Harvard Referencing

3rd Edition
(v.3.00)

Dr Ian Nicholson

Moreton Institute of TAFE has the authors permission to freely copy this document without alteration

Depending on where you sourced this document, if you wish to cite it, this publication may be cited as: Nicholson I Dr, 2000, Harvard Referencing 3rd edn., Moreton Institute of TAFE, Brisbane, Qld. or Nicholson I Dr, 2000, Harvard Referencing 3rd edn., [online]. Available from: www.home/gil.com.au/~jandi/Harvard_3.00.pdf [date sourced].

Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements Introduction Why use a referencing system? What is plagiarism? What must be referenced? The Harvard Referencing System Referencing: a book The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a conference paper The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a corporate publication The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry an e-mail The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry an edited publication The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a Government document The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry an Internet document The URL The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry When you dont know who the author is a journal or magazine The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a journal from an electronic database The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry unpublished minutes of a meeting a newspaper When you know who the author is The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry When you dont know who the author is The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a personal communication The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a secondary source The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry a thesis The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 10 11 11

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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition unpublished material The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry Non-standard referencing issues A reference with two authors The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry A reference with more than 2 authors The first In-text reference The second and subsequent In-text reference The Bibliographic entry An author with multiple references The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry An author with multiple publications in one year The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry Authors with double-barrelled surnames with no hyphen with hyphen Multiple references The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry Two authors with the same surname The In-text reference The Bibliographic entry Quotations Short quotations The In-text reference Long quotations The In-text reference Other referencing issues Abbreviations Altering direct quotations Noting of errors Page numbering The In-text reference Quotation marks Repeatedly using the same reference When you are not sure of the details Author not known Date not known Page numbers not known Publisher not known City of publication not known The Bibliographic entry An example Bibliography 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19

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Acknowledgments
To avoid confusing you, this booklet does not use referencing. However, the following sources were consulted during its development. Anderson J, Durston BH, & Poole M, 1985, Thesis and Assignment Writing, Jacaranda Wiley, Brisbane. Australian Government Publishing Service, 1995, Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, 5th edn., AGPS, Canberra. Bournemouth University, 1999a, Guide to Citing Internet Sources [online], Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England. Available from: www.bournemouth.ac.uk/using_the_library/ html/guide_to_citing_internet_sourc.html [6 April 2000]. Bournemouth University, 1999b, Harvard System [online], Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England. Available from: www.bournemouth.ac.uk/using_the_library/ html/harvard_system.html [6 April 2000]. Deakin University, 1997, Harvard [online], Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria. Available from: www2.deakin.edu.au/pub_manual/harvard/Harvard.htm [3 May 2000]. Division of Library Services, 1999, References, footnotes and compiling a bibliography: A guide to referencing essays, theses & dissertations, 5th edn. Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW. National Distance Education Centre, 1990, Study Skills for Distance Education: A Guide Prepared Especially for You, University College of Central Queensland, Rockhampton. Nicholson I Dr, 1998, Harvard Referencing, Business Directorate, Mt Gravatt Campus, Moreton Institute of TAFE, Brisbane. Peters P, (Ed.), 1990, The Macquarie File Writers Guide, Jacaranda Wiley, Brisbane. South Bank University, 1999, Referencing Electronic Sources [online], SBU, London, England. Available from: www.sbu.ac.uk/lis/helpsheets/lrc2.html [3 May 2000]. University of New England, 1992, Style Booklet for Footnotes and Documentation - incorporating a guide to language usage, Distance Education Centre of UNE, Armidale, NSW. University of Southern Queensland, 1999, Guide to Referencing the Harvard Style [online], USQ, Toowoomba. Available from: www.usq.edu.au/library/resources/genref/harvardprint.htm [3 May 2000].

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Introduction
Examples used in this guide may not always refer to actual publications. In any written material you submit for assessment at this institute, we expect you to maintain academic conventions and to write using language and grammar acceptable within the business world. As part of this, you must use an acceptable referencing system to acknowledge concepts, ideas, quotations, facts and other materials belonging to someone else. We expect you to use the Harvard referencing system in all written material. These notes provide basic instructions on how to use the Harvard system of referencing to show that you have used someone elses ideas and words in your written material.

Why use a referencing system?

If you are starting your first academic course, you may not be familiar with, or even be aware of, referencing systems. Nevertheless, lecturers will expect you to correctly use referencing from the start of your course. They will generally reject written material where the referencing is incomplete or wrong. You must master a referencing system for several reasons. These reasons include:
q q q q

q q

To acknowledge other peoples ideas. To demonstrate that you are not just airing your own opinions but are also including other peoples ideas to illustrate your point, or offer support for your argument. The reader may want to obtain more information on the topic, and will want to know the source to follow it up and do further reading. The reader may question your use of a particular quotation believing you have misrepresented the views of the quoted author. To verify that you have not done so, the reader will need to find and consider the original source. Apart from lecturers assessing your written material as Not Yet Competent, you could be liable to prosecution for breaching copyright. Copying the ideas, opinions, comments and findings of other people is plagiarism (intellectual theft) and is not acceptable, neither morally nor legally.

What is plagiarism?
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You are plagiarising if you use someone elses ideas or words and dont reference them. This means that you have let the reader make a wrong assumption that they are yours. The most common forms of plagiarism are:
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Copying word-for-word another persons opinions or comments without acknowledging them. Using another persons ideas and not acknowledging them. Even if you do not use the persons exact words, you are still plagiarising.

What must be referenced?

You must reference anything where no reference could be viewed as plagiarism. Plagiarism is the representation of another persons work as your own or using another persons work without acknowledgment. This includes such actions as:

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q q q q

directly importing into your work more than a single phrase from another persons work without using quotation marks and identifying the source making a copy of all or part of another persons work and presenting it as your own by failing to disclose the source making extensive use of another persons work, either by summarising or paraphrasing it merely by changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without acknowledgment using the ideas of another person without acknowledging the source, or the submission or presentation of work as your own that is substantially the ideas or intellectual material of another.

The Harvard Referencing System

Referencing should show enough information to find the source you used. If your referencing does not do that, you have not referenced properly. The Harvard (or Author-Date) referencing system was first devised for use in scientific and technical texts which need to refer frequently to other texts. However its advantages over other systems have led to its use in scholarly texts on a wide range of subject matter. The Harvard referencing system consists of two parts. These two parts are the in-text reference, and the bibliography.
q

The In-text reference The In-text reference is the part you must include in your text. It must contain enough information for the reader to look it up in your Bibliography. You must include an in-text reference when using direct quotations, concepts, ideas, paraphrased comments or any information belonging to someone else. In the case of a personal communication however, such as an interview, the in-text reference must contain ALL the information, as it is NOT included in the Bibliography. With in-text referencing, your text must include, in some specified form, the authors surname, the year of publication, and the page number. The Bibliography The Bibliography is a list of the references you have used in the text, and in developing your text outline. It appears at the end of your written material. Every in-text reference, except personal communications, MUST be included in the Bibliography at the end of your material.

Referencing a book
When using in-text referencing for published texts, you must include enough information so that the reader knows the authors surname, the year of publication, and the specific page numbers where the material can be found.

The In-text reference

Two common methods of writing are shown here without referencing. You might say: Dwyer suggested that we should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable. Alternatively, you might present the same material like this:

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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition In 1999, Dwyer suggested that we should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable. On the other hand, you could even present it like this: We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable. However, as these concepts are not your original material, you must reference them. There are a number of referencing methods shown below. It does not matter which of them you use, however as the most important consideration is that you be consistent throughout your material. Any of the following in-text referencing methods are acceptable.
q q q q q

Dwyer (1999, p.195) suggests that ... Dwyer (1999:195) suggests that ... Dwyer (1999, 195) suggests that ... In 1999, Dwyer (p.195) suggests that ... We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable (Dwyer, 1999, p.195).

The Bibliographic entry

In all the above cases, there would be only one bibliographic entry. This must be written as: Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business Strategies and Techniques, Prentice Hall, Sydney. You will see that this is written in the form of: Author or Editor, year (no brackets), title, (edition number and edn.), publisher, city of publication.

Referencing a conference paper

If you refer to a paper presented at a conference, then the following examples illustrate how this should be treated.

The In-text reference

(Boudreau, 1990, p.9)

The Bibliographic entry

Boudreau J, 1990, Cost-benefit analysis applied to human resource management decisions, Paper presented to IPM NZ Conference, Auckland, NZ, 12-14 September, pp.1-11.

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Referencing a corporate publication

If you refer to material from a business or non-government organisation, and you know who the author is, then treat it like a book. If you do NOT know who the author is, then the business or organisation is assumed to be the author. This is illustrated below.

The In-text reference

(Aurion Corporation, 1999, [p.3])

The Bibliographic entry

Aurion Corporation, 1999, Taking the Journey with you, Aurion Corporation, Brisbane.

Referencing an e-mail
If you wish to refer to an e-mail message, use the following format.

The In-text reference

The in-text reference should show the author, the year of transmission, the day of transmission, the month of transmission, and then the word e-mail. If the persons name is unclear, you should use their e-mail name. This is the section of the e-mail address in front of the @ symbol. Note: If the e-mail address is a persons private e-mail address and not a business e-mail address, you should obtain that persons permission. Some people believe that including their full private e-mail address is similar to including their private street address. In 1999, the Manager of Foley Industries, Ms Bernice Foley (10 July, e-mail), cited the current economic conditions as still being a major factor in... or The current economic conditions are still seen as a major factor in business today (Foley B, 1999, 10 July, e-mail).

The Bibliographic entry

As shown below the bibliographic entry should include the subject line of the message as a title and the full date instead of just the year. It should include the e-mail to and both e-mail addresses. Sender (senders e-mail address), day month year, subject of message, e-mail to receiver (receivers e-mail address). an example is as follows:
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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition Berwick J, (jb45@norfolk.nf), 15 January 2000, Management on Norfolk, e-mail to I Nicholson (dr_nich@moreton.qld.edu.au)

Referencing an edited publication

When you refer to the work of an author from a chapter or a paper that has been contributed by that author to a collection of material by different authors and edited by one of the authors or another person, then the material is from an edited publication. So if you refer to material written by W Weaver, taken from a publication edited by AG Smith, then it should be presented as shown here.

The In-text reference

This refers to Weavers work even though the material appears in an edited publication. (Weaver W, 1996, p.17)

The Bibliographic entry

You must include both of these entries so that, together, they show that Weaver has contributed material to a publication edited by Smith. Smith, AG (Ed), 1996, Communication and Culture, Holt, Rinehart & Wilston, New York. Weaver W, 1996, The Mathematics of Communication, in Smith 1996, pp.15-24

Referencing a Government document

If you refer to material from a Government department and you know who the author is, then treat it like a book. If you do NOT know who the author is, then the Department is assumed to be the author. This is illustrated below.

The In-text reference

(Attorney-Generals Department, 1998, p.16)

The Bibliographic entry

Attorney-Generals Department, 1998, Privacy Act 1988, Ausinfo, Canberra.

Referencing an Internet document

There has been no agreement on a standard Harvard referencing method for citing electronic sources of information. The recommendations in this document follow the practices most likely to be adopted and are intended as guidance for those needing to cite electronic sources of information now.

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The URL
World Wide Web addresses are based on the Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The generic format of a URL is: file_format:// internet_area . domain name . country_code / directory or folder / file_name . document_format Therefore the URL: http://www.moreton.qld.edu.au/library/home.htm refers to:
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A hypertext file format (http://) on the World Wide Web (www) at Moreton Institute of TAFE in Queensland (moreton.qld) which is an educational organisation (edu) and has a domain name registered in Australia (au) where the file itself is nested within a directory or folder (/library/) and is a specifically identified file (home.htm) and is written in the hypertext mark up language (htm or html).

You can reference Web pages in a similar way to that of non-Internet sourced material. You can extract and use the author, date, and title as you normally do. The URL usually replaces the publisher and city of publication. Punctuation must be exact for electronic addresses. Since punctuation is such an important part of a URL, certain conventions of citation punctuation have necessarily been changed or adapted to suit. Be particularly careful in recording the position of full stops and slashes.
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The URL must always be written EXACTLY as is shown on the site - all lower case must be shown as lower case, and all upper case must be shown as upper case. You should use minimal punctuation with URLs, as exact details are necessary to allow others to visit them. All slashes and full stops MUST be shown exactly as they appear. The normal full stop at the end of the reference is left out to avoid URL confusion.

Thus if you use material or ideas from: Making A Business Case for a New HRIS written by Al Doran and Glenn Rampton; published to the Web in 1999, in document phbus.html at http://www.hronline.com/lib/hris/

which you accessed on 12 March 2001 then you should follow the examples shown below.

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The In-text reference

Doran and Rampton (1999) claim that the cost justification of an HRIS has always been a challenge

The Bibliographic entry

The form is: Author or Editor, year, title the word [online], (edition number and the word edn.), publisher (if known), city of publication (if known). The words Available from: the URL and the date you accessed it, surrounded by square brackets.
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q q

The word online, in square brackets, describes the method of communication and is used for all Internet sources. The date you accessed it, in square brackets, is the date on which you viewed or downloaded the document. This allows for any subsequent modifications to the document. As online material may be continually updated and revised (or even deleted), you cannot be sure that the material has not changed since you referenced it. The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of a publisher of printed sources, as well as organisations responsible for maintaining sites on the Internet. Note: it is now acceptable to leave out the http:// as most Web documents use that format. This is shown below. If the format is different however (as in ftp:// or gopher://) then put it in. Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, Making A Business Case for a New HRIS [online]. Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].

Note: Do NOT break the URL across two lines. However, if you must, break the URL directly before or after a slash to reduce possible reading errors. This is shown below. Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, Making A Business Case for a New HRIS [online]. Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/ hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].

When you dont know who the author is

Much information is put on the Internet by organisations without citing a specific author. In such cases, credit to authorship to the smallest identifiable organisational unit (this is similar to the standard method for citing material produced by a corporate body). So, if you did not know that Doran and Rampton were the authors, you should put the organisation as the author HR Online

Referencing a journal or magazine

If you refer to an article in a journal or magazine, you need to follow the same rules as for published texts. Where journal and magazine referencing differs from that for published texts however, is in the Bibliographic entry as shown below.

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The In-text reference

It is time for three spirits to work together (Dattner, 1999, p.12).

The Bibliographic entry

You will see that the articles name is in quotes, the Journals name is in Italics, and the Journals issue identification is also included. Dattner F, 1999, Formidable, Reflective Capacity, Management Today, September, p.12.

Referencing a journal from an electronic database

If you refer to an article in a journal from an electronic database, you need to follow the same rules as for articles from the Internet.

The In-text reference

retention of personnel depends on the companies ability to formulate [a] preventive defection program. (Gordon, 1999).

The Bibliographic entry

You will see that the articles name is in quotes, the Journals name is in Italics, the Journals issue identification is included, and so is where the article was found. Gordon C, 1999, Forced outside. (external hiring), Human Resource Planning, March, v22 i1 p18(2) [electronic]. Available from: Moreton TAFE Libraries, Moreton E-Files, Article A54657577 [9 August 2000].

Unpublished minutes of a meeting

Always include the following:
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author (usually an organisation) year meeting occurred title of the minutes with quotation marks place of meeting date of meeting, in the form 21-24 August Management Team, 2004, Minutes of Monthly Staff Meeting, Moreton Institute of TAFE, 26 October.

Referencing a newspaper
Referencing articles from a newspaper varies depending on whether you know the name of the author.

When you know who the author is

If you refer to an article from a newspaper and you know who the author is, you need to follow the
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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition same rules as for published texts. When you know who the author is, newspaper referencing differs however, in the Bibliographic entry as shown below.

The In-text reference

E-mail is societys new time-waster (Cameron, 2000, p.17), and it seems that ....

The Bibliographic entry

You will see that the articles name is in quotes, the name of the newspaper is in Italics, and the newspapers issue identification is also included. Cameron M, 2000, Firms pay high price for e-mail overload, The Courier Mail, 15 January, p.17.

When you dont know who the author is

If you refer to an article from a newspaper and you do NOT know who the author is, you need to follow a different set of rules. Some leading sources say that you should NEVER use Anon. or Anonymous, others say you should. Yet others say you should use the name of the newspaper. For your purpose, we will use the name of the newspaper.

The In-text reference

E-mail is societys new time-waster (The Courier Mail, 2000, p.19), and it seems that ....

The Bibliographic entry

You will see that where the name of the newspaper is used in the place of an author, it is not in italics. The Courier Mail, 2000, Firms pay high price for e-mail overload, The Courier Mail, 15 January, p.19.

Referencing a personal communication

Where you obtain information from an individual by interview, or by written communication, and you refer to that information, it is a good idea if you name the person and state their authority or expertise to confirm their credibility as a source. This is shown below.

The In-text reference

During an interview in 1998, the Manager of Foley Industries, Ms Bernice Foley, cited the current economic conditions as a major factor in ... If this is not possible then you should follow the in-text reference example shown below.

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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition The current economic conditions are seen as a major factor in business today (Foley, B, 1998, Personal Interview).

The Bibliographic entry

In neither case should you include a Bibliographic entry.

Referencing a secondary source

In some cases, you may wish to quote something that was quoted in something you have read. As you have not read the original work, you rely on the author of the secondary work to be accurate regarding the contents of the original material. This is called secondary referencing. Wherever possible you should read the original work but this may prove difficult. In this case, your text must make it clear that you have not read the original but are referring to it from a secondary source. You must refer to both sources in the text. An example is shown below.

The In-text reference

When communication is thought of as the sharing of meanings, what is meant is that each participant ... becomes aware of the meanings about a matter ... held by the other participants. (Irwin, 1996, p.22, quoted in Dwyer, 1999, p.23) This means that the quotation is by Irwin (1996, p.22) and that you read it in material by Dwyer (1999, p.23).

The Bibliographic entry

Only include Dwyer in your bibliography. This shows that you have come across the quotation when you were reading material written by Dwyer. Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business Strategies and Techniques, Prentice Hall, Sydney. As you have not read the material written by Irwin, including an entry for Irwin in your bibliography would be wrong. .

Referencing a thesis
If you reference a thesis, then the example below should be followed.

The In-text reference

(Nicholson, 1996, pp.120-123)

The Bibliographic entry

Nicholson IJ, 1996, The First 100 Years - The development of technical education in Queensland to 1977, PhD Thesis, University of New England, Armidale, NSW.

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Referencing unpublished material

If you refer to material that has not been published, follow the examples below.

The In-text reference

(Nicholson, 1999, p.14)

The Bibliographic entry

Nicholson IJ Dr, 1999, Risk Management, unpublished notes.

Non-standard referencing Issues

There are many variations to the standard sources discussed previously. Instead of tediously repeating the process for all the possible variations, this section will discuss typical variations in minimum detail.

A reference with two authors

If a reference has two authors, always refer to both names every time the reference occurs in the text. Use an & between the names.

The In-text reference

(Compton & Nankervis, 1991, p.45)

The Bibliographic entry

Compton RL & Nankervis AR, 1991, Effective Recruitment and Selection Practices, CCH Australia Limited, Sydney.

A reference with more than two authors

If a reference has more than two authors, use all the names ONLY in the first in-text reference. Always use an & before the last name.

The first In-text reference

(Dessler, Griffiths, Lloyd-Walker, & Williams, 1999, p.26) In the subsequent in-text references, use the first authors name followed by et al in italics.

The second and subsequent In-text references

(Dessler et al, 1999, p.29)

The Bibliographic entry

In both the above cases, there would be only one bibliographic entry. This must be:

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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition Dessler G, Griffiths J, Lloyd-Walker B, & Williams A, 1999, Human Resource Management, Prentice Hall, Melbourne.

An Author with multiple references

When you reference different material from the same author, arrange them in the In-text reference in chronological (or time) order.

The In-text reference

Dwyer (1997, pp.19-20; 199, p.43) claimed that ....

The Bibliographic entry

When you reference different material from the same author, arrange them in the Bibliography in chronological (or time) order. Dwyer J, 1997, The Business Communication Handbook, 4th edn., Prentice Hall, Sydney. Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business Strategies and Techniques, Prentice Hall, Sydney.

An author with multiple publications in one year

When an author has published more than one article or text within the same year then you should label the years for each bibliographic entry as 1999a, 1999b, 1999c, and so forth.

The In-text reference

(Stone, 1998b, pp.19-20)

The Bibliographic entry

Stone RJ, 1998a, Human Resource Management, 3rd edn., Wiley, Brisbane. Stone RJ, 1998b, Readings in Human Resource Management, Vol.3, Wiley, Brisbane.

Authors with double-barrelled surnames

with no hyphen
If the authors surname is double-barrelled with no hyphen, use the final surname followed by the first initial and other surname in both your in-text reference and in your bibliographic entry. Thus if the authors name is R Willson Murray, follow the examples below.

The In-text reference

(Murray R Willson, 1997, p.86)

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The Bibliographic entry

Murray R Willson, 1997, Managing Projects - a new approach, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.

with hyphen
If the authors surname is hyphenated, use both surnames names in both your in-text reference and in your bibliographic entry. Thus if the authors name is R Willson-Murray, follow the examples below.

The In-text reference

(Willson-Murray, 1997, p.96)

The Bibliographic entry

Willson-Murray R, 1997, Managing Projects - a new approach, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.

Multiple references
Sometimes you might have more than one reference for a part of your material. You should arrange these in chronological (or time) order, and in alphabetical order within each year. Use a semicolon to separate the references. This is shown in the example below. When you reference different material from the same author, arrange them in the Bibliography in chronological (or time) order, and separate the in-text reference with a semi-colon.

The In-text reference

(Boudreau, 1990b, p.11; Kavanagh, Gueutal, & Tannenbaum, 1990, p.435; Taylor, 1990, p.26; Castio, c.1997, pp.42, 45,51-56; Compton & Nankervis, 1991, pp.4546; Nankervis, Compton & McCarthy, 1996, pp.56-58; Castio, 1998, p.56.)

The Bibliographic entry

Each of the in-text references must have its own Bibliographic entry.

Two authors with the same surname

If you refer to the work of two authors with the same surname, the in-text reference should include their initials even if the year of publication differs. In these cases, initials appear in front of the surname. However, this is being very technical, and the alternate shown is usually acceptable.

The In-text reference

(R Bee & F Bee, 1990, pp.45-47) or (Bee & Bee, 1990, pp.45-47)

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The Bibliographic entry

Bee R & Bee F, 1990, Management Information Systems and Statistics, Institute of Personnel Management, London.

Quotations
You have quoted when you use someone elses written or spoken words. A quotation can be as short as one word or phrase, or as long as one or more paragraphs. Quotations are either Short or Long quotations.

Short quotations
If the quoted material is brief (fewer than 30 words) include it in the text or sentence. The full in-text reference should immediately follow the quotation or you can include part of the reference in the text as shown below. If you are using a direct quotation, make this clear, put it in inverted commas, and give the page reference. For example:

The In-text reference

As Dwyer (1999, p.195) says We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable. Further to this ...

Long quotations
If the quotation is longer than 30 words, start a new paragraph and indent the quotation about 1.25cm from both the defined left and right text margins. This is commonly called double indenting or indenting left and right. As you have indented the quotation, do not use quotation marks. You can include the reference within the sentence immediately before the quoted material or immediately following the quoted material. For example:

The In-text reference

Doran & Rampton (1999, p.1) acknowledge this when they say One of the most significant challenges facing human resource managers today is the justification of the costs associated with the purchase and implementation of a [HRIS]. Most organizations already have a policy of cost justifying any new technology, and todays tight economy dictates that this be done for every new investment of this nature. or One of the most significant challenges facing human resource managers today is the justification of the costs associated with the purchase and implementation of a [HRIS]. Most organizations already have a policy of cost justifying any new technology, and todays tight economy dictates that this be done for every new investment of this nature. (Doran & Rampton, 1999, p.1)

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Other referencing issues

This area addresses those issues that students may be unsure of as each issue is not common. Issues included here are:
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Abbreviations Altering direct quotations Noting of Errors Page Numbering Quotation Marks Repeatedly using the same reference When you are not sure of the details.

Abbreviations
In the Harvard system, you should avoid abbreviations wherever possible. Dont use ibid., loc. cit., or op. cit., as these can be confusing. If you have used material from many places scattered throughout one source, use passim (scattered throughout). Note: This method can be risky as you will be in danger of plagiarising if you take too much from a single source.

Altering direct quotations

When using direct quotations, you may wish to alter it in some way. You must surround every single addition with square brackets, and you must highlight every deletion with an ... (an ellipse) One of the most significant challenges ... today is ... a [HRIS]. Most organizations already have a policy ... and todays tight economy dictates that this be done for every new investment of this nature. (Doran & Rampton 1999, p.1)

Noting of errors
When using direct quotations, you must produce every detail of the original even to the extent of reproducing errors. Write [sic] (sic surrounded by square brackets) immediately after each error if you wish to draw attention. The childs story began, My father lived in Darwin now [sic], but he once lived in Adalaide [sic] where we live.

Page numbering
Unless the in-text reference is to a complete publication, you must always include page numbers. There are alternate methods for presenting page numbers as shown below. However, if you use p, then follow these rules.
q q q

Use p. if the reference is to a single page and pp. if the reference is to more than one page. Do NOT leave a space between the full-stop and the page number. Do NOT use pg.

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The In-text reference

q q q q q

Dwyer (1999, p.195) suggests that ... Dwyer (1999:195) suggests that ... Dwyer (1999, 195) suggests that ... In 1999, Dwyer (p.195) suggests that ... We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable (Dwyer, 1999, p.195).

Quotation marks
Use double quotation marks around your in-text quotation, but use single quotation marks if you are quoting within double quotation marks. Thus: It was Richard Branson, entrepreneurial owner of the Virgin Group, that is credited with the saying agents are more important than customers. My own maxim has always been happy staff make happy customers.. (Menday J, 1996, p.21).

Repeatedly using the same reference

When you are making many references to the same material, then you can leave out the year of publication. If, in a section of your work, you use only one reference and you use it often, then you may preface your summary by a comment, such as: In the following paragraphs all page numbers refer to Boudreau (1990), and continue by referring to pages without giving author or year. Note: You should be very careful when using this method as you will be in danger of plagiarising if you take too much of your work from a single source.

When you are not sure of the details

This section looks at how to reference when you do not know such details as:
q q q q q

Author Date of publication page Numbers Publisher City of Publication.

Author not known

If you dont know who is the author of an article in a journal, newspaper, or Internet document, credit authorship to the organisation.

Date not known

q

When you do NOT know the publication date If you dont know the date of publication, use n.d. or not dated in place of the year. When the publication date is only approximate If you are sure the date of publication was about a particular year but cannot confirm this, then place c. in front of the year C. means about or approximately. An example is shown below.

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The Bibliographic entry

Castio WX, c.1997, Costing Human Resources, Kent, Boston.

Page numbers not known

If the original material does not have page numbers, you should still tell the reader what page it was by following the example shown below. Count the pages from the front and then include that number in your in-text reference, but show that it was not in the original. (Aurion Corporation, 1999, [p.3])

Publisher not known

If you dont know who the publisher is, use the phrase not known in place of the publisher.

City of publication not known

If you dont know where the material was published, use the phrase not known, instead of the city of publication.

The Bibliography
The Bibliography is a complete list of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, documents, e-mail, videos, online material and any other references you have consulted in preparing your assignment. It is placed on a separate page at the back of your written work.
q q q q

Do not list books, journal, Internet entries, and newspaper articles separately. Do not use bullet points or numbers Sort the Bibliography in alphabetical order of author, then year. For textual clarity and readability, leave a blank line after each reference.

References Cited
References Cited is a complete list of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, documents, e-mail, videos, online material and any other references you have REFFERED TO in your assignment. It is placed on a separate page at the back of your written work.
q q q q

Do not list books, journal, Internet entries, and newspaper articles separately. Do not use bullet points or numbers Sort the References Cited in alphabetical order of author, then year. For textual clarity and readability, leave a blank line after each reference.

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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition

An example Bibliography
This example bibliography is included to show HOW you should do it. Attorney-Generals Department, 1998, Privacy Act 1988, Ausinfo, Canberra. Aurion Corporation , 1999, Taking the Journey with you, Aurion Corporation, Brisbane. Bee R & Bee F, 1990, Management Information Systems and Statistics, Institute of Personnel Management, London. Berwick J, (jb45@norfolk.nf), 15 January 2000, Management on Norfolk, e-mail to I Nicholson (dr_nich@moreton.qld.edu.au) Boudreau J, 1990, Cost-benefit analysis applied to personnel/human resource management decisions, Paper presented to IPM NZ Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, 12-14 September, pp.1-11. Cameron M, 2000, Firms pay high price for e-mail overload, The Courier Mail, 15 January, p.17 Castio WX, c.1997, Costing Human Resources, Kent, Boston. Castio WX, 1998, Reducing Human Resource Costs, Kent, Boston. Compton RL & Nankervis AR, 1991, Effective Recruitment and Selection Practices, CCH Australia Limited, Sydney. Dattner F, 1999, Formidable, Reflective Capacity, Management Today, September, p.12. Dessler G, Griffiths J, Lloyd-Walker B, & Williams A, 1999, Human Resource Management, Prentice Hall, Melbourne. Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, Making A Business Case for a New HRIS [online]. Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000]. Dwyer J, 1997, The Business Communication Handbook, 4th edn., Prentice Hall, Sydney. Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business Strategies and Techniques, Prentice Hall, Sydney. Gordon C, 1999, Forced outside. (external hiring), Human Resource Planning, March, v22 i1 p18(2) [electronic]. Available from: Moreton TAFE Libraries, Moreton E-Files, Article A54657577 [9 August 2000]. HROnline, 1999, Making A Business Case for a New HRIS [online]. Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000]. Menday J, 1996, Call Centre Management - A Practical Guide, CallCraft, Newdigate, UK. Nankervis AR, Compton RL & McCarthy TE, 1996, Strategic Human Resource Management, 2nd edn., Thomson Publishing Nelson, Melbourne. Nicholson IJ, 1996, The First 100 Years - The development of technical education in Queensland to 1977, PhD Thesis, University of New England, Armidale, NSW. Nicholson IJ Dr, 1999, Risk Management, unpublished notes.

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Harvard Referencing 3rd Edition Resmanag.com, nd, Estimating your manpower needs [online]. Available from: www.resmanag.com/lib/hris/estmanpwr.html [1 October 2004]. Stone RJ, 1998a, Human Resource Management, 3rd edn., Wiley, Brisbane. Stone RJ, 1998b, Readings in Human Resource Management, Vol.3, Wiley, Brisbane. The Courier Mail, 2000, Firms pay high price for e-mail overload, The Courier Mail, 15 January, p.19. Willson-Murray R, 1997, Managing Projects - a new approach, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.

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