AN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FEDERAL HOUSING ESTATE, MALALI, KADUNA

BY

SHEHU, MUHAMMAD MANSUR

2003/17972VB

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA.

IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH) IN BUILDING.

NOVEMBER, 2008

DECLARATION
I, SHEHU, MUHAMMAD MANSUR with matriculation number 2003/17972VB a student of the Building department, School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, do hereby declare that this thesis is an original research work carried out by me under the supervision of Mr. William P. Akanmu. This research work has not been presented either wholly or in part for my degree, diploma or certificate elsewhere. All references previously published and unpublished materials are acknowledged.

............................... Shehu, Muhammad Mansur (2003/17972VB)

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DEDICATION

................To Almighty Allah, the Living, the Everlasting (Ya Hayyum, Ya Qayyum) and to my beloved Late parents Alhaji Sani Usman Shehu and Hajiya Rahmatu Ummah Abbah El-ansari.

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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project An Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Federal Housing Estate, Malali, Kaduna was carried out by SHEHU, MUHAMMAD MANSUR, a student of the Building department, School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

............................... Mr William P. Akanmu. Project Supervisor

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............................... Mr A. E. Agbo Project Coordinator

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............................... Mr. I. A. Jimoh Head of Department

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............................... External Examiner

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
For Him (Almighty Allah) who has seen me through this phase of my life, I give thanks to Him, glorify His oneness and kindness. I commend the Prophet Muhammed (P.B.U.H) for guiding me through his Sunnah and Hadiths throughout my sojourn and writing of this research. My profound gratitude and appreciation goes to my supervisor Mr William P. Akanmu, for not only his professional contribution to the success of this research but for also the advice and guidance. Your reward is with the Almighty God, He that rewards beyond measures. My sincere appreciation goes to all my lecturers, all secretaries, clerks and technical staff. For impacting the academic knowledge I have in me and for making me a Graduate Builder. No words can express my unending gratitude to my late parents Alhaji Sani Usman Shehu & Hajiya Rahmatu Ummah Abbah Elansari, may their gentle souls rest in perfect peace, for their care, support, advice, encouragement and unconditional love during their stay on this earth. To my Brothers and sisters Adamu, Auwal, Bilkisu, Aminah, Abdulmumeen, Rahmatu, Usman, Abdullahi, Ibraheem and Faizah without you, there is no me, thank you for always being there for me, and helping me up whenever I am down. To my best friend Rukaiyat O. Abioye, thanks for believing in me, giving me a shoulder to lean on, and a listening ear to complain to, for your love, understanding and encouragement, may you be favoured on this earth and in the hereafter by Almighty Allah (Amin). Jazakumulla khairan goes to my uncles, aunts and cousins, noticeably; Hajiya Hafsat H. Aminu, Alhaji Sambo Sabo Abbah, Hajiya Fatimah A. Tijjani, Engr. Abdullahi Mohammed and Suleiman Muhammad. Profound gratitude and appreciation goes to my guardian and mentor, Arc. Abdulkadir Mohammed, mnia, mni, for his persistence and belief in me.

Hanafi, Babafemi, Akin, Obajuxxl, Emuejevoke, Victor and Donald, I appreciate your contributions to my endeavours and always giving me a helping hand, a resounding Thank you. Kudos to Jamilu Jiddere, Mustapha Adamu, Abubakar Karofi and Abubakar Ibrahim Jamo, you all played significant roles in my life, thanks. To all my colleagues and good friends of 2007/2008 Building graduating class, thanks.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page Certification Declaration Dedication Acknowledgement Table of content List of tables List of figures Abstract i ii iii iv v-vi vii- x xi xii xiii

Chapter One Introduction

1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Background to the Study Need for the Study Research Question/Problem Aim Objectives Hypothesis Scope of the Study Methodology Definition of Terms
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1 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8

Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1.1 Sustainability

16 16 18 20 21 21 23 24 24 24 25

2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3

Sustainable Design Principles of Sustainable Design Sustainable Architecture Building Placement Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency

2.3.4 Alternative Energy Production and Building Design 2.3.5 Waste Management 2.3.6

Re-Using Structures and Materials

2.3.7 Social Sustainability in Design

2.3.8

Green Building Materials

Chapter Three Research Methodology 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Introduction Area of the Study Historical Background of Malali Housing Estate Malali Housing Estate Structures/Buildings Design of the Study Research Population
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28 28 29 29 30 31

3.7 3.7.1

Data and Method of Data Collection LEED Points How they are Awarded

31 32 32 33 33 33 35 35 35 36 36

3.7.1.1 LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED EB) 3.7.1.2 LEED for Neighbourhood Development (LEED ND) 3.8 Instrument for Data Analysis 3.8.1 Regression Analysis 3.8.2 The Coefficient of Determinant 3.8.3 Decision Rule 3.8.4 Analysis of variance 3.8.5 Inferential Statistical Analysis 3.8.6 Descriptive Statistical Analysis

Chapter Four Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Introduction Data Presentation Data Analysis Descriptive Analysis of Data Summary of Descriptive Analysis Inferential Analysis of Data Discussion of Result Summary of findings Summary of Chapter four 37 38 50 55 58 59 65 65 66

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Chapter Five Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 Introduction General Summary Conclusion Recommendation Implementation of the Study Suggested Areas for further Research Expected Contribution to Knowledge 67 67 68 69 71 72 72

References Appendix

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Table 4.1: LEED EB SUSTAINABLE SITES Table 4.2: LEED EB WATER EFFICIENCY Table 4.3: LEED EB ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE Table 4.4: LEED EB MATERIALS & RESOURCES Table 4.5: LEED EB INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUANTITY Table 4.6: LEED EB INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS Table 4.7: LEED ND SMART LOCATION & LINKAGES Table 4.8: LEED ND NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN & DESIGN Table 4.9: LEED ND GREEN CONSTRUCTION & TECH Table 4.10: LEED ND INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS Table 4.11: Housing Types

Page 37 39 39 41 43 45 46 47 48 49 50

Table 4.12: Summary of Data Collected from Three (3) bedrooms building type for LEED EB, Existing Buildings 51 Table 4.13: Summary of Data Collected from Three (3) bedrooms building type for LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development 52 Table 4.14: Summary of Data Collected from Two (2) bedrooms building type for LEED EB, Existing Buildings 52 Table 4.15: Summary of Data Collected from Two (2) bedrooms building type for LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development 53 Table 4.16: Summary of Data Collected from One (1) bedroom building type for LEED EB, Existing Buildings 53 Table 4.17: Summary of Data Collected from One (1) bedroom building type for LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development 54

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Table 4.18: Experiment No: 4.1 showing One (1) bedroom (LEED EB, Existing Building) 59 Table 4.19: Experiment No: 4.2 showing One (1) bedroom (LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development) 60 Table 4.20: Experiment No: 4.3 showing Two (2) bedrooms (LEED EB, Existing Building) 61 Table 4.21: Experiment No: 4.4 showing Two (2) bedrooms (LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development) 62 Table 4.22: Experiment No: 4.5 showing Three (3) bedrooms (LEED EB, Existing Building) 63 Table 4.23: Experiment No: 4.6 showing Three (3) bedrooms (LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development) 64

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page

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Figure 2.1: The Passivehaus Figure 4.1: Housing Types by Percentage Figure 4.2: LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 3-BEDROOMS TYPE Figure 4.3: LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for 3-BEDROOMS TYPE Figure 4.4: LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 2-BEDROOMS TYPE Figure 4.5: LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for -BEDROOMS TYPE Figure 4.6: LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 1-BEDROOM TYPE Figure 4.7: LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for 1-BEDROOM TYPE

20 51 55 56 56 57 57 58

ABSTRACT
The green movement is more than an industry whim or fad; it is a movement that originated in, and grew from, a genuine necessity to avert a potential long-term disaster, while also-as luck and nature would have it-providing several important benefits, both human and economical. The green building movement has four
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interested parties; the environment, the owner, the user and the contractor (FCWI, 2008). This prompted the need for this study in which Federal Housing Estate, Malali, Kaduna State was used as a case study. A careful analysis of the planning, design, building materials used, services and infrastructure was carried out through the use of a rating system provided by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) which (the results) were subjected to statistical tests. This gave a clear picture of the performance of the buildings types and their green compatibility. It also brought into limelight the level of sustainability they have achieved considering their age and time of construction. Some evaluation factors like; Energy & Atmosphere, Materials & Resources, and Indoor Environmental Quality were identified as critical factors that affected their sustainability levels. But Smart Linkages & Locations, Neighbourhood Pattern & Design and Innovation & Design Process accounted for the positive scoring. Conclusions and several Recommendations were drawn to indicate areas of improvement.

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