INTRODUCTION

In our first part we represent the origin of the report, objectives of the report, methodology and limitation of the report. Finally we tried to present a conclusion of the whole report. ORIGIN OF THE REPORT: This report is assigned by our respected course teacher Md.Razib Alam For Business Mathematics course and needed for BBA student, Department Of Marketing, University Of Dhaka.

OBJECTIVE OF THE REPORT: We can divide the objective in two parts: 1) Broad Objective: Acquiring practical knowledge about Real Number System 2) Specific Objective: To learn every topic related to Real Number System. Such as-the integers, Rational numbers, Irrational numbers, prime numbers, properties of real numbers etc.

METHODOLOGY OF THE REPORT: We largely followed the Business Mathematics book by D.C.Sanchiti and V.K.Kapoor and mathematics by Bowen. We took help from our class lectures provided by Md.Razib Alam Sir. We also accessed internet for vast collection on real number system.

LIMITATIONS OF THE REPORT: During the period of preparing the report we faced some constraints. Such as: * The time was short for proper research, interview to get enough information. * Inadequate information on the topic. * Lack of technology and inadequate internet connection in our lab.

1. Real Number System

The set of all rational and irrational numbers is called the set of real numbers. Real number system is composed of various numbers, symbols or figures representing numbers and certain rules governing operations on them. The numbers can be represented as {1, 2, 3}, {I, II, III} or {K, K*, K**} what is important its characteristics and nature. These numbers are capable of performing one or more operations, addition, multiplication, division etc.

2. The Natural Numbers (N)

The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 which are used for counting are natural numbers. Thus while 618 is a natural number: 0, -7, 13/6 are not natural numbers. Properties of Natural Numbers: 1. 1 is a natural number 1 N. 2. For each n N, there exists a unique natural number n We can write it as (n+1). 3. For each n N, we have n*or n+1 1. 4. If m, n N and m* = n* then m = n. 5. Any subset S of N is equal to N if (i) 1 S (ii) m S => m* S

N, called the successors of n.

3. Addition on (N)

Addition is a mathematical operation that represents combining collections of objects together into a larger collection. It is signified by the plus sign (+). The operation on addition can be defined as follows: (i) (ii) n + 1 = n* for every n N. n + m* = whenever (n + m) is defined.

Basic Laws of Addition: 1. Closure Law: The sum of two natural numbers is also a natural number. a+b 2. Communicative Law: The order of the addends does not change the addition. a+b=b+a 2+5=5+2 7=7 3. Associative Law: The way in which the addends are grouped does not change the result. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (2+3) + 5 = 2 + (3+5) 5+5=2+8 10 = 10 4. Additive Law: The 0 is the identity element of the addition because every number added with it gives the same number. a+0=a 3+0=3

4. Multiplication on (N)

Multiplication (often denoted by the cross symbol "") is the mathematical operation of scaling one number by another. It is one of the four basic operations in elementary arithmetic. The operation of multiplication on N is defined as follows: (i) (ii) n. 1 = n for every n N n. m = (n . m) + n whenever n . m is defined.

The basic laws governing multiplication composition are: 1. Closure Law: The result of multiplying two natural numbers is another natural number. ab N

2. Communicative Law: The order of the factors does not change the product. ab=ba 25=52 10 = 10 3. Associative Law: The way in which the factors are grouped does not change the result. (a b) c = a (b c) (2 3) 5 = 2 (3 5) 6 5 = 2 15 30 = 30 4. Multiplicative Identity Law: The 1 is the neutral element of the multiplication because any number multiplied by it gives the same number. a1=a 31=3 5. Distributive Law: The multiplication of a natural number and a sum is equal to the sum of the multiplication of the natural number for each of the addends. a (b + c) = a b + a c 2 (3 + 5) = 2 3 + 2 5 2 8 = 6 + 10 16 = 16

5. Order Relations on (N)

There are twp types of order relations in N greater than (>) and less than (<).The relation a<b is read as a is less than b. It can be stated also as b>a read as b is greater than a. Greater than (>): A natural number m N is said to be greater than a natural number n N if and only if there exists p N such that m= n + p. Smaller than (<): A natural number m N is said to be lesser than a natural number n N (symbolically m < n) if there exists p N such that m + p = n. The laws governing order relations are: 1. Tracheotomy Law: For two given natural numbers, a and b, exactly one of the following relations is true: (i) a < b (ii) a = b (iii) a > b. 2. Transitive Law: If a < b and b < c, then a < c. 3. Anti-symmetric Law: If a>b and b> a, then b = a 4. Order and addition: If a < b, then a + c < b + c. 5. Order and multiplication: If a < b, then a.c < b.c. Therefore the relation less than or equal to and greater than or equal to and denoted as < and > are defined as: (i) (ii) m < n if m = n or m < n m > n if m = n or m > n

6. The Integers (I)

The integers are whole numbers negative, positive and zero. We can also define them as ratios of two numbers whish do not have a remainder.

For example: -1, 0, 9, -9 There are three kinds of integers: 1. Positive Integers: The numbers 1, 2, 3.. are called positive integers. 2. Negative Integers: The Numbers -1, -2, -3..are called negative integers. 3. Neutral or No Sign: Only the 0 is written without any sign.

7. Prime Numbers

An integer other than 0 or 1 is a prime number if and only if it is only divisors are 1 and the other numbers itself. Example: P 0, 1 whose divisors are 1 and P. Properties of Prime Numbers: (i) (ii) If P is a prime number and if p is a factor of ab where a, b I, then P is a factor of a or P is factor of b. If P is a prime number and if P is a divisor of product of a, b, c.P of integers then P is a divisor of at least one of these.

8. Rational Numbers (Q)

The number which can be expressed as p/q where p is any integer and q is an integer not equal to zero is called a rational number. Generally it is expressed by Q. An important characteristic of rational numbers is that when expressed as decimal fractions they are either terminating or non-terminating recurring decimals. Example: 2/5 = 0.4 1/6 = 0.1666.. (to be written as .16)

9. Properties of Rational Numbers (Q)

1) ADDITION: i) Closure: a and b are rational numbers then (a+b) is one and only, it is a unique rational number. ii) Commutative: a+b=b+a iii) Associative: (a+b) +c= a+ (b+c) iv) Identity (zero): a+0 = 0+a v) Inverse: For every rational numbers a. There is a rational number (-a) .such that a+(-a)=0,a is called additive inverse of a.

2) MULTIPLICATION: i)Closure: If a and b are any rational numbers than a*b or ab is a unique rational number. ii)Commutative: ab=ba iii) Associative : (ab)c=ab(c) iv) Identity(1): a*1=1*a=a v) Inverse: For every rational number a(=/ 0),there is a rational number (1).Such that a*(1\a)=1 vi) Distributive: Only multiplication distribute over addition a.(b+c) = ab+bc vii) Cancellation: If ac=bc, then a = b

3) ORDER RELATIONS: If a = p/q, b = p/s then i) a-b = ps qr / qs ii) If a >b and b>c then a>c

iii) If a>b and then a+c>b+c iv) If a>b then ac>bc (c>0) and ac<bc (c<0)

4) EQUALITY WITH ZERO: If ab=0 then either a is zero or b is zero.

5) DENSITY: If a and b are distinct rational numbers then a+b/2 is a rational number lying between a and b .In other words a>a+b/2 >b.

10. Irrational Numbers (Ri)

We can define an irrational numbers with the help of the rational numbers. Now if there is a rational number a, But there is no rational number b such that (b)^n = a then we write it as n root of the equation b^n = a as the irrational number na EXAMPLES: 2= 1.414.. 7=2.645.

ii) MULTIPLICATION OPERATIONS: 1: Closure law: If a and b are real numbers, their product is also a real number. These can be expressed a.b R a,b R 2: Commutative law: a.b = b.a

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 a, b R 3: Associative law: (a.b).c = a. (b.c) a,b,c R 4: Existence of identity: There exists a real number 1 such that- a.1 = a =1.a a R 5 : Existence of inverse :Corresponding to each real number a (ao) there to each real number a (a0) there exists a real number b such that- a.b = b.a = 1 b is called the reciprocal or multiplicative of a usually written as 1/a or a^1.

iii) RELATION BETWEEN TWO ALGEBRIC OPERATIONS: 1. Distributive Law: Multiplication is distributive over addition. For any three real numbers a, b, c Ra. (b+c) = a. b+a. c (b+c). a = b. a+c. a

iv) ORDER RELATION: Trichotomy Law: For two given natural numbers, a and b, exactly one of the following relations is true: (i) a < b (ii) a = b (iii) a > b. Transitive Law: If a < b and b < c, then a < c. Anti-symmetric Law: If a>b and b> a, then b = a Order relation is compatible with addition. Order relation is compatible with multiplication. Density Property: (i) a < (a+b)/2< b

The real numbers: Definition : It comprises a set of all rational and irrational numbers.we generally denote these by R which will have either the rational number (a) or irrational number (R). There are three categories of real numbers. Integer: 0,1,2,-1,-2 etc. Rational number:2/7,-3/8 and 5/1 Irrational number: 2,, etc. Properties of real numbers: 1.Addition: A1:closure law: if a and b are any two real numbers their sum (a+b) is also a real number.this can be expressed as a+b R a, b R A2:commutative law: If a and b are two real numbers then a+b = b+a, a, b R A3:associative law: If a,b,c are three real numbers then a+b+c=a+(b+c) - a,b R A4: Existance of identify:there exists a real number (0) such that a+0= 0+a=a a R A5:existence of inverse: For every real number a there exists another real number b such that a+b=0=b+a The real number called addition inverse of a and is usually written as -a

13. Modulus of Real Number

The modulus of real number a, is defined as the real number a, -a or 0 according as a is positive, negative or zero. We denote the modulus of a real number a by the symbol |a| and define it bya, if a is positive |a| = -a, if a is negative 0, if a is zero

Properties: 1. The modulus of real number is never negative. |a| > 0 2. For every real number a, a < |a| and a < |a| 3. |a| = |-a| 4. |a| denotes the greater of the two numbers a and -a. |a|= max {a. a} 5. We may also define |a| as a single equation. |a| = (a2) Theorems: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |ab| = |a| . |b| |a/b| = |a|/|b| |1/a| = 1/|a| |a+b| < |a| + |b| |a-b| > |a| - |b|

14. Imaginary Number (i) Square roots of negative numbers are called imaginary numbers because the square of any number is positive only. But this imaginary number occurs in some quadratic equations and therefore has to taken into account and properly defined. Example: (i) (ii)

If x2-9 = 0 then x = 3 If x2+4 = 0 then x = -4

We can indicate an imaginary number in real form. 9 = -1 . 9 = i . 3 = 3i In general, a = (a < -1) = a . -1 = a i

15. Complex Number

If a and b are real numbers then (a+ib) is known as the complex numbers, which has the real part a and the imaginary part b. Properties: 1. If in the complex number (a+ib), a=0, the number (0+ib) is an imaginary number only. 2. If in the complex number (a+ib), b=0, then the complex number reduces to purely real number a. 3. The two complex number (a+ib) and (a-ib) are called conjugates. (2+3i) and (2-3i) Complex numbers obey the laws of algebra: (a) (b) (c) (d) i2 = ii = -1 -1 = -1 i3 = i2i = -1 i = -i i4 = i2i2 = (-1) (-1) = 1 i5 = i4i = 1i = i

Conclusion: Real numbers, its properties, main categories all are important for getting an overall concept of Business Mathematics. As Business Mathematics is important for us for business calculation, for example, the break even quantity by which we can know the production. Sells, profits, losses and where profit is zero and so on. It is very necessary for us to learn every topic including real number system, addition, subtraction, breakeven for making crucial business decision as we are the student of Business Administration. So we are very much grateful to our honorable course teacher Mr. Razib Alam, Assistant Professor of our marketing department for providing us such an important topic.

Bibilliography: *Sancheti, D.C. Kapoor, V.K. (2006), Business Mathmetics, 11th edition , Sultan Chand &
Sons Publication page no.(92-111) *Bowen, Earl K, Parichet Gordon D. and Saber John C.(2006) , Mathmetics with application in Management and Economics , 7th Edition, Irwin page no.(130-151)

*http://www.vitutor.com/arithmetic/natural_number/addition_natural.html, , last accessed on 26th September *http://www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th/exell/Numbers/NatNum.htm, , last accessed on 26th September