IJETSE International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Sciences and Engineering, Vol.2, No.

2, July 2010 2010 IJETSE

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ABSTRACT: Improper design of electrical installation in a high rise building may cause undesirable power interruption, deadly short circuits, over loading of equipment, insulation failure, unusually high leakage current. All of these can create electrical hazards and dangerous situations for the users of the building. To avoid such a situation compliance with building code for electrical design is essential. In this paper we will try to focus on safe and secure design of electrical services of high rise building (ex: academic building) with the help of Bangladesh national building Code.
Keywords : Electrical Installation, Earthing, Lightning, Inspection & Testing, Alternative Energy.

1. BUILDING SERVICES: Building services are those services which are needed to be provided to make the building habitable. A structure more than 20 meter in height is termed as high rise building. Where land is scarce and population density is high, high rise building is the ideal solution for human habitation. Essential building services are: Electrical installation. Lightning protection General Lighting Elevators. Water pumping installation Fire fighting ,fire detection Standby power supply. Special lighting. (Auditorium, theatrical and museum lighting etc.) Most of the building services depend on electrical power supply. In this paper we will try to discuss the electrical services. 2.0 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION: 2.1 Load Estimation: The total required load that is calculated roughly is called the load estimation. The load can be estimated in two ways: Using rough estimation where the relevant data are unavailable. Perfect estimation from design specification. Rough Estimated Load: If design data like number of electrical power consuming equipments and devices are

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Study & Design of Electrical Services of a High Rise Building-Perspective Bangladesh

A. S. M. Mohsin1, Md Nasimul Islam Maruf 2, Khandaker Badrul Alam3, S. M. Abu Adnan Abir 4 & Sehtab Hossain 5 Lecturer, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Stamford University Bangladesh , Dhaka, Bangladesh1, 2 Islamic University of Technology, Board Bazar, Gazipur, Dhaka,Bangladesh 3,4,5

not available then to calculate the load we can use rough estimation. At first we calculate the area of the desired Location and calculate the estimated electrical load (both light and power) with the help of building code. Load may vary according to construction as for education institute we found it like that. Table: 1 Minimum load densities for educational institute Load density (watt/m2) for non air conditioned zone 15 Load density (watt/m2) for air conditioned zone 90

We considered our newly constructed academic building (Islamic University of Technology IUT, Board Bazar, Gazipur, Dhaka, Bangladesh ) which is of around 22 m height for designing purpose. Total estimated load (ground to 4th floor) = 232 kw.Load estimated for lift =20 kw.Total load will be =250 kw (approx) Calculating diversity factor as 75% Total load = 75% of 250 = 187.5 kw Adding provision for future load as 25% of estimated load We get, Total load = (25% of s187.5) + 187.5 = 250 kw Now we consider, emergency load=20% of total load=20% of 250=50 kw.Non-emergency load=250-50=200 kw. For a building with more then 100 kilowatt connected load, provision for 11kilovolts substation is to be made.

2010.

2010.

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IJETSE International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Sciences and Engineering, Vol.2, No.2, July 2010

All non current carrying portions or parts of equipment and devices shall be connected to the earth continuity conductor and then to the earth electrode then ultimately to the general mass of the earth, for safety of human life and property and for proper functioning of earth leakage circuit breakers. Especially the tank of the power transformer, neutral terminal of the power transformer and the metallic covers of the switchgear cubicles need full proof earthing. 2.3.1 Methods of Earthing:

System Earthing: In case of single line to ground fault, over voltage appears between the healthy lines which may be harmful for the insulation .This over voltage may be minimized by providing grounding of the neutral point of the system. Neutral Earthing is also essential for 3-phase 4wire system. Equipment Earthing: Earthing of non current carrying metal work and conductor is essential for the safety of human life and property. All non current carrying enclosures must be connected with the general mass of the earth. The resistance of the earth continuity conductor must be limited to 1-ohm
Fig1: substation Now to get the value of circuit breaker we have to calculate the amount of conducting current. To do so we have to use the following equation : For A.C three phase I=W/V Where W=Power in kw,V=Voltage in kv (phase to phase voltage for three phase A.C)=0.4kv, I= Current in A, cos=Power factor=0.8 For non-emergency load,I=200/0.4*3*0.8=360.84 A.So the value of the circuit breaker will be 360~540 A(1.5 times the load current) For emergency load,I=50/0.4*3*0.8=90.21A So the circuit breaker will be 90~140A.We consider the low side one. 2.2 Selection of cables (from substation to main distribution board): For non-emergency load, current=360.84 A.So the cable will be 3 wire NYFGbY type of cross section 3*240 sm For emergency load current=90.21A.So the cable will be 3 wire NYFGbY type of cross section 3*25 rm. )cos 100%).For non-emergency Now e=(LI load,e=1.86%.For emergency load,e=0.45%Those are bellow 2.5 %,so our selection is right 2.3 EARTHING: The objective of an earthing system is to provide a system of conductors as nearly as possible at a uniform and zero or earth potential.

2.3.2 Necessary Elements for Earthing: Earth Conductors: Which joins or bonds together all the metal parts of an insulation. Copper or galvanized steel or other metals of high electrical conductivity or combination of metals Earth Lead: Is the link which provides connection between the earth conductor and the earth electrode. Can be either of copper wire or copper stripe. Metals of high electrical conductivity can also be used in case of earth conductors. Earth electrodes are penetrated permanently underground within moist soil. Copper rods copper plates, galvanized iron pipes etc may be used as earthing electrodes. 3.0 LIGHTNING PROTECTION: Schools, hospitals, auditorium, railway station etc. are places where a large no of people congregate, lightning protection is essential. All high rise buildings need lightning protection. Lighting conductors must be properly connected with a separate earthing system.

Table:2 Index Figures Associated with Lightning Protection Design: Name Index

Fig 2:Megohmmeter The minimum acceptable value of cable insulation resistance is 5 M ohms (it is valid on the low voltage side). Before making connections at the ends of each cable run, the insulation resistance measurement of each cable shall be made. Each conductor of a multi-core cable shall be tested individually to all other conductors of the group and also to earth. If insulation resistance tests readings are found to be less than the specified minimum in any conductor the entire cable shall be replaced. Insulation tests shall be made between open contacts of circuit breakers, switches etc. and between each phase and earth. 4.2 Earth Resistance Test: Earth resistance tests shall be made on the system, separating and reconnecting each earth connection. The electrical resistance of the earth continuity conductor together with the resistance of the earthing lead measured from the connection with the earth electrode to any other position in the completed installation shall not exceed 1 ohm. In case the earth resistance value is more then 1 ohm then the following methods is to be applied to attain the value bellow 1ohm Use multiple earth electrodes connected in parallel. Earth electrodes are to be driven to a greater depth below the ground. Treatment of the soil around the earth electrodes by providing water, salt and charcoal. 4.3 Polarity Test: We need to ensure the polarity test after installation all the switches must be installed in the live side of the load of the wiring. Switches must not be installed in the neutral side of the load of the wiring. The above mentioned condition must be ensured by polarity test. 5.0 POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT: Due to inductive load power factor will be low. But we have to maintain power factor above 80%. We can improve the power factor by using the capacitor bank containing capacitors of appropriate values within the power factor improvement plant (PFI plant) 6.0 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: The present electricity demand in Bangladesh is about 6,500 megawatts while the electricity generation capacity is about 4,500MW and there is a shortage of about 1500 MW.

Use of structure(such as academic building)

10

Type of construction(Brick, plain concrete, or massonary with nonmetal roof)

Contents or Consequential Effects (Schools, Hospitals, Children homes.)

10

Degree of Isolation(Structure located in a area having structures or trees of similar height)

Type of Terrain(Flat terrain at any level)

Height of Structure(18-24m)

Lighting Prevalence (No. thunderstorm days per year 7-9)

of

Total risk Index=47

By determining all factors we got the risk index 47 (academic building) which is greater than 40. The index greater than 40 needs a protection upon the importance of the building. 4.0 INSPECTION & TESTING: Visual inspection of the installation. Insulation tests (megger insulation test). Earth resistance tests. Polarity tests.

4.1 Insulation Tests: Insulation resistance test shall made on all electrical equipment, using a self contained instrument such as megger insulation tester.

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IJETSE International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Sciences and Engineering, Vol.2, No.2, July 2010

Since the fossil fuels (Natural gas, petroleum, coal etc) are going to be depleted alternative source of energy must be sought. In this respect utilization of renewable sources among them solar energy by photo voltaic cells & increasing the use of energy saving devices like CFL light is an attractive alternative. 6.1 Different parts of solar home system: Solar panel: generates electricity from sunlight Battery : stores the electric energy produced from sunlight c. Charge controller: regulates the charging and discharging of battery d. Load : special type of DC lamp, radio, TV, cassette, cellular phone etc. SHS's installation up to 26 July 2009 total 334,091 MW.Solar home system is installed in the roof of some high rise building in Bangladesh &by using this in public & private sector we can reduce some of our energy crisis. 6.2 Compact Fluorescent Lamp: a. b.

subjectively similar in color to standard incandescent lamps. Energy Efficiency: The above chart shows the energy usage for different types of light bulbs operating at different light outputs. Points lower on the graph correspond to lower energy use.

Fig 4: Electricity Use by Bulb Type 7.0 CONCLUSION: In our country every year lots of accidents origin of which are electrical hazards like short circuit ,over voltage, under voltage, over-current ,earth fault etc. As a result there are frequent reports of loss of life and property, which could be avoided by appropriate design of electrical installation. Inappropriate knowledge and ignorance of design of building services entails numerous cases of electrocution.
REFERENCES:

Fig 3:CFL light CFL may be an attractive solution of saving energy in our country .A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also known as a compact fluorescent light bulb (or less commonly as a compact fluorescent tube [CFT]), is a type of fluorescent lamp. Many CFLs are designed to replace an incandescent lamp and can fit in the existing light fixtures formerly used for incandescent. Compared to general service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs use less power and have a longer rated life, but generally have a higher purchase price. In the United States, a CFL can save over US $30 in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime compared to an incandescent lamp and save 2000 times its own weight in greenhouse gases.[ Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain mercury; this complicates the disposal of fluorescent lamps. CFLs radiate a different light spectrum from that of incandescent lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the subjective color of the light emitted by CFLs such that the best 'soft white' CFLs available in 2007 are

[1] Bangladesh National Building Code 1993. ISBN 984-3000862.Housing & Building Research institute. [2] S.R. Sawhney & Punnet Sawhney, A Course in Electrical and Electronics Measurement & Instrumentation, Edition 2002. [3] J.O.Paddock & R.A.W. Galvin. Electrical Installation Technology and Pracrise Reprinted 1977. [4] S.R.Chakkrabarti.Electical wiring estimation costing.4th reversed and enlarged edition 1981. and

[5] http://www.directindustry.com/prod/burster/megohmmeter13615-401686.html