July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246

International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution

and Information Processing
Vol. 6, No. 4 (2008) 499520
c World Scientic Publishing Company
2M-BAND INTERLEAVED DFT MODULATED FILTER
BANKS WITH PERFECT RECONSTRUCTION
PENG-LANG SHUI

and XIAO-LONG WANG

National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing,

Xidian University, Xian, P. R. China

plshui@xidian.edu.cn

xlwg@yahoo.cn
Received 24 May 2007
Revised 22 July 2007
In this paper, we propose a new family of perfect reconstruction (PR) complex lter
banks, named interleaved discrete Fourier transform modulated lter banks (Interleaved
DFT-FBs). In the lter banks, the analysis lters are generated by interlaced exponential
modulating two dierent analysis prototype lters, and the synthesis lters are gener-
ated by two dierent synthesis prototype lters via the same manner. The lter banks
have a simple polyphase structure similar to DFT modulated lter banks (DFT-FBs).
More importantly, the proposed Interleaved DFT-FBs can achieve critically sampled PR
complex lter bank with FIR analysis and synthesis lters, which is impossible for DFT-
FBs. We give and prove the PR condition for 2M-band Interleaved DFT-FBs. Utilizing
the result, the design procedure of the prototype lters is presented. In addition, by the
theoretic analysis and numerical examples, it is shown that the analysis and synthesis
lters cannot simultaneously provide good stopband attenuation for the critically sam-
pled PR Interleaved DFT-FBs. Although the limitation always exits, the lter banks
can nd applications in some subband coding systems of high bit rate.
Keywords: Interleaved DFT modulated lter bank; prototype lter; biorthogonal.
AMS Subject Classication: 78M50, 94A12
1. Introduction
Modulated lter banks have become an attractive choice in a diverse set of applica-
tions that includes data compression, denoising, multicarrier modulation and adap-
tive ltering.
13
Modulated lter banks include two subclasses: discrete Fourier
transform modulated lter banks (DFT-FBs) and cosine modulated lter banks
(CMFBs). Both of them own a simple structure, in which all subband lters are gen-
erated by complex exponential or cosine modulating two (or one) prototype lters.
Due to owning many advantages such as perfect reconstruction (PR), nite impulse
response (FIR), and linear phase, M-band CMFBs have been extensively applied
to real-valued signal processing.
46
DFT-FBs and some improved versions can split
positive and negative frequency components into dierent subbands for independent
499
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
500 P.-L. Shui & X.-L. Wang
processing. Therefore, they are particularly suitable for processing complex-valued
signals. This property is necessary for some applications. In addition, a poten-
tial application of DFT modulated lter banks is to generate 2D separable DFT
modulated lter banks that can eciently extract the directional features in 2D
images. At present, it is an active area to develop 2D lter banks with directional
selectivity.
710
However, direction information extracted by 2D wavelet or dual-tree
complex wavelets is limited. The design of non-separable 2D lter banks involved
in large scale optimization problem which may result in longer solution times and
may expose the problem to numerical diculties. As compared with the dual tree
complex wavelets, it is a more ecient approach to construct 2D lter banks with
directional selevtivity from the tensor products of 1D DFT lter banks. It is noted
that Gabor lter bank (or Gaussian modulated lter bank) belongs to a special sub-
class of exponential modulated lter bank. In Gabor lter bank, prototype lter
is a gaussian function, which is modulated by a complex exponential for obtaining
the lter bank. For DFT (or cosine) modulated lter bank, the prototype lters
are unknown, which need to be designed for satisfying the particular requirement
of the lter bank.
In many applications, lter banks are required to satisfying PR, critically sam-
pled, and FIR (all analysis and synthesis lters are FIR). Due to the special
polyphase structure, both analysis and synthesis lter banks cannot be FIR in criti-
cally sampled PR DFT-FBs. The synthesis lters must be innite impulse response
(IIR) when the analysis prototype lter is FIR.
2,3
Some improved lter banks based
on DFT modulation have been developed. Typically, oversampled DFT-FBs can
provide most of the desired characteristics except critically sampled.
11,12
Based
on stable, causal, IIR analysis and synthesis prototype lters, critically sampled
PR DFT-FBs can be designed.
13
Recently, modied DFT modulated lter banks
(MDFT-FBs)
14
and modied exponentially modulated lter banks (EMFBs)
15
are
proposed, which own many properties such as critically sampled, PR, and FIR. Both
of them are derived from DFT-FBs by introducing some modications in subbands.
The common breakthrough is owning to their structure-inherent alias cancellation.
In this paper, we will design 2M (even)-band PR complex lter banks based on
the interleaved DFT modulation. In the interleaved DFT modulated lter banks
(Interleaved DFT-FBs), the analysis lters are obtained by interlaced exponential
modulating two dierent analysis prototype lters, and the synthesis lters are
obtained by two dierent synthesis prototype lters via the same manner. This
new modulation mode oers the potential for canceling alias components from
critically sampling subband signals, and it allows us to design critically sampled
PR complex lter banks with FIR analysis and synthesis lters. However, due to
coupling between both analysis and synthesis prototype lters in the PR conditions,
the analysis prototype lters and synthesis prototype lters cannot simultaneously
achieve high stopband attenuation. In design, we minimize the stopband energy of
two analysis prototype lters such that analysis lter bank is provided with better
frequency selectivity. The Interleaved DFT-FBs with critically sampled and PR can
be applied to high bit rate subband coding of complex-valued signals. This is due to
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
2M-Band Interleaved DFT Modulated Filter Banks with Perfect Reconstruction 501
that the performance of a lter bank is often evaluated by the subband coding gain,
which depends on the frequency selectivity of analysis lter bank and the norms of
synthesis lter bank in subband coding of high bit rate.
1619
In addition, the lter
banks with causal, stable, IIR synthesis prototype lters are also designed, which
can further decrease stopband energy of two analysis prototype lters. Moreover,
the orders of recursive parts of synthesis polyphase components are adjustable. This
paper is organized as follows. In Sec. 2, we show the structure of Interleaved DFT-
FBs and derive sucient and necessary conditions for PR. In Sec. 3, we give design
method of biorthogonal Interleaved DFT-FBs and discuss limitation of Interleaved
DFT-FBs in stopband attenuation. In Sec. 4, the design method of biorthogonal
Interleaved DFT-FBs with stable, causal, IIR synthesis lters is given. In Sec. 5,
some numerical examples are reported.
2. Structure of Interleaved DFT-FBs
Interleaved DFT modulation is a new exponential modulation mode dierent from
standard DFT modulation and modied DFT modulation. The Interleaved DFT-
FBs use four prototype lters, and must be even band. In the lter banks, the
analysis lters consist of interlaced exponentially modulated versions of two dier-
ent analysis prototype lters and so do the synthesis lters. This structure allows
us to design critically sampled complex lter banks with PR. This property is dif-
ferent from MDFT-FBs and EMFBs. Both MDFT-FBs and EMFBs use a single
prototype lter, which is exactly the same as the case of CMFBs. In addition, 2M-
band Interleaved DFT-FBs decompose a complex-valued signal into 2M complex-
valued subband signals, and 2M-band MDFT-FBs or 2M-band EMFBs decompose
a complex-valued signal into 4M real-valued subband signals with and without a
delay of one sampling period.
2.1. Structure of Interleaved DFT-FBs
Figure 1 shows the structure of 2M-band Interleaved DFT-FB. The analysis lters
are interlaced exponentially modulated versions of two dierent low-pass analysis
prototype lters H
(0)
(z) and H
(1)
(z), and the synthesis lters are interlaced expo-
nentially modulated versions of two dierent low-pass synthesis prototype lters
G
(0)
(z) and G
(1)
(z).
H
2k
(z) = H
(0)
(zW
2k
2M
), H
2k+1
(z) = H
(1)
(zW
2k+1
2M
).
G
2k
(z) = G
(0)
(zW
2k
2M
), G
2k+1
(z) = G
(1)
(zW
2k+1
2M
).
k = 0, 1, . . . , M 1. (2.1)
where W
2M
= e
(j/M)
. Apparently, the lters in the even bands come from the
prototype lters H
(0)
(z) and G
(0)
(z), while the lters in the odd bands come from
the prototype lters H
(1)
(z) and G
(1)
(z).
From the view of the subband segmentation, 2M-band DFT-FBs, 2M-band
MDFT-FBs, 2M-band EMFBs, and 2M-band Interleaved DFT-FBs all divide
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
502 P.-L. Shui & X.-L. Wang
Fig. 1. Structure of 2M-band Interleaved DFT-FBs.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 2. Subband segmentations of DFT-FBs, MDFT-FBs, EMFBs, and Interleaved DFT-FBs.
(a) 2M-band DFT-FBs and 2M-band MDFT-FBs; (b) 2M-band EMFBs; (c) 2M-band Interleaved
DFT-FBs.
[, ] into 2M subbands uniformly. However, their segmentation modes are quite
dierent. Their subband segmentations are illustrated in Fig. 2. In the Interleaved
DFT-FBs, the magnitude responses of the lters in the even bands have the same
shape, and so do the magnitude responses of the lters in the odd bands. We desire
that alias components are canceled by means of alternant change of the lters
shapes.
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
2M-Band Interleaved DFT Modulated Filter Banks with Perfect Reconstruction 503
2.2. Polyphase structure and implementation
DFT-FBs have a simple polyphase structure, which brings design facility and high
computational eciency. Similar to DFT-FBs, the Interleaved DFT-FBs can be
designed and realized with the help of its simple polyphase structure and fast DFT
transform.
The type-I polyphase representation of the analysis prototype lters and the
type-III polyphase representation of the synthesis prototype lters are given as
follows, respectively.
H
(0)
(z) =
2M1

l=0
z
l
P
(0)
l
(z
2M
), H
(1)
(z) =
2M1

l=0
z
l
P
(1)
l
(z
2M
).
G
(0)
(z) =
2M1

l=0
z
l
Q
(0)
l
(z
2M
), G
(1)
(z) =
2M1

l=0
z
l
Q
(1)
l
(z
2M
).
(2.2)
Let the impulse responses of the four prototype lters be h
(0)
(n), h
(1)
(n) and
g
(0)
(n), g
(1)
(n), then their polyphase lters are given as follows, respectively.
p
(0)
l
(n) = h
(0)
(2Mn +l), p
(1)
l
(n) = h
(1)
(2Mn +l).
q
(0)
l
(n) = g
(0)
(2Mn l), q
(1)
l
(n) = g
(1)
(2Mn l).
l = 0, 1, . . . , 2M 1. (2.3)
Consequently, the type-I polyphase representation of the analysis lter bank and the
type-III polyphase representation of the synthesis lter bank are given as follows,
respectively.
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
H
0
(z)
H
2
(z)
.
.
.
H
2M2
(z)
H
1
(z)
H
3
(z)
.
.
.
H
2M1
(z)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
H
0
(z)
H
1
(z)
.
.
.
H
M1
(z)
H
M
(z)
H
M+1
(z)
.
.
.
H
2M1
(z)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

2M1
l=0
z
l
P
(0)
l
(z
2M
)

2M1
l=0
z
l
W
l
M
P
(0)
l
(z
2M
)
.
.
.

2M1
l=0
z
l
W
(M1)l
M
P
(0)
l
(z
2M
)

2M1
l=0
z
l
W
l
2M
P
(1)
l
(z
2M
)

2M1
l=0
z
l
W
l
2M
W
l
M
P
(1)
l
(z
2M
)
.
.
.

2M1
l=0
z
l
W
l
2M
W
(M1)l
M
P
(1)
l
(z
2M
)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
W

M
W

M
_
P
(0)
(z
2M
)
_
W

M
D

M
W

M
D

M
_
P
(1)
(z
2M
)
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
z
1
.
.
.
z
(2M1)
_
_
_
_
_
. (2.4)
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
504 P.-L. Shui & X.-L. Wang
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
G
0
(z)
G
2
(z)
.
.
.
G
2M2
(z)
G
1
(z)
G
3
(z)
.
.
.
G
2M1
(z)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
T
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
G
0
(z)
G
1
(z)
.
.
.
G
M1
(z)
G
M
(z)
G
M+1
(z)
.
.
.
G
2M1
(z)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
T

T
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

2M1
l=0
z
l
Q
(0)
l
(z
2M
)

2M1
l=0
z
l
W
l
M
Q
(0)
l
(z
2M
)
.
.
.

2M1
l=0
z
l
W
(M1)l
M
Q
(0)
l
(z
2M
)

2M1
l=0
z
l
W
l
2M
Q
(1)
l
(z
2M
)

2M1
l=0
z
l
W
l
2M
W
l
M
Q
(1)
l
(z
2M
)
.
.
.

2M1
l=0
z
l
W
l
2M
W
(M1)l
M
Q
(1)
l
(z
2M
)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
T
=
_
1 z . . . z
(2M1)
_

_
Q
(0)
(z
2M
)
_
W
M
W
M
_
Q
(1)
(z
2M
)
_
D
M
W
M
D
M
W
M
__
. (2.5)
where the superscript denotes the conjugate and transpose, the superscript T
denotes the transpose, and
P
(i)
(z) = diag[P
(i)
0
(z), P
(i)
1
(z), . . . , P
(i)
2M1
(z)], i = 0, 1.
Q
(i)
(z) = diag[Q
(i)
0
(z), Q
(i)
1
(z), . . . , Q
(i)
2M1
(z)], i = 0, 1.
D
M
= diag[1, W
1
2M
, W
2
2M
, . . . , W
(M1)
2M
].
W
M
= [W
kl
M
]
k=0,1,...,M1, l=0,1,...,M1
.

2M
= []
ij
=
_
1 j = 2i, i = 0, . . . , M 1; j = 2(i M) + 1, i = M, . . . , 2M 1.
0 else.
P
(i)
(z) and Q
(i)
(z), i = 0, 1 are two pairs of diagonal matrices consisting of the
polyphase components of analysis and synthesis prototype lters, D
M
is an M-
by-M diagonal matrix, W

is an M-point DFT matrix, and is a 2M-by-2M

permutation matrix. In conclusion, the type-I polyphase matrix of the analysis
lter bank and the type-III polyphase matrix of the synthesis lter bank can be
represented with block matrix form as follows:
H(z) =
T
_ _
W

M
W

M
_
P
(0)
(z)
_
W

M
D

M
W

M
D

M
_
P
(1)
(z)
_
.
G(z) =
_
Q
(0)
(z)
_
W
M
W
M
_
Q
(1)
(z)
_
D
M
W
M
D
M
W
M
__
.
(2.6)
The block structure of the polyphase matrices shows that signal decomposition
and reconstruction can be eciently and fast implemented. The ow-diagram of
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
2M-Band Interleaved DFT Modulated Filter Banks with Perfect Reconstruction 505
Fig. 3. The ow-diagram of the polyphase implementation for 2M-band Interleaved DFT-FBs.
implementation is illustrated in Fig. 3. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the analy-
sis part requires two M-point Interleaved DFT transforms and the synthesis part
requires two M-point DFT transforms. Consequently, the Interleaved DFT-FBs
have the same computational eciency as the DFT-FBs, the MDFT-FBs, and the
EMFBs. However, the implementation cost of the MDFT-FBs and EMFBs is twice
that of the Interleaved DFT-FBs respectively, due to the fact that 2M-band MDT-
FBs and 2M-band EMFBs decompose a complex-valued signal into 4M real-valued
subband signals for structure-inherent alias cancellation, respectively.
2.3. PR condition of Interleaved DFT-FBs
Besides high computational eciency, Interleaved DFT-FBs allow us to design com-
plex lter banks with PR and FIR analysis and synthesis lters. This property can-
not be achieved by critically sampled DFT-FBs with FIR analysis and synthesis
lters except a pure block transform. It is well known that a 2M-band critically
sampled DFT-FB is of perfect reconstruction i the polyphase components of the
analysis and synthesis prototype lter satisfy:
1,13
P
i
(z)Q
i
(z) = cz
m
0
, i = 0, 1, . . . , 2M 1 (2.7)
where m
0
is an integer, P
i
(z) is type-I polyphase components of the analysis pro-
totype lter H(z) and Q
i
(z) is the type-II polyphase components of the synthesis
prototype lter G(z). Apparently, for FIR analysis and synthesis prototype lters,
it is impossible to achieve PR for DFT-FBs unless all polyphase components are
monomial of z. Otherwise, either of the analysis and synthesis prototype lters must
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
506 P.-L. Shui & X.-L. Wang
be IIR lter or both of them are IIR lters. PR DFT-FBs with IIR lters have been
investigated thoroughly.
13
In what follows, we derive PR conditions of Interleaved DFT-FBs. In terms of
(2.6), the transfer matrix of the multirate system in Fig. 3 is
T(z) = G(z)H(z)
= Q
(0)
(z)
_
W
M
W
M
_
_
W

M
W

M
_
P
(0)
(z)
+Q
(1)
(z)
_
D
M
W
M
D
M
W
M
_
_
W

M
D

M
W

M
D

M
_
P
(1)
(z).
We use the multiplication of permutation matrix
T
= I
2M
in the equa-
tion. Further, using the multiplication of block matrices W

M
W
M
= MI
M
and
D
M
D

M
= I
M
, we can obtain the equation as follows:
T(z) = MQ
(0)
(z)
_
I
M
I
M
I
M
I
M
_
P
(0)
(z) +MQ
(1)
(z)
_
I
M
I
M
I
M
I
M
_
P
(1)
(z). (2.8)
The lter bank is PR only when the transformed matrix satises: T(z) = z
n
d
I
2M
(n
d
is an integer ).
1,2
In this way, we obtain the following PR condition.
Theorem 1. Critically sampled interleaved DFT modulated lter bank is PR if and
only if the polyphase components of analysis and synthesis prototype lters satisfy:
P
(0)
l
(z)Q
(0)
l
(z) +P
(1)
l
(z)Q
(1)
l
(z) = z
n
d
/M, l = 0, 1, . . . , 2M 1,
P
(0)
l
(z)Q
(0)
M+l
(z) P
(1)
l
(z)Q
(1)
M+l
(z) = 0, l = 0, 1, . . . , M 1,
P
(0)
M+l
(z)Q
(0)
l
(z) P
(1)
M+l
(z)Q
(1)
l
(z) = 0, l = 0, 1, . . . , M 1 (2.9)
or
_
P
(0)
l
(z) P
(1)
l
(z)
P
(0)
l+M
(z) P
(1)
l+M
(z)
__
Q
(0)
l
(z) Q
(0)
l+M
(z)
Q
(1)
l
(z) Q
(1)
l+M
(z)
_
=
z
n
d
M
I
2
,
l = 0, 1, . . . , M 1. (2.10)
Equation (2.10) is the representation of (2.9) in the matrix form. When n
d
= 0,
the PR conditions degenerate to the biorthogonal conditions. Apparently, an Inter-
leaved DFT-FB is determined by the four prototype lters, and the lter bank is
PR i their 8M polyphase components satisfy the 4M equations in (2.9) or (2.10).
For convenience, we will focus on design of biorthogonal Interleaved DFT-FBs in
the next section. It is straightforward to transform a biorthogonal lter bank into
a PR lter bank with a system delay.
In the paper, we always assume that the analysis prototype lters are FIR lters,
and the synthesis prototype lters can be FIR or stable IIR lters. In what follows,
we will investigate the design problems of Interleaved DFT-FBs of FIR analysis
and FIR/IIR synthesis lters.
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
2M-Band Interleaved DFT Modulated Filter Banks with Perfect Reconstruction 507
3. Biorthogonal FIR Interleaved DFT-FBs
When all analysis and synthesis lters of Interleaved DFT-FBs are FIR (that is,
Interleaved DFT-FBs are FIR), all polyphase components of its four prototype
lters are Laurent polynomials about z. Taking the determinants of the matrices
in the two sides of Eq. (2.10) (n
d
= 0 in (2.10)), we obtain
[P
(0)
l
(z)P
(1)
l+M
(z) +P
(0)
l+M
(z)P
(1)
l
(z)][Q
(0)
l
(z)Q
(1)
l+M
(z) +Q
(0)
l+M
(z)Q
(1)
l
(z)] =
1
M
2
.
(3.1)
Due to the fact that both factors in the left side of (3.1) are polynomials of z,
Eq. (3.1) holds i
P
(0)
l
(z)P
(1)
l+M
(z) +P
(0)
l+M
(z)P
(1)
l
(z) = M
1
cz
r
,
Q
(0)
l
(z)Q
(1)
l+M
(z) +Q
(0)
l+M
(z)Q
(1)
l
(z) = M
1
c
1
z
r
,
where c is a nonzero constant and r is an integer. Without loss of generality, we
assume c = 1. In this way, the polyphase components of the two synthesis proto-
type lters are completely determined by that of the two analysis prototype lters,
that is,
_
Q
(0)
l
(z) Q
(0)
l+M
(z)
Q
(1)
l
(z) Q
(1)
l+M
(z)
_
=
1
M
_
P
(0)
l
(z) P
(1)
l
(z)
P
(0)
l+M
(z) P
(1)
l+M
(z)
_1
= z
r
_
P
(1)
l+M
(z) P
(1)
l
(z)
P
(0)
l+M
(Z) P
(0)
l
(z)
_
. (3.2)
Therefore, an Interleaved DFT-FB with FIR analysis and synthesis lters is
biorthogonal if its polyphase components satisfy:
P
(0)
l
(z)P
(1)
l+M
(z) +P
(0)
l+M
(z)P
(1)
l
(z) = z
r
/M.
_
Q
(0)
l
(z) Q
(0)
l+M
(z)
Q
(1)
l
(z) Q
(1)
l+M
(z)
_
= z
r
_
P
(1)
l+M
(z) P
(1)
l
(z)
P
(0)
l+M
(z) P
(0)
l
(z)
_
, l = 0, 1, , M 1. (3.3)
or
G
(0)
(z) = z
2Mr
M1

l=0
[z
l
P
(1)
M+l
(z
2M
) +z
M+l
P
(1)
l
(z
2M
)].
G
(1)
(z) = z
2Mr
M1

l=0
[z
l
P
(0)
M+l
(z
2M
) +z
M+l
P
(0)
l
(z
2M
)].
P
(0)
l
(z)P
(1)
l+M
(z) +P
(0)
M+l
(z)P
(1)
l
(z) = z
r
/M.
l = 0, 1, . . . , M 1. (3.4)
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
508 P.-L. Shui & X.-L. Wang
An interesting fact is that a 2M-band biorthogonal FIR Interleaved DFT-FB degen-
erates to a two-band biorthogonal FIR lter bank when M = 1.
20
When M = 1,
the two-band lter bank derived from (3.4) satises:
H
0
(z) = H
(0)
(z) = P
(0)
0
(z
2
) +z
1
P
(0)
1
(z).
H
1
(z) = H
(1)
(zW
1
2
) = H
(1)
(z) = P
(1)
0
(z
2
) z
1
P
(1)
1
(z
2
).
G
0
(z) = G
(0)
(z) = z
2r+1
H
1
(z).
G
1
(z) = G
(1)
(z) = z
2r+1
H
0
(z).
(3.5)
3.1. Limitation of FIR analysis and synthesis lters
FIR lter banks are often designed in time domain. Let the analysis prototype
lters h
(0)
(n), h
(1)
(n), n = 0, 1, . . . , 2ML 1 be causal and of length 2ML, which
can be written as two column vectors:
h
(0)
= [h
(0)
(0), h
(0)
(1), . . . , h
(0)
(2ML 2), h
(0)
(2ML 1)]
T
.
h
(1)
= [h
(1)
(0), h
(1)
(1), . . . , h
(1)
(2ML 2), h
(1)
(2ML 1)]
T
.
Further, let r = L1 in (3.4), the two synthesis prototype lters can be re-written as
G
(0)
(z) = z
2ML1
M1

l=0
z
l
P
(1)
Ml1
(z
2M
) +z
(M+l)
P
(1)
2Ml1
(z
2M
).
G
(1)
(z) = z
2ML1
M1

l=0
z
l
P
(0)
Ml1
(z
2M
) +z
(M+l)
P
(0)
2Ml1
(z
2M
).
(3.6)
Their support in the time domain is the set (2ML + 1, 2ML + 2, . . . , 1, 0) and
the two synthesis prototype lters are re-written as two column vectors:
g
(0)
= [g
(0)
(2ML + 1), g
(0)
(2ML + 2), . . . , g
(0)
(1), g
(0)
(0)]
T
.
g
(1)
= [g
(1)
(2ML + 1), g
(1)
(2ML + 2), . . . , g
(1)
(1), g
(1)
(0)]
T
.
It is easily proved that
g
(0)
= h
(1)
, g
(1)
= h
(0)
(3.7)
where is a 2ML-by-2ML permutation matrix and is dened as

_
_
_
_
_
J
M
0 . . . 0
0 J
M
. . . 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 . . . J
M
_
_
_
_
_
(3.8)
where J
M
is the M-by-M reversal (or anti-diagonal) matrix. Equation (3.7) indi-
cates that the two synthesis prototype lters are local reversal of the two analysis
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
2M-Band Interleaved DFT Modulated Filter Banks with Perfect Reconstruction 509
prototype lters, respectively. This special structure in (3.7) results in some limita-
tion in stopband attenuation of lter banks. When M = 1, the matrix degenerates
to the identity matrix and thus G
(i)
(z) = z
(2ML1)
H
(1i)
(z), i = 0, 1. In this case,
the synthesis prototype lters and the corresponding analysis prototype lters are
of the identical magnitude responses. However, the situation is quite dierent when
M 2. The synthesis prototype lters are local reversal of the corresponding anal-
ysis prototype lters. In this case, if the analysis prototype lters are two low-pass
lters with high stopband attenuation, then the corresponding synthesis prototype
lters perforce contain some unwanted jumps from the local reversal introduced by
the matrix . These jumps make the synthesis prototype lters have much stopband
energy or poor stopband attenuation.
In what follows, we will quantitatively analyze the inuence of the local reversal
on the stopband energy of the lters. Taking the stopband region of a low-pass
lter h(n) of length 2ML as [, (1/2M + ]

[(1/2M + ), ], the stopband

energy of
E
s
(h(n)) =
1

_

(1/2M+)
[H()[
2
d = h
T
T(M, L, )h (3.9)
where T(M, L, ) is a symmetric Toeplitz matrix of 2ML-by-2ML whose rst row
is the vector [t(0), t(1), . . . , t(2ML 1)] and
t(k) =
1

_

(1/2M+)
cos(k)d =
_
1 1/2M k = 0
sin(k(1/2M +))/(k) k ,= 0.
(3.10)
In this case,
min E
s
(h
(0)
(n)) =
min
(T(M, L, ))|h
(0)
|
2
2
(3.11)
where
min
(T(M, L, )) denotes the minimal eigenvalue of matrix T(M, L, ). The
optimal lter is the eigenvector (also called the eigenlter
1
) that corresponds to
the minimal eigenvalue of T(M, L, ). Similarly, for the lter pairs (h
(0)
(n), g
(1)
(n))
dened by (3.7), the total stopband energy of the two lters is
E
s
(h
(0)
(n)) +E
s
(g
(1)
(n)) =
1

_

(1/2M+)
([H
(0)
()[
2
+ [G
(1)
()[
2
)d
= (h
(0)
)
T
F(M, L, )h
(0)

min
(F(M, L, ))|h
(0)
|
2
2
(3.12)
where F(M, L, ) = T(M, L, ) +
T
T(M, L, ), and is the permutation matrix
in (3.8). The optimal lter is the eigenvector that corresponds to the minimal
eigenvalue of F(M, L, ) which minimizes the total stopband energy in (3.12). For
M = 2, 3, 4, 8, L = 2, 3, 4, 5, and = 1/(4M), the minimal eigenvalues of matrix
T(M, L, ) and F(M, L, ) are listed in Table 1, respectively. From Table 1, it is
shown that, for a single lter, the stopband energy of the optimal lter sharp
decreases by increasing the lters length, whereas for the lter pair, the total
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
510 P.-L. Shui & X.-L. Wang
Table 1. Minimal eigenvalues of the matrices T(M,L,) and
F(M,L,) for dierent M and L ( = 1/4M).
M L
min
(T(M, L, ))
min
(F(M, L, ))
2 2 6.9945e04 0.056909
2 3 6.0026e06 0.027359
2 4 4.7208e08 0.016224
2 5 3.5611e10 0.0108
3 2 9.1284e04 0.06578
3 3 9.285e06 0.031977
3 4 8.6655e08 0.019205
3 5 7.7621e10 0.012684
4 2 9.9544e04 0.068812
4 3 1.0702e05 0.033571
4 4 1.0561e07 0.019997
4 5 1.0005e9 0.013338
8 2 1.079e03 0.071703
8 3 1.2214e05 0.035098
8 4 1.2696e07 0.02093
8 5 1.2672e09 0.013967
stopband energy of the optimal lters slowly decreases with increasing of the l-
ters length. This fact implies that it is dicult to achieve both analysis lters
and synthesis lters with high stopband attenuation in FIR Interleaved DFT-FBs.
Therefore, we only require that analysis prototype lters have high stopband atten-
uation in the latter design. This requirement is reasonable in some applications of
signal processing. For example, in subband coders of high bit rate, subband cod-
ing gains are used to evaluate performance of a lter bank. Subband coding gain
depends on the variances of subband signals and the 2-norms of synthesis lters.
In other words, analysis lters are desired to have good frequency selectivity while
the requirements of the frequency selectivity on synthesis lters could be relaxed.
3.2. Design of FIR lter banks with double prototype lters
In design, the stopband energy and passband atness of the two analysis prototype
lters are used as the objective, and the biorthogonal conditions are used as the
constraints for optimization. Let h
(0)
(n), h
(1)
(n), n = 0, 1, . . . , 2ML 1 be the two
causal analysis prototype lters. Due to the fact that two synthesis prototype lters
are determined by the two analysis prototype lters in terms of (3.7), we call such
a lter bank as one with double prototype lters. The polyphase components of the
analysis prototype lters are written as
P
(0)
l
(z) =
L1

n=0
p
(0)
l
(n)z
n
=
L1

n=0
h
(0)
(2Mn +l)z
n
,
P
(1)
l
(z) =
L1

n=0
p
(1)
l
(n)z
n
=
L1

n=0
h
(1)
(2Mn +l)z
n
.
(3.13)
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
2M-Band Interleaved DFT Modulated Filter Banks with Perfect Reconstruction 511
P
(0)
l
(z) and P
(1)
l
(z), l = 0, 1, . . . , 2M 1 are (L 1)-degree Laurent polynomials,
respectively. Taking r = (L1), the biorthogonal conditions in (3.3) or (3.4) become
P
(0)
l
(z)P
(1)
M+l
(z) +P
(0)
M+l
(z)P
(1)
l
(z) =
z
(L1)
M
, l = 0, 1, . . . , M 1.
It can be transformed into a set of quadratic equations in time domain:
min(k,L1)

n=max(0,kL+1)
p
(0)
l
(n)p
(1)
M+l
(k n) +p
(0)
M+l
(n)p
(1)
l
(k n) =
(k L + 1)
M
. (3.14)
for k = 0, 1, . . . , 2L 2, l = 0, 1, . . . , M 1 where
(n) =
_
1 n = 0
0 else.
The constraints are composed of (2L1)M quadratic equations and thus biorthog-
onality needs to expand (2L 1)M degrees of freedom among 4ML coecients of
the two analysis prototype lters. The residual (2L + 1)M degrees of freedom are
further used to optimize the passband atness and stopband attenuation. Let the
region 0
p
and
s
be the passband and the stopband of the lters,
respectively, and

p
= [1/(2M)
p
],
s
= [1/(2M) +
s
]
are the passband edge and stopband edge respectively, where
p
,
s
are two positive
numbers.
The passband atness can be measured by
E
p
(h
(0)
(n)) =
1

_

p
0
[[H
(0)
()[ H
(0)
(0)]
2
d (3.15)
and the stopband energy is dened as
E
s
(h
(0)
(n)) =
_

s
[H
(0)
()[
2
d = (h
(0)
)
T
T(M, L,
s
)h
(0)
. (3.16)
In this way, the design of an Interleaved DFT-FB comes down to the following
optimization:
min
h
(0)
(n),h
(1)
(n)
[(E
s
(h
(0)
(n)) +E
s
(h
(1)
(n))) + (1 )(E
p
(h
(0)
(n)) +E
p
(h
(1)
(n)))]
s.t. biorthogonal constraints in (3.14) (3.17)
where is a tradeo parameter between passband and stopband performances.
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
512 P.-L. Shui & X.-L. Wang
3.3. Design of FIR lter banks with single prototype lter
In terms of the biorthogonal conditions in (3.3) or (3.4), a FIR Interleaved DFT-
FB is determined by the two analysis prototype lters. In fact, a FIR Interleaved
DFT-FB can also be determined by a single prototype lter.
Let h
(0)
(n), n = 0, 1, . . . , 2ML1 be a causal lter of length 2ML. Let prototype
lter h
(1)
(n) be local reversal of the lter h
(0)
(n), that is
h
(1)
(n) = h
(0)
(2ML 1 n), n = 0, 1, . . . , 2ML 1. (3.18)
In this case, the polyphase components of h
(1)
(n) satisfy:
P
(1)
l
(z) = z
(L1)
P
(0)
2MLl1
(z
1
), l = 0, 1, . . . , 2M 1. (3.19)
The biorthogonal conditions in (3.3) are simplied to
P
(0)
l
(z)P
(0)
Ml1
(z
1
) +P
(0)
l+M
(z)P
(0)
2Ml1
(z
1
) =
1
M
,
l = 0, 1, . . . , M/2| (3.20)
or
min(L1,L1+k)

n=max(0,k)
p
(0)
l
(n)p
(0)
Ml1
(n k) +p
(0)
M+l
(n)p
(0)
2Ml1
(n k) =
(k)
M
,
k = 1 L, 2 L, . . . , L 1, l = 0, 1, . . . , M/2| (3.21)
where x| denotes the least integer no less than x. In this case, biorthogonal con-
ditions are composed of (2L1)M/2| quadratic constraints and available degrees
of freedom for design are 2ML. The single prototype lter h
(0)
(n) is obtained by
solving the following optimization:
min
h
(0)
(n)
[E
s
(h
(0)
(n)) + (1 )E
p
(h
(0)
(n))]
s.t. biorthogonal constraints in (3.21). (3.22)
From the prototype lter h
(0)
(n), the residual three prototype lters are determined
by the formulae as follows:
h
(1)
= J
2ML
h
(0)
, g
(1)
= h
(0)
, g
(0)
= J
2ML
h
(0)
(3.23)
where J
2ML
is 2ML-by-2ML anti-diagonal matrix and is the permutation matrix
in (3.8). Therefore, we call such a lter bank as one with a single prototype lter.
It is noted that such a single prototype lter cannot be linear phase. If the single
prototype lter is linear phase, h
(0)
must be symmetric and then lter h
(1)
= h
(0)
.
Consequently, the Interleaved DFT-FB degenerates to a DFT-FB. However, it is
well known that there exist no biorthogonal FIR DFT-FBs.
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
2M-Band Interleaved DFT Modulated Filter Banks with Perfect Reconstruction 513
4. Interleaved DFT-FBs with PR and Causal, Stable IIR
Synthesis Filters
In Sec. 3, we mention that the limitation of Interleaved DFT-FBs with FIR analysis
and synthesis lters. Due to the fact that the synthesis prototype lters are local
reversal of the analysis prototype lters, the stopband attenuation of the prototype
lters to be able to achieve is limited. In the section, we substitute the stable IIR
synthesis prototype lters for the FIR synthesis prototype lters. In this way, many
degrees of freedom are released for minimizing the stopband energy of the analysis
prototype lters. Therefore, lter banks with higher stopband attenuation can be
obtained.
Similarly, taking the determinants of the matrices in the two sides of the equa-
tion (2.10) (n
d
= 0 in (2.10)), we obtain
[P
(0)
l
(z)P
(1)
M+l
(z) +P
(0)
l+M
(z)P
(1)
l
(z)][Q
(0)
l
(z)Q
(1)
l+M
(z) +Q
(0)
l+M
(z)Q
(1)
l
(z)] =
1
M
2
.
Let
R
l
(z) = P
(0)
l
(z)P
(1)
l+M
(z) +P
(0)
l+M
(z)P
(1)
l
(z).
Since h
(0)
(n) and h
(1)
(n) are causal FIR lters of length 2ML, R
l
(z) is a Lau-
rent polynomial whose degree is no more than 2L 1. If R
l
(z) are stable for
l = 0, 1, . . . , M 1, then the solution of the equations in (3.3) is
_
_
Q
(0)
l
(z) Q
(0)
l+M
(z)
Q
(1)
l
(z) Q
(1)
l+M
(z)
_
_
=
1
M
_
_
P
(0)
l
(z) P
(1)
l
(z)
P
(0)
l+M
(z) P
(1)
l+M
(z)
_
_
1
=
1
MR
l
(z)
_
_
P
(1)
l+M
(z) P
(1)
l
(z)
P
(0)
l+M
(z) P
(0)
l
(z)
_
_
. (4.1)
Moreover, all polyphase components of the synthesis prototype lters are also sta-
ble. When R
l
(z) are minimum phase for l = 0, 1, . . . , M1, that is, all zeros strictly
locate inside the unit circle, then all polyphase components of the synthesis proto-
type lters are stable and causal (when an appropriate system delay is allowed).
For the causal FIR lters h
(0)
(n) and h
(1)
(n) of length 2ML, we require that
R
l
(z) satisfy:
R
l
(z) = z
(L1)
N

n=0
r
l
(n)z
n
,
r
l
(0)
N

n=1
[r
l
(n)[ > 0, l = 0, 1, . . . , M 1 (4.2)
where N L 1 is a predened integer and is a positive number less than one.
Theorem 2. If the polyphase components of two analysis prototype lters are given
in (3.13) and R
l
(z) satisfy the conditions in (4.2), then Interleaved DFT-FB can
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
514 P.-L. Shui & X.-L. Wang
be perfect reconstruction with a system delay 2ML and causal and stable synthesis
lters.
First, from (4.2), we easily verify that: for arbitrary z = ae
j
, when a 1

n=0
r
l
(n)(ae
j
)
n

r
l
(0)
N

n=1
a
n
[r
l
(n)[ > r
l
(0)
N

n=1
[r
l
(n)[ > 0.
When the system delay is 2ML, the synthesis prototype lters have the polyphase
components
_
_
Q
(0)
l
(z) Q
(0)
l+M
(z)
Q
(1)
l
(z) Q
(1)
l+M
(z)
_
_
=
z
L
M
_
_
P
(0)
l
(z) P
(1)
l
(z)
P
(0)
l+M
(z) P
(1)
l+M
(z)
_
_
1
=
z
L
MR
l
(z)
_
_
P
(1)
l+M
(z) P
(1)
l
(z)
P
(0)
l+M
(z) P
(0)
l
(z)
_
_
=
z
1
M
N

n=0
r
l
(n)z
n
_
_
P
(1)
l+M
(z) P
(1)
l
(z)
P
(0)
l+M
(z) P
(0)
l
(z)
_
_
. (4.3)
In this way, all polyphase components of the synthesis prototype lters are causal,
stable IIR lters, and thus the two synthesis prototype lters are also causal and
stable IIR lters. Moreover, we can adjust the order of the recursive part in the
synthesis polyphase lters by means of selection of N.
When we allow that synthesis prototype lters are stable IIR lters, the condi-
tions in (4.2) transform into some quadratic equalities and one inequality:
r
l
(k L + 1) =
min(k,L1)

n=max(0,k+1L)
p
(0)
l
(n)p
(1)
M+l
(k n) +p
(0)
M+l
(n)p
(1)
l
(k n).
r
l
(k) = 0, k = 1 L, 2 L, . . . , 1, N + 1, N + 2, . . . , L 1.
r
l
(0)
N

k=1
[r
l
(k)[ > 0, l = 0, 1, . . . , M 1. (4.4)
Comparing with (3.14), the above constraints on the coecients of lters are obvi-
ously relaxed. Thus, the analysis prototype lters with higher stopband attenuation
can be designed by solving the following optimization problem:
min
h
(0)
(n),h
(1)
(n)
(E
s
(h
(0)
(n)) +E
s
(h
(1)
(n))) + (1 )(E
p
(h
(0)
(n)) +E
p
(h
(1)
(n)))
s.t. constraints in (4.4). (4.5)
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2M-Band Interleaved DFT Modulated Filter Banks with Perfect Reconstruction 515
In this case, the two synthesis prototype lters are represented as
G
(0)
(z) =
M1

l=0
z
(l+1)
P
(1)
Ml1
(z
2M
) +z
(M+l+1)
P
(1)
2Ml1
(z
2M
)
M
N

n=0
r
Ml1
(n)z
2Mn
,
G
(1)
(z) =
M1

l=0
z
(l+1)
P
(0)
Ml1
(z
2M
) +z
(M+l+1)
P
(0)
2Ml1
(z
2M
)
M
N

n=0
r
Ml1
(n)z
2Mn
.
(4.6)
It is notable that the Interleaved DFT-FBs with causal and stable IIR synthesis
prototype lters are dierent in structure from the stable, causal, perfect recon-
struction, IIR uniform DFT-FBs.
13
The polyphase components of the synthesis
lter of the latter are the inverses of the corresponding polyphase components of
the analysis lter. When the analysis prototype lter is FIR, synthesis polyphase
components are pure recursive lters and the recursive order equals to the average
order of the FIR analysis polyphase component. In Interleaved DFT lter banks,
the synthesis polyphase components are averaging-recursive lters and the recursive
order is adjustable.
However, for Interleaved DFT-FBs with a single prototype lter, its structure
does not allow us to design lter banks with causal, stable IIR synthesis prototype
lters. Similar to Sec. 3.3, we take the analysis prototype lter h
(1)
(n) as a reverse
version of the prototype lter h
(0)
(n), that is, P
(1)
l
(z) = z
(L1)
P
(0)
2Ml1
(z
1
), l =
0, 1, . . . , 2M 1. In this case, for l = 0, 1, . . . , M/2| if we set
R
l
(z) = P
(0)
l
(z)P
(1)
l+M
(z) +P
(0)
l+M
(z)P
(1)
l
(z)
= z
(L1)
[P
(0)
l
(z)P
(0)
Ml1
(z
1
) +P
(0)
l+M
(z)P
(0)
2Ml1
(z
1
)]
= z
(L1)
N

n=0
r
l
(n)z
n
(4.7)
and r
l
(0)

N
k=1
[r
l
(k)[ > 0, then the polyphase components Q
(0)
l
(z), Q
(0)
l+M
(z),
Q
(1)
l
(z), Q
(1)
l+M
(z) for l = 0, 1, . . . , M/2| can be causal, stable IIR lters because
the above conditions ensure that the denominators of the components are of stable
and minimum-phase. However, in terms of the polyphase structure of the lter
bank, we have
R
Ml1
(z) = P
(0)
Ml1
(z)P
(1)
2Ml1
(z) +P
(0)
2Ml1
(z)P
(1)
Ml1
(z)
= z
(L1)
[P
(0)
Ml1
(z)P
(0)
l
(z
1
) +P
(0)
2Ml1
(z)P
(0)
M+l
(z
1
)]
= z
(L1)
z
(L1)
R
l
(z
1
)
= z
(L1)
N

n=0
r
l
(n)z
n
. (4.8)
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
516 P.-L. Shui & X.-L. Wang
Thus, the polyphase components Q
(0)
l
(z), Q
(0)
l+M
(z), Q
(1)
l
(z), Q
(1)
l+M
(z) for l =
M/2| + 1, . . . , M 1 are not causal, stable IIR lters because their denomina-
tors are of maximum-phase rather than the minimum-phase.
5. Numerical Examples
In this section, we give numerical examples of Interleaved DFT-FBs with single
prototype lters in (3.22), Interleaved DFT-FBs with double prototype lters in
(3.17), and Interleaved DFT-FBs with causal, stable IIR synthesis prototype lters
in (4.5). The programs of the examples are designed by using MATLAB6.5. The
design of the prototype lters in example 1, 2, and 3 take about 25 s, 85 s, and 100
s on a 3.0-GHz Pentium IV personal computer, respectively.
Example 1. A FIR Interleaved DFT-FB with a single prototype lter and M = 4,
L = 4. In design, the parameters = 0.5 and
s
= 1/(4M),
p
= 1/(8M). The
stopband energy of the analysis prototype lter is 0.031. The stopband energy of
the synthesis prototype lter is 0.242. The coecients of the analysis prototype lter
h
(0)
(n) are given in Table 2, and the magnitude responses of h
(0)
(n) and g
(0)
(n) are
shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen that, the analysis prototype lters achieve stopband
attenuation about 20 dB, and the synthesis prototype lters have a poor stopband
attenuation. This is owing to the fact that the synthesis prototype lters are local
reversal of the corresponding analysis ones, respectively. Moreover, by increasing
the length of analysis prototype lters, the stopband energy of analysis prototype
lters slowly decreases. However, the sidelobes in the stopband often do not lower.
For example, when M = 4 and L = 10, the stopband energy of analysis prototype
lter is 0.0203 and the magnitude responses of the analysis and synthesis prototype
lters are shown in Fig. 5.
Example 2. A FIR Interleaved DFT-FB with double prototype lters and M = 8,
L = 4. In design, the parameters = 0.5 and
s
= 1/(4M),
p
= 1/(8M). The
magnitude responses of the obtained two analysis prototype lters are shown in
Fig. 6. Their stopband energies are 0.0303 and 0.0313, respectively. For the double
Table 2. Coecients of the prototype lter h
(0)
(n).
n:07 n:815 n:1623 n:2431
0.01137397755222 0.05289931475008 0.45340779786003 0.08857974978352
0.01487816367138 0.05332450640374 0.42788607640798 0.05209292526068
0.00233925604462 0.07423088239024 0.42242672122903 0.01511278974351
0.00179393728761 0.10813647488481 0.44019991628710 0.00543140828349
0.00095081056262 0.07372440067066 0.29761867071910 0.00540864800621
0.00498707158950 0.13654915203861 0.23333463834854 0.00646376660236
0.01885258210033 0.23716693555180 0.13585079635128 0.04508669149972
0.02938007919164 0.30470218644620 0.07421699994687 0.06497268832533
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
2M-Band Interleaved DFT Modulated Filter Banks with Perfect Reconstruction 517
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. Magnitude responses of the analysis and synthesis prototype lters when M = 4, L = 4.
The magnitude response of h
(0)
(n) is shown in Fig. 4(a), the magnitude response of g
(0)
(n) is
shown in Fig. 4(b).
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Magnitude responses of the analysis and synthesis prototype lters when M = 4, L = 10.
The magnitude response of h
(0)
(n) is shown in Fig. 5(a), the magnitude response of g
(0)
(n) is
shown in Fig. 5(b).
prototype lters, we can also adjust the stopband attenuation of the two analysis
prototype lters by weighting their stopband energy in the objective function in
(3.17). For example, when the weight of the rst lter is two times the weight of
the second lter in (3.17), the magnitude responses of the obtained two analysis
prototype lters are shown in Fig. 7. Their stopband energies are 0.0168 and 0.0499,
respectively.
Example 3. An Interleaved DFT-FB with causal, stable IIR synthesis prototype
lters, when M = 8, L = 4, N = 3 (implies that the denominators of all synthesis
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
518 P.-L. Shui & X.-L. Wang
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. Magnitude responses of h
(0)
(n) and h
(1)
(n) when the two prototype lters have the same
weight. The magnitude response of h
(0)
(n) is shown in Fig. 6(a), the magnitude response of h
(1)
(n)
is shown in Fig. 6(b).
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. Magnitude responses of h
(0)
(n) and h
(1)
(n) when the weight of h
(0)
(n) is two times that
of h
(1)
(n). The magnitude response of h
(0)
(n) is shown in Fig. 7(a), the magnitude response of
h
(1)
(n) is shown in Fig. 7(b).
polyphase components are minimum-phase Laurent polynomials whose degrees are
no more than 3). In design, = 0.4, = 0.8 and
s
= 1/(4M),
p
= 1/(8M).
For the two FIR analysis prototype lters, the stopband energy is 0.013 and 0.01,
respectively. Their stopband attenuations achieve about 23 dB and 26 dB. How-
ever, the synthesis prototype lters suer from high comb-like stopband sidelobes,
in other words, the stopband attenuations of the analysis prototype lters are
improved at the cost of high stopband sidelobes of the synthesis prototype lters.
The magnitude responses of the obtained two analysis prototype lters are shown
in Fig. 8.
July 10, 2008 13:24 WSPC/181-IJWMIP 00246
2M-Band Interleaved DFT Modulated Filter Banks with Perfect Reconstruction 519
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. Magnitude responses of h
(0)
(n) and h
(1)
(n) when the synthesis prototype lters are
causal, stable, IIR lters. The magnitude response of h
(0)
(n) is shown in Fig. 8(a), the magnitude
response of h
(1)
(n) is shown in Fig. 8(b).
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