THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH NOUNS THROUGH DERIVATION

GROUP 5:

11B01086 11B01095 11B01097 11B01099

RIZKA INDAHYANTI RAHMANIAR GUSRIANTI ASRIANA SUHARTINA A. BUSRAH

GRADUATE PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR 2011

THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH NOUNS THROUGH DERIVATION 1. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ion Dictionary For the formation of English nouns with suffix-ion, first we list all the words or stems used as the base of the word formation rules in the Dictionary (3-1) as the first component of generative morphology of Aronolfs model as follows; (3-1) (a) [compete]v (g) [rebel]v (b) [educate]v (c) [examine]v (d) [exclude]v (e) [express]v (f) [justify]v Word formation Rule The rule for the formation of English nouns with the suffix-ion can be formulated as follows; (NFR-1) [X]v [[X]v +[-ion]suf]N The (NFR-1) states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix-ion to the base consisting of verbs as found in the Dictionary (3-1) with the meaning the act of X+ing. Underlying Representation By applying (NFR-1), the following underlying representations can be generated; *[#[compete]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[educate]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[examine]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[excludee]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[express]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[justify]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[rebel]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[repeat]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[reveal]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[resolve]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[resume]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[rebel]v + [-ion]suf#]N (h) [repeat]v (i) [reveal]v (j) [resolve]v (k) [resume]v

All of the above underlying representations are ungrammatical or unacceptable. There are underlying representations which are phonologically unacceptable; and there are underlying representations which are phonologically and morphologically unacceptable. Readjustment Rule The following unacceptable underlying representations: *[#[examine/ igzmin/]v[-ion]suf#]N *[#[reveal]v + [-ion]suf#]N Must go through a readjustment process in which the formative at is inserted at the end of the base. The rule for this readjustment process can be formulated; (RR-1) 1 1+at [[base]v + [-ion]suf]N 2 2

This rule states that the base takes the formative at when the suffix-ion is added to the base. Surface Representation By applying (RR-1), the following surface representations can be generated *[#[examine+at]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[reveal+at]v + [-ion]suf#]N These surface representation are phonologically unacceptable, so that they must go through certain processes. Phonological Rules The following unacceptable surface Unacceptable surface representation: UR RR-1 insertion of at PR-1 Output /t/ // :*[#[examine / igzaemin/]v + [-ion]Suf#]N :*[#[examine+at / igxaemineit/]v + [-ion]Suf#]N : [#[/igxaeminei /]v + [-ion]Suf#]N : [examination / igzminei en/]

2.

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ty Dictionary a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) [active]Adj [certain]Adj [continue]v [cruel]Adj [electric]Adj [frail]Adj [loyal]Adj [novel]Adj

Word Formation Rule (NFR-2) [X]v/Adj [ [X]Adj + [-ty]Suf]N Semantics the quality, state, or condition of X Underlying Representation *[#[active]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[certain]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[continue]v + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[cruel]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[electric]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[frail]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[loyal]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[novel]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[safe]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[similar]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[special]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

Phonological Rules *[#[active]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N *[#[continue]v + [-ty]Suf#]N Must go to phonological process, the formula is: (PR-15) [+syllabic] [+high] /.# [-back] V

Process of derivation: UR PR-15 insertion of /i/ Output UR PR-15 insertion of /i/ Output 3. : *[#[active/ktif/]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N : [#[/ktif+i/]Adj +[-ty]Suf#]N : [activity / ktiviti/] : *[#[continue/kentinyu/]v + [-ty]Suf#]N : [#[/kentinyu:+i/]Adj +[-ty]Suf#]N : [continuity / kentinyu:iti/]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ment Dictionary a) [abolish]v b) [achieve]v c) [assign]v d) [fulfill]v e) [govern]v f) [invest]v g) [manage]v

h) [measure]v Word Formation Rule (NFR-3) [[X]v [[X]v + [-ment]Suf]N Underlying Representation [#[abolish]v + [-ment]Suf#]N [#[achieve]v + [-ment]Suf#]N [#[assign]v + [-ment]Suf#]N [#[fulfill]v + [-ment]Suf#]N [#[govern]v + [-ment]Suf#]N [#[invest]v + [-ment]Suf#]N 4. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ness Dictionary a) [clean]Adj

b) [fast]Adj c) [fine]Adj

d) [kind]Adj e) f) g) [lazy]Adj [like]Adj [mad]Adj

h) [polite]Adj i) j) [rude]Adj [short]Adj

k) [sweet]Adj

Word Formation Rule (NFR-4) [X]Adj [[X]Adj + [-ness]Suf]N Semantics : the state or condition of X Underlying Representation [#[clean]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N [#[fast]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N [#[fine]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N [#[kind]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N [#[lazy]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N [#[like]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N [#[mad]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N 5. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix hood Dictionary a) [bachelor]N

b) [boy]N c) [brother]N

d) [child]N e) f) g) [father]N [mother]N [priest]N

h) [widow] Word Formation Rule (NFR-5) [X] [[X]N [-abstr] [-abstr] + [-hood]Suf]N [-abstr]

Semantics :

1.the status or condition of the sex of X

2. the quality of rank of X Underlying Representation All already acceptable 6. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ance Dictionary (3-6) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) [accept]v [acquaint]v [annoy]v [appear]v [assist]v [attend]v [further]v [maintain]v

Word Formation Rule ( NRF-6) [[X]v [[X]v + [-ance]Suf]N Underlying Representation [#[accept]v + [-ance]Suf#]N [#[acquaint]v + [-ance]Suf#]N [#[annoy]v + [-ance]Suf#]N [#[appear]v + [-ance]Suf#]N [#[assist]v + [-ance]Suf#]N [#[attend]v + [-ance]Suf#]N 7. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ence Dictionary

The base for the formation of the English nouns with the suffix ence is listed in dictionary (3-7) as follows: (3-7) (a) [confide]v (f) [precede]v

(b) [emerge]v (g) [prefer]v (c) [correspond]v (h) [maintain]v (d) [exist]v (i) [reminisce]v (e) [interfere]v Word Formation Rule (NFR-7) [X]v [[X]v + [-ence]Suf]N Semantics: the act or result of X+ing This rule states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix ence to the base consisting of verbs as indicated in the Dictionary (3-7) with the meaning the act or result of X+ing Underlying Representation The application of (NFR-7) can generate the following underlying representations: *[#[confide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[precede]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[correspond]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[prefer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[emerge]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[provide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[exist]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[refer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[infer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[reminisce]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[interfere]v + [-ence]Suf#]N There are four underlying representations, which are phonologically unacceptable, and the others are already acceptable. The acceptable underlying representations can directly become the output without going through the readjustment rule as well as the phonological rule as follows: [correspondence] [emergence] [interference] [precede]

[existence] [inference] Phonological Rule

[reminiscence]

The following unacceptable underlying the representations: *[#[confide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[provide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N Must go through two phonological processes, namely strengthening in which the weak vowel phoneme // in the first syllable changes to the strong vowel phoneme /o/; and syllable structure process in which the diphthong /ai/ changes to the monophthong /i/. The second phonological process is handled by (PR-4); and the rule for the first phonological process can be formulated in the following: (PR-19) V /C(C).CCVC V

This rule states that the weak vowel phoneme // in the first syllable changes to the strong vowel phoneme /o/ when the suffix ence is added to the base. The whole process of derivation can be described as follows: UR PR-19 // PR-4 /ai/ Output UR PR-19 // PR-4 /ai/ Output /o/ /i/ /o/ /i/ : *[#[confide/knfaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N : *[#[/konfaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N : *[#[/konfid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N : [confidence /konfidns/] : *[#[provide/prvaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N : *[#[/provaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N : *[#[/provid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N : [providence /providns/]

Finally, the following unacceptable underlying representations: *[#[prefer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[refer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

Must go through two phonological processes, namely lowering in which the high vowel phoneme /i/ changes to the mid vowel phoneme /e/; and shortening in which the log vowel phoneme /:/ changes to the short vowel phoneme //. The first phonological process is handled by (PR-17); and the rule for the second phonological process can be formulated in the following: (PR-20) /C(C)VC V V

The rule states that the long vowel phoneme /:/ in the second syllable changes to the short vowel phoneme // when the suffix ence is added to the base. The whole process of derivation can be described as follows: UR PR-3 /i/ PR-20 /:/ Output UR PR-3 /i/ PR-20 /:/ Output 8. : *[#[prefer/prif:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N /e / : *[#[/pref:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N // : *[#[/pref/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N : [preference /prefrns/] : *[#[refer/ri:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N /e / : *[#[/ref:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N // : *[#[/ref/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N : [reference /refrns/]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix er/or Dictionary The base for the formation of the English nouns with the suffix er/or is listed in Dictionary (3-8) as follows: (3-8) (a) [admire]v (k) [operate]v

(b) [build]v (l) [play]v (c) [collect]v (m) [read]v (d) [consume]v (n) [speak]v (e) [drive]v (o) [supervise]v

(f) [farm]v (p) [teach]v (g) [instruct]v (q) [visit]v (h) [invade]v (r) [work]v (i) [invent]v (s) [write]v (j) [observe]v Word Formation Rule (NFR-8) [X]v [[X]v + [-er/]Suf]N Semantics: one who X+(e)s This rule states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix er/-or to the base consisting of verbs as listed in the Dictionary (3-8) with the meaning one who X+(e)s. Underlying Representation The application of (NFR-7) can generate the following underlying representations: [#[admire]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[operate]v + [-or]Suf#]N [#[build]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[play]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[collect]v + [-or]Suf#]N [#[read]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[consume]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[speak]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[drive]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[supervise]v + [-or]Suf#]N [#[farm]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[teach]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[instruct]v + [-or]Suf#]N [#[visit]v + [-or]Suf#]N [#[invade]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[work]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[observe]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[write]v + [-er]Suf#]N All the above underlying representations are already acceptable, so that they automatically become the output as follows: [admirer] [builder] [operator] [player]

[collector] [consumer] [driver] [farmer] [instructor] [invader] [observer] 9.

[reader] [speaker] [supervisor] [teacher] [visitor] [worker] [writer]

The formation of English nouns with suffix ce Dictionary The base for the formation of english nouns with suffix ce is listed in the dictionary as follows: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) [apparent]adj [deviant]adj [diligent]adj [distant]adj [dominant]adj [elegant]adj [excelent]adj [ignorant]adj (i) [independent]adj (j) [impudent]adj (k) [patient]adj (l) [pertinet]adj (m) [present]adj (n) [tolerant]adj (o) [tubulent]adj

Word formation rule (NFR-9)[X]adj [[X]adj + [-ce]suf]n

Semantics: the state of being X

Underlying representation When (NFR-9) is applied, we can generate the following UR: *[#[apparent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[deviant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[diligent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[distant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[dominant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[elegant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[excelent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[ignorant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n All the UR above are phonologically unacceptable. To be acceptable, they must go through a phnological process called syllable structure processin which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ at the end of the base is deleted. The rule for this phonological process is (PR-14) The process of derivation can be described by giving some example below: UR PR-14 deletion /t/ Output UR PR-14 deletion /t/ Output UR PR-14 deletion /t/ Output : *[#[apparent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n : [#[apparen]adj + [-ce]suf#]n : [apparence] : *[#[defiant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n : [#[defian]adj + [-ce]suf#]n : [defiance] : *[#[diligent]adj +[-ce]suf#]n : [#[diligen]adj + [-ce]suf#]n : [diligence] *[#[independent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[impudent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[patient]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[pertinent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[present]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[tolerant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[turbulent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

10. The formation of English nouns with suffix cy Dictionary The base for the formation of English nouns with the suffix cy is listed in the dictionary as follows: [accountant]n g) [president]n [agent]n h) [redundant]adj [constant]adj i) [stagnant]adj [infant]n j) [sufficient]adj [malignant]adj k [vacant]adj [pregnat]adj Word formation rule (NFR-10) [X]adj/n [[X]adj/n + [-cy]suf]n

Semantics: 1. The state of being X 2. the office or term of office of an X 3. place of business of an X 4. profession of an X 5. use of land, ect. As an X, length of time during which an X uses land, ect Underlying representation The application of (NFR-10) can generate the following UR: *[#[accountant]n + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[agent]n + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[constant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[infant]n + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[malignant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[pregnant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n All the UR above are phonologically unacceptable. To be acceptable, they must go through a phnological process called syllable structure processin which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ at the end of the base is deleted. The rule for this phonological process is (PR-14) *[#[president]n + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[redundant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[sufficient]adj + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[stagnant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[vacant]adj + [cy]suf#]n

The process of derivation can be described by giving some example below: UR : *[#[accountant]n + [-cy]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[accountan]n + [-cy]suf#]n Output UR : [accountancy] : *[#[president]n + [-cy]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[presiden]n + [-cy]suf#]n Output UR : [presidency] : *[#[redundant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[redundan]adj + [-cy]suf#]n Output : [redundancy]

11. The formation of english nouns with suffix al Dictionary The base for the formation of english nouns with the suffix al is listed in the dictionary as follows: a) b) c) d) e) [appraise]v [approve]v [avow]v [disperse]v [dispose]v f) [propose]v g) [rehearse]v h) [renew]v i) [rent]v j) [withdraw]v

Word formation rule (NFR-11) [X]v [[X]v + [-al]suf]n

Semantics: the act of X + ing Underlying representation The application of (NFR-11) can generate the following UR:

[#[appraise]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[approve]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[avow]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[disperse]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[dispose]v + [-al]suf#]n

[#[propose]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[rehearse]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[renew]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[rent]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[withdraw]v + [-al]suf#]n

Because all the UR above are acceptable, so that they directly become the output as follows: [apprisal] [approval] [avowal] [dispersal] [disposal] [proposal] [rehearsal] [renewal] [rental] [withdrawal]

12. The formation of English nouns with suffix ee Dictionary The base for the formation of english nouns with the suffix ee is listed in the dictionary as follows: a) b) c) d) [address]v [detain]v [divorce]v [employ]v f) [examine]v g) [interview]v h) [nominate]v i) [pay]v j) [train]v [[X]v + [-ee]suf]n

e) [evacuate]v Word formation rule (NFR-12) [X]v

Semantics: one who is X + ed Underlying representation

The application of (NFR-12) can generate the following UR: [#[address]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[detain]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[divorce]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[employ]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[evacuate]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[examine]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[interview]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[nominate]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[pay]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[train]v + [-ee]suf#]

Out of the above UR, two of them are morphologically unacceptable. Readjustment rule The following unacceptable UR: *[#[evacuate]v + [-ee]suf#]n *[#[nominate]v + [-ee]suf#]n The RR, that is, the truncation rule can be formulated as follows: (RR-5) 1 1 2 3 3 [[evacu/nomin+ate]v + [-ee]suf]n

This process of derivation can be described in the following: UR RR-5 Deletion of ate SR/Output UR RR-5 Deletion of ate SR/Output : *[#[evacu+ate]v + [-ee]suf#]n : [#[ evacu]v + [-ee]suf#]n : [evacuee] : *[#[nomin+ate]v + [-ee]suf#]n : [#[nomin]v + [-ee]suf#]n : [nominee]

13. The formation of english nouns with suffix an Dictionary The base for the formation of english nouns with the suffix an is listed in the dictionary as follows: [america]n [cosetic]n [egipt]n [history]n [indonesia] Word formation rule (NFR-13) [X]n [[X]n + [-an]suf]n

Semantics : 1. one who is expert or skillful in X 2. the people or language of X Underlying Representation The application of (NFR-13) can generate the folowing UR: *[#[america]n + [-an]suf#]n *[#[cosmetic]n + [-an]suf#]n *[#[majic]n + [-an]suf#]n *[#[logic]n + [-an]suf#]n *[#[indonesia]n + [-an]suf#]n All the UR above are phonological unacceptable , so that they must go through certain phonological processes. Phonological rule The whole process of derivation can be described in the follwing: UR PR-21 Deletion of // Output UR PR-21 Deletion of // : *[#[america/merik/]n + [-an]suf#]n : [#[/merik/]n + [-an]suf#]n : [american /merikn/] : *[#[indonesia /indouni:zi/]n + [-an]suf#]n : [#[/indouni:zi/]n + [-an]suf#]n

Output UR PR-27 Insertion of /i/ PR-22 /e/ PR-23 /k/ Output UR PR-27 Insertion of /i/ PR-24 /o/ PR-23 /k/ Output UR PR-27 Insertion of /i/ PR-25 // PR-23 /K/ Output // // /ou/ // // //

: [Indonesian /indouni:zin/] : *[#[cosmetic /kosmetik/]n + [-an]suf#]n : *[#[/kosmetik+i]n + [-an]suf#]n : *[#[/kosmtiki/]n + [-an]suf#]n : [#[/kosmti/]n + [-an]suf#]n : [kosmeticion /kosmtiin/] : *[#[logic /loik/]n + [-an]suf#]n : *[#[/loik+i/]n + [-an]suf#]n : *[#[/louiki/]n + [-an]suf#]n : [#[/louii]n + [-an]suf#]n : [logician /louin/] : *[#[magic /mik/]n + [-an]suf#]n : *[#[/mik+i]n + [-an]suf#]n : *[#[/mik+i/] + [-an]suf#]n : [#[/mi+i/]n + [-an]suf#]n : [magician / min/]

14. The formation of english nouns with suffix ism Dictionary [canibal]n [capital]n [colonial]adj [feminine]adj [hero]n [magnet]n 7. [material]n 8. [national]adj 9. [social]adj 10. [symbol]n 11. [tour]n

Word formation rule (NFR-14) [X]n/adj [[X]n/adj + [-ism]suf]n

Semantics: 1. movement related to X

2. custom or practice related to X 3. theory or belief related to X 4. system related to X 5. science related to X 6. policy related to X Underlying representation The application of (NFR-14)can generate the following UR: [#[cannibal]n + [-ism]suf#]n [#[capital]n + [-ism]suf#]n [#[colonial]adj + [-ism]suf#]n *[#[feminine]adj + [-ism]suf#]n *[#[hero]n + [-ism]suf#]n [#[magnet]n + [-ism]suf#]n Among the UR above , only two of them are phonological unacceptable, so that they must go through certain phonological processes in order that they can be acceptable. Readjustment rule The following unacceptable UR: *[#[feminine]adj + [-ism]suf#]n (RR-6) 1 2 [femin+ine]adj + [-ism]suf]n 3 [#[material]n + [-ism]suf#]n [#[national]adj + [-ism]suf#]n [#[social]adj + [-ism]suf#]n [#[symbol]n + [-ism]suf#]n [#[tour]n + [-ism]suf#]n

1 3 Surface representation The application of (RR-6) can generate the following SR: [#[femin]adj + [-ism]suf#]n The process of derivation can be described as follows:

UR RR-2 Deletion of ine SR/Output Phonological rule

: *[#[femin+ine]adj + [-ism]suf#]n : [#[femin]adj + [-ism]suf#]n : [feminism /feminizm/]

The following unacceptable UR: *[#[hero]n + [-ism]suf#]n The process of derivation can be described in the following: UR PR-6 /i/ Output /e/ : *[#[hero /hirou/]n + [-ism]suf#]n : [#[/herou/]n + [-ism]suf#]n : [heroism /herouiz()m/]

15. The formation of english nouns with suffix ist Dictionary [bycicle]n 6. [journal]n [biology] 7. [national]adj [capital]n 8. [piano]n [economy]n 9. [psychiatry]n [instrumental]adj 10. [psychology]n Word formation rule (NFR-15) [X]n/adj [[X]n/adj + [-ist]suf]n

Semantics: 1. one who drives an X 2. expert in X 3. person who control much X 4. player of a musical instrument 5. supporter of X + ism 6. person engaged in X + ism 7.person who makes a special study of animals or plants Underlying representation

The application of (NFR-15) can generate the following UR: *[#[bicycle]n + [-ist]suf#]n *[#[biology]n + [-ist]suf#]n [#[capital]n + [-ist]suf#]n *[#[economy]n + [-ist]suf#]n [#[instrumental]adj + [-ist]suf#]n [#[journal]n + [-ist]suf#]n [#[national]adj + [-ist]suf#]n [#[natural]adj + [-ist]suf#]n *[#[psychiatry]n + [-ist]suf#]n *[#[psychology]n + [-ist]suf#]n

Among the UR above, there are five of them which are phonological unacceptable. Phonological rule The following unacceptable UR: *[#[bicycle]n + [-ist]suf#]n The process of derivation can be described in the following: UR PR-5 Deletio of // Output : *[#[bicycle /baisikl/]n + [-ist]suf#]n : [#[/baisikl/]n + [-ist]suf#]n : [bicyclist /baisiklist/]

The following unacceptable UR: *[#[biology]n + [-ist]suf#]n *[#[economy]n + [-ist]suf#]n *[#[psychiatry]n + [-ist]suf#]n *[#[psychology]n + [-ist]suf#]n The process of derivation can be described in the following: UR PR-27 Deletion of /i/ Outpt UR : *[#[biology /baioli/]n + [-ist]suf#]n : [#[/baiol/]n + [-ist]suf#]n : [biologist / bailoist/] : *[#[economy /ikonmi/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ Output UR PR-27 Deletion of /i/ Output UR PR-27 Deletion of /i/ Output

: [#[/ikonm/]n + [-ist]suf#]n : [economist /ikonmist/] : *[#[psychiatry /saikaitri/]n + [-ist]suf#]n : [#[/saikaitr/]n + [-ist]suf#]n : [psychiatrist /saikaitrist/] : *[#[psychology /saikoli/]n + [-ist]suf#]n : [#[/saikol/]n + [-ist]suf#]n : [psychologist /saikolist/]

16. The formation of english nouns with suffix acy Dictionary [intimate]adj [intricate]adj [Legitimate]adj Word formation rule (NFR-16) [X]adj 4. [obstinate]adj 5 [supreme]adj

[[X] + [-acy]suf]n

Semantics: state of being X Underlying representation The application of (NFR-16) can generate the following UR: *[#[intimate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n *[#[intricate]adj +[-acy]suf#]n *[#[legitimate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n All of the above UR are unacceptable. Four of them are morphologically unacceptable and one is phonologically unacceptable. Readjustment rule The rule for the readjustment process can be formulated in the following: (RR-6) 1 2 3 [[intim/intric/legitim/obstin+ate]adj + [-acy]suf]n *[#[obstinate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n *[#[supreme]ad + [-acy]suf#]n

1 3 Surface representation The process of derivation can be described as follows: UR RR- Deletion of ate Output UR RR-7 Deletion of ate Output UR RR-7 Deletion of ate Output UR RR-7 Deletion of ate Output Phonological rule The process of derivation can be described in the following: UR PR-28 /i:/ Output /e/ : *[#[supreme /sjupri:m/]adj + [-acy]suf#]n : [#[/sjuprem/]adj + [-acy]suf#]n : [supremacy /sjupremsi/] : *[#[intim+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n : [[intim]adj + [-acy]suf#]n : [intimacy] : *[#[intric+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]h : [[intric]adj + [-acy]suf#]n : [intricacy] : *[#[legitim+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n : [[legim]adj + [-acy]suf#]n : [legitmacy] :*[#[obstin+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n : [[obstin]adj + [-acy]suf#]n : [obstinacy]

17. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix age A. Dictionary Output B. Word Formation Rule (NFR-17) [X]N/V C. Underlying Representation [[X]N/V+[-age]]N blockage

listed in the dictionary (317) [block]V

[#[block]V + [-age]Suf #]N

[hermit]N [pack]N [break]V [parson]N [patron]V [post]N [vicar]N

[#[hermit]N + [-age]Suf #]N [#[pack]N + [-age]Suf #]N [#[break]V + [-age]Suf #]N [#[parson]N + [-age]Suf #]N [#[patron]V + [-age]Suf #]N [#[post]N + [-age]Suf #]N [#[vicar]N + [-age]Suf #]N

hermitage package breakage parsonage patronage postage vicarage

18. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix dom a. Dictionary b. Word Formation Rule listed in the dictionary (318) (NFR-18) dom]Suf]N [bore]V [free]Adj king]N [martyr]N [wise]Adj c. Underlying Representation Output [X]N/V/Adj [[X]N/V/Adj + [boredom freedom kingdom martyrdom wisdom

[#[bore]V + [-dom]Suf #]N [#[free]N + [-dom]Suf #]N [#[king]N + [-dom]Suf #]N [#[martyr]N + [-dom]Suf #]N *[#[wise]Adj + [-dom]Suf #]N

*d. Phonological Rule It is a phonological process called monophthongization in which the diphthong /a1/ changes into the monopthong /1/ between two consonants when the suffix dom is added the base. UR PR29 Output /a1/ /1/ : *[#[wise/wa1z/]Adj + [-dom]Suf #]N : #[/w1z/]Adj + [-dom]Suf #]N : [wisdom /w1zdm/]

19. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix ry/-ery a. Dictionary b. Word Formation Rule listed in the dictionary (319) (NFR-19) ery]Suf]N [brave]Adj [citizen]N [dentist]N [gallant]Adj [herald]N [machine]N [mock]V [peasant]N [rival]V c. Underlying Representation Output [X]N/V/Adj bravery citizenry dentistry gallantry heraldry machinery mockery peasantry rivalry [[X]N/V/Adj+[-ry/-

[#[brave]Adj + [-ery]Suf #]N [#[citizen]N + [-ry]Suf #]N [#[dentist]N + [-ry]Suf #]N [#[gallant]Adj + [-ry]Suf #]N [#[herald]N + [-ry]Suf #]N [#[machine]N + [-ery]Suf #]N [#[mock]V + [-ery]Suf #]N [#[peasant]N + [-ry]Suf #]N [#[rival]V + [-ry]Suf #]N

20. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix ure a. Dictionary b. Word Formation Rule listed in the dictionary (320) ure]Suf]N [depart]V [rapt]Adj *d. Phonological Rule They are unacceptable underlying representation that must go through one Phonological Process called Assimilation in which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ at the end of the base changes to the affricate consonant phoneme // or /t/ when the suffix ure is added to the base. The rule is a Phonological Process (PR-30): UR : *[#[depart /d1pa:t/]V + [-ure]Suf #]N : [/d1pa:/]V + [-ure]Suf #]N c. Underlying Representation Output (NFR-20) [X]V/Adj [[X]V/Adj + [departure rapture

*[#[depart]V + [-ure]Suf #]N *[#[rapt]Adj + [-ure]Suf #]N

PR-30 /t/ //

Output UR PR-30 /t/ Output //

: [departure /d1pa:/] : *[#[rapt /rpt/]Adj + [-ure]Suf #]N : [#[/rp/]Adj + [-ure]Suf #]N : [rapture /rp/] c. Underlying Representation Output

a. Dictionary b. Word Formation Rule

Listed in the dictionary (320) (NFR-20) [X]V/Adj [[X]V/Adj + [-ure]Suf]N [expand]V [invest]V *[#[expend]V + [-ure]Suf #]N *[#[invest]V + [-ure]Suf #]N expenditure investiture

*d. Readjustment Rule The readjustment process in which the formative it is inserted at the end of the base when the suffix ure is added to the base. (RR-8) 1 2 2 1 + it 2 [[expend/invest]V + [-ure]Suf]N

*e. Surface Representation The application of (RR-8) can generate the following unacceptable surface representations: *[#[expend+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N *[#[invest+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N Which are phonologically unacceptable, so that they must go through certain Phonological Process. *f. Phonological Rule *[#[expend+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N *[#[invest+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N Must go through a phonological process called assimilation in which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ of the formative it changes to the fricative consonant

phoneme // when suffix ure is added to the base. The rule for this phonological process can be formulated in the following: (PR-30) +anterior +coronal -voice -voice -continuant -strident C -anterior +coronal / . # +del rel -del rel C

The rule states that the stop consonant phoneme /t/ of the formative it changes to the affricate consonant phoneme // when the suffix ure is added. The whole process of derivation can be described in the following: UR : *[#[expend]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

RR-8 addition of it : *[#[expend+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N SR PR-30 Output UR /t/ // : *[#[expendit]V + [-ure]Suf #]N : [#[expendi]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

: [expenditure /ikspendi/] : *[#[invest]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

RR-8 Addition of it : *[#[invest+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N SR PR-30 Output /t/ // : *[#[investit]V + [-ure]Suf #]N : *[#[investi]V + [-ure]Suf #]N : [investiture /investi/]

21. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix y a. Dictionary b. Word Formation Rule c. Underlying Representation Output [[X]N/V + [-y]Suf]N photography

Listed in the dictionary (321) (NFR-21) [X]N/V [photograph]V

*[#[photograph]V + [-y]Suf #]N

*d. Phonological Rule Must go through three phonological processes, namely: UR PR-33 /ou/ PR-34 /a:/ PR-19 // Output // // /o/ : *[#[photograph /foutgra:f/]V + [-y]Suf #]N : *[#[/ftgra:f/]V + [-y]Suf #]#]N : *[#[/ftgrf/]V + [-y]Suf #]N : [#[/ftogrf/]V + [-y]Suf #]N : [#[photography /ftogrfi/] c. Underlying Representation Output [[X]N/V + [-y]Suf]N telegraphy

a. Dictionary b. Word Formation Rule Listed in the dictionary (321) [telegraph]V *d. Phonological Rule

(NFR-21) [X]N/V

*[#[telegraph]V + [-y]Suf #]N

Must go through three phonological processes, namely: UR PR-35 /e/ PR-34 /a:/ Output /i/ // : *[#[telegraph /teligra:f/]N + [-y]Suf #]N : *[#[/tiligra:f/]N + [-y]Suf #]#]N : [#[/tiligrf/]V + [-y]Suf #]N : [telegraphy /tiligrfi/]

22. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix th a. Dictionary b. Word Formation Rule Listed in the dictionary (322) [-th]Suf]N [bear]V [heal]V [weal]N [long]Adj c. Underlying Representation Output [[X]V/Adj/N +

(NFR-22) [X]V/Adj/N birth health wealth

*[#[bear]V + [-th]Suf #]N *[#[heal]V + [-th]Suf #]N *[#[weal]N + [-th]Suf #]N

*[#[long]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N length

[wide]Adj *d. Phonological Rule UR PR-36 /e/ Output UR PR-37 /i:/ Output UR PR-37 Output UR PR-38 Output UR PR-29 /ai/ Output /i/ /o/ /e/ /i:/ /e/ /e/ /:/

*[#[wide]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N width

: *[#[bear /be/]V + [-th]Suf #]N : [#[/b:/]V + [-th]Suf #]N : [birth /b:/] : *[#[heal /hi:l/]V + [-th]Suf #]N : [#[/hel/]V + [-th]Suf #]N : [health /hel/] : *[#[weal /wi:l/]N + [-th]Suf #]N : [#[wel/]N + [-th]Suf #]N : [wealth /wel/] : *[#[long /lo/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N : [#[/le/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N : [length /le/ : *[#[wide /waid/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N : [#[/wid/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N : [width /wid/

23. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix ant a. Dictionary b. Word Formation Rule c. Underlying Representation Output [[X]V + [-ant]Suf]N accountant

Listed in the dictionary (23) (NFR-23) [X]V [account]V [apply]V applicant [contest]V

*[#[account]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

*[#[apply]V + [-ant]Suf #]N *[#[contest]V + [-ant]Suf #]N contestant

[occupy]V [participate]V *d. Readjusment Rule

*[#[occupy]V + [-ant]Suf #]N *[#[participate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

occupant participant

*[#[participate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N (RR-9) *[[particip + ate]V + [-ant]Suf] 1 1 2 3 3

The rule states that the formative ate is deleted from base when the suffix ant is added to the base. e. Surface Representation [#[participate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N 24. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix ing Dictionary The base for the formation of English nouns with the suffix-ing is listed in the dictionary (24) as follows; (24) (a) [begin]V (f) [open]V (g) [read]V (h) [speak]V (i) [teach]V

(b) [close]V (c) [come]V (d) [hear]V (e) [listen]V Word Formation Rule (NFR-24) [X]V

[[X]V + [-ing]Suf]

The rules states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix-ing to the base consisting of verbs as listed in the dictionary (24) with the meaning act of X+ing. Underlying Representation

The application of (NFR-24) can generative the following underlying representations; *[#[begin]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[close]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[come]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[hear]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[listen]V + [-ing]Suf #]N Only one of the above underlying represntations is unacceptable; the others are already acceptable, so they directly become the output as follows; [closing] [coming] [hearing] [listening] [opening] [reading] [speaking] [teaching] *[#[open]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[read]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[speak]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[teach]V + [-ing]Suf #]N