Pn!!utInn 5n!

utInns
123 Rocky Mounlain Road
CoIoiado Spiings, CO 8O9O1

02n

Dat0 Augusl 23, 2OO7
%n Ms. ,CIO
Frn2 , Rosoaich Toan Loadoi
5ubj0.t ConpIolion Ropoil on Ihyloionodialion Sludy

I an sulnilling lho conpIolion iopoil Ihyloionodialion foi youi ioviov and
considoialion.

Tho iosoaich on phyloionodialion vas conduclod lo doloinino vholhoi oi nol
IoIIulion SoIulions shouId offoi il as a liovnfioId iosloialion aIloinalivo. Rosoaich
incIudod lho lypos of conlaninanls oIininalod duiing phyloionodialion, lho vaiialIos
affocling succoss, lho safoly issuos foi lho pulIic and viIdIifo, and lho ovoiaII cosls of
lho piocoss. Ihyloionodialion vas lhon conpaiod lo olhoi convonlionaI iosloialion
nolhods.

I ioconnond lhal phyloionodialion lo addod lo lho fiins Iisl of liovnfioId
iosloialion aIloinalivos. Ils uso of pIanls lo ionovo conlaninanls fion soiI and valoi is
a naluiaI, onviionnonlaIIy fiiondIy, Iov cosl, aoslholicaIIy pIoasing nolhod lhal
guaianloos a piofilalIo ioluin in a shoil poiiod of lino.

Thank you foi lho oppoilunily lo sludy lhis onoiging lochnoIogy. IIoaso conlacl no
vilh any quoslions you nay havo al 3O1-___-____.

SincoioIy,















Audience Analysis

Oui iopoil on phyloionodialion as a possilIo oplion foi liovnfioId iosloialion is
ainod al lho CIO of oui fiin, IoIIulion SoIulions. Tho CIO is highIy knovIodgoalIo
aloul lho piolIons inhoionl in ionoving conlaninanls fion soiI, sodinonl, and valoi.

Tho infoinalion galhoiod in oui iosoaich viII hoIp lho CIO doloinino vholhoi lo login
offoiing lhis onoiging lochnoIogy aIong vilh olhoi convonlionaI iosloialion nolhods
cuiionlIy usod ly oui fiin.

Wo hopo oui iosoaich viII Ioad lo lho fiins addilion of phyloionodialion as a Iov-cosl,
onviionnonlaIIy-fiiondIy aIloinalivo lhal viII uIlinaloIy hoIp convoil conlaninalod
silos inlo usoalIo pulIic spacos.
















Phytnr020/IatInn



Iiopaiod foi: , CIO

Iiopaiod ly:





Augusl 23, 2OO7

















Pn!!utInn 5n!utInns
123 Rocky Mounlain Road 3O1- -
CoIoiado Spiings, CO 8O9O1 poIIsoI.con

nnt0nts

Ex0.utIv0 5u22ary 1

Intrn/u.tInn 2

R0s0ar.h 0thn/s 4

R0su!ts 7

1. D01InIng th0 Prn.0ss n1 Phytnr020/IatInn 7

2. D0t0r2InIng th0 VarIab!0s A110.tIng 5u..0ss 8
3. I/0ntI1yIng th0 5a10ty nn.0rns 10
4. R0s0ar.hIng th0 nsts 12
5. n25arIng Phytnr020/IatInn wIth Oth0r In-5Itu %0.hnn!ngI0s 15
nn.!usInns 17
R0.n220n/atInn 18
G!nssary 19
R010r0n.0s 21
A550n/Ix A Brn.hur0 23

ist of Tables

TalIo 1: SoiI TochnoIogy: Ihyloionodialion 14

TalIo 2: Conpaiison of In-Silu Ronodialion TochnoIogios 16


1
Ex0.utIv0 5u22ary

Ihyloionodialion is an onoiging nolhod in liovnfioId iosloialion lhal usos pIanls lo
ionovo conlaninanls in soiI and valoi. Tho cosl of lhis piocoss is nuch Iovoi lhan lhal
of convonlionaI nolhods lhal ioIy on oxponsivo oquipnonl and off-silo lioalnonls foi
iosloialion. This inoxponsivo piocoss ovoiconos lho nain olslacIo of liovnfioId
iosloialion: Tho cosl of ionodialion is noio lhan lho oxpoclod incono fion fuluio
iodovoIopnonl.
Wo iosoaichod phyloionodialion lo doloinino if lho fiin couId incIudo il as an
aIloinalivo foi liovnfioId iosloialion. Wo doloininod vhal conlaninanls aio
oIininalod, and hov lhoy aio ionovod. Wo iosoaichod lho vaiialIos affocling succoss,
and idonlifiod safoly concoins foi lho pulIic and viIdIifo. Wo oslinalod lho ovoiaII
cosls of phyloionodialion and lhon conpaiod lho lochnoIogy lo olhoi ionodialion
nolhods.
Afloi anaIyzing oui infoinalion, vo ioconnond offoiing phyloionodialion iosloialion
piocoss foi conlainnonl, dogiadalion, and ionovaI of lolh oiganic and inoiganic
conpounds lhal aio found in soiI, sodinonl, and valoi. Tho lochnoIogy is ospociaIIy
usofuI vhoio Iov IovoIs of conlaninanls aio spioad ovoi a vido aioa, and lho cIinalo,
soiI, and iainfaII aio conducivo lo pIanl giovlh. Tho cosl of lho piocoss is 5O lo 8O
Iovoi lhan lhal of olhoi convonlionaI nolhods, and lhoio is fuilhoi piofil polonliaI in
soIIing nany of lho nolaIs ioliiovod in lho piocoss foi iouso.



2
Intrn/u.tInn

On Augusl 7, 2OO7, vo iocoivod appiovaI of oui pioposaI lo iosoaich
5hytnr020/IatInn

as a possilIo brnwn1I0!/ iosloialion aIloinalivo lhal couId lo

offoiod ly IoIIulion SoIulions lo ils cIionloIo. This iopoil piosonls lho findings of oui
iosoaich. Wo sludiod lho piocoss lo idonlify lho conlaninanls il is capalIo of ionoving,
doloininod lho vaiialIos affocling succoss, idonlifiod safoly concoins, doloininod lho
cosls, and conpaiod lho lochnoIogy vilh olhoi convonlionaI nolhods vo cuiionlIy
piovido.
Tho iosloialion of conlaninalod silos is a coslIy and dangoious undoilaking.
ConvonlionaI nolhods of ionodialion oflon occui 0x-sItu, vhich significanlIy incioasos
cosls duo lo lho oxcavalion and lianspoilalion of lho conlaninalod soiI foi lioalnonl
and/oi disposaI, and incioasos lho dangoi of conlaninanl oxposuio lo lho pulIic.
Iinding safoi, Ioss oxponsivo nolhods of cIoanup vouId incioaso lho IikoIihood of
conpIolo ionodialion of noio liovnfioIds, Ioading lo lho iodovoIopnonl of noio Iand
foi lho pulIics uso.
Tho phyloionodialion lioalnonl nolhod is conduclod In-sItu, oIininaling lho
oxcavalion and lianspoilalion oxponso and dangoi of pulIic oxposuio. Iuilhoi,
phyloionodialion ionovos a vido vaiioly of conlaninanls, and in nany casos piovidos
conpIolo iosloialion. On liovnfioIds vilh a vidoi iango of conlaninanls piosonl,
phyloionodialion nay lo usod in conjunclion vilh lho olhoi lochnoIogios nocossaiy lo
ollain lolaI cIoanup. Il nay lo aIso lo usod lo conlain lho spioad of poIIulanls duiing

This and all subsequent terms in boldIace are deIined in the Glossary, page 19.
3
lho pIanning slago of iodovoIopnonl. Anolhoi lonofil of lhis naluiaI piocoss is lho
lIonding of lho pIanls inlo lho suiiounding onviionnonl as foiosl, giassIand, oi
volIand zonos, vhich is an alliaclivo aIloinalivo lo lho punps, voIIs, and incinoialois
lypicaIIy soon on iocIanalion silos.
Considoiing lho nany lonofils of phyloionodialion, vo conduclod socondaiy iosoaich
in looks, jouinaIs, vol silos, and onIino discussion gioups lo galhoi dolaiIs on lho
conlaninanls il can ionovo, conlain, oi dogiado, and lho affocls of cIinalo, soiI, and
loiiain on ils succoss. Wo oxaninod safoly concoins ioIalod lo pulIic and viIdIifo
conlaninanl oxposuio, and lho iisk of food chain conlaninalion. Wo aIso idonlifiod lho
cosls associalod vilh lho piocoss. Wo lhon conpaiod lhis lochnoIogy vilh olhoi in-silu
and ox-silu piocossos.
Wo concIudod lhal phyloionodialion vouId lo an offoclivo nolhod undoi nany
condilions foi oIininalion of a vido vaiioly of nrganI. and InnrganI. .nnta2Inants. Il
is safoi, aoslholicaIIy supoiioi, and choapoi lhan convonlionaI lochnoIogios.
In lho foIIoving soclions, vo havo piovidod addilionaI dolaiIs aloul oui iosoaich
nolhods, lho iosuIls vo ollainod, lho concIusions vo nado, and oui finaI
ioconnondalion.









4
R0s0ar.h 0thn/s

To lolloi undoisland lho phyloionodialion piocoss and doloinino vholhoi lo offoi il as
an aIloinalivo foi liovnfioId iosloialion, vo poifoinod lho foIIoving iosoaich:
1. Wo dofinod lho piocoss of phyloionodialion ly iofoiiing lo lho USLIA pulIicalion
8rcunfic|ds Tccnnc|cgq Princr. Sc|cc|ing and Using Pnq|crcncdia|icn fcr Si|c C|canup.
Wo aIso usod infoinalion found on lho foIIoving vol silos:
http://www.illinoiswildIlowers.inIo/weeds/plants/indianmustard.htm
hllp://vvv.ingonlaconnocl.con/conlonl/landf/IpIa/2OO6/OOOOOO29/OOOOOOO7/ailOOOO8
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/dukeenergy/Brassicajuncea.html - Description
2. Wo doloininod lho succoss of phyloionodialion is dopondonl on
nany vaiialIos. Sono of lho nosl piovaIonl vaiialIos incIudo conlaninanl
doplh, grnun/wat0r condilions, cIinalo, soiI lypo, and loiiain. Lach of lhoso
vaiialIos ioquiios diffoionl slialogios of phyloionodialion and nood lo lo
addiossod individuaIIy lo accuialoIy ionovo conlaninanls fion a givon aioa. Wo
iofoiiod lo lho U.S. Ainy Coips of Lnginoois pulIicalion lilIod Pnq|crcncdia|icn. Tnc
Prcccss, and docunonlod al hllp://oI.oidc.usaco.ainy.niI/phylo/lackgind.hlnI,
Pnq|crcncdia|icn Pc|icq and Tac|ics |i||cd Pnq|crcncdia|icn cf Sci| and Organic
Ccnpcunds found al hllp://vvv.ipi.odu/dopl/chon-ong/ioloch-
Lnviion/MISC/phyloion.hlnI , and oxpoiinonls caiiiod oul ly Nalhan IIoiio and
Hayos Ronlijas.
3. Wo idonlifiod lho safoly concoins of lho piocoss lo lo lho piovonlion of pulIic,
viIdIifo, and Iivoslock oxposuio duiing lho cIoanup. CoilainIy pIanls conlaining
5
highIy loxic conlaninanls shouId nol lo avaiIalIo foi ingoslion ly hunans oi
viIdIifo. Iuilhoi, ingoslion ly fish and Iivoslock couId joopaidizo lho food chain.
Wo found oul vhal noniloiing assuios pulIic, viIdIifo, and Iivoslock safoly duiing
lho cIoanup piocoss ly iofoiiing lo lho US LnviionnonlaI Iioloclion Agoncy
pulIicalion 8rcunfic|ds Tccnnc|cgq Princr. Sc|cc|ing and Using Pnq|crcncdia|icn fcr Si|c
C|canup, a iosloialion piojocl docunonlod on vvv.scioncodiiocl.con lilIod Tracc
c|cncn| and nu|ricn| accunu|a|icn in sunf|cucr p|an|s |uc qcars af|cr |nc Azna|cc||ar ninc
spi||, infoinalion avaiIalIo al Washinglon Slalo Univoisilys vol silo Hqorid Pcp|ar
Rcscarcn Prcgran, fion hllp://vvv.puyaIIup.vsu.odu/popIai/ischpiojocls/isch3.hln,
and an oxpoiinonl pulIishod on lho GMO Safc|q vol silo conduclod ly lho
Univoisily of Iioiluig, Inslilulo of Ioiosl olany and Tioo IhysioIogy lolvoon 2OO1
and 2OO6 lilIod Sci| dc|cxifica|icn using gcnc|ica||q ncdificd pcp|ars, fion
hllp://vvv.gno-safoly.ou/on/safoly_scionco/28.docu.hlnI.
4. Wo iosoaichod lho cosls of phyloionodialion using sludios fion lho USLIA
pulIicalion 8rcunfic|ds Tccnnc|cgq Princr. Sc|cc|ing and Using Pnq|crcncdia|icn fcr Si|c
C|canup, and olhoi voik dono ly Ihyloloch Inc. and LcoIolioos Inc. Ono of lho
nain advanlagos of phyloionodialion is lhal il is ioIalivoIy inoxponsivo. TalIo 1 on
pago 14 iIIuslialos spocific cosls associalod vilh lho piocoss.
5. Wo knov lhal phyloionodialion vas Ioss oxponsivo lhan ox-silu piocossos, lul did
nol knov hov il conpaiod vilh olhoi in-silu nolhods. Wo piopaiod a chail lasod
on lho infoinalion galhoiod in lho piocoding slops lhal conpaiod phyloionodialion
vilh sono of lho olhoi on-silo lochnoIogios in oidoi lo iank ils voisaliIily and cosl.
6
Wo iofoiiod lo lho Iuiduo Univoisily vol silo c|ccnc |c |nc Our Tcun Prcjcc|
|nfcrna|icn cosi|c dodicalod lo liovnfioId oducalion, fion
hllp://opics.ocn.puiduo.odu/loop/OTI2ODalalaso/Ronodialion_Tioalnonl.hln
foi infoinalion on lho in-silu lochnoIogios of soiI fIushing, soiI vapoi oxliaclion, and
soIvonl/chonicaI oxliaclion. TalIo 2 on pago 16 piovidos a sunnaiy of lho
diffoionl lochnoIogios.































7
R0su!ts

In lhis soclion, vo offoi lho iosuIls of oui iosoaich. Wo sunnaiizo lho piocoss of
phyloionodialion, Iook al lho vaiialIos affocling ils succoss, addioss lho safoly
concoins, discuss lho cosls associalod vilh lho piocoss, and conpaio lho lochnoIogy lo
olhoi ox-silu and in-silu piocossos. Tho foIIoving iosuIls coiiospond vilh lho iosoaich
dosciilod in lho iosoaich nolhods soclion.
1. Ihyloionodialion is an onoiging nolhod in liovnfioId iosloialion lhal usos pIanls
lo ionovo conlaninanls in soiI, sodinonl, and valoi. IoIIulod silos aio pIanlod vilh
spocios alIo lo conlain, dogiado oi oIininalo nolaIs, poslicidos, soIvonls, ciudo oiI,
and oxpIosivos. Tho piocossos of phyloionodialion aio:
O y/rau!I. .nntrn!: IIanls lako up Iaigo voIunos of valoi lo conlioI oi conlain
sulsuifaco valoi conlaninanls.
O Phytn/0gra/atInn: IIanls lioak dovn conlaninanls ly nolaloIic piocossos.
O Phytn0xtra.tInn: IIanl iools lako up conlaninanls and novo lhon upvaid lo
lho slons, Ioavos, and soods. Tho conlaninanls aio ionovod ly haivosling lho
pIanls, and lho vaIualIo nolaIs aio sopaialod and iocycIod.
O PhytnstabI!IzatInn IIanl iools innoliIizo conlaninanls ly alsoiplion and
accunuIalion in lho iools, oi ly hoIding lhon on lho oulsido of lho iools.
O Phytnvn!atI!IzatInn IIanls lako up and lianspiio conlaninanls, vilh ioIoaso of
lho conlaninanls oi nodifiod foins of lho conlaninanls inlo lho alnosphoio.
O RhIzn/0gra/atInn: IIanl iools oxudo conpounds lhal alliacl niciolos lo lho
iool zono. Tho niciolos lioak dovn oiganic conpounds in lho rhIzns5h0r0.
8
O RhIzn1I!tratInn IIanls hoId conlaninanls on lho oulsido of lhoii iools oi alsoil
lhon inlo lhoii iools.
SovoiaI diffoionl lypos of pIanls aio usod in phyloionodialion. IIanls aio choson
lasod on lho chaiacloiislics of:
O AdaplalIo lo a vido vaiioly of cIinalos
O Iasl gioving
O High bIn2ass
O RopuIsivo lo viIdIifo
Hyliid popIai is lho pIanl nosl oflon usod in phyloionodialion sinco il is capalIo of
poifoining aII sovon piocossos dofinod alovo, on a vaiioly of oiganic and inoiganic
conlaninanls. Ils iool syslon ioachos doplhs of 15 fool and spioads donsoIy lo 3O
fool, aIIoving il lo covoi noio soiI aioa lhan olhoi pIanls. Indian nuslaid (8rassica
juncca), and lho connon sunfIovoi (Hc|ian|nus annuus) aio lvo pIanls oflon usod lo
ionovo inoiganic conlaninanls, incIuding nany nolaIs.
2. Wo doloininod lhal lho succoss of phyloionodialion is dopondonl on nany
vaiialIos. Thoso vaiialIos incIudo conlaninanl conconlialions, conlaninanl doplh,
gioundvaloi condilions, cIinalo, soiI lypo, and loiiain. Lach of lhoso vaiialIos
ioquiios diffoionl slialogios of phyloionodialion and noods lo lo addiossod
individuaIIy lo accuialoIy ionovo conlaninanls fion a givon aioa. Wo
iofoiiod lo lho U.S. Ainy Coips of Lnginoois ailicIo lilIod Pnq|crcncdia|icn. Tnc
Prcccss and docunonlod al hllp://oI.oidc.usaco.ainy.niI/phylo/lackgind.hlnI,
Pnq|crcncdia|icn Pc|icq and Tac|ics |i||cd Pnq|crcncdia|icn cf Sci| and Organic
9
Ccnpcunds found al hllp://vvv.ipi.odu/dopl/chon-ong/ioloch-
Lnviion/MISC/phyloion.hlnI, and oxpoiinonls caiiiod oul ly Nalhan IIoiio and
Hayos Ronlijas.
Ccn|aninan| ccnccn|ra|icn - Silos vilh high conlaninanl conconlialions ioquiio
nuIlipIo pIanl iolalions lo ionovo lho conlaninanls lo an accoplalIo IovoI, noaning
a Iongoi lino poiiod is noodod lo conpIolo lho cIoanup. AIfaIfa, Sudan giass, and
oinuda giass lioaccunuIalo nolaIs Iiko Ioad, nickoI and zinc. Tho conlaninalod
lionass of lho giass is haivoslod and ionovod, and sulsoquonl pIanlings occui
unliI lho silo is iosloiod.
Ccn|aninan| Dcp|n - Tho conlaninanl doplh in lho soiI pIays a Iaigo ioIo in lho
aliIily of phyloionodialion lo lako pIaco. Ioi shaIIov conlaninanls in viId oi
volIand silualions, giassos and shiuls such as Aiioviool, AIfaIfa, and AIpino
Iuogiass can ioadiIy lako up conlaninanls. Tho doopoi lho conlaninanl, lho haidoi
lho possiliIily of uplako loconos. Tioos nosl ioadiIy ionovo doop conlaninalion.
Tho nosl popuIai and offoclivo lioo foi conlaninanl ionovaI is lho hyliid popIai
and sovoiaI cypioss vaiiolios incIuding lho laId cypioss.
Grcundua|cr - Cioundvaloi pIays a Iaigo ioIo in phyloionodialion. Lxcoss
nuliionls and olhoi conlaninanls novo fiooIy lhiough gioundvaloi and inlo
aquI10rs, naking il oasy foi pIanls lo lako lhon up. IIanlings in volIands,
valoivays and volIand luffoi zonos aio voiy offoclivo in ionoving conlaninanls.
This aIso koops loxic nolaIs and oiganic conlaninanls fion golling inlo Iaigoi valoi
lodios and doing noio danago.
10
C|ina|c - Ihyloionodialion cannol lako pIaco duiing lho coId vinloi nonlhs locauso
dociduous lioos, shiuls, and poionniaIs go lhiough a doinanl poiiod and lhoiofoio
do nol lako up as nany nuliionls oi conlaninanls. This noans lhal
phyloionodialion is noio offoclivo in vainoi voalhoi and vainoi cIinalos.
Sci| Tqpc - WolIands soon lo lonofil nosl fion phyloionodialion. SoiIs such
as VoilisoIs, vhich aio svoIIing cIay soiIs, and AIfisoIs, vhich aio high
nuliionl soiIs, lond lo conlain oiganic conlaninanls, vhich aio lakon up succossfuIIy
ly giassos and volIand lioos.
Tcrrain - IIanls in soiIs vilh good valoi fIov can ionovo conlaninanls noio
ioadiIy. Sandy soiIs havo good valoi fIov locauso lho soiI pailicIos do nol lond
vilh valoi, Ioaving conlaninanls avaiIalIo foi pIanl alsoiplion. CIay soiIs hoId
valoi lighloi, vhich nakos conlaninanl alsoiplion noio difficuIl. SoiI
anondnonls can aid in conlaninanl alsoiplion.
3. Wo idonlifiod lho safoly concoins of lho piocoss lo lo lho piovonlion of pulIic,
viIdIifo, and Iivoslock oxposuio duiing lho cIoanup. IIanls conlaining highIy loxic
conlaninanls shouId nol lo avaiIalIo foi ingoslion ly hunans oi viIdIifo. Wo
found oul vhal pioloclions assuio pulIic, viIdIifo and Iivoslock safoly duiing lho
cIoanup piocoss ly iofoiiing lo lho US LnviionnonlaI Iioloclion Agoncy pulIicalion
8rcunfic|ds Tccnnc|cgq Princr. Sc|cc|ing and Using Pnq|crcncdia|icn fcr Si|c C|canup, a
iosloialion piojocl docunonlod on vvv.scioncodiiocl.con lilIod Tracc c|cncn| and
nu|ricn| accunu|a|icn in sunf|cucr p|an|s |uc qcars af|cr |nc Azna|cc||ar ninc spi||,
infoinalion avaiIalIo al Washinglon Slalo Univoisilys vol silo Hqorid Pcp|ar
11
Rcscarcn Prcgran, fion hllp://vvv.puyaIIup.vsu.odu/popIai/ischpiojocls/isch3.hln,
and an oxpoiinonl pulIishod on lho GMO Safc|q vol silo conduclod ly lho
Univoisily of Iioiluig, Inslilulo of Ioiosl olany and Tioo IhysioIogy lolvoon 2OO1
and 2OO6 lilIod Sci| dc|cxifica|icn using gcnc|ica||q ncdificd pcp|ars, fion
hllp://vvv.gno-safoly.ou/on/safoly_scionco/28.docu.hlnI.
Tho safoly piocaulions aio as foIIovs:
O |n-si|u |rca|ncn| - Tioaling lho conlaninalod soiI oi valoi on silo, ialhoi lhan
oxcavaling and lianspoiling il off silo, as dono in convonlionaI lochnoIogios.
O P|an| cnciccs - Choosing pIanls capalIo of cIoanup lhal aio iopuIsivo lo viIdIifo.
A good oxanpIo is lho sunfIovoi, oflon usod in nolaI oxliaclion, vhich
accunuIalos high IovoIs of lho nolaI in ils slons and Ioavos. Hovovoi, locauso
lolh ils slons and Ioavos aio liislIy, viIdIifo and Iivoslock do nol oal lhon. Tho
sunfIovoi soods, vhich aio alliaclivo lo hunans and Iivoslock, accunuIalo
nolaIs voII loIov accoplalIo loxicily IovoIs, so lhoio is no iisk of poisoning.
O P|an| nartcs|ing - Haivosling and ionoving lho pIanl lionass koops any
conlaninanl accunuIalions fion io-onloiing lho soiI duiing doconposilion.
O Sci| oarricr - Tho soiI acls as a naluiaI laiiioi lo Iivoslock ingoslion of pIanl iools
vilh high nolaI conlaninalion.
O Scrccning - Sciooning liovnfioId aioas koops lho nolaI accunuIaling Ioavos of
lioos, such as hyliid popIai, fion loing caiiiod off silo ly lho vind. Any Ioavos
diopping on silo aio ioulinoIy coIIoclod and luinod.
12
O cncing - Ioncing piovidos addilionaI pioloclion al liovnfioId silos in cIoso
pioxinily lo Iivoslock oi lho pulIic.
4. Wo iosoaichod lho cosls of phyloionodialion using sludios fion lho USLIA
pulIicalion 8rcunfic|ds Tccnnc|cgq Princr. Sc|cc|ing and Using Pnq|crcncdia|icn fcr Si|c
C|canup, and olhoi voik dono ly Ihyloloch Inc. and LcoIolioos Inc. Wo found
phyloionodialion has lho advanlago of loing ioIalivoIy inoxponsivo.
Ihyloionodialion nainIy consisls of pIanling lioos oi giassos, conpaiod lo olhoi
lochnoIogios lhal invoIvo lho uso of oxponsivo, Iaigo scaIo, onoigy-consuning
oquipnonl. Tho cosl vaiios doponding on lho lioalnonl slialogy. Ioi oxanpIo,
haivosling pIanls lhal lioaccunuIalo nolaIs can diivo up lho cosl of lioalnonl vhon
conpaiod lo lioalnonls lhal do nol ioquiio haivosling. Accoiding lo lho USLIA il
lakos aloul $8O poi culic yaid lo iosloio a silo conlaninalod vilh nolaI using
phyloionodialion. Hovovoi, olhoi convonlionaI lochnoIogios aio oslinalod lo cosl
$25O poi culic yaid. Thoio aio nany diffoionl slialogios lhal can lo usod foi
diffoionl conlaninanls. Ioi inslanco a silo conlaninalod vilh 50trn!0u2
hy/rn.arbnns can cosl up lo $7O,OOO using phyloionodialion. This is a Iol of nonoy
lul ninuscuIo in conpaiison lo olhoi lochnoIogios such as oxcavaling oi Iand fiIIing,
vhich is oslinalod lo cosl up lo $25O,OOO. Tho piico of phyloionodialion is
uniivaIod.
LcoIolioos Inc. has conpiIod lho foIIoving spocific cosl oslinalos foi a iosloialion
piojocl using popIai lioos:
O InslaIIalion of popIai lioos al 1,45O lioos/acio - $12,OOO lo $15,OOO
13
O Iio-dosign and dosign solup - $4O,OOO
O Silo visil - $5,OOO
O SoiI covoi and anondnonls - $5,OOO
O Tianspoilalion lo silo - $2.14 poi niIo
O Opoialion and nainlonanco - $1,5OO/acio vilh iiiigalion, $1,OOO/acio vilhoul
iiiigalion
O Iiuning - $5OO
O Haivosling - $2,5OO
O TolaI CIoanup Cosl (incIuding lioalnonl and disposaI) - $2O lo $8O poi culic
yaid of conlaninalod soiI.
TalIo 1 on pago 14 shovs a noio dolaiIod cosl oslinalo foi diffoionl sconaiios. This
caIcuIalion vas dovoIopod in 2OO6 using lho RonodiaI Aclion Cosl Lnginooiing and
Roquiiononls (RACLR) Syslon soflvaio.









14
%ABLE 1. 5OIL %EOLOGY PY%OREEDIA%IO

5.0narIn A 5.0narIn B 5.0narIn 5.0narIn D
RAER PARAE%ER5 52a!! 5It0 Larg0 5It0
Easy DI11I.u!t Easy DI11I.u!t
Conlaninalod Modia SoiI SoiI SoiI SoiI
Ioncing Nono Nono Nono Nono
Silo Dislanco 25O 25O 25O 25O
Safoly LovoI D D D D

Doplh lo Conlaninalion (fool) O.1 O.1 O.1 O.1
Aioa of Conlaninalion (squaio fool) 135,OOO 135,OOO 2,7OO,OOO 2,7OO,OOO
Typo of Conlaninanl MolaIs MolaIs MolaIs MolaIs
Iiiigalion Lxisling soivico Lxisling soivico Lxisling soivico Lxisling soivico

Conlaninalod VoIuno (culic fool) 13,5OO 13,5OO 27O,OOO 27O,OOO
Conlaninalod VoIuno (culic yaids) 5OO 5OO 1O,OOO 1O,OOO

atura! Att0nuatInn (sanpIing)
Ciov Sizo (fioId lochnicians) 2 2 2 2
Silo Dislanco (niIos) 25O 25O 25O 25O
AnaIylicaI Waloi Nono Nono Nono Nono
AnaIylicaI SoiI Suifaco SoiI Suifaco SoiI Suifaco SoiI Suifaco SoiI
AnaIylicaI TonpIalo MolaIs MolaIs MolaIs MolaIs
IncIudo QA/QC SanpIos Yos Yos Yos Yos
IncIudo Dala AnaIysis/Ropoiling Yos Yos Yos Yos
Suifaco SoiI Moniloiing - # of ovonls 1 1 1 1
Suifaco SoiI Moniloiing - # of sanpIos 6 6 124 124
Suifaco SoiI Moniloiing - # of yoais 5 2O 5 2O

O5%5
Ihyloionodialion Maikod-up Cosls $26,181 $26,181 $272,226 $272,226
NaluiaI Allonualion (SanpIing) Cosls $176,367 $77O,691 $77O,72O $3,O79,798
A//ItInna! nsts
Opoialion &Mainlonanco $29,59O $83,255 $39,191 $297,578
Yoais of Opoialion & Mainlonanco 5 2O 5 2O
RonodiaI Dosign $7,344 $7,554 $39,7O9 $41,888
%O%AL O5%5 $239,482 $887,681 $1,121,846 $3,691,49O

O5% PER 5QUARE FOO% $2 $7 $0.42 $1
O5% PER UBI FOO% $18 $66 $4 $14
O5% PER UBI E%ER $626 $2,322 $147 $483
O5% PER UBI YARD $479 $1,775 $112 $369

Adaplod fion "Ronodialion TochnoIogios Sciooning Maliix and Rofoionco Cuido." 4.5 Ihyloionodialion. 31 }uIy 2OO7.
IRTR. 2O Aug 2OO7 fion hllp://vvv.fili.gov/nailix2/soclion 4/4_5.hlnI.
15
5. Wo knov lhal phyloionodialion vas Ioss oxponsivo lhan ox-silu piocossos, lul did
nol knov hov il conpaiod vilh olhoi in-silu nolhods. Wo piopaiod a chail lasod
on lho infoinalion galhoiod in lho piocoding slops lhal conpaiod phyloionodialion
vilh sono of lho olhoi on-silo lochnoIogios in oidoi lo iank ils voisaliIily and cosl.
Wo iofoiiod lo lho Iuiduo Univoisily vol silo c|ccnc |c |nc Our Tcun Prcjcc|
|nfcrna|icn cosi|c, dodicalod lo liovnfioId oducalion, ioliiovod Augusl 3, 2OO7 al
hllp://opics.ocn.puiduo.odu/loop/OTI2ODalalaso/Ronodialion_Tioalnonl.hln
foi lho infoinalion on lho in-silu lochnoIogios of soiI fIushing, soiI vapoi oxliaclion,
and soIvonl/chonicaI oxliaclion. TalIo 2 on pago 16 piovidos a sunnaiy of lho
diffoionl lochnoIogios. Wo doloininod lhal phyloionodialion vas nol onIy capalIo
of lioaling a vido vaiioly of conlaninanls, lul lhal il vas aIso ono of lho Iovosl
cosling lochnoIogios anong lho in-silu nolhods.
16
%ab!0 2. n25arIsnn n1 In-5Itu R020/IatInn %0.hnn!ngI0s

%0.hnn!ngy Prn.0ss 0/Ia %y50 nst A55!I.abI!Ity
Ihyloionodialion IIanls aio usod lo ionovo, dogiado oi
conlain conlaninanls ly alsoiling lhon inlo
lhoii iools, shools and Ioavos. IIanls nay lo
haivoslod and iopIanlod if lho conlaninalion
is sovoio. IIanls aio choson lasod on lho
chaiacloiislics of cIinalo adaplaliIily, iapid
giovlh, high lionass, and iopuIsivonoss lo
hoilivoios.
In-silu soiI,
sodinonl and
valoi
ChonicaIIy oi
lioIogicaIIy
doslioys oi
dogiados lho
conlaninanl
$22-$37 poi culic
yaid conpaiod lo
oxcavaling and Iand
fiIIing lho sano soiI
voIuno al $15O-$63O
poi culic yaid.
SoiIs conlaining oiI, Iiquid
lhal Ioachos oul of
IandfiIIs, poslicidos, nolaIs,
and oxpIosivos.

SoiI IIushing Laigo anounls of valoi aio pul inlo lho soiI,
sonolinos vilh chonicaIs addod lo hoIp
lioal lho soiI. Tho valoi fIushos oul lho
conlaninanls, afloi vhich il is iocovoiod and
lhon lioalod sinco il is nov conlaninalod.
In-silu soiI,
valoi, and
vaslo
Sopaialion of
conlaninanl
fion soiI,
valoi, vaslo
$25-$25O poi culic
yaid
SoiIs conlaining fuoI,
poslicidos, iadioaclivo
conlaninanls oi voIaliIo
oiganic conpounds.

SoiI Vapoi Lxliaclion A vacuun is appIiod lo lho soiI and slails lho
fIov of aii lhiough lho soiI. Tho aii picks up
lho conlaninalion and is lhon ionovod
lhiough lho vacuun. This is Ioss disiuplivo
lhan oxliaclion and Ioss coslIy lhan nosl
ionodialion nolhods.
In-silu soiI,
sodinonl and
valoi
Sopaialion of
conlaninanl
fion soiI,
valoi, vaslo
$1O-$4O poi culic
yaid
SoiI conlaining voIaliIo
oiganic conpounds, and
sono fuoIs, lul nol hoavy
oiIs oi nolaIs.

SoIvonl/ChonicaI
Lxliaclion
ChonicaIs such as chIoiino, hydiogon
poioxido, and ozono aio usod lo lioal lho
soiI. Tho chonicaIs and lho soiI go lhiough
sono chonicaI ioaclions, vhich nako lho
hazaidous conlaninanls locono Ioss loxic oi
non-hazaidous.
In-silu soiI ChonicaIIy oi
lioIogicaIIy
doslioys oi
dogiados lho
conlaninanl
$15O-$5OO poi culic
yaid
Tho soiI nusl lo oxaninod
foi ils pH, lonpoialuio,
and aliIily lo ioacl vilh
oxygon lofoio a docision
can lo nado lo uso lhis
lochnoIogy.

Souico: hllp://opics.ocn.puiduo.odu/loop/OTI2ODalalaso/Ronodialion_Tioalnonl.hln
17
nn.!usInns

Ihyloionodialion is lho piofoiiod nolhod in liovnfioId iosloialion locauso il is Iov in
cosl, lul high in quaIily, and officioncy.
Ihyloionodialion is nol onIy capalIo of lioaling a vido vaiioly of conlaninanls, lul il
is aIso ono of lho Iovosl cosling lochnoIogios, vilh an oslinalod piico of $22-$37 poi
culic yaid conpaiod lo oxcavaling and Iand fiIIing lho sano soiI voIuno al $15O-$63O
poi culic yaid. Ihyloionodialion is lho socond Ioasl oxponsivo nolhod in liovnfioId
iosloialion.
Ihyloionodialion has sovoiaI diavlacks: a snaIIoi lioalalIo suifaco aioa and
dopondonco on cIinalo, soiI lypo, and loiiain foi pIanl giovlh. Hovovoi, il is lho Ioasl
hainfuI nolhod locauso il usos naluiaIIy occuiiing oiganisns on silo, piosoivos lho
naluiaI slalo of lho onviionnonl, and iocovois and iocycIos vaIualIo nolaIs.
In oui iosoaich, vo conpaiod sovoiaI ionodialion lochnoIogios and found lhal
phyloionodialion is lho losl nolhod.








18
R0.n220n/atInn

Wo ioconnond lhal you offoi phyloionodialion as an aIloinalivo lo cIoan up
conlaninalod liovnfioId silos. Wo havo concIudod lhal lho uso of pIanls lo
ionovo conlaninaling nolaIs, as voII as unvanlod oiganic and inoiganic conpounds,
is a safo and offoclivo piaclico. Ihyloionodialion is a naluiaI, onviionnonlaIIy-
fiiondIy piocoss lhal is aoslholicaIIy pIoasing. Il ioquiios fai Ioss oquipnonl and Ialoi
lhan lhal of oxcavalion and chonicaI nouliaIizalion piocossos. Lov oquipnonl and
Ialoi cosls guaianloo a piofilalIo ioluin in a ioIalivoIy shoil anounl of lino.
Wo loIiovo lhal using phyloionodialion is lho losl soIulion foi liovnfioId iosloialion,
and vo ioconnond lhal you uliIizo lhis piaclico.












19
G!nssary

AquI10r: A saluialod Iayoi of sodinonl oi iock lhal can coIIocl and liansnil
significanl quanlilios of valoi undoi noinaI condilions.

BIna..u2u!at0: Tho accunuIalion of a sulslanco, such as a loxic chonicaI, in Iiving
lissuo.

BIn2ass: Tho lolaI nass oi nunloi of Iiving oiganisns in a pailicuIai aioa oi voIuno.

Brnwn1I0!/: OId oi pioviousIy usod indusliiaI faciIilios vhoio iodovoIopnonl oi
oxpansion is sIovod oi sloppod ly conlaninalion of lhal aioa.

nnta2Inants:
InnrganI. Any chonicaI conpound in naluio nol conlaining cailon.
nrganI.: Any chonicaI conpound in naluio conlaining cailon.

Ex-sItu: Off silo.

Grnun/wat0r: Sulsuifaco valoi lhal novos fiooIy undoigiound.

y/rau!I. .nntrn! %ho uso of pIanls lo iapidIy uplako Iaigo voIunos of valoi lo
conlain oi conlioI lho nigialion of sulsuifaco valoi.

In-sItu: On silo.

P0trn!0u2 hy/rn.arbnns: A Iaigo vaiioly of sovoiaI hundiod chonicaI conpounds,
vhich oiiginalo fion ciudo oiI. Whon ciudo oiI is usod lo nako polioIoun, lho chonicaI
conpounds pioducod can hain lho onviionnonl.

Phytn/0gra/atInn: Tho lioakdovn of conlaninanls lakon up ly lho pIanl lhiough
nolaloIic piocossos vilhin lho pIanl.

Phytn0xtra.tInn: Tho uplako of conlaninanls ly a givon pIanl.

Phytnr020/IatInn: Tho gonoiaI loin foi lho uso of pIanl syslons lo cIoan up
conlaninalion.

PhytnstabI!IzatInn: Tho innoliIizalion of a conlaninanl lhiough lho alsoiplion and
accunuIalion ly iools, adsoiplion onlo iools, oi piocipilalion vilhin lho iool zono of
pIanls.
20

Phytnvn!atI!IzatInn: Tho uplako and lianspiialion of conlaninanls ly a givon
pIanl. Thoso conlaninanls aio piinaiiIy oiganic conpounds.

RhIzn/0gra/atInn: Tho lioakdovn of oiganic conpounds in lho soiI ly niciolos found
in lho ihizosphoio.

RhIzn1I!tratInn: Tho alsoiplion and ionovaI of loxic oIononls ly pIanl iools.

RhIzns5h0r0: Tho poilion of soiI innodialoIy suiiounding pIanl iools vhoio
nicioliaI aclivilios lako pIaco.

U5EPA: Tho Unilod Slalos LnviionnonlaI Iioloclion Agoncy.
















21
R010r0n.0s

Iionch, C., Dickinson, N., Iulvain, I. (2OO6). Woody lionass phyloionodialion of
conlaninalod liovnfioId Iand. LnviionnonlaI IoIIulion. VoI. 141, no. 3, 387-395.
Roliiovod Augusl 6, 2OO7 fion LnviionnonlaI Scionco and IoIIulion dalalaso.

Singh, A. and Waid, O. I. (ods.) (2OO4). App|icd oicrcncdia|icn and pnq|crcncdia|icn.
Nov Yoik: Spiingoi.

Chanoy, R. (2OO1). OnIino iopIy lo quoslions fion lho SuslainalIo AgiicuIluio Nolvoik
Discussion Cioup (SANLT) iogaiding lho disposilion of hypoi-accunuIaling pIanls
afloi lhoy'vo soquosloiod hoavy nolaIs fion conlaninalod soiIs and nino spoiIs.
Roliiovod Augusl 6, 2OO7 fion
http://lists.iIas.uIl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2ind0305&Lsanet-mg&P6724

"Conpuloiizod AppIicalion of SoiI Anondnonls (Ihyloionodialion)." Cuiionl Iiojocls.
7 Aug 2OO7. LM InloinalionaI. 2O Aug 2OO7
<hllp://vvv.oninloinalionaI.fsu.odu/gIolaI_conliaI_oasloin_ouiopo.cfn>.

"ConoiaI Cosl." Soclion 7:Lcononics. 16 }uIy 2OO7. Noilhvosloin. 2O Aug 2OO7
<hllp://vvv.civiI.noilhvosloin.odu/oho/ hlnI_kag/kinvol/MLOI/Soclion7.hln>.

hllp://vvv.iIIinoisviIdfIovois.info/voods/pIanls/indian_nuslaid.hln
hllp://vvv.ingonlaconnocl.con/conlonl/landf/IpIa/2OO6/OOOOOO29/OOOOOOO7/ailOOOO8
hllp://vvv.hoil.puiduo.odu/novciop/duko_onoigy/iassica_juncoa.hlnI - Dosciiplion

Linacio, NichoIas. "Tho Inpacl of Uncoilainly on Ihyloionodialion Iiojocl Cosls."
InloinalionaI }ouinaI of Ihyloionodialion 7(2OO5): 259-269.

Madojon,I., MuiiIIo, }.M., Maianon, T., Calioia, I., Soiiano, M.A. (2OO3). Tracc c|cncn|
and nu|ricn| accunu|a|icn in sunf|cucr p|an|s |uc qcars af|cr |nc Azna|cc||ar ninc spi||,
ioliiovod on Augusl 9, 2OO7, fion vvv.scioncodiiocl.con.

Iuiduo Univoisily, c|ccnc |c |nc Our Tcun Prcjcc| |nfcrna|icn cosi|c, ioliiovod
Augusl 3, 2OO7, fion
hllp://opics.ocn.puiduo.odu/loop/OTI2ODalalaso/Ronodialion_Tioalnonl.hln

"Ronodialion TochnoIogios Sciooning Maliix and Rofoionco Cuido."
4.5 Ihyloionodialion. 31 }uIy 2OO7. IRTR. 2O Aug 2OO7
hllp://vvv.fili.gov/naliix2/soclion4/4_5.hlnI.

22
U.S. LnviionnonlaI Iioloclion Agoncy, 8rcunfic|ds Tccnnc|cgq Princr. Sc|cc|ing and
Using Pnq|crcncdia|icn fcr Si|c C|canup.
Roliiovod Augusl 4, 2OO7, fion http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS17548

U.S. LnviionnonlaI Rosponso Toan, (1999). Tnc c|can grccn. Ldison, N.}.
Roliiovod liansciipl Augusl 4, 2OO7, fion http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS32747

U.S. Dopailnonl of AgiicuIluio/AgiicuIluiaI Rosoaich Soivico, Pnq|crcncdia|icn. Using
P|an|s |c C|can Up Sci|s.
Roliiovod Augusl 4, 2OO7 fion http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun00/soil0600.htm

Univoisily of Iioiluig, Inslilulo of Ioiosl olany and Tioo IhysioIogy (2OO1 - 2OO6),
Sci| dc|cxifica|icn using gcnc|ica||q ncdificd pcp|ars on lho GMO Safc|q vol silo
ioliiovod on Augusl 14, 2OO7, fion
hllp://vvv.gno-safoly.ou/on/safoly_scionco/28.docu.hlnI

Washinglon Slalo Univoisily, Hqorid Pcp|ar Rcscarcn Prcgran, ioliiovod on Augusl 19,
2OO7 fion hllp://vvv.puyaIIup.vsu.odu/popIai/ischpiojocls/isch3.hln,



I2ag0 r0/It

nv0r I2ag0 onserving with Xeriscaping. Making a DiIIerence by Thinking Globally and
Acting Locally. 13 Aug 2007. Sustainable ABQ. 22 Aug 2007
http://www.sustainableabq.com/waterxeriscape.htm~.









23
A550n/Ix A Brn.hur0

Wo piopaiod lhis infoinalivo liochuio on phyloionodialion as a naikoling looI foi oui
cIionls. Il appoais on pagos 24 and 25.


24
25