounts procured from NNM, the information in respect of Revenue Expenditure in the prescribed format is as under:
Table 3.24: NNM Revenue Expenditure (Rs. in Lakhs) Establishment (wages and salaries) 1139.58 1136.42 1252.14 12181.31 1236.16 Operation and Maintenance 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 546.88 754.06 908.06 872.45 952.85 Interest payment
Year
Total Others 249.01 217.21 117.11 294.36 140.67 1935.47 2107.74 2277.31 2448.12 2329.68
Observations: The revenue expenditure shows an increasing trend in 2004-05 and a declining trend in 2005-06. The following table shows the contribution of various heads in Revenue Expenditure:
Table 3.25: Section-wise Expenditure for O&M (Rs. In Lakhs) Items a) General Taxation b) General Administration c) Engineering d) Street Lighting e) Electricity Services f) Water Supply g) Town Planning 100.00 135.95 158.64 169.77 147.03 189.95 2001-02 88.43 32.06 278.24 17.02 2002-03 80.81 30.63 306.45 63.51 2003-04 79.16 34.83 470.23 100.25 2004-05 81.14 33.55 500.51 70.82 2005-06 77.04 39.80 363.76 49.25 2006-07 95.68 38.83 459.85 74.01
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h) Drains & Culverts I) Public Health j) Buildings k) Estate l) Sports m) Pension n) Others Total Taxes (a) to (n) : 0.46 58.01 636.35 1935.47 0.73 71.02 707.32 2107.74 0.44 86.71 398.98 2277.31 0.66 69.51 679.17 2448.12 0.74 70.76 792.66 2329.68 0.37 135.74 667.73 2592.78 715.88 9.02 689.43 21.89 939.25 8.82 823.31 19.68 779.53 9.11 926.54 4.09
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
Table 3.26: NNM Capital expenditure (Rs. in Lakhs) State government Year Grants 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 105.07 107.86 107.05 191.06 90.66 Loans 143.95 109.35 10.06 103.30 50.00 Institutions 249.02 217.21 117.11 295.00 140.66 Financing Market Others Total
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3.4 COST RECOVERY AND USER CHARGES 3.4.1 Water Supply: Cost recovery
Table 3.27: Annual Operating Revenues from water consumption Opening Balance as on 31-03-10 Rs. Lakhs 7.18
Demand raised for the period 2009-10
Rs. Lakhs
124.05
House service connections
Rs. Lakhs
0.37
Public Taps
Rs. Lakhs
0.03
Total Revenue Demand
Rs. Lakhs
157.00
Collection against arrears
Rs. Lakhs
1.4
Collection against current demand
Rs. Lakhs
32.00
Closing Balance as on 31-03-09
Rs. Lakhs
7.18
Other revenues (taxes, connection fees)
Rs. Lakhs
2.50
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010 Table 3.28: Annual Operating Expenses (Rupees in Lakhs)
Category Regular Staff Costs Contracted Staff Costs Electricity charges/Fuel costs Chemical Costs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs 133.00 35.60 203.03 3.50
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Repairs/Maintenance costs Bulk supply (Raw/treated water) Total Debt service (interests & principal) in Rupees Capital expenditure during the year Sources of capital investments Government Grants Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs
10.00 38.25 18.88 577.40 442.26
Rs. Lakhs
17.00
3.4.2 Sewerage Management: Expenditure

Table 3.29: Annual Operating Expenses (Rupees in Lakhs) Staff Power/fuel Repairs/maintenance Administrative & other establishment Contracted labor Total Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010 Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Rs. Lakhs 1.80 8.00 12.74 12.00 5.40 39.94
3.4.3 Solid waste Management: Expenditure
Table 3.30: Annual Operating Expenses (Rs. Lakhs/Year) as of March 31, 2010
Regular Staff Salary
Rs. Lakhs
1013.81
Contractual Staff salary
Rs. Lakhs
184.93
Electricity Charges/ Fuel Costs
Rs. Lakhs
132.45
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Chemical Costs
Rs. Lakhs
14.84
Repair & Maintenance Costs
Rs. Lakhs
46.58
Contracted Services Costs
Rs. Lakhs
19.09
Total
Rs. Lakhs
1411.70
3.5 O&M ARRANGEMENTS The operation and maintenance of water supply is undertaken by the Jal Sansthan. The storm water drainage system and solid waste management is being taken care by Nagar Nigam Moradabad. 3.6 IEC AND AWARENESS ISSUES Open Defecation The number of villages located at the outskirts of the city have been merged with Nagar Nigam Moradabad but over the period of time no civic development has taken place in these areas. Most of the households in these areas are not having the provision of any kind of toilets and maximum people open defecate in the fields around these localities. Community Toilets There are seventeen community toilets in the city mainly in slum areas. As of now these toilets are not looked after properly and having several inherent problems. In the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water arrangement and no provision of routine upkeep & maintenance. Such toilets are seen in. Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in the proximity of community toilets are a common sight. Moreover, it has been noticed that in most of community toilets, children are allowed to use the community toilets. The children accompanying their mothers, defecate in and around the community toilets in open drains. It is essential to classify toilets based on the survey results to devise a plan of action. Broadly, the toilets would need the following measures. In worst case scenario this may require rebuilding the entire toilets complex.
Generally, deteriorating
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infrastructure such as cracks in septic tanks, broken seats and doors need to be repaired. Proper operation and maintenance of theses toilets assumes significance in the context of promoting toilet usage. Where the toilets are not maintained properly, people tend to go back to the habit of open defecation. Cleaner and well maintained community toilets will ensure their better usage and in turn arrest the open defecation habit of people. An IEC campaign involving local NGOs and SHGs is recommended to bring the change in the behavior of people. Commercial Areas Commercial areas and markets are lacking the provision of toilets and urinals. Roads and streets sweeping is done irregularly by the Nagar Nigam Safai Karamcharis and waste piles up fast on the roads/streets sides. There is no provision of dustbins in the commercial places/markets and the people tend to throw the waste on the roadside or in the drains/nallas. The waste/garbage in most these areas is collected once in two or three days. Water Supply Pipe water supply network is there but without any metering. This leads to maximum wastage of water particularly at public stand posts in the slum/LIG areas. Thus there is ample scope for public awareness, as most people dont seem to bother about the optimum utilization of water. To overcome the shortage of water, Jalkal Vibhag has installed about hand pumps in the slum/LIG areas. Besides this large number of households have made their own private arrangement of hand pumps. Illegal connections and resultant leakages in the pipeline are very common resulting in mismanagement & supplying of contaminated water to the consumers. In such a scenario it is not unusual that people of Moradabad city prefer the hand pump water to the supplied water for domestic purpose. Solid Waste Management There is no arrangement of door to door collection and segregation of municipal waste at source in the city. As of now, the municipal waste is unscientifically dumped openly at the outskirts of the city. There is a need to organize the solid waste management on priority and expedite the completion of ongoing integrated solid waste management project.
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Sanitation Consciousness: Current Status of Services and Behaviour Generally, slums located in outskirts of the city and those in interior offer two different typologies. The core and old city areas are predominantly Muslim population; representing diversity in terms of demography. And the slums on the outskirts are predominant with Valmiki, SC or ST population. Based on these typologies we have identified the following stakeholder groups and their behavioral patterns:
Table 3.31:Behavioural Patterns of people of Moradabad
Stakeholder Groups Slums Outskirts
Areas of Habitation
Socio-cultural/Behavioural Patterns
Mau, Pandit Nagla, Fazalpur, Mirpur, Menadher and Other areas as marked on the map
Open defecation is prevalent. Most of the households are not having the toilet/latrine facilities and all the habitants of these areas open defecate in the fields.
There is no provision of community toilets in these areas.
There is no provision of door to door collection but residents throw garbage on the open road/street or in vacant land,/drains/nallas.
No pipe water supply network and the source of water supply is hand pumps.
There is no drainage system and water logging take place at low lying areas.
Slums Inner City
Lodhipur, Fakirpura, Bemather and other such areas as marked on the map.
This area is having community toilets with several operation and maintenance challenges.
Children are not allowed to enter the community toilets
Open defecation by children in drains and open spaces is common.
Water Scarcity and poor state of community toilets forces elders also to defecate in open
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but, it is not very common. Some community toilets do not have water, electricity connection with broken toilet seats force people to defecate in close vicinity. People are in some ways constrained in going out to defecate in the inner city areas. Open areas such as Public Park land or vacant plots have become open defecation spots. Most of community toilets discharge their waste into open nallas/drains. .
Shopkeepers
Commercial Areas/Markets like pettal bazar, railway station road, bus stand and other areas on map
Moradabad is prominent industrial city of UP. General hygiene & sanitation awareness is far below among the shopkeepers; particularly meat, milk products, vegetables/fruits or eatable shops.
Most of the shopkeepers throw their waste on the road/street side or in nallas. The nallas get clogged and cleaned at irregular intervals by Nagar Nigam.
No provision of dustbins in the commercial areas and markets.
Very few public toilets and urinals in the market areas.
Higher Income Group Residents
Civil lines and other areas locatable on map
No door to door collection Irregular water supply is a major issue for the residents.
Residents tend to install motors to draw up water to first and second floors. These motors are attached directly to the supply pipe posing problems to those down the line.
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Low Income Group Residents
Marked by individual toilets, irregular sweeping of street, occasional clearing of drains.
Irregular water supply Dumping of solid waste in open on roadside
Municipal officials
City Wide
Officials should call meetings of shopkeepers specially butchers/eatable vendors to raise their awareness about hygiene and to promote safe practices of waste disposal.
Nagar Nigam officials need help to enhance their capacities for better implementation of sanitation projects.
A better co-ordination between various departments such as Jalkal Vibhag, MDA is required.
Nagar Nigam should look into operational as well as maintenance aspects of community toilets.
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CHAPTER 4 INFERENCES/ GAPS IDENTIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS

4.1 SUMMARY OF THE KEY ISSUES 4.1.1 WATER SUPPLY
Fig. 4.1: Water supply analysis Continuity of water supply Total Domestic connections-36057 Non domestic connections-1384 27% coverage of water supply connections Public taps -327 0% metering of water supply connections 2-3 hrs./day
Total water supplied-141.6 MLD Total volume of water billed-136.5 MLD 20% collection efficiency of water supply related charges
35% cost recovery in water supply services
Per capita supply of water-85lpcd
Source: Jal Sansthan & NNM, 2010
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Low per capita water supplied
The per capita water supplied is 85 lpcd against the national level of 135 lpcd.
27% coverage of water supply connections The water supply coverage is only 27% of the households. Daily water supply -2 to 3 hours per day The water is supplied for 2-3 hours per day on an average. Water Quality The water quality testing is not as per BIS IS -10500 laid down guidelines and standards. 4.1.2 SEWERAGE AND WASTEWATER GENERATION
Fig. 4.2: Sewerage and wastewater generation analysis
Wastewater generation-109.2MLD Collected & treated- Nil
Households with access to toilets-1,12,424 HHs Households w/o access to toilets-15,500 HHs Coverage of toilets -88% Manual scavenging492 HHs
Total length of road network- 1773.08 km.
Households with onsite disposal- 101014HHs Households with sewer connections- 7910 HHs 40% coverage of storm water drainage network Open defecation 12 %- 1,00,440 6% coverage of sewerage network services population
0% of sewerage water treatment
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Only 6% coverage of sewerage network : In Moradabad city, there is only 6% coverage of sewerage network. The households are having septic tanks or kuddis. An integrated sewerage network needs to be laid out in the city.
No sewage treatment plant: There is no sewage treatment plant. Most of the sewerage goes into the open drains and nallas.
4.1.3 STORM WATER DRAINAGE The drainage system is quite old and needs immediate repairs. The drainage system is heavily silted because of lack of routine upkeep and regular maintenance. Most of the city drains and nallas are discharging in the water bodies and thus polluting the complete environment. 4.1.4 HOUSEHOLDS There are about 23% of slum households and 77% of non slum households in Moradabad city. About 42% of households are having the flush latrines with septic tanks. About 12% of households are not having access to toilets and thus defecating in open particularly recently included villages in the Nagar Nigam. 37% households are using the Khudi which is a small structure built with bricks and directly discharging the effluent in open nallas. Dry toilets are also present in Moradabad city. Around 492 households have manual scavenging. Approximately 3500 households are using the services of 16 community toilets in the slum and non slum areas. No proper mechanism for the safe disposal of solid and liquid waste including the sludge & septage of households.
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4.1.5 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Fig. 4.3: Solid waste management Analysis
Waste Generation 10080 MT/month

2% door to door collection No Recovery of MSW
Population covered by DTD Collection- 21000
No scientific disposal of MSW
Waste dumped on open trench ground-unsafe disposal
The municipal waste is not disposed off scientifically as per MSW Rule 2000. The waste is disposed off at open dump sites. No scientific landfill site exists. No community involvement in managing the solid and liquid waste of the city. Only 2% city wide door to door collection of solid waste.
4.1.6 COMMERCIAL AREAS AND MARKETS Poor solid waste disposal and collection mechanism.
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Very few proper public toilets in the markets. Most of the market places do not have toilet facility.
There is no awareness about public toilets in the area. No arrangement of proper cleanliness of the public toilets and urinals. No willingness to pay and use the toilet facilities among the shopkeepers. However, the customers are willing to have pay and use toilets.
The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in markets areas is improper garbage disposal causing the blockage of roads, foul smell, clogging of drains/nallas.
4.1.7 HOSPITAL SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT Maximum hospitals do not follow the Bio-medical rules -1998 No scientific arrangement of treating the bio-medical liquid waste of hospitals and nursing homes. All the bio-medical liquid waste is discharged in nallas/drains. 4.1.8 SCHOOL SANITATION Most of the government primary schools are not having proper arrangement of toilet and drinking water facilities. There is no dedicated staff available in the schools for the upkeep, cleanliness and maintenance of toilets and other facilities. The students and teachers have dropped out because of poor sanitation in schools. No proper budget has been allocated for the O & M of toilets. Most of the schools dispose their waste on the roadside or throw in the open site.
4.1.9 WATER BODIES The water quality is very poor and it is highly polluted. There is no system in place to ensure the proper upkeep and maintenance of water bodies.
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Most of the nallas/drains of the city are discharging their wastewater in these water bodies which is completely unhygienic and hazardous for the city.
There are instances of flooding in nearby areas in the case of 80% of the water bodies. Toilet discharge also goes into most of the waterbodies like Betadi river, Pond near Chauhan ki malik and pond at Khushhaalpur.
There is high risk of waterborne diseases because of accumulation of sludge and wastewater in the water bodies.
The water flow is clogged in 60% of the water bodies including Betadi river and Ram ganga river .The stagnated water and filth in the water bodies is causing the foul smell and acute air pollution in the surrounding areas.
GAPS IDENTIFICATION In maximum households, the toilet flush are not connected to soakpits. The water from septic tanks goes directly into drains which is very unhygienic. Sewer line network needs to cover more areas in Moradabad city. Most of the city drainage system is clogged with polythenes bags and it should be cleaned regularly. The condition of the city drainage system is very poor and need immediate repairs and regular upkeep/maintenance. The large drains are being encroached by dwelling units, milk diaries, shopkeepers etc and thus difficult to clean & maintain them. It should be checked so that sanitary conditions of the city are improved. There is acute shortage of the community toilets in the city and thus compelling the people particularly in slum and LIG areas to defecate in the open. More community toilets should be constructed in the city. There is no Wastewater Treatment Plant in the city. There is no institutional arrangement in place for the routine upkeep and maintenance of water bodies .
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General awareness about the importance of sanitation and health issues is far below among the people of the city.
Solid Waste Management a. Segregation at source is not practiced The waste generators in Moradabad city do not segregate the waste prior to disposal. They dump mixed waste into the DP containers, drains, open sites and low-lying areas. As a standard practice, MSW has to be segregated into bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes and disposed off in separate containers to aid in efficient waste processing and disposal mechanisms. b. Primary collection of solid waste is not appropriate Nagar Nigam Moradabad has taken initiative in providing door-to-door collection service to its residents with the help of a private company A2Z ,Gurgaon but only 2% of the households are covered which is a very small proportion. The residents of city dump the household waste outside their residences from where sweepers of NNM collect waste by means of handcarts and dump the same into the DP containers or roadside (open dump). The Safai Karamcharis employed by the NNM do street sweeping, collect drain silt & waste, put heaps on roadsides and transport them at nearby open dumps. These unorganized disposal methods have resulted in accumulation of solid waste on roadsides and vacant plots, low lying areas and drains/nallas. Door to door collection service has to be provided to households as well as commercial establishments. Containers/dustbins should be put near the shops and some agency should be there to collect garbage regularly. The roadside waste collected by street sweepers must be directly dumped into a separate bin at the secondary waste collection point. c. Secondary storage of solid waste is unorganized There are very few containers available for secondary storage of MSW. At places where containers are available, either they are rusted or damaged. At other places, waste is dumped on open dumps which have evolved over a period of time. In the absence of secondary storage facility for MSW, it is
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dumped at any location in the vicinity-drains, vacant plots, street corners, low lying areas, or other open areas. Heaps and stretches of un-segregated waste in open areas causes environmentally hazardous and unhygienic conditions across the city, thus, creating conducive conditions for breeding of mosquitoes, insects or grazing by cattle. Separate coloured bins must be provided at the secondary storage location for bio-degradable and non-biodegradable and recyclable wastes. The bins must be covered and cleared at the scheduled time to prevent storage of waste for a long time and littering of waste outside the bins. d. Solid waste is transported in open vehicles Most of the times, solid waste is transported in open trolleys hauled by tractors. These open trolleys are overloaded with waste, resulting in road littering during transportation. The loading and unloading of waste is done manually and safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) for their protection. The waste transportation vehicles must be covered at all times except while loading and unloading activities and the loaded waste should not exceed the capacity of these vehicles. e. Slaughter house waste is mixed with the MSW Waste from slaughter houses is dumped along with the MSW in open and low-lying areas. As such, there is no provision for segregation and safe disposal in the city. Slaughter house waste should be collected separately and disposed off by controlled incineration, burial, anaerobic digestion and other approved processing methods. f. Biomedical waste is not managed properly in all healthcare facilities The private hospitals and nursing homes do not segregate their waste. Waste is not dumped in the dual bin system (green and blue) and it is not segregated and is dumped along with MSW. Biomedical waste segregation, handling and disposal mechanisms adopted by all medical institutions must be strictly in compliance with the Bio-medical Waste Rules.
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g. Collection and disposal of construction waste is not appropriate The construction/demolition waste generated by local residents is transported in tractor trolleys and disposed off in open/low-lying areas in the vicinity, privately. The construction and demolition waste (from private or NNM sites) must not be dumped in any open area in an unorganized manner .It must be handled under the guidance of NNM staff. h. Disposal of solid waste is not appropriate The solid waste collected from various sources is disposed off in open dumpsites indiscriminately without segregation or pre-processing. There is no engineered sanitary landfill for safe disposal of solid waste. According to MSW Rules 2000, biodegradable waste should be processed and converted into compost or used for power generation; recyclables should be segregated and sold to recyclers; no hazardous waste be dumped along with MSW; construction waste to be segregated and used for filling low lying areas and only remaining waste should be dumped into engineered landfill facility. i. Manual handling of solid waste Safai karamcharis involved in primary collection of MSW do not use any Personal Protection Equipment (PPEs)such as face masks, disposable gloves, boots, hats, and proper safety clothing (sturdy coloured uniform) to avoid direct contact with waste and reduce the likelihood of on the job injury. Manual handling of solid waste during primary collection is an acceptable practice in Moradabad city. j. Lack of awareness among city residents and civic authorities The NNM staff is responsible for managing MSW in Moradabad city in accordance with the MSW Rules 2000.The NNM staff needs to understand the environmental, social and economic implications of an unorganized MSW management system. Likewise, public participation is very essential in successful implementation of the MSW management plan in the city. Therefore, a planned and concerted effort is required to bring about awareness among the public and make them realize their responsibilities as individuals and as a community. In summary, public awareness, community participation, transparent administration, accountability at all levels is the need of hour so as to ensure success of any MSW management plan.
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4.2 IEC AND AWARENESS MESSAGES & CHANNELS Household Survey About 300 households particularly in slum areas were surveyed to gauge water and sanitation situation in Moradabad city. Though the data does not claim to yield statistically significant results for Moradabad, there were some interesting findings. About 48% slum households are not having access to toilets and thus defecating in open. More surprisingly few houses are reporting manual scavenging also. There is no door to door collection except in few pockets started recently as pilot project and high proportion of the respondents are dumping solid waste in designated container (if available) or open site on the road/street side. The municipality does not lift the waste openly dumped in most of the localities. The frequency of collection of waste is once in 3 days in most of the cases. About 94% of the residents opined that their streets are not swept regularly and drains are cleaned irregularly. Around 13% of the areas in slums are prone to flooding during rains. The complaint redressal system in the slum areas is not very efficient. The people are partially satisfied with the system. Public toilets in commercial places According to our survey there are very few public toilet facilities in the commercial areas or markets of the city. Most of the commercial places and markets are having some arrangement of urinals particularly for gents only. Few shopkeepers use the existing public urinals and maximum people urinate in open drains. Sampled respondents have appreciated the idea of pay and use toilets if proper toilet facilities are made available. If they have to pay they prefer monthly pass. Our survey results indicate that while on one hand shopkeepers and customers are experiencing difficulties due to lack of access to toilets, the overall willingness for pay per use option was found to be low. In such a situation a behavior change campaign is first required to create demand for toilets. Then it could be recommended to build toilets in commercial areas on pay and use terms. Shopkeepers could opt for monthly passes and customers pay per use. Community Toilets As explained, in the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water or electricity or maintenance person. Several of these community toilets need to be rebuilt. Our survey covered 16 (100%)
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community toilets in Moradabad, merely 9% of these are in fully serviceable condition. About 70% are reported to be in bad implying that they are in unsanitary or dilapidated condition. 21% of the toilets are not in use. Investing in community toilets is a pressing need for the city. At present O&M work is being shared by a host of organizations including Nagar Nigam and Sulabh. No Correlation has been found between condition of toilets and the organization responsible for O&M. Key Messages for Stakeholders National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008, by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India has outlined constitution, roles and responsibilities of City Sanitation Task Forces envisaging multistakeholder involvement. Some eminent persons from the city (from fields of academics, NGOs, media, art, business etc) could be included into this task force. At a more micro level, creation of Ward Sanitation Action Committees headed by corporators of the concerned wards and comprising members from NNM, office bearers of RWAs, Safai Karamcharies is recommended. A set of powerful mnemonics related to sanitation could be one of the ways of beginning the process of developing sanitation consciousness- say something like swach ghar samridh parivar. The messages that need to be put across to the stakeholders are as follows:
Table 4.1: Messages to be put across to stakeholders:
Target Audience Nagar Ayukt, NN Health & Sanitary officials, Corporators etc
Messages/Themes
Channels of Communication
Seeking community inputs for building and repairing community and individual toilets, toilets should be designed for social acceptance.
Training Programs for Officials from Nagar Nigam, Jal Kal Vibhag, DUDA Participation in interactive
Anti- open defecation and sanitation campaigns
programmes such as transact walks etc to promote city sanitation CSTF meetings, CSP workshops, Newspaper Advertisement
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How to ensure compliance from people through rewards/Punishments
Better co-ordination between various departments including NNM, DUDA,
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Jal Kal for implementation of City Sanitation Plan Safe handling of garbage by Sanitation workers Promoting source segregation at source and dump yards Safe deposition of garbage by Contractors Corporators, Office bearer of Slum Resident Federations, NGOs representing slums in inner City Consultations on preventing open defecation, especially highlighting the risks on railway line Consultation seeking inputs of residents on improving community toilets and their usage Toilet options two pit, septic tank Safe disposal of Human Excreta Contamination due to Fecal Matter Health and hygiene: Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies Consultation of water supply situation Consultation on expectations form Municipality Corporators, office bearers of Slum Resident Federations representing slums in City Outskirts Consultation seeking inputs of residents on improving community toilets and their usage Health Risks due to open defecation Toilet options two pit, septic tank Contamination due to Fecal Matter Safe disposal of Human Excreta Health and hygiene: Diarrhea, GE,
calling for meeting/seeking participation in transect walks Press Conference-sharing the goals and plan of action for CSP with press persons Videos on best practices and their impact Organising interactive programmes with elected representatives and officials. These could include transact walks in slum areas RWA/SRF/NGO Meeting Door to door campaign Newspaper Advertisement. Press Conference Screening of videos for sanitation awareness Organising interactive programmes with elected representatives and officials. These could include walks in the outskirt slums.
RWA/SRF/NGO Meeting
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Malaria, Scabies Consultation on problems with water supply Consultation on expectations form NNM
Door to door campaign Newspaper Advertisement Press Conference Screening of videos and films at meetings
Office bearers of Residents Welfare Association middleclass localities
Consultation on problems with current toilets
Meetings with officials, Door to door campaigning Newspaper Advertisement Cable TV Educational videos screening at meetings
Consultation on septic tank cleaning Consultation on Environmental sanitation
Consultation of water supply situation Consultation of willingness to pay user charges
Consultation on expectations from NNM
Water and sanitation officials
Display responsibilities of officials viz Sanitation Inspectors in their Circles especially in the vicinity of open defecation areas, markets, public parks, slaughter houses, around water bodies
Printed pamphlets given with newspapers, newspaper advertisements, painting on Elevated/underground reservoirs Print the phone numbers of responsible officials on the NNM garbage lifting vehicles
Establish public grievance redressal mechanism.
Water and Sanitation Workers
Appreciation of what people desire Importance of safe handling of waste, protective gear Important messages like not burning plastics, not dropping waste on the Training Programs, Workshops on better gear, improved practices, consultations with Safai Karamcharis or sanitary
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way to dump sites, intermediate bins Educating residents about Segregation of waste Shopkeepers, Commercial establishments, SSI units Do not dump garbage in by lanes, in drains Organize a meeting with NNM to appraise the officials of their grievances If you need to dispose heavy waste call the NNM and ask for a tractor. Improving sanitation facilities within the shops and factories for workers and customers Participation in Public toilets building and maintenance
worker unions
Area specific meeting with shopkeepers, slaughter house operators , traders and representatives of SSI units
City Wide
Keep houses and neighborhood clean Boil/Filter the Water before drinking Wash your hands before and after eating/drinking
Road Side Billboards News Paper Advertisements City TV Cable Short Films or videos to be screened in theatres etc.
Dont allow mosquitoes to breed in your neighborhood
Immunize Children Dont share clothes of persons infected with skin diseases
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CHAPTER 05 KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES 5.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD KEY ISSUES
IMPACT RANK I
SCALE/
PRIORITY
II
III
1/1 Open Defecation
6% sewerage coverage and No treatment of waste water
1/3 Waste disposal open drains in
II
2/1 Schools toilets with no
2/2 No proper Fecal sludge management of community toilets and even at household level (those using septic tank) Low drinking quality water
2/3 Slaughter house waste disposal into nallas
Poor O&M of school toilets No public toilets at commercial/ market places
No proper maintenance of Institutional toilets
III
3/1 Poor arrangements of operation and maintenance of both community and public toilets
3/2 2% door to door collection of household waste Unscientific disposal of liquid waste and fecal sludge from hospitals,
3/3 Encroachments, waste dump sites Water bodies
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community toilets
The existing situation of the cities (i.e. key problems are listed out further, analysis for their consequences and their impacts.) A matrix is developed to highlight the areas of high priority that need to be addressed by ULB. 5.2 PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD
IMPACT SCALE/ PRIORITY RANK I
I 1/1 Individual toilets Community toilets
II Sewerage System
III 1/3 STP/DEWATS
II
2/1 Public toilets School sanitation
2/2 Fecal sludge management Water Quality Institutional toilets
2/3 Proper disposal of Slaughter house waste
III
3/1 O&M arrangements of community toilets
3/2 Solid waste management Proper disposal of BMW
3/3 Upkeep/maintenance of Water bodies
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CHAPTER 06 PROPOSALS/ RECOMMENDATIONS This section essentially deals with the requirements at the city level for sanitation services to support urban stability, enable social balance, economic growth and development and are imperative for the improvement of urban public services in Moradabad. Although there have been some national and state initiatives to increase sanitation coverage in Moradabad, a substantial part of urban population, especially in slums, has no adequate sanitation facilities made available to them by the government machinery.
Long- term
Mid - term
Short - term
6.1 SWOT Analyses The importance of SWOT analysis lies in its ability to help clarify and summaries the key issues and opportunities facing a sector. Value lies in considering the implications of the things identified and it can therefore play a key role in helping a sector to set objectives and develop new strategies. The ideal outcome would be to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses in order to take advantage of external opportunities and overcome the threats. The biggest advantages of SWOT analysis is that it is simple and only costs time to do. It can help generate new ideas as to how a sector can use a particular strength to defend against threats in the performance. If a sector is aware of the potential threats then it can have responses and plans ready to counteract them when they happen. SWOT Analysis is the foundation for evaluating the internal potential and limitations and the likely
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opportunities and threats from the external environment. It views all positive and negative factors inside and outside the sector that affect the success. A consistent study of the environment in which the sector operates helps in forecasting/predicting the changing trends and also helps in including them in the decision-making process of the particular sector in the context of Moradabad.
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SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad -Water Supply Strengths

Satisfactory coverage in HIG areas of the city
Weaknesses
Lack of metered connections Leakages Using private electric pumps to suck water Illegal connections Unwillingness to use water at the consumer end due to contamination in the supply line Water borne diseases due to poor quality of water supplied
Opportunities
Improving water quality and reducing water borne diseases Rehabilitation of the existing lines Constant vigilance to control illegal connections IEC campaign to overcome illegal connections from rising main and usage of untreated water leading to contamination Encouraging individual metered connection to increase revenue IEC to bring forth change in the mindset to go for Individual metered connections
Threats
Poor service in some areas Contamination due to household & commercial waste directly lead to open drains and nallas
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SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad - Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage Strengths
Extensive nallas and drain network city covered by sewer lines
Weaknesses
No sewerage treatment plant STP Black and gray water not treated Household and commercial waste directly lead to open drains and nallas
Opportunities
Plan sewerage network and STPs IEC campaign against throwing garbage in storm water drains
Threats
All nallas /drains discharging in water bodies Stagnated water bodies are major source of pollution and health hazard
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SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad - Solid Waste Management Strengths
New integrated solid waste management project under PPP model is coming up Willingness to pay for the user charges
Weaknesses
No door to door collection Gap between the waste generated and collected in the city Open dumping sites are located inside the city No system in place for tracking the collection and transportation of the waste
Opportunities
Effective IEC campaign to illustrate and explain the hazards of unscientific disposal of municipal waste can stop the citizens from dumping the garbage in open Willingness to pay for the user charges can be converted in educating people to give the waste in a segregated manner CBOs are more than willing to participate in any sort of campaign to improve the quality of life
Threats
Gap between generation and collection has let large amount of garbage in the city leading to public health hazards Open dumping sites are major public health hazards
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SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad - Open defecation, community toilets and public toilets Strengths
Community / Public toilets have been built for the population of the city
Weaknesses
No M & E system for tracking Open Defecation Few community toilets for large slum population Number of community toilets are in unusable condition Most of community toilets leading waste to open drains
Opportunities
Increasing number of Community Toilets would bring down the instances of open defecation to a large extent Rehabilitation of existing Community Toilets BOT models in building toilets have high chances IEC & Behavioral Change campaign can bring down the cases of open defecation
Threats
Open Defecation has become a major public health hazard Mosquitoes leading to several diseases and instances of skin diseases
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6.2
VISION AND SPECIFIC GOALS
Moradabad City to become totally sanitized, livable and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all the citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor by 2015. SPECIFIC GOALS
a) Awareness generation and behaviour change
b) Making Moradabad a open defecation free city
c) Re-Orienting Institutions and Mainstreaming Sanitation
d) Sanitary and Safe Disposal of human excreta and liquid wastes
e) Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations
The citys concerted efforts would be in achieving the vision and the goals in a stipulated timeframe. 6.3 SANITATION OPTIONS
6.3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS Application of technology is one of a number of integrated measures required to improve sanitary conditions. Although sanitation is often understood as dealing with urine and excreta, the definition of sanitation is much broader and concerns the conditions relating to public health. To improve sanitation, the entire environment needs to be looked at in a holistic manner so that improvements in one area are not undermined by the neglect of another, and to prevent the problem being transported elsewhere with the discharge of untreated sewage or indiscriminate tipping of solid waste.
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The infrastructure necessary to provide a sanitation facility which is safe, reliable, private, protected from the weather and ventilated, keeps smells to the minimum, easy to keep clean, minimises the risk of the spread of sanitation-related diseases by facilitating the appropriate control of disease carrying flies and pests, and enables safe and appropriate treatment and/or removal of human waste and wastewater in an environmentally sound manner. Technology does not fail humans; humans fail technology if the introduced technology cannot be sustained in the socio-economic, personal or cultural environment. The users are often blamed for the failure but the reality is that failure occurs because the technology is inappropriate to the circumstances. Regardless of the technology selected, making sanitation improvements in any community requires careful planning and concerted investment efforts between households and government. Lacking proper coordination, some investments can become very wasteful and redundant. For instance, the disposal of contaminated wastewater in densely populated areas is both expensive and technically challenging, while the prospects for charging for this service are limited. Thus, if water services are introduced in an area without a proper drainage and sewerage system, there will be no way to take away the volumes of wastewater. Sanitation systems can be divided into onsite and offsite technologies. Onsite sanitation systems aim to contain human excreta at the point of generation (the household level). Onsite sanitation can be classified into two main categories: wet which require water for flushing; and dry which do not require any water for flushing. This type of infrastructure comprises of (improved) latrines, septic tanks and other household level technologies that do not involve sewerage. Offsite sanitation systems transport human excreta to another location for treatment, disposal or use. Offsite sanitation can be classified into two main categories: decentralized and centralized. Decentralized systems include systems where groups of two or more houses are linked to a network leading to a communal treatment system. Wastewater systems serving one or several communities are termed centralized systems. Technology Option for On-site sanitation systems Septic Tank with soak pits Application Level- Household, Apartments, Institutions
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Septic tanks consist of a chamber or series of chambers into which wastewater is discharged and contained. Sediment and solids settle at the bottom of the tank and organic wastes are decomposed by the action of bacteria. The effluent from septic tanks may contain pathogens and should be discharged into a soak away. In practice, many septic tanks in India discharge effluent to the nearest open drain. Liquid flows into the tank and heavy particles sink to the bottom, while scum (oil and fat) floats to the top. With time, the solids that settle at the bottom are degraded anaerobically. However, the rate of accumulation is faster than the rate of decomposition, and the accumulated sludge must be removed at some point. Generally, Septic Tanks should be emptied and cleaned every 2 to 5 years, although they should be checked yearly to ensure proper functioning. The design of a Septic Tank depends on the number of users; the amount of water used per capita, the average annual temperature, the pumping frequency and the characteristics of the wastewater. A variation of the Septic Tank is called an aqua privy, which is a simple storage and settling tank located directly below the toilet, so that the excreta fall into the tank. To prevent odor from surfacing, a water seal must be maintained but it may not completely prevent smells and the tank must be frequently desludged. Adequacy: A Septic Tank is appropriate where there is a way of dispersing or transporting the effluent. Because the Septic Tank must be desludged regularly, a vacuum truck should be able to access the location. Often Septic Tanks are installed in the home, under the kitchen or bathroom which makes emptying difficult. If Septic Tanks are used in densely populated areas, onsite infiltration should not be used otherwise the ground will become oversaturated and excreta may rise up to the surface posing a serious health risk. Instead, the Septic Tank should be connected to a sewer and the effluent should be transported to a subsequent treatment or disposal site. Septic Tanks can be installed in every type of climate although the efficiency will be affected in colder climates. Even though the Septic Tank is watertight, it should not be constructed in areas with high groundwater tables or where there is frequent flooding. Aqua privies can be built indoors and above ground and are appropriate for rocky or flood prone areas where pits or other technologies would not be appropriate. However, because they require frequent emptying and constant maintenance, they are only recommended for very specific applications.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: Although the removal of pathogens is not high, the entire tank is below the surface so users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater. Users should be careful
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when opening the tank because noxious and flammable gases may be released. Septic Tanks should have a vent. A vacuum truck should be used to empty the sludge from the Septic Tank. Users should not attempt to empty the pit themselves except with a manual technology.
Maintenance: Septic Tanks should be checked to ensure that they are watertight and the levels of the scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that the tank is functioning well. Because of the delicate ecology, care should be taken not to discharge harsh chemicals into the Septic Tank. The sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum truck to ensure proper functioning of the Septic Tank.
Pros & Cons: Can be built and repaired with locally available materials Long service life No real problems with flies or odours if used correctly Low capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on water and emptying Small land area required No electrical energy required Low reduction in pathogens, solids and organics Effluent and sludge require secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge Requires constant source of water
Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK (Sizing, volume and emptying calculations and example design solutions, Chapter 6)
Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit Application Level- Household
A Pour Flush Toilet is like a regular Flush Toilet except that instead of the water coming from the cistern above, it is poured in by the user. When the water supply is not continuous, any cistern Flush Toilet can become a Pour Flush Toilet. Just like a traditional Flush Toilet, there is a water seal that prevents odours and flies from coming back up the pipe. Water is poured into the bowl to flush the toilet of excreta; approximately 2 to 3L is usually sufficient. The quantity of water and the force of
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the water must be sufficient to move the excreta up and over the curved water seal. Both pedestals and squatting pans can be used in the pour flush mode. Due to demand, local manufacturers have become increasingly efficient at mass-producing affordable, Pour Flush Toilets and pans. The S-shape of the water seal determines how much water is needed for flushing. To reduce water requirements, it is advisable to collect toilet paper or other dry cleansing materials separately. The waterseal at the bottom of the Pour Flush Toilet or pan should have a slope of 25 to 30. Water seals should be made out of plastic or ceramic to prevent clogs and to make cleaning easier. The optimal depth of the water seal is approximately 2cm to minimize the water required to flush the excreta. The trap should be approximately 7cm in diameter. Adequacy: The water seal is effective at preventing odors and it is appropriate for those who sit or squat (pedestal or slab) as well as those who cleanse with water. It is only appropriate when there is a constant supply of water available. The Pour Flush Toilet requires much less water than a traditional cistern Flush Toilet. However, because a smaller amount of water is used, the Pour Flush Toilet may clog more easily and thus, require more maintenance. If water is available, this type of toilet is appropriate for both public and private applications. Pour Flush Toilets are adequate for almost all climates. Health Aspects/Acceptance: The Pour Flush Toilet (or squatting pan) prevents users from seeing or smelling the excreta of previous users. Thus, it is generally well accepted. Provided that the water seal is working well, there should be no odors and the toilet should be clean and comfortable to use. Maintenance: Because there are no mechanical parts, Pour Flush Toilets are quite robust and rarely require repair. Despite the fact that water is used continuously in the toilet, it should be cleaned regularly to prevent the buildup of organics and or/stains. To prevent clogging of the Pour Flush Toilet, it is recommended that dry cleansing materials be collected separately and not flushed down the toilet. Pros & Cons The water seal effectively prevents odors The excreta of one user are flushed away before the next user arrives Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, wipers and washers) Low capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water requires a constant source of water (can be recycled water and/or collected rain water)
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Requires some education to be used correctly
Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Provides detailed drawings of Indian glass-fibre squat pan and trap with dimensions and critical design criteria. A description of how to modify a Pour Flush Toilet to a cistern Flush Toilet is included.
Single Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Application Level- Household,
The Single VIP is a Ventilated, Improved Pit. It is an improvement over the Single Pit because continuous airflow through the ventilation pipe vents odours and acts as a trap for flies as they escape towards the light. Despite their simplicity, well-designed Single VIPs can be completely smell free, and be more pleasant to use than some other water-based technologies. Flies that hatch in the pit are attracted to the light at the top of the ventilation pipe. When they fly towards the light and try to escape they are trapped by the fly-screen and die. The ventilation also allows odours to escape and minimizes the attraction for flies. The vent pipe should have an internal diameter of at least 110mm to a maximum of 150mm and reach more than 300mm above the highest point of the toilet superstructure. The vent works better in windy areas but where there is little wind, its effectiveness can be improved by painting the pipe black; the heat difference between the pit (cool) and the vent (warm) creates an updraft that pulls the air and odours up and out of the pit. To test the efficacy of the ventilation, a small, smoky fire can be lit in the pit; the smoke should be pulled up and out of the vent pipe and not remain in the pit or the superstructure. The mesh size of the fly screen must be large enough to prevent clogging with dust and allow air to circulate freely. Aluminium screens, with a hole-size of 1.2 to 1.5mm have proven to be the most effective. The top diameter of the Single VIP should be between 1 to 1.5m and be dug at least 3m deep, although the deeper the better. Deep pits can last up to 15, 20, 30 or more years. As the effluent leaches from the Single VIP and migrates through unsaturated soils, faecal organisms are removed. The degree of faecal organism removal varies with soil type, distance travelled, moisture and other environmental factors and thus, it is difficult to estimate the necessary distance between
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a pit and a water source. A minimum distance of 30m between the pit and a water source is recommended to limit exposure to chemical and biological contamination.
Adequacy: Treatment processes in the Single VIP are limited, and therefore, pathogen reduction and organic degradation is not significant. However, since the excreta are contained, pathogen transmission to the user is limited. This technology is a significant improvement over Single Pits or open defecation. Single VIPs are appropriate for peri-urban areas; single pits in urban or dense areas are often difficult to empty and/or have insufficient space for infiltration. Depending on the pit depth, depth to the water table, number of users and soil conditions, some pits can be used for 20 years without emptying. VIPs are especially appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low groundwater table. They should be located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for rocky or compacted soils or for areas that flood frequently. Health Aspects/Acceptance A Single VIP can be a very clean, comfortable, and well accepted sanitation option. However some health concerns exist: Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater; Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods; Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation. Maintenance: To keep the Single VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation screen to ensure a good flow of air. Pros & Cons: Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits) Does not require a constant source of water Suitable for all types of users Can be built and repaired with locally available materials Can be used immediately after construction Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materials and pit depth
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Small land area required Sludge requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge Costs to empty may be significant compared to capital costs
Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Provides detailed design information.) Double Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Application Level-Household, Public Toilet, Community Toilet
The Double VIP has almost the same design as the Single VIP with the added advantage of a second pit that allows the technology to be used continuously and allows for safer and easier emptying. By using two pits, one pit can be used while the contents of the second pit rests, drains, reduces in volume, and degrades. When the second pit is almost full (the excreta is 50cm from the top of the pit), it is covered, and the contents of the first pit are removed. Due to the extended resting time (at least 1 year of filling/resting) the material within the pit should be sanitized and humus-like. The Double VIP is specifically designed to produce humus and as such, it requires regular additions of soil, ash and/or leaves. The superstructure may either extend over both holes or it may be designed to move from one pit to the other. In either case, the pit that is not being filled should be fully covered and sealed to prevent water, garbage and animals (and/or people) from falling into the pit. The ventilation of the two pits can be accomplished using one ventilation pipe moved back and forth between the pits or each pit can be equipped with its own dedicated pipe. The two pits in the Double VIP are continually used and should be well lined and supported to ensure longevity. Adequacy: The Double VIP is more appropriate than the Single VIP for denser, peri-urban areas. The material is manually emptied, so vacuum truck access to the pits is not necessary. The users can remove the pit material after a sufficient resting time of one or more years even though the treatment processes in the pit are not complete and the material is not entirely hygienic. The Double VIP technology will only work properly if the two pits are used sequentially and not concurrently. Therefore, an adequate cover for the out of service pit is required. Double VIPs are especially appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low groundwater table. They should be
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located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for rocky or compacted soils (that are difficult to dig) or for areas that flood frequently. Health Aspects/Acceptance: The Double VIP can be a very clean, comfortable and well accepted sanitation option. However some health concerns exist: Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater; Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods; and Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation.
Maintenance: To keep the Double VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation screen to ensure a good flow of air. The out of service pit should be well sealed to reduce water infiltration and a proper alternating schedule must be maintained. Pros & Cons: Longer life than Single VIP (indefinite if maintained) Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits) Does not require a constant source of water Suitable for all types of users Can be built and repaired with locally available materials Small land area required and can be used immediately after construction Can be used immediately after construction Low/moderate reduction in pathogens Higher capital cost than Single VIP Reference: Mara DD (1984), The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines (UNDP Inter reg. Project INT/81/047). The World Bank+ UNDP, Washington.
Community Toilet Block- The Sulabh Model Application Level- Slum, Low Income Areas, General Public Area
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A community toilet block is a shared facility provided for a group of residents or an entire settlement. Pour flush technology is generally used though dry ecological sanitation (ecosan) toilet blocks have been piloted in a few locations. Washing facilities are sometimes included in the block. These are usually constructed in low income residential areas and slum to cater to the local community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these are managed well and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of the local community and promoting improved public health. Adequacy: As far as possible, separate circular pits should be constructed as these are structurally more stable and the sludge is dry and safe to handle. Where separate circular pits of standard sizes cannot be constructed due to space constraint, pits of smaller diameter (not less than 750mm) be provided, but the depth should be increased suitably to provide required storage volume and infiltration surface area. If it is not possible to construct small diameter pits, combined oval, square or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition wall can be provided. The partition wall should be taken 300mm below the bottom of the pit and be plastered on both sides with cement mortar of 1:6 ratio. The partition wall and pit lining in 300mm width adjoining the partition wall should not have holes. However the possibility of water from one pit finding its way to the other pit is very much there. Therefore the desludging of the filled up pit has to be done with care to avoid health hazards. Health Aspects/Acceptance:
Hygienically and technically appropriate, and socio-culturally acceptable

Eliminates mosquito, insect and fly breeding. Free from health hazards and does not pollute surface or ground water, if proper precautions and safeguards are taken during construction. Can be located within the premises as it is free from foul smell and fly/mosquito nuisance etc. Maintenance: For the best maintenance of these types of toilets the user should remember that before using, they have to wet the pan by pouring only a little quantity of water, after defecation, have to pour 1.5 to 2 litres of water in the pan for flushing. Half litre of water should be poured in the pan after urination and the pan should be cleaned once a day with a brush or a broom and with soap powder periodically. Very important component is not to allow kitchen, bathroom waste water
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or rain water to enter the pits also the other solid wastes like kitchen waste, rags, cotton, sweepings etc. should not be thrown in the pan, as this could block the toilet. When the first pit in use is full, the flow should be diverted to the second pit and the filled up pit should be desludged after 1.5 to 2year rest period. The first pit can then be put to reuse, when the second pit fills up.
Pros and Cons Affordable and easy to construct with locally available materials Design and specifications can be modified to suit householder's needs and affordability. Can be constructed in different physical, geological and hydrogeological conditions. Can be constructed on upper floors of houses. Pits are generally designed for 3-year desludging interval, but if desired, it can be designed for longer periods or it can be reduced even to two years. Maintenance is easy, simple and costs very little. Needs only 1.5 to 2 litres of water for flushing, while conventional flush toilet needs 12 to 14 litres of water. Needs less space than a septic tank toilet system. Does not need scavengers for cleaning the pits or disposal of sludge. This can be done by the householder. Makes available rich fertilizer and soil conditioner. Can be easily connected to sewers when introduced in the area. A low volume flushing cistern could be attached to avoid pour flushing. Reference: http://www.sulabhinternational.org Technology Option for Off-site sanitation systems Sewerage Application Level- City Wide
Costly sewerage-based systems are unlikely to be cost effective solutions in most urban areas. Instead, decentralized excreta management systems are required. While many technological solutions exist, awareness and knowledge of them is limited to a small group of experts and needs to be broadened. Similarly, the technical knowledge of decision-makers needs to be increased. In some
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situations, such as for slums above water, appropriate technological solutions are yet to be found and more innovation is needed. Also, comparisons of primary and secondary costs and further investigation of what does and does not work, in the case of community-developed and managed facilities would be helpful. Maintenance: Sewers and manhole chambers will occasionally require structural repair or replacement, and broken and missing manhole covers should be replaced immediately. In gravity sewers, wastewater and solids are flushed along the sewer line to a treatment plant. If sewers are laid to self-cleansing velocities, they should require little routine maintenance. However, silting can be a problem where falls are limited and/or storm run-off carrying silt enters sewers. In such situations, periodic rodding, flushing or jetting will be required to remove blockages. Where pumping is required, considerably more attention will be required to operate and maintain pumps and other associated electro-mechanical equipment. Pros and Cons Operation and maintenance costs can be high, especially where pumping is required or silt and other solids cannot effectively be excluded from the sewer. As a result, many service providers rely upon subsidies to keep the system functional. Sewers often become heavily silted and lose hydraulic capacity or become completely blocked. Illegal storm water collections may lead to hydraulic overload of the sewerage system during heavy rainfall events. This may result in the flow of runoff contaminated with excreta flowing in streets and sometimes houses. In order to save electricity costs, pumping station operators often maintain wastewater levels in the wet well above the invert level of the incoming sewer. This reduces flow velocities in the incoming sewer and leads to rapid siltation. In many cases a sewerage system is built in isolation from the sewage treatment plant and the two do not connect. Households may not connect their facilities to the sewer network due to high connection charges and low willingness to pay.
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Simplified Sewers or Shallow Sewers Application Level- Neighborhood and City Wide
Simplified Sewers describe a sewerage network that is constructed using smaller diameter pipes laid at a shallower depth and at a flatter gradient than conventional sewers. The Simplified Sewer allows for a more flexible design associated with lower costs and a higher number of connected households. Expensive manholes are replaced with simple inspection chambers. Each discharge point is connected to an interceptor tank to prevent settle-able solids and trash from entering the sewer. As well, each household should have a grease trap before the sewer connection.
Another key design feature is that the sewers are laid within the property boundaries, rather than beneath the central road. Because the sewers are more communal, they are often referred to as condominium sewers. Oftentimes, the community will purchase, and connect to, a single legal connection to the main sewer; the combined effluent of the auxiliary sewer network flows into the main sewer line. Because simplified sewers are laid on or around the property of the users, higher connection rates can be achieved, fewer and shorter pipes can be used and less excavation is required as the pipes will not be subjected to heavy traffic loads. However, this type of Conveyance technology requires careful negotiation between stakeholders since design and maintenance must be jointly coordinated. All Grey water should be connected to the Simplified Sewer to ensure adequate hydraulic loading. Inspection chambers also function to attenuate peak discharges into the system. For example, a 100mm diameter sewer laid at a gradient of 1m in 200m (0.5%) will serve around 200 households of 5 people (10,000 users) with a wastewater flow of 80L/person/day. Although watertight sewers are the ideal, they may be difficult to achieve, and therefore the sewers should be designed to take into account the extra flow that may result from storm water infiltration. Blocks of community-based Simplified Sewers are connected to an existing Conventional Gravity Sewer or routed to a Simplified Sewer main constructed with pipes of a larger diameter. A Simplified Sewer main can still be placed at a shallow depth providing it is placed away from traffic.
Adequacy: Where the ground is rocky or the groundwater table is high, the excavation of trenches for pipes may be difficult. Under these circumstances, the cost of installing sewers is significantly higher than in favorable conditions. Regardless, Simplified Sewerage is less expensive than Conventional Gravity Sewerage because of its shallow installation depth. Simplified Sewers can be
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installed in almost all types of settlements and are especially appropriate for dense, urban settlements. To prevent clogging and maintain the sewers, good pre-treatment is required. It is recommended that the scum from Grey water, heavy solids and garbage be removed from the wastewater prior to entering the sewer.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: If constructed and maintained well, sewers are a safe and hygienic means of transporting wastewater. Users must be well educated about the health risks associated with maintaining/ cleaning blockages and inspection chambers.
Maintenance: Pre-treatment with interceptor tanks and a grease trap is essential. The homeowner must maintain the interceptor tanks and the grease trap. Ideally, households will also be responsible for the maintenance of the sewers; however in practice this may not be feasible. Alternatively, a private contractor or users committee can be hired to assume responsibility for the maintenance as inexperienced users may not detect problems before they become severe, and therefore, more costly to repair. A related problem is that households may drain storm water into the sewer. This practice should be discouraged whenever possible. Blockages can usually be removed by opening the sewer and forcing a length of rigid wire through the sewer. Inspection chambers must be emptied periodically to prevent grit overflowing into the system. Pros & Cons: Can be built and repaired with locally available materials Construction can provide short-term employment to local labourers Capital costs are between 50 and 80% less than Conventional Gravity Sewers; operating costs are low Can be extended as a community changes and grows Requires expert design and construction supervision Requires repairs and removals of blockages more frequently than a Conventional Gravity Sewer Effluent and sludge (from interceptors) requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge.
Reference: Mara, DD, (1996) Low-Cost Sewerage, Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Assessment of different low-cost systems and case studies)
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Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (Popularly called as DEWATS) Application Level- Neighborhood, Household, Public
An Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) is an improved septic tank because of the series of baffles under which the wastewater is forced to flow. The increased contact time with the active biomass (sludge) results in improved treatment. The system operates without mechanical means and sewage flows by gravity through the different components of the system. Up to 1,000 cubic metre of domestic and non-toxic industrial sewage can be treated by this system. DEWATS applications are based on the principle of low-maintenance since most important parts of the system work without electrical energy inputs and cannot be switched off intentionally (BORDA). DEWATS applications provide state-of-the-art-technology at affordable prices because all of the materials used for construction are locally available. DEWATS approach is an effective, efficient and affordable wastewater treatment solution for not only small and medium sized enterprises (SME) but also for the un-served urban households in developing countries, especially South Asia. For instance, DEWATS can operate in individual households, at the neighborhood level and even in small and big factories not connected to sewage lines. DEWATS can also treat municipal waste. The recycled water is used for irrigation or for growing plants and is absolutely safe for human use. In certain urban areas the processed water is taken for use as flush- water in toilets.
Adequacy: This technology is easily adaptable and can be applied at the household level or for a small neighborhood. An ABR can be designed for a single house or a group of houses that are using a considerable amount of water for clothes washing, showering, and toilet flushing. It is mostly appropriate if water use and supply of wastewater are relatively constant. This technology is also appropriate for areas where land may be limited since the tank is installed underground and requires a small area. It should not be installed where there is a high groundwater table as infiltration will affect the treatment efficiency and contaminate the groundwater.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: Although the removal of pathogens is not high, the ABR is contained so users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater or disease causing pathogens. Effluent and sludge must be handled with care as they contain high levels of pathogenic organisms. To prevent the release of potentially harmful gases, the tank should be vented.
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Maintenance: Adequate arrangements must be made for periodic removal of sludge from the first compartment. Sludge accumulation in the baffled compartments should be much less. Although desludging at regular intervals is necessary, it is important that some active sludge is left in each of the compartments to maintain a stable treatment process. ABR tanks should be checked to ensure that they are watertight and the levels of the scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that the tank is functioning well. Because of the delicate ecology, care should be taken not to discharge harsh chemicals into the ABR. The sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum truck to ensure proper functioning of the ABR. Pros & Cons Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads No electrical energy required Can be built and repaired with locally available materials Grey water can be managed concurrently Long service life and no real problems with flies or odours if used correctly High reduction of organics Moderate capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on emptying; can be low cost depending on number of users Requires constant source of water and effluent requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge Requires expert design and construction Reference: a) Sasse, L. 1998. DEWATS: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Developing Countries. Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association, (BORDA), Bremen, Germany b) Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination (CDD) Society, Bangalore c) The Vigyan Vijay Foundation, New Delhi 6.3.1a. Options for Removal and Transport of Fecal Sludge and Septage Fecal sludge management must be integral part of every sanitation plan, which builds on on-site sanitation facilities. Sludge management is an indispensable part of the maintenance of these facilities. However, in reality sludge management is often neglected in sanitation planning because the need for it is less apparent than it is for the provision of water supply or toilet facilities. Even when a sanitation plan foresees a component for sludge management, its implementation is often
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impaired for the same reasons. On-site sanitation systems are often perceived as cheap in comparison to sewerage systems, because the investment costs are covered by individuals and not by the public bodies. However, fecal sludge management is an important cost factor, which cannot be neglected and which has always to be taken into account when sanitation systems are planned.
Conventional on-site sanitation includes facilities like pit latrines, community/public toilets, flush toilets connected to septic tanks, etc. In these sanitation systems, feces, urine, and in some cases grey water is mixed and the sludge produced can be quite diluted. The efforts for sludge collection, transport and treatment are high, because the sludge is of high volume and difficult to handle. The removal of sludge from toilet facilities, and the transport to the site of treatment or disposal is the first important component of fecal sludge management. Hygiene with sludge handling is usually an important issue when manual pit or vault emptying is common. The workers whether independent or employees of private or municipalities, are rarely aware of the health risks and may use no protection during their work.
Source
Characteristics
Emptying and cartage implications Vacuum desludging systems are required for cleaning of single pit Latrines.
Dry pits/vaults Highly concentrated quasi-solids with high pathogen content (depending upon residence time in latrine). Leach pits As above, but higher moisture content
Twin pits can be emptied manually without the need for specialized equipment.
Septic tanks
Varies enormously depending on the number of people utilizing the septic tank, water consumption, tank size, and pumping frequency.
Septage vacuum trucks are widely utilized for cleaning of septic tanks.
Adopted from A Guide to Decision-makingSanitation Technology Options for Urban India, Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) with support from the Water and Sanitation Program South Asia.
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6.3.2 FINANCING OPTIONS Expansion of sanitation systems will not be possible unless an institution or group of individuals, preferably the intended users, are willing to pay user charges for the new facilities required. Even when facilities have been provided, they will fail sooner or later unless funds are available to cover their ongoing operation and maintenance. So, it will be impossible to first provide and then sustain services to cities as a whole unless the finances of those who are responsible for providing and managing them are sound. Most conventional financing goes to established services in already served areas and to conventional technological and administrative systems. This approach is not going to fulfill the sanitation target of the MDGs and beyond. To revise the current trend of an evergrowing sanitation backlog in poor urban areas we need not only to invest more and more wisely, but also finance in much more creative ways. Every proposal for a sanitation service, and its non-technical components, needs financing. The amounts required can be estimated in the early stages of strategic planning, and should include costs to be incurred by the municipal government and other parties. The strategy will consider both the initial capital and recurrent financing needs. The sustainability of most sanitation systems depends on having adequate recurrent funds for operations and maintenance. Financing is often regarded as the defining factor in sanitation development. This is true, especially if a city relies only on the local government budget. However, with a good citywide sanitation plan, a municipal government will plan to access finances from other sources, such as central government, state government, the private sector and the public. Furthermore, since the nominal amount of municipal budget is small, sanitation budgets are correspondingly small. The citywide sanitation strategy can propose a larger allocation from the municipal budget and recommend optimizing use of funds from other sources. Increasing the municipal budget allocation for sanitation requires commitment from all relevant decision makers, both in the legislative and executive bodies. Approval from the local legislature is key, and such support can be gained if the sanitation working group designs awareness-building activities for all decision makers. Thus, strategies for developing funding for sanitation needs to be supported by strategies for developing non-technical components, especially community participation, policy and regulation, and institutions. Without the support of these components, the sanitation working group
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would have difficulty in obtaining additional financing for sanitation development. These mutual linkages will be described in the citywide sanitation plan.
Sanitation
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SL.NO 1
th
FINANCING SOURCE 13 Finance Commission

th
APPROACH The 13 Finance Commission has funding for Urban Local Bodies. The additional advantage to the ULB is that of 12th Finance Commission grant utilized for Solid Waste Management. The State Government has to guide the ULBs to utilize the funds appropriately and achieve the goals of sanitation in an acceptable manner. The 13th FC grants can be pooled to providing sanitation facilities if the State takes up the issue of Sanitation in a mission mode. Only a mission mode approach would enable the ULBs to achieve open defecation free city status. The State Finance Commission plays a vital role in cities achieving open defecation free status. The SFC grants help the cities to take care of the salaries of the municipal employees apart from providing funds for the other basic services to the urban citizens apart from urban poor. Under the ministry of Urban Development, there are several components which have funding options for sanitation. UIDSSMT has urban infrastructure and governance component which can funds for building sewerage network & STP, water supply , integrated SWM etc. Ministry of Housing and urban poverty alleviation provides large amount of finance for the Urban Slums in India. The Ministry has several poverty alleviation programmes which cater to the needs of housing in turn catering to the issue of sanitation by constructing toilets in the housing structure. Large numbers of toilets have been built and good number of dry latrines have been converted to pour flush latrines.
State Finance Commission
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA)
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4a
ILCS
The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Low Cost Sanitation for Liberation of Scavengers started from 1980-81 initially through the Ministry of Home Affairs and later on through the Ministry of Welfare. From 1989-90, it came to be operated through the Ministry of Urban Development and later on through Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation now titled Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation. The main components are Central Subsidy of 75%, State Subsidy of 15% and beneficiary share of 10%. A detailed difference between the previous and the new scheme is given below this table. Rajiv Awas Yojana is a scheme sponsored by the ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages a Slum-free India through encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem of slums in a definitive manner. The goals of RAY will be driven and incentivized by the provision of central support for slum redevelopment and construction of affordable housing conditional to a set of reforms necessary for urban development to become inclusive. This specific programme also would enable the city to achieve complete sanitized situation as the major problem of sanitation arises from slums and Ray would take care of this issue. The Nagar Nigam also has considerable income for creating some provision for sanitation scheme in the city. As the state Municipalities act also specifies some of the duties to be performed under sanitation, some amount can be exclusively earmarked in the municipal budget to take sanitation in a mission mode till the city achieves the Open Defecation free status. Ministry of Social Justice and empowerment is also funding in a significant way to take care of the welfare of manual scavengers and their family. It is also heartening to note that big numbers of Manual Scavengers were reported in Uttar Pradesh. Relieving these
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4b
Rajiv Awas Yojana
ULBs Finance
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
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Sarva Shikshya Abhiyan (MoHRD)
PPP
NGO
people would not fetch the adequate results as the livelihood option would bring them back to the same work as they occupied before. The ministry has plan for rehabilitation of the families through several ways. Adequate amount of finance can be availed from this ministry to eliminate manual scavenging in existing places and rehabilitation of the families who has practiced before. Ministry of Human Resource Development is a potential source of financing as school sanitation is also a major component in the city sanitation plan. The SSA component has funding for school sanitation. The Nagar Nigam with the support of the district magistrate and education department should make efforts to pool in money for school sanitation. Public Private Participation is another potential area which has been explored by the Nagar Nigam to an extent but not to the maximum. PPP has a great potential in Moradabad as the city is a heritage centre and the population is also willing to pay for the services. Till now few public toilets have been constructed with PPP but many more community as well as public toilets can be built in Moradabad city. Few parks and street lights have been constructed under PPP but more projects can be done by following some models in south as well as north. This would relieve the city from capital investment and reduce the burden in bringing finance. As a response to an insufficient provision of basic urban services and a lack of access to finance and other resources by ULBs that aim to increase access to sanitation services, a number of PPP options have emerged. These include: service contracts; performance-based service contract; joint sector company to implement and finance the project; a management contract for operations and maintenance (O&M); and construction cum build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract. Ministry has come out with a guidance note on Guidelines on India: Urban Water and sanitation Services, sector reform and successful Public-Private Partnerships. NGOs have played a significance role in transforming sanitation sector in India. Take for example Sulabh has played a major role in easing the burden on the ULBs. They are there
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almost length and breadth of the country. Their contribution in reducing the magnitude of Open defecation is noteworthy. The model adopted by them is also unique as they have developed their own model against the standard world known models based on experience. There are few more like SPARC who have made significant contribution in pay and use system. The pay and use system in the form of monthly cards will also help bringing down the incidences of OD as well give scope for going for individual toilets with low cost involved in construction. There are several NGOs which are ready to invest and look after Operation and maintenance. There are some NGOs which are working on partial cost by the NGO and then partial by the beneficiary through installments and bank. ILCS Scheme Details: Earlier Provision 1. The scheme has been taken on a 'whole town basis' and the towns having population less than 5 lacs are being covered Revised Provision The earlier programme was town-wise for population upto 5 lacs as per 1981 census which need not be restricted any more as the whole country is to be declared as scavenger free. The new guidelines will cover all towns on "All Town" basis.
2.
Pattern of Assistance: The HUDCO is providing loan and a mix of 75% subsidy for the EWS beneficiaries, 15% of State's contribution and subsidy from the Central Government in a synchronized manner 10% of Beneficiaries contribution. as per the following financing pattern. Category Beneficiary EWS 45% Subsidy contribution 50% 5%
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Loan
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LIG 25% MIG/HIG Nil
60% 75%
15% 25%
3.
The present unit cost for different categories of sanitary latrines Provision of subsidy including the superstructure in case of individual is as follows:toilets: An upper ceiling of Rs. 10,000/-for complete unit of pour flush units with superstructure. 5 user unit Rs4000.00, 10 user unit Rs6000.00, 15 user unit Rs7000.00 Super structure cost not included. No provision of IEC component. It is proposed to include the Information, Education and Communication (IEC) component with 1% of the total central allocations under the scheme in each of the financial year with the Ministry. In case the funds retained are not utilised, these may be utilised in the projects. NGOs may be involved by the State Governments in the implementation of the scheme in various activities meant for the benefit of EWS population under the scheme with maximum charges upto 15% over and above the total project cost to be borne by the Centre and States in the ratio of 5:1 at different stages of implementation. Options like septic tank, connecting to small bore or conventional sewer network etc. may also be permitted under the cost ceiling. Technology which can enable to tap local resources should be permitted to be adopted. State implementing agencies may decide the technology best suited for the site/ locality which may be adopted.
4.
5.
No involvement/ participation of NGOs at implementation stage.
6.
Technology used for construction and conversion of toilets was as per HUDCO's pattern/recommendation.
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6.3.3 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT APPROPRIATE OPTIONS
OF
OPTIONS
AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
OF
MOST
The surveys along with several other tools used in the methodology have significantly contributed to this particular section. This section also reveals most appropriate options for the city in redeeming to be highly sanitized and become livable. Instead of creating just infrastructure for no reason is of no use and is also a burden on the Nagar Nigam. In such case a supply driven approach would be of greater help but not a perfect solution also as sometime people will be concerned about their own place and just surroundings but would have not understood the significance of cities sanitation situation. In such cases the research groups along with the officials arrive at solutions which are environmental friendly and good for the city as such. Fig: Supply Driven Approach for Sanitation
Providers
Capital and 'technical' Expertise
Information on needs and local Situation
Information
Sanitation services & Facilities

Demand for services Willingness to pay Local Knowledge
on possibilities
Users
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Recent thinking on service provision stresses that infrastructure schemes must respond to user demand by providing what potential users want and are willing to pay for. This demand responsive approach has replaced the old emphasis on supplying what professionals think is good for users, regardless of whether the users want what is supplied or are willing to pay for it. While clearly an improvement on the old supply driven approach, the pure demand-responsive approach is also inadequate in a number of respects. It is based on what intended service users know, thus limiting scope for change and innovation. It ignores the fact that service users are likely to be concerned only with their immediate surroundings, so that demand for local improvements may be at the expense of the wider environment. In equating demand with willingness to pay, it perhaps overlooks the fact that the main problem may be either that sanitation providers are unwilling to charge users for the full cost of services, or that poor people are unable to pay for the full cost of the services. It fails to pay sufficient attention to the capacity of service deliverers to respond to demand. This is a particularly important point where existing service delivery systems are weak. The market correlation approach The approach assumes that sanitation is a commodity that should be sold like any other commodity, for instance a car. People should therefore be offered a range of sanitation options from which they can choose. This approach has two basic drawbacks:
It assumes that individual sanitation users can act independently of one another with each achieving the optimum result for him or her. In practice, this is rarely the case and people need to act together if the best results are to be achieved. It ignores the fact that different stakeholders may have different objectives. There is a real danger that the choices of community members will relate to their immediate needs and ignore the wider environmental implications of their sanitation choices.
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The user knows best approach This approach assumes that sanitation-related choices should be based solely on user preferences and that the role of professionals is to facilitate those choices. It underestimates the value of 'professional' knowledge. Like the market analogy approach, it assumes that all stakeholders have the same priorities and will act as a coherent group at the local level. These weaknesses mean that the approach encourages local ad-hoc activity at the expense of overall planning. For example; people request for sewerage everywhere but the professionals would know the feasibility of proposing such an option which is of high cost. Shared decision-making - a better approach to sanitation selection The best choices are likely to be those that take into account the knowledge, concerns and priorities of both professionals and users. When all factors are taken into consideration, there will generally be a best sanitation option in any given situation. The challenge is for users and professionals work together and pool their knowledge so as choose this best option. An illustration of the process of shared choice is given below:
Professional with Partial information
Community with Partial Information
Dialogue Leading to Preliminary Choice of Sanitation Option
Pilot test of proposal
Fully informed choice based on experience
Plan
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RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST APPROPRIATE OPTIONS 1 Sewerage Moradabad city is already having approximately of coverage with sewer lines
but there is provision of Sewerage Treatment Plant STP. STP is highly recommended for the safe disposal of effluent/wastewater of the city. 2 DEWATS This is the best option for number of Nallas discharging directly into the water bodies. DEWATS has a procedure of doing a feasibility test and then come up with a plan. The detailed write up about DEWATS has already been given in the sanitation option section. CDD Bangalore and Vijay Vigyan Foundation, Delhi are some of the expert agencies in constructing and operationalising DEWATS in India. 3 Community Toilet Block-The Sulabh Model Community toilets are constructed in low income residential areas and slum to cater to the local community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these are managed well and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of the local community and promoting improved public health. In Moradabad city, as on-site sanitation option, thirty seven community toilets are existing. Community toilets not only provide sanitation facility but at the same time have a demonstrative effect as well. The people using these become habitual users of toilets, and in turn realize the need for individual household toilets. Community toilets thus are the effective tools for bringing
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behavioral changes amongst the public residing in the slum areas as well as in generating a demand for the use of the individual toilets. As of now there are slum/LIG areas/villages on the outskirts of the city without any community toilet arrangement in Moradabad. A list of places where community toilets have to be built is given in the gaps and requirement section of the sanitation plan. 4 Sulabh Shauchalaya Sulabh Shauchalaya is a low cost pour flush water-seal sanitary latrine. It is an improved version of the designs already available in the country based on research conducted by different organizations and institutions on pour flush water-seal latrines. The designers of Sulabh Shauchalaya sought to provide an appropriate, efficient, cost effective and affordable excreta disposal system and to free scavengers from having to collect night soil and carry it on their heads. This has to be promoted at the individual level in Moradabad so that the low cost attracts the customers and the option is also in comply with the pollution control board standards. This specific option has to be communicated effectively throughout the city so as to promote possession of individual toilets at the household level in city as well as in slum & LIG areas. 5 Shared Latrine In areas where there is not enough space for individual household latrines particularly in core city, the sharing of latrines between several families may provide a useful solution. The ownership of the latrines generally belongs to one of the houses, the owner of all the houses, or else ownership is shared between the households. Costs of pit emptying and other repairs can be included in the rent, but this can cause problems if the owner does
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not live there. Alternatively, residents can collaborate to clean the latrine and collect money to get it emptied and cleaned when necessary. Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit technology would enable the household to use it for long term as well as in a more environmental friendly manner with less cost. Information on technology and its feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference. 6 Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit This is an appropriate technology for promoting individual toilets in the city. This technology would enable the household to use it for long term as well as in a more environmental friendly manner with less cost. A careful Septage management would make this system a success. The Nagar Nigam should go with a strong IEC campaign and make sure that people go for individual toilets. Information on technology and its feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference. 7 Septic tank with soak pits This is a wide speared option which is used in apartments or in houses with multiple portions. It is a fact that there are several apartments which have septic tanks but not soak pits. Septic tank without soak pits is a dangerous trend and it has to be avoided. The construction of septic tank with soak pits can be made sure with the system of building laws making it mandatory. Regular monitoring and evaluation with a proper Septage management would also fetch required results. Information on technology and its feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference.
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Special focus on community toilets due to space constraints and its capacity to deal with needs of the urban poor
Large and sizable investment has been made for the construction of community toilets, which have become either hazardous, unhygienic or abandoned due to poor construction and planning, or lack of water supply or lack of proper maintenance. At the same time it must be understood that community toilets are specifically important for slum, especially where it may not be possible to construct individual household toilets due to the non-availability of space.
The reasons for failure of community toilets TECHNICAL ISSUES Faulty construction, not conforming to norms of availability of sustainable water supply, ventilation, natural lighting etc., Lacking in special provision for children and handicapped /disabled persons FINANCIAL ISSUES Insufficient funds for running the system INSTITUTIONAL & BEHAVIOURAL ISSUES Non-consultations with community on design and location of Community Toilets
Non-availability of funds for augmentation, rectification and up gradation of facilities.
Lack of motivation and non-generation of felt need towards sanitation
Lacking in safety and security for women
Lack of public health and hygiene education among poor sections of society Lack of sensitization on gender issue.
Lack of operation and maintenance.
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Under these circumstances not only the construction but devising measures for strengthening operational and maintenance aspect of the community toilets becomes all the more important. This scenario necessitates initiatives not only in the construction but over and above in the Operation & Maintenance (O& M) of community toilets.
Involving user groups in maintenance is another measure tried successfully in southern part of the country. The chances of success of these groups are more when women are actively involved. This was learnt from the experiences of one of the Municipal Corporation Trichy in Southern part of the India. The women of the area were involved in construction of community toilets. The women group SHE - Team (Sanitation and Hygiene Education - Team) was formed to take up the maintenance responsibility of the community toilet under pay and use system. The women group soon could able to earn money out of the toilet maintenance and further invested the money in renovation of an abandoned community toilets nearby which was earlier used by men. They replaced the damaged water closets in the mens community toilet and attended other repair and renovation works in the toilet. The men of the area started using the renovated community toilet and avoided open defecation in the slum. For children, the community has decided to construct a separate toilet adjacent to the pay and use latrines meant for men and women. They could design and construct a child friendly toilet. The child friendly toilet is being used by the girls and boys of the slum who are below 6 years old. Therefore, community participation especially of women has great chance of successful O &M of community toilets.
Therefore, a system based on empowerment of users, owning, operation & maintenance and collection of service charges by user groups seems to be a sustainable solution for rehabilitation of defunct community toilets and also for the construction of new ones.
6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Institutional arrangement is one of the most crucial aspects of sanitation. It is a common factor in all urban local bodies that infrastructure would be put in place with the support of respective state government and national government at different levels of finance and implementation support. It is
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observed and proven that, over a period of time the responsibility is taken by none and the infrastructure remains unused or the infrastructure and its conditions deteriorate so much it becomes a dead investment. No agency concerned in the city vicinity would be in a position would be in a place to monitor it. This has been a crucial issue in sanitation which has hampered the growth in terms of sanitation and also has pushed the cities to look unhygienic by redundant services. Therefore, having a sound institutional arrangement would enable the infrastructure to be used in a proposed manner to its fullest capacity. Many a times the institutional arrangements cannot be confined with one agency in an urban local body as the activities come under multiple agencies which would make it more cumbersome. This issue of multiple agencies handling the same issues can be resolved only with a good number of convergent meetings and responsibilities to deliver are to be guided by the state government. Each agency handling its own thing is also important but in turn they should also have co-ordination to make sure that the duties do not limit themselves to their circles but the duties should enable the city to look more hygienic in terms of living conditions. For Example: Slums although directly come under DUDA, the Nagar Nigam also has greater responsibility in making sure that the slum receives all the urban basic services required. In this type of situation, a combined effort from DUDA and Nagar Nigam would make better living for the slum dwellers rather each agency handling the situation in its own way. In the same way the Nagar Nigam has the responsibility of constructing community toilets in the slums, this can happen in the best manner only if both the agencies come together.
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Stakeholders
Multiple Stakeholders and required co-ordination
Role to be performed
Civil Society
Household level CBOs Resident Welfare Associations
Civil society has to play a crucial role in promotion and maintenance of sanitation situation in the city. This is a first of a kind exercise where in the institutional arrangement civil society is added. The justified reason would be that most of the time the responsibility of operation and maintenance of sanitation services are left on the Nagar Nigam or any other government agency. This attitude has to change and civil society should own the infrastructure given by the government. The Nagar Nigam should make special moves in this regard as to make sure that the civil society takes the responsibility of maintaining the given infrastructure. Apart from this, regular involvement in IEC campaign in the city and keeping the awareness on sanitation movement in the city is of greater responsibility of the civil society as this cannot be done by local government alone. Educating the violators on sanitation also falls in the larger preview of the civil society as sanitation has greater dent in behavior change.
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Local NGOs
Health Based NGOs Sanitation Based Development Based Education Based etc.
The local NGOs have crucial task to perform as they would know the city better than anybody within their own sector. NGOs, apart from their routine work of carrying out different projects, should get involved in other activities by giving handholding support to the corporation in monitoring and evaluation of sanitation activities. The NGOs also should guide the corporation with their rich experience in the field in right direction as to approach communities according to the need.
The NGOs also should get involved extensively in sanitation IEC activities as to make the effort more fruitful and effective. Regular reporting of the situation of different sector in the city also helps the corporation take appropriate measures enable proper services.
Elected representatives
There are greater responsibilities to performed by the elected representatives. The elected representatives would know the problems and the scenario of particular community better than anyone else. So it is in this regard the role of MP elected representatives become crucial. They have to be proactive and monitor the development work at regular intervals as to bring it to the notice
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MLA Corporators Ward Members
of the commissioner or responsible authority to make sure that the works happen in a systematic manner
The elected representatives should also get engaged in IEC activities taken up by the concerned ULB as to bring awareness among the people to go for better sanitation. Their appeal and presence would make larger difference with regard to sanitation scenario.
Nagar Nigam Moradabad
Jal Sansthan/Kal DUDA JDA Health Department. Education Department
Nagar Nigam Moradabad has a vital role and responsibility in sanitation apart from the other things it handles. There is a requirement of co-ordination between different stakeholders in the NNM. This is a herculean task. As the responsibility of different sectors rests with different agencies, the nagar nigam has to regularly monitor and keep itself informed. Issues of amending the building bye laws and any other policy matters Nagar Nigam has to have co-ordination with JDA as to make sure it happens with consensus. Nagar Nigam & JDA has to work together to construct more public
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toilets. Nagar Nigam and DUDA should take combined responsibility of bringing sanitation facility to the slums. As slums form the crucial section in sanitation, a greater co-ordination is expected. The Jal Sansthanl support the Nagar Nigam in planning and execution of water supply works. So there is a requirement of larger co-ordination between the agencies. A considerable amount of co-ordination is required between Nagar Nigam and Health Department as health indicators also form a major portion in sanitation ranking. Regular reporting of health indicators from the health department would enable the Nagar Nigam to take appropriate actions in this regard Nagar Nigam should have a better co-ordination with school education department as school sanitation is also a priority in overall sanitation. The co-ordination should be in assessing requirements, making demands and getting funds from the concerned agency to make school sanitation better in the corporation limit.
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Nagar Nigam should also take adequate interest in insisting the hospitals to discharge the bio medical liquid waste after a primary treatment. This can be decisive with regard to public health. The Nagar Nigam should call for a meeting with the health department officials and pollution control board to make sure that the hospitals adhere to BMW Rules 1998 There are some general responsibilities of the Nagar Nigam in making city a sanitized city are as follows: Planning, and execution of sanitation projects on its own or through agencies; Operation and maintenance of environmental sanitation services; Enable participatory approaches for provision and maintenance of environmental services. Implementation and creating awareness for health and hygiene
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State Government Urban Development Department
Financing and implementation strategy Ensuring availability of land in slums and poor settlements for sanitation Put in place enabling laws, by-laws and Rules for environmental sanitation Directorate of Urban Local Bodies Devolving of power, authority, finance & personnel to the ULBs and finance, ensuring accountability of para-statals to the ULBs Promote capacity building of ULBs through technical assistance and training to the ULB staff Steering of Programme implementation Creating enabling policy regime for PPP and Monitoring of Programme implementation Pollution Control Board Setting standards for environmental pollution
Public Health Engineering Department
Planning and implementation of specific sanitation projects in cities and towns
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Health Department
Ensuring public safeguards and outcomes
Para Statals and Urban Development Authorities
Planning, financing and implementation of environmental sanitation services
National Government
Ministry of Urban Development
Policy Guidelines for planning, financing and implementation
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
Monitoring and evaluation of implementation
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Apart from these roles and responsibilities at the informal level there are certain specified responsibilities the agencies have to perform. Below list would give clear indications on institutional arrangements: Sector/Component Regulating Authority Present arrangement Planning and Construction Water Supply Nagar Nigam Jal Nigam Operation and Maintenance Jal Kal Water supply is regulated through Nagar Nigam recently. Prior to that the Jal Kal was called as Jal Sansthan and it was directly under the State Government. Now with the additional department with Nagar Nigam, the Jal Kal should be able to provide safe drinking water with better quality with regular checks on the tests done on water quality. A grievance redressal mechanism has to be put in place for tracking water pollution and contamination apart from public complaints on water supply. There should also some regular check on quality of the water bodies This can happen only with Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal+Public coming together.
Required arrangement
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Solid Waste Management
Nagar Nigam
PPP/Private
PPP/Private
SWM regulating authority is Nagar Nigam and with the recent PPP on SWM the construction along with operation and maintenance has gone to the private sector. Nagar Nigam with its officials should have a check on the performance of the private sector as to see that the SWM is completely take care. SWM cannot happen overnight and it requires help from different groups at different levels. The people have to be educated through IEC campaigns on source segregation and importance of SWM. NGO participation is very much sought as they have better communication strategy to approach. The community should be prepared to pay for the services and this can happen over a period of time by educating as well as doing a pilot work and showing the performance to bring change in the mindset of the people. The arrangement would be:
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Nagar Nigam+Private Agency +DUDA+NGOs+Resident Welfare Associations Community Toilets Nagar Nigam NGO NGO Although community toilets are regulated by the Nagar Nigam but it is the NGOs who are really taking care of it. As it has been recorded in the situation analyses most of the Community Toilets are in very bad condition leading to difficulty for the communities to use it in the absence of individual toilets. There should be a periodical checking of the status of community toilets by the Nagar Nigam officials as to make sure that the facilities are in place. This also calls for a more robust grievance redressal mechanism. The arrangement would be: Nagar Nigam+NGO+DUDA+RWA Public Toilets Nagar Nigam PPP/Private Nagar Nigam There are very few public toilets are available in Moradabad city. Due to operation and maintenance problem, public toilets remain unuseable most of the time. The O&M of public toilets has to be converted
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into BOT model and regular checks on the maintenance should be done by the Nagar Nigam officials. Septage Management Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Septage management solely rests with the Nagar Nigam. As of now cleaning of septic tanks and pits is done by the Nagar Nigam only. The sludge is thrown into bigger nallahs without treatment. There are many toilets which are directly connected to drain. This has to be monitored and Nagar Nigam should take the help of Jal Kal to make treatment arrangement and ensure safe disposal of Septage. Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal School Sanitation School Education Department SED SED This is one component which is of greater importance and greater magnitude also. There is required attention for upgrading school sanitation. The Nagar Nigam also should take active role in school sanitation by extending sanitation options and Septage management support to the School Education Department as this has direct bearing on sanitation
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situation and public health in the city SED+Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal Bio-Medical Waste Nagar Nigam/Health Dept. Private Private Bio Medical waste is a prominent issue although not projected at that level. The liquid BMW is let out to the nallas or drains without treatment. The liquid waste has to be treated within the hospital and then let to the sewerage. This can happen with Nagar Nigam taking serious note and has to co-ordinate with the health sector to bring forth the change. The solid BMW is collected by the private agency but often dumped in open places in the outskirts of the city leading to serious public health issues. The Nagar Nigam should regularly monitor and ensure proper treatment of BMW. Nagar Nigam+NGO+Hospitals+Jal Kal Industrial Waste Nagar Nigam/PCB Jal Nigam Jal Kal The pollution control board has greater role to play in insisting on safe disposal of industrial waste. Nagar Nigam+PCB+Industries
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6.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS An implementation arrangement for sanitation is crucial as defining an agency to implement would be easier but to assess the situation and maintain after completion would be a much higher task. Institutional capacity to carry forward and the required preparation before putting system into place plays the vital role. This section has identified some crucial requirements for successful sanitation in the city. Some of the issues to be addressed before implementing and in the process of implementing have been identified as below: Sl.no 1 Implementation arrangement Creating a State Level Steering Committee (SLSC) for both driving the programme and establishing a coordination mechanism for orchestrated action of multiple actors involved in the programme. The State level committee should also be in a position monitor and give interim report to the concerned ministry. The steering committee should not limit itself to monitoring but also give timely support in terms clarification and advice on sanitation issues. The committee should act a modem to put forth the success and difficulties a ULB faces and also provide adequate support in policy issues pertaining to sanitation 2 Creating a City Sanitation Cell comprising of Nagar Ayukt, Commissioner, Environmental Engineer, CMO, Health Officer, Sanitary Inspectors and Sanitation Workers. The Environmental Engineer should be made over all responsible to coordinate the sanitation activities on day to day basis and directly report to Nagar Ayukt. 3 The City Sanitation Task Force which already exists in city should be ask for the periodic reviewing of progress made in achieving the sanitation mission. As it is not feasible for the CSTF to meet very
Responsibility
State Government
Nagar Nigam
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regularly but the Mayor should be updated about the progress as the political representatives are kept informed which is very crucial for the achievement 4 Capacity Building for the Nagar Nigam officials is a greater requirement. The municipal officials may not be aware of the technical, financial, environmental and institutional requirements attached with sanitation. So, before the implementation begins, the officials have to be trained at different level from different expert institutions. The state government has to make investment on this but it would be worthier investment as they would remain as assets in achieving the goals set for sanitation. There are some National Resource Centres identified by the Ministry of Urban development and Ministry of Housing and poverty Alleviation all over India and their help can be sought in capacity building. There is a requirement for field visits for the municipal officials including the Nagar Ayukt and this would give them hands on experience of the good practices in sanitation. 5 Strengthening information and performance monitoring systems
Nagar Nigam
State Government and Nagar Nigam
Capacity building for NGOs and CBOs is also essential before implementing sanitation programme. This capacity building in turn would help the ULB in operation and maintenance after the implementation
Nagar Nigam
Legal Framework is very important for the sanitation mission to take place. There will be requirement of amending the building bye laws and other municipal laws to enable the implementation process to be successful
A fixed tenure for the officials to remain in the same Nagar Nigam is also one of the requirements of
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successful sanitation initiative. The officials including the Nagar Ayukt should be given enough time to understand the Nagar Nigam and work accordingly. This would facilitate implementation and performance of Nagar Nigam in sanitation sector in a better way.
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6.3.6 LINKAGE WITH STATE SANITATION STRATEGY The State Sanitation Strategy like the National Urban Sanitation Policy envisages the vision it has laid out at the national level of making all the cities highly sanitized and livable. Sanitation being a state subject has to be dealt with utmost care in implementing. The piecemeal approach to sanitation has not fetched any results so far. The state sanitation strategy envisages supporting the sanitation plans of the cities by duly acknowledging the financial constraints a ULB goes through. The state strategy urges the urban local bodies to make public aware of the financial constraints it goes through and help in providing basic necessities in a appropriate way by making provision for payment of the taxes on time. On the other hand it should encourage and facilitate the cities to take up numerous IEC activities in the city through audio visuals and video documentaries to bring awareness among the general public in achieving sanitized city status. The city sanitation plan of Moradabad has brought forth all these issues meticulously with numerous tools of methodology and suggestion in the form of IEC to be in accordance with the State Strategy. The IEC component has emerged in every section beginning from situational analyses to the last section of the plan that of IEC action plan with indicative budget. Apart from these components the other processes put forth and recommended in the State Sanitation Strategy has been followed. Sensitization Workshop Profiling of the ULB City Sanitation Task Force Situational Analyses and Mapping current status Problem Analyses and Gaps Identification Developing consolidated CSP Formulation of action plans and finalization of CSP at stakeholder workshop Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes All stakeholders & municipal officials from all the department attended the workshop A team of experts visited the city and collected the baseline information of Moradabad city Constituted as per guidelines of NUSP and held the meeting Was done extensively with a primary survey and the results shared in a stakeholders workshop Was done and gaps identified with suggested solutions Was done and stakeholders suggestions have been taken Would be done after the draft CSP is presented and suggestions are incorporated
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The plan also recommends the State Government and Nagar Nigam should take up sanitation in a mission mode and achieve the required standards. Although the state strategy does not mention about taking up sanitation drive in a mission mode, the plan suggests it to as the UP cities need immediate attention so that the city will also take it as a priority and achieve goals one by one as to fall in comply with the national vision of NUSP. Needless to mention, the plans attract huge money in terms of grants and in terms of donation from international donors apart from the existing financial structure for promoting sanitation at the ULB level.
6.3.7 IEC AND AWARENESS ACTION PLAN
In the process related parameters of city sanitation rating methodology, sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions clearly laid out and followed in practice find their place. Of the total 4 points given to this category, Moradabad has scored no point. Here is where initiating IEC and awareness programmes can help the municipality gain some important points. A sustained grassroots campaign couple with adequate mass media exposure is a mix that will deliver the required results. Community participation backed by improved municipal services can help. Neighborhood groups such as womens self help groups and school children can be sensitized. Having a community monitoring system has been found to be very effective in several cities. Process Related NO INDICATORS G Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is clearly laid out and followed in practice TOTAL POINTS 3 POINTS SECURED 0
Water quality in water bodies is another area of focus for the Nagar Nigam as it is yet to score in this category too. Further IEC can help in generating awareness required to bring down the level of pollution in water bodies. The City Sanitation Ranking methodology has given weight to water quality. The IEC campaign can take up water pollution as key theme. This would include water-borne diseases, other communicable ailments including skin diseases to make it more comprehensive.
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Outcome Related NO INDICATORS B Water quality in water bodies in and around city compared to baseline TOTAL POINTS 7 POINTS SECURED 0
In addition to the two pressing issues, an integrated communications campaign to promote awareness and seek participation consisting of the following will comprehensively tackle the issue of sanitation. Campaign against taking water connections directly from the raising main and other illegal connections. Illegal connections cases losses of water and revenue to the Nagar Nigam; Campaign for Solid Waste segregation at source; Campaign for community participation in community toilet maintenance. Strengthening the existing computerized public grievances redressal system at Nagar Nigam Moradabad would served the citizen more effectively and efficiently. Citizens could use various means to communicate their complaints such as phone, SMS, internet etc. As of now most citizens (67%) complained directly through face to face interactions. Computerized complaint resolution system will keep records of all complaints and can be an effective tool for the Nagar Nigam to monitor trends in complaints to find areas of weakness. Channels 1. Conducting circle wise meeting in the 05 sanitary circles. 2. Mass media, newspapers, FM radio, local cable TV channels . Partners NNM, Jal Kal, local NGOs, Gyan Jyoti Siksha Samiti, local print media agencies Public Participation 1. Advisory Committees: These are constituted to ensure Multi-Stakeholder involvement in sanitation projects. Members of such bodies can include prominent personalities from academia, arts, culture, social sector, media etc, representatives of donor agencies, Mayor, relevant heads of departments, and even leaders of sanitation workers union. City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) is one such body at the city level. NUSP guidelines have established the
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role and responsibilities of CSTF. An innovative idea gaining traction is of Ward level Sanitation Action Committees. For Moradabad such a body can be constituted at sanitary zone level. It is desirable to take governance as close to people as possible. This ensures effective public consultations and possibly community participation. A ward level body can be headed by Corporator and comprise of ward members, Safai karamcharies,
representatives/officials from Nagar Nigam, Jal Kal, RWAs, NGOs, Self Help Groups (SHGs) 2. Public Hearings: The system of public hearings is known to be effective in monitoring project progress, resolving citizen grievances. What we propose here is that public consultation is essential during designing of projects. The chances of success of a project are enhanced, as this makes sure the project is designed to benefit as many people as possible. Seeking inputs from people will make them believe that the Nagar Nigam is seeking genuine partnership. More importantly this will help to develop trust. Public hearing can help launch and integrated campaign against open defecation, illegal water connection, The timeframe of the recommended communication strategy is relevant for a period of two to three years from the beginning of implementation. The process can evolve with the implementation to incorporate any mid course improvements required. Once initiated, it can take up a wide range of other issues as per the requirements of the city. There is every likelihood of such a process be institutionalized with Public Relations officer stationed in the municipality taking the lead. Given the growth and rapidly changing social and economic environment of the cities, it would be imperative for Nagar Nigam to develop capacity to assess changes in the situation and adapt strategies accordingly. Timely implementation of the recommendations made in this document will ensure that desired results flow in a sustained manner.
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Phase 1 (1-12 months) Awareness Raising Phase Short (1 to 12 month) phase aimed at generating high awareness and taking steps to build trust among stakeholders.
Phase 2 (12-24 months) Process Phase: Feedback 12-24 month phase to enhance trust between stakeholders. Information and educational approaches are employed to stress the importance, among other things, of properly designed community toilets, septic tanks and periodic septic tank inspections and desludgings every 3-5 years. Seeking feedback from the residents on status of community toilets their design, solid waste management practices etc. Imposition of user fee on commercial establishments for improved municipal services.
1. Health and Hygiene and Government programmes and processes-Goals of City Sanitation Plans etc for all stake holders 2. Status of community toilets, solid waste management, water supply and drain cleaning. Setting out goals and exploring all avenues of improvement including community participation and consultation with officials. 3. Regular upkeep & maintenance of water bodies
4. Industries and slaughter houses be made aware of the compliance waste management.
Phase 3 Compliance phase: (24-36 months) Consolidating gains and sustaining behavior change Offering awards and imposing penalties for undesirable behaviors. This phase is a continuing education and promotional phase. Mobilized public opinion is important to push for compliance. Continue promotional activities to trigger the actual adoption of the practices being marketed. Building sustaining process to open channels of communication between NNM and citizens. Compliance should be sought from industries and slaughter houses. Imposition of user fee on commercial establishments for improved municipal services.
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Organise interactive programmes, participation of all stakeholders in heritage walks, walks to local monuments, Meeting/workshop with stakeholders Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs etc Making use of the Municipal council to further goals of city sanitation plan, Discussion between various departments for increased coordination. Exploring institutional arrangements for such co-ordination. Media options: Local Cable TV ads (30 secs) Local newspaper ads Billboards Tarpaulin posters mounted on mobile vans Leaflets for those attending meetings News releases in print, radio and TV Discussions on radio
Organise interactive programmes, participation of all stakeholders in heritage walks, walks to local monuments, Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs, etc to monitor the progress made Seeking feedback from Corporators to help effective implementation. Media options: Local newspaper ads House-to-house visits Radio/ local cable TV public affairs show Short film/video showing in theaters Continuing billboards, tarpaulin posters Continuing news releases in print, radio and cable TV Feature articles in media
Organise interactive programmes, participation of all stakeholders in transact walks, Meetings with stakeholders Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs etc for sustaining the progress made Encouraging further discussion between NNM and elected representatives to, furthering coordination between various departments for better attainment of CSP goals. Media options: Continuing radio, TV, print ads Continuing house to house visits Continuing short film showing in theaters Continuing billboards Continuing but less frequent assemblies, SRF meetings Continuing news releases on all platforms Continuing feature articles
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City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
Conclusion Keeping in view the issues and concern expressed by the citizen during the CSTF and other stakeholders meeting and scope of city sanitation plan it is opined that less emphasized area of communication holds a vast potential for behavioral and mindset change of people . There are three important components to the communication strategy: 1. Inter-personal communications: Using opinion leaders 2. Engaging media and NGOs as partners in promoting sanitation consciousness 3. Adapting and developing multimedia IEC materials for sanitation campaigns Interpersonal means are known to be very effective in behavior change communications. These are tedious processes to carry out but offer better returns. It is important to understand the needs of the local community and select opinion leaders who could influence the community to further sanitation consciousness. These opinion leaders could be local NGOs, cooperators, school teachers or any other respected elder. A newspaper ad or a public service message on TV without ground level work through opinion leaders will fail to be sustainable in the long run. 6.3.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION Strategic planning should not be considered in isolation, but should rather be seen as a continuing process. Circumstances change, outcomes do not always occur in quite the way expected and it is therefore important that plans are adaptable. This will not be possible unless you have sound information upon which to base decisions to amend and adapt plan components. This suggests a need for effective monitoring and evaluation of plan components. Monitoring and evaluation of sanitation progamme is of higher importance as Urban development Ministry, Government of India publishes city sanitation ranking based on the cities performance. Before this happens it is the ULBs requirement to have a sound monitoring and evaluation tool. Continued emphasis and allocations to sanitation from finance ministries depends on an ability to demonstrate improved sanitation outputs and outcomes. This would only be possible if effective and accurate monitoring systems are in place at all levels of government. Monitoring is also needed to determine budget utilization, actual resource flows from different sources, and value for money actually achieved. Despite its importance, while developing performance monitoring for sanitation it is necessary to address constraints related to difficulty in measuring health and hygiene related outcomes and their attribution to sanitation measures. Given the household and community focus in
sanitation appropriate institutional mechanisms are also needed for their participation in performance monitoring. Emphasis on performance monitoring is also required because of limited experience in scaling up approaches. Thus, synthesized feedback provided by a good performance monitoring system to policy makers is essential for continuously assessing their effectiveness and making the necessary mid-course corrections. Monitoring is a management tool that is intended to provide managers with information about how an initiative or process is performing. Monitoring takes place at intervals throughout the life of the sanitation initiative or process. Examples include monitoring of the quality of materials used in the implementation of a new sanitation initiative and monitoring of the effluent quality produced by a treatment facility. Evaluation takes place after the completion of an initiative or programme. It aims to answer such questions as were the intended objectives achieved, was the expenditure as expected and did the right people benefit as intended. The key functions of agencies in the sanitation sector are policy formulation, regulation, investment, operations and maintenance of sanitation facilities, and the commercial activity of supplying the needy with desired sanitation services. Traditionally, these functions have been carried out in most of the cities in a supply-driven way with a high degree of centralized control, little local accountability, and little involvement of consumers. The consequence has been failure to cope with the growing problems of urban sanitation. Monitoring and evaluation of city sanitation plan has three purposes: To evaluate the effectiveness of the planning process, or assess the effectiveness of the phases in the preparation of the city sanitation plan, including sanitation mapping, defining the sanitation development framework, and preparation of reports. The results of the evaluation will be used to improve the preparation of citywide sanitation plan in the next cycle. Monitoring and evaluation is also used to assess coordination within the sanitation working group. This type of monitoring and evaluation is generally qualitative, interactive, and participatory. To evaluate the implementation of sanitation development activities, or assess the progress and level of achievement of sanitation development activities. This monitoring and evaluation uses indicators set at the time the sanitation activities were proposed.
Quantitative results will be used to evaluate whether goals and targets have been reached. The results of the evaluation will be used to improve action plans for the following year.
To evaluate the benefits of sanitation development, or assess the impact of sanitation development programs against trends in sanitation conditions and general environmental conditions, level of sanitation coverage, sanitation behaviour of the community, public health conditions and environmental health risk in each section of the city. The results will be compared with the baseline conditions of the city periodically. In sanitation of the city the component of monitoring and evaluation plays a crucial role as it enables the ULB to know its position from time to time against the baseline condition or prior to sanitation initiative. Fig:
Reviewing progress of Plan at Regular Interval
Development of City Sanitation Plan
Monitoring
Implementing plan Components
Evaluation
The aim is to develop monitoring systems for simpler activities and schemes and use experience gained with these to develop systems for more complex processes. When evaluating initiatives, one should not forget to ask the users what they think. They are the people most intimately affected by the success or failure of a scheme and their opinions should provide valuable information. The evaluation also can be carried out through expert agencies as there is a tendency to feel good when it is done by the ULB itself. Regular evaluation also gives added value to the project as to plan and restructure if there is a requirement in the plan for further progress.
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ROAD MAP The city has the potential to generate several proposals in the form of different sanitation options. As the city has no sewerage coverage there have to be alternative arrangements to make the city more sanitized and achieve the required standards. This is also a primordial condition for the Nagar Nigam to go for viable options and make the city more livable. Sanitation programs must also use a menu of different approaches, such as financing at the household level and a range of affordable sanitation options for potential consumers. This may require working with a range of new partners, including public health officials, grassroots organizations, and private sector, something that should not be seen as a deterrent.
Knowing well the resource constraints, the conventional wisdom is that a phased-development approach is ideal. The further one goes up the sanitation ladder, the greater the benefits for people and the environment. As economic growth permits, communities can then gradually improve the quality of sanitation services with higher-cost options.
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The phased development can be achieved in the form of short-term, mid-term and long-term goals. This would also enable the Nagar Nigam to achieve some of the components of the sanitation policy without making heavy financial investment. A list of initiatives to be taken up is given in below table. Sl.No 1 Timeline Short-Term Community toilets The Nagar Ayukt can constitute a small team headed by the Environmental Engineer along with other officials who can make a rapid review of the existing community toilets and their condition with pictorial evidences. The Nagar Ayukt based on the report can call for a meeting with the agensies/NGOs involved in operation and maintenance of the community toilets in the city and give them a timeframe to put the system in place and provide facility on regular basis. Minimum financial assistance to some existing infrastructure but in requirement of a facelift can be facilitated to make them usable. An IEC campaign that can educate the public in usage of community toilets in proper manner and bring awareness to use community toilets in case of no individual toilet available at the household level instead of Open Defecation Initiatives
Public Toilets There are very few public toilets in Moradabad and all the toilets are not used due to maintenance. Measures should be taken to make sure that the toilets are opened for the public regularly and used.
Open Defecation An effective IEC campaign with the involvement of concerned citizens, school children and NGOs to eliminate open defecation by showing the health hazards involved in OD in slums and other potential areas. Documentaries and audio visuals to inform people on day to day basis till the message reach the public and there are signs of change in practice. Waste Management The city faces huge problem with waste being dump in and around the city.
This problem can be solved by the administration by calling the Safai Karmacharis involved in SWM for meeting and making them aware of the hazards caused by open dumping of the waste. They in turn should communicate the same in the colonies where they go for collecting SW, street sweeping and cleaning the drains. Strict message should be sent across the municipal employees involved in transportation of SW not to dump the waste in the city outskirts but only at designated site. There is also a major problem of the cattle dung in the city. For this investment for Bio-Gas can be explored under PPP model. The other option would be asking the SWM Company to clean and use them in the composting yard. An effective IEC campaign with the involvement of concerned citizens, school children and NGOs to adopt good practices through documentaries can be taken up.
Environment pollution Most of the nallas and drains are directly discharging the wastewater into the water bodies and thus polluting the complete environment of the city . This can be controlled to an extent by ensuring the routine upkeep and maintenance by the Nagar Nigam. The water bodies can be cleaned with the help of an IEC campaign and by taking the help of resident welfare associations in the vicinity.
Bio Medical Waste There is big threat from the hospitals due to the way they handle Bio Medical liquid waste. The hospitals are not fully aware of the BMW rules and they have to be oriented and asked to comply with the rules and do a primary treatment at the hospital level before leaving the liquid waste in to the nallas or drain. The private agency handling BMW should be called regularly to update the Nagar Ayukt on the situation of BMW in the city and how the collection and conveyance is happening. Burning or throwing the BMW in the vicinity
and anywhere should be strictly punished. Storm Water Drainage Institutionalize the upkeep & maintenance of nallas/drains Polythene bags are major cause of clogging the nallas/drains and so use of polythene less than 20 microns as per UP Act should be banned. Grievance Redressal Mechanism Grievance redressal mechanism has to be more robust and responsive to the public. This also would bring in good governance and effective delivery of basic civic services.
Monitoring & Evaluation system The Nagar Nigam has to put in place an M&E system for tracking Open Defecation incidences in the city and update the data available to assess sanitation coverage and find option to move towards Open defecation Free city. 2 Mid-Term Individual and Shared Toilets Construction of individual toilets must be promoted with financial assistance from different sources. The concept of privacy and dignity has to be made a major component of propaganda and through a constant IEC campaign this can be achieved over a period of time. The option of shared toilets has to be promoted through the CBOs in places where less community toilets are there and there is place constraint to construct individual toilet. This also requires extensive IEC campaign.
Community Toilets Space constraint would remain as one of the major problem for sanitation at the individual level. The Nagar Nigam should identify some place in each slum and potential places to construct community toilets. At least one slum one community toilet should be followed and best would be providing community toilets according the population ratio.
DEWATS
By taking help of an expert agency feasibility study should be initiated in the short term and then plans for constructing DEWATS should be promoted. As the construction would not cost so much like a typical sewerage system the Nagar Nigam should find finances for promoting DEWATS The community should be prepared to own the DEWATS system at their community level and take minimum technical support from the Nagar Nigam and external agency
Long-Term
Sewerage Network & STPs Sewerage is kept in the long term goals for the obvious reason of high investment which cannot be met by the Nagar Nigam and external funding also does not come very often. Different sewerage networks and STPs can be planned based on the geographical layout of the city. Integrated Storm Water Drainage Integrated Storm Water Drainage system should be planned for the city.
To accomplish this, local government and Nagar Nigam must change their current mindset. Many still view that water and sanitation investments are too costly and not sustainable or replicable. It is generally believed that some interventions are all that is possible. The Nagar Nigam does also disregard the squatter settlements which absorb much of growing urban population. Moreover the slum communities do not have ownership rights and are not allowed to invest in proper sanitary facilities, even if they have motivation and capacity. The first step is to provide basic sanitation or toilets facilities in slum and LIG. As mentioned earlier, these must ensure hygienic separation of excreta from human contact, which means feces must be confined until they are composted and safe. Regardless of the toilet technology selected, these systems must also address sanitation all the way from toilet to river, meaning that pathogens and pollutants cannot be allowed to enter nearby water sources, including aquifers. This is where sanitation becomes particularly challenging, as affordability and environmental cleanliness are often at odds. The simplest option; a pit latrine must be cleaned or emptied regularly, which is a difficult prospect in crowded areas. Pour-flush latrines require that an ample water supply is readily
available, as well as properly-constructed septic tanks, drainage to carry away the wastewater, and services for eventually dealing with the collection of sludge and transfer to a septage treatment facility. Innovative partnerships must be forged to stimulate investments (PPP Model) To realize higher levels of service coverage and quality, sanitation programs must stimulate investments from as wide a range of sources as possible, including consumers themselves and the private sector. Successful publicprivate partnership (PPP) models can help overcome the limitations of local governments, which are under tremendous pressure in view of rapid urbanization and fast growing slum and low-income populations. In the sanitation sector, partnership arrangements between the public and private agencies, with the involvement of community networks, such as NGOs and CBOs, have proven to be successful. To realize the vision and plan of city sanitation the city has to have a look on the available best models in sanitation across the country and also look for best practices.
The best approach to maintenance is preventative maintenance, carrying out specific maintenance tasks on a regular basis to ensure that problems are dealt well before they become serious. The normal approach in our country is reactive maintenance or crisis maintenance, carrying out maintenance in reaction to problems as and when they occur. The problem with this approach is that it will generally cost more in the long-run than preventative maintenance. Poor design may make preventative maintenance almost impossible. Temporary improvements will not lead to lasting change and may even lead to a long-term deterioration in conditions. For instance, a covered drain that gets clogged/blocked because of lack of maintenance will overflow and may create a greater environmental nuisance than the open drain. Improvements must be sustained over time if they are to have lasting benefits and this implies the need for management arrangements for operation and maintenance that are workable and acceptable to all the concerned groups. In this regard the plan of achieving short-term, mid-term and long-term plan would facilitate much expected sustained development in terms of sanitation. The Nagar Nigam have to play pivotal role in the entire programme for the simple reason that they are legally entrusted to provide and maintain the sanitation services.
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Sanitation for All and All for Sanitation
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BEST PRACTICES
Case Study I-The first city in India where open defecation prevented in all slums Tiruchirappalli City Corporation the first city in India where open defecation prevented in all slums. Gramalayas work is focused on implementation and filling critical knowledge gaps in the sector, up scaling community based pro poor approaches through our program and advocacy work. The 2001 census of India put urban sanitation coverage at 61 percent of the population having access to individual or public toilets. Low coverage of urban sanitation is due to the inability of planned urban development to provide for sanitation access to the urban poor. Gramalaya started its urban intervention in the 186 slums of Tiruchirappalli City Corporation as the operational area aiming at declaring open defecation free zone. The involvement of community based organizations in the project coupled with City Corporation support in providing Integrated Sanitatary complexes (ISPs), offering vacant sites for constructing community toilets with WaterAid, UK funding enabled the project a successfully demonstrated model.
Gramalaya played an active role in declaring Indias first slum Kalmandhai as open defecation free (ODF) slum in Tiruchirappalli City Corporation in theyear 2002 followed by 168 slums as ODF announced with the support of Trichy City Corporation and donor agencies. This has resulted in conversion of dry earth latrines into modern flush out community toilets and eradication of manual scavenging in the city. In Tiruchirappalli city Corporation, 126 slum Communities are maintaining sanitary complexes under pay and use system with the support city Corporation. The Corporation handed over the toilets to women self help groups after new construction or renovation of the toilet. The Corporation gave the permission letter to the groups for running the community managed toilet under pay and use system. The Gramalaya experience proved that adequate involvement of community and training in maintenance of public toilets and earning from user charge is a revenue model for the slum communities with sustainable approach. It also generates tremendous confidence among women to partake in slum welfare and day-to-day decision making. The review of Community managed toilets and bathing complexes in Tiruchirapalli, six years after the work began, has shown that achieving clean and healthy slums does not require huge financial investment. However, what it does require is a city authority sensitive to the problems faced by slum communities and supportive of community action, dedication of communities and their support NGOs. It has been proved that communities can manage their own toilet units and when they do this, the toilet are much cleaner than when managed by municipal authorities. There have been cases where the entire community can be declared open defecation free. Further, it has shown that managing toilets leads to empowerment of women with many positive impacts in
terms of personal and community development. This experience shows that after reluctance, committees do pay for using toilets and bathing and washing facilities and these services can be provided at affordable costs, even for the poorest. Toilets are only a part of the sanitation solution. Sewage, wastewater and solid waste management must also be tackled by city authorities and this is the area where they must play a lead role. Tiruchirapalli shows that community managed toilets and bathing complexes provide a model that can work at city-level when supported by city authorities where declaration of 168 slums as open defecation free made possible.
Case Study II - Alandur Municipality-Public-Private Community Participation In Implementation Of Underground Sewerage System Alandur Municipality has succeeded in providing connections to an underground sewerage system to all its residents, including the urban poor. This was achieved through a combination of effective leadership, political will, mobilizing people's participation, financial planning and forging the right partnerships. City Profile Alandur, a selection-grade municipality, is part of Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu. It is adjacent to CheNNMi, at a distance of 14 km on the southern side, and forms a part of the CheNNMi Metropolitan Development Area (CMDA). With hardly any industrial base, the town has developed as a residential suburb of CheNNMi. According to the 1991 Census of India, the town has a population of 1,25,444, with 32,000 households spread over to 19.5 sq km. Approximately onefourth of its population lives in slums. Context Alandur municipality had no underground sewerage system. Households had either septic tanks or holding tanks, and the municipality was responsible for collecting the sewage periodically in tankers and disposing it off in low-lying areas. To address these problems, an underground sewerage system was designed for its current population, as well as for an estimated population of 3,00,000 in 2027, with the objectives of improving the standard of living of the residents; providing for disposal of sewage through an exclusive drainage network; avoiding recurring expenditure on septic tank cleaning; and preventing groundwater contamination. Implementation In 1997, the Government of Tamil Nadu decided to provide a sewerage system in 12 selected major urban centers including Alandur, in the context of a World Bank Project. The Chairperson of Municipality, Mr. R. S. Bharati, took up the task of implementing this. It was decided that Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Finance Services Ltd. (TNUIFSL), the state asset management company, be
approached to finance the sewerage scheme. Considering the lack of financial and technical resources at the municipal level to undertake such an infrastructure project, it was decided by TNUIFSL that the municipality would undertake the project on a BOQ (Bill of Quantities) basis. The sewerage treatment plant (STP) would be built on a BOT (Build, Operate and Transfer) basis. The project entailed a) construction of an underground sewerage scheme with a network of sewer pipelines and manholes, of 120 kms (including 19 km main and 101 km branch lines); b) construction of a pumping house and installation of pumping machinery; and c) construction of a sewage treatment plant with a capacity of 24 MLD (2 units 12 MLD each) on BOT basis to IVRCL and VATec for a period of 14 years. The project work was carried out in two phases. In the first phase (the first two and a half years), 50% of the branch sewers, main sewers, pump house including installation of machinery, pumping main and one 12 MLD capacity sewage treatment plant, were completed and commissioned. The remaining work relating to the project was to be carried out in the next phase. The particular challenges addressed were communication and consultations with citizens to secure their buy-in and contribution to the sewerage scheme, technical bottlenecks such as realignments necessitated by the construction of subways and MRTS, terrain conditions, and procedural delays in approvals. To reduce the repayment burden on the local body, it was decided to collect deposits from at least 10,000 residents before calling for tenders; this was also to ensure effective participation of people in the project. The names of the depositors were displayed in public places to motivate others to pay. Officials and non-officials, especially the chairperson of Alandur municipality, organised detailed discussions with the residents of the city and resident associations, in order to explain the project details and benefits of the sewerage project as part of assessing the willingness to pay. Effective and timely communication ensured participation of key stakeholders and beneficiaries in the initiative. An election-style campaign was launched. Television and newspapers were roped in to motivate the public. Sanitary workers also conducted a door-to-door campaign in support of the project. To ensure the inclusion of the poor and slum residents, a provision was also made for community toilets connected to the sewerage system.
The total project cost was estimated at Rs. 34 crores with a break-up shown in the table: Sources of Funds (Rs. in Cr.) SOURCE CONTRIBUTION TNUIDCO Loan 16 Citizen's contribution 8 TNUIFSL Loan 3 TNUIFSL Grant 4 Interest on deposits 2 TNUIDCO Grant 1 Total 34
% Of TOTAL 47.06 23.53 11.76 8.82 5.88 2.94 100.00

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Tariff Structure HSC Tariff Domestic Category HSC Tariff Non Domestic - Commercial and Industrial Category Square Feet Monthly Tariff (Rs.) Square Feet Monthly Tariff (Rs.) <500 60 <500 200 500-1500 80 500-1500 400 1500-3000 100 1500-5000 600 >3000 120 >5000 1000 To recover costs of operation, maintenance and debt servicing, the municipality decided the tariff structure through a consultative process. The tariff included a one-time deposit and a monthly tariff. They are given in Table 2. On demand from the citizens, the municipality has subsequently reduced monthly charges from Rs. 150 to Rs. 110. Impact Of the 23,000 households who paid for the services, 8,350 households were connected in the first phase, i.e. by 2005. Nearly 500 slum households out of 7,000 had sewerage connections, and 43% of slum dwellers have opted for and paid for individual sewerage connections. In 2005, 14 community toilets were constructed to serve poor clusters. By the end of March 2008, all households had received sewerage connections. Sustainability The project is sustainable, as the cost towards maintaining the system is recovered from the users by means of monthly charges. There has been a regular flow of funds and timely repayment to financial institutions. Alandur sewerage project is an innovative initiative for sustainable delivery of urban services in the country. Inspired by the Alandur example, many urban local bodies, including Trichy, Tanjavur, Tirunelveli, and Ambattur, have initiated similar efforts for underground sewerage system. The Alandur experience demonstrates that mobilising peoples participation for infrastructure projects is possible through effective leadership, collective efforts and transparent procedures. Political will, effective communications, transparency and partnership with community-based organisations, are the key factors for the success of the project. Inter-departmental coordination and active involvement of all stakeholders ensured successful completion and sustenance of the project.
http://www.waterawards.in/2008-winner-profile-am.php
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Case Study III - Kalyani Municipality-Community-Led Health Initiatives with Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) As The Entry Point Kalyani Municipalitys CLTS empowers local communities with the goal of creating an open, defecation-free environment, especially in slums, through a participatory approach of selfmobilization and facilitation. This brings about behavioural change to ensure 100% sustained usage of sanitary toilets, thereby making Kalyani an Open Defecation Free (ODF) area. Context Kalyani, located 65 km north of Kolkata in West Bengal, is one of the 39 municipalities under Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) with a population of 0.1 million, of which approximately 50% lives in 52 slums. These people have mainly migrated from neighboring Bangladesh. Over the past ten years, more than Rs. 3 crore has been spent on different projects for constructing toilets for the urban poor, improving the sanitation profile of Kalyani. Despite a lot of investment from different projects, Kalyani was not open-defecation free (ODF), as this was a common practice even amongst those given toilets free-of-cost by donor agencies. This led to a lot of health problems amongst other citizens as well. Initiative Against the above background, CLTS was conceived in late 2005 under the Kolkata Urban Services for The Poor Programme (KUSP), funded by the Department For International Development (DFID). The chairperson of Kalyani Municipality showed political will and leadership in motivating its councilors and making Kalyani an ODF town. The Board of Councilors (BoC) unanimously accepted the proposal to pilot the CLTS project in Kalyani Municipal Area in January 2006. The chief health functionary of the ULB coordinated and facilitated the implementation of the entire programme. Initially, the pilot project was implemented in five slums only. However, inspired by the success of the project, Kalyani decided to make all the 52 slums ODF. A team of experts, including a Participatory Development Consultant and medical doctors, were involved in the initiative that conducted a series of awareness-creation workshops. Regular interaction with slum dwellers, nurturing of community leaders, and continuous monitoring by the CLTS team, made it possible to make all the slums ODF. Strategies adopted include not providing further subsidy for toilet construction, providing technical support to slum dwellers on low-cost sanitary toilets, increasing awareness regarding the ill-effects of open defecation, motivating and mobilising communities through participatory methods, using PRA tools and incentives for community leaders, and awards for clean ward/slum/area/school/class etc. Key Features The CLTS programme is community-led and not dependent on external support. It results in sustained behavior change and builds self-respect, dignity and self-confidence, especially in women. People are encouraged to build toilets with their own resources, creating ownership and sustained
usage. Unlike free toilets, which are poorly maintained and even abandoned, people are interested in maintaining these. Proper triggering, facilitation, interaction, motivation and incentives are necessary initially. There is great potential for replication. Once people realize the need for a behavioral change to maintain sanitation, and its direct bearing on health, they do it willingly. The CLTS programme methodology makes people realize the need. Impact Kalyani was declared open-defecation free by the state of West Bengal on 29 Jan 2009. It got a cash prize of Rs. 25 lakhs to expand and continue its health programme on "Correction Of Anaemia" which is directly related to open defecation. As a first ODF town in India, Kalyani is much cleaner. Its slums have benefited not only from sanitation, but also from other developmental works. This is because ODF slums are given priority for all ULB development works. There is the visible impact of the urban poor recognizing that health is linked to sanitation. Records of the health department show a considerable decrease in gastro-intestinal disorders, and an increased number of man-days. Demand has been generated for more pay-and-use public toilets in Kalyani.
http://www.waterawards.in/2009-winner-profile-km.php
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REFERENCES APPENDIX Annexure 1.1 City Sanitation Ranking methodology
Annexure 1.2a. Explanation to color coding Annexure 1.2b. Ranking of cities Annexure 1.3 Annexure 2.1 Annexure 2.2 Annexure 2.3 Annexure 3.1 CSTF List List of slums in Moradabad city Map showing slum locations in Moradabad city Map showing open defecation areas in Moradabad city Map showing locations of community toilets in Moradabad city
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PLAN

NAGAR NIGAM MORADABAD, MORADABAD, INDIA

CITY SANITATION PLAN

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE ABSTRACT

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES/ CHARTS/ GRAPHS LIST OF TABLES

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 3.2.9 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

CHAPTER 07 ROAD MAP BEST PRACTICES

REFERENCES APPENDIX ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 3

CITY SANITATION PLAN

INTRODUCTION 1.1 CONTEXT

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

Fig. 1.2: Process for planning urban sanitation

Surveys Transect walks FGDs

Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options

Selecting options New facilities Behaviour change Monitoring and

CITY SANITATION PLAN

Fig. 1.3 & 1.4 CSTF Meeting at Moradabad

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(vi) (vii) (viii)

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ACTIVITIES Household surveys

SAMPLING Random Sampling

SAMPLE SIZE Upto 300 households

Focused Group Discussions

Community Toilets Public Toilets

Random Sampling Random Sampling

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN

Commercial/ market areas

Industries Secondary Data Water Bodies

Random Sampling Random Sampling

CITY SANITATION PLAN

CITY SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

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Activities of local SHGs and other community organizations such as RWAs.

implementing Water and Sanitation schemes.

CITY SANITATION PLAN

3. Commercial establishment and Public places