ASSIGNMENT

ON
MILLINIUM
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS OF UN

8

NLLLIMA SAnI1A NUkALA

INTRODUCTION

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international
development goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least
23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015.
They include eradicating extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates,
Iighting disease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global
partnership Ior development.
The MDGs originated Irom the Millennium Declaration produced by
the United Nations.
The Declaration asserts that every individual has the right to dignity,
Ireedom, equality, a basic standard oI living that includes Ireedom Irom
hunger and violence, and encourages tolerance and solidarity.
The MDGs were made to operationalize these ideas by setting targets and
indicators Ior poverty reduction in order to achieve the rights set Iorth in the
Declaration on a set IiIteen-year timeline.
The Millennium Declaration was, however, only part oI the origins oI the
MDGs.
It came about Irom not just the UN but also the Organization Ior Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Bank and
the International Monetary Fund.
The setting came about through a series oI UN-led conIerences in the 1990s
Iocusing on issues such as children, nutrition, human rights, women and
others.
On the side oI the OECD, there was a criticism oI the Iall oI global
OIIicial (ODA) by major donors.
With the onset oI the UN's 50th anniversary, then UN Secretary
General KoIi Annan saw the need to address the range oI development
issues.
This led to his report titled, We the Peoples: The Role oI the United Nations
in the 21st Century which led to the Millennium Declaration.
By this time, the OECD had already Iormed its International Development
Goals (IDGs) and it was combined with the UN's eIIorts in the World Bank's
2001 meeting to Iorm the MDGs.
The MDGs Iocus on three major areas oI Human development (humanity):
bolstering human capital, improving inIrastructure, and increasing social,
economic and political rights, with the majority oI the Iocus going towards
increasing basic standards oI living.
The objectives chosen within the human capital Iocus include improving
nutrition, healthcare (including reducing levels oI child
mortality, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and increasing reproductive
health), and education.
MDGs were developed out oI the eight chapters oI the United Nations,
signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets, and a series
oI measurable indicators Ior each target.

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day
Proportion oI population below $1 per day (PPP values)
Poverty gap ratio |incidence x depth oI poverty|
Share oI poorest quintile in national consumption
Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People
GDP Growth per Employed Person
Employment Rate
Proportion oI employed population below $1 per day (PPP values)
Proportion oI Iamily-based workers in employed population
Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Prevalence oI underweight children under Iive years oI age
Proportion oI population below minimum level oI dietary energy consumption

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary
schooling, girls and boys
Enrollment in primary education
Completion oI primary education
Literacy oI 15-24 year olds, Iemale and male
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education
preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015
Ratios oI girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Share oI women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Proportion oI seats held by women in national parliament
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five
mortality rate
Under-Iive mortality rate
InIant (under 1) mortality rate
Proportion oI 1-year-old children immunized against measles
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal
mortality ratio
Maternal mortality ratio
Proportion oI births attended by skilled health personnel
Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Adolescent birth rate
Antenatal care coverage
Unmet need Ior Iamily planning
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
HIV prevalence among population aged 1524 years
Proportion oI population aged 1524 years with comprehensive correct knowledge
oI HIV/AIDS
Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for
all those who need it
Proportion oI population with advanced HIV inIection with access to antiretroviral
drugs
Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
of malaria and other major diseases
Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria
Proportion oI children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets
Proportion oI children under 5 with Iever who are treated with appropriate anti-
malarial drugs
Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
Proportion oI tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly
Observed Treatment Short Course)
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country
policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources
Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant
reduction in the rate of loss
Proportion oI land area covered by Iorest
CO
2
emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
Consumption oI ozone-depleting substances
Proportion oI Iish stocks within saIe biological limits
Proportion oI total water resources used
Proportion oI terrestrial and marine areas protected
Proportion oI species threatened with extinction
Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more
information see the entry on water supply)
Proportion oI population with sustainable access to an improved water source,
urban and rural
Proportion oI urban population with access to improved sanitation
Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of
at least 100 million slum-dwellers
Proportion oI urban population living in slums
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-
discriminatory trading and financial system
Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction
both nationally and internationally
Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries
(LDC)
Includes: tariII and quota Iree access Ior LDC exports; enhanced programme
oI debt relieI Ior HIPC and cancellation oI oIIicial bilateral debt; and more
generous ODA (Overseas Development Assistance) Ior countries committed to
poverty reduction
Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and
small island developing States
Through the Programme oI Action Ior the Sustainable Development oI Small
Island Developing States and the outcome oI the twenty-second special session oI
the General Assembly
Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing
countries through national and international measures in order to make debt
sustainable in the long term
Some oI the indicators listed below are monitored separately Ior the least
developed countries (LDCs), AIrica, landlocked developing countries and small
island developing States.
OIIicial development assistance (ODA):
Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage oI OECD/DAC donors` GNI
Proportion oI total sector-allocable ODA oI OECD/DAC donors to basic social
services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, saIe water and sanitation)
Proportion oI bilateral ODA oI OECD/DAC donors that is untied
ODA received in landlocked countries as proportion oI their GNIs
ODA received in small island developing States as proportion oI their GNIs
Market access:
Proportion oI total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) Irom
developing countries and Irom LDCs, admitted Iree oI duty
Average tariIIs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and
textiles and clothing Irom developing countries
Agricultural support estimate Ior OECD countries as percentage oI their GDP
Proportion oI ODA provided to help build trade capacity
Debt sustainability:
Total number oI countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and
number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)
Debt relieI committed under HIPC initiative, US$
Debt service as a percentage oI exports oI goods and services
Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to
affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
Proportion oI population with access to aIIordable essential drugs on a sustainable
basis
Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits
of new technologies, especially information and communications
Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population
Personal computers in use per 100 population
Internet users per 100 Population
8 MILLINIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS LISTED

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality

Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases

Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ACHIEVE 8 MDGS
Countries throughout the world are seeking to improve the health oI their citizens
and make quality health care accessible and aIIordable.
Despite their diIIerences, nations are Iacing a surprisingly similar set oI health
disparities and inequalities, such as Iragmented health care ecosystems, high costs,
inconsistent quality oI care, ineIIicient systems, and barriers to access and capacity
needs.
In response to these challenges, and recognizing that social entrepreneurs are key
drivers oI change in this space, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation`s Pioneer
PortIolio is partnering with Ashoka Changemakers to launch the competition,
Innovations Ior Health: Solutions that Cross Borders.
We are looking Ior cutting-edge health care solutions Irom anywhere in the world
that have the potential to be applied in other countries to address health care
barriers and improve access.
In today`s increasingly interconnected world, we have the vital opportunity to learn
Irom innovations developed beyond our borders. We also have the opportunity to
catalyze these innovations to the next level through Iunding. Examples oI
breakthrough innovations we`d like to see include (but are not limited to) those
that:
O Deploy the Iull spectrum oI community health care workers and providers,
thereby improving the capacity, reach, and quality oI health care services;
O Use simple, low-cost interventions and health technologies to improve
medical, preventive, and dental care;
O Help people Iind and access the health inIormation, services, and providers
they need through new tools and processes;
O Provide high quality and personalized care in non-traditional settings; and
O Use design thinking to Iind new ways to engage patients in their care,
particularly patients with chronic illnesses.
We are looking Ior initiatives that have demonstrated impact, and we are
particularly interested in those that have the potential to help vulnerable and
underserved populations in other countries that are experiencing similar barriers to
health. Social entrepreneurship and social innovations are the key to addressing
these problems. It`s time to learn Irom one another and to build bridges toward a
more accessible, cost-eIIective, consumer-engaged, and outcome-driven system oI
health services. Social enterprises, nonproIit organizations, businesses, and NGOs
all play an important role in driving innovations Ior health. In addition, Iollowing
the Changemakers competition, selected entries may be invited to submit proposals
to RWJF's Pioneer PortIolio Ior Iuture Iunding consideration. The Foundation will
be looking Ior innovations that show potential to produce signiIicant improvement
in health and health care in the United States. Only organizations in the United
States and its territories are eligible Ior this post-competition health Iunding
opportunity.
The MDGs also provide a Iramework Ior the entire international community to
work together towards a common end making sure that human development
reaches everyone, everywhere. II these goals are achieved, world poverty will be
cut by halI, tens oI millions oI lives will be saved, and billions more people will
have the opportunity to beneIit Irom the global economy.

The eight MDGs break down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60
indicators.
In 2000, most oI the countries oI the world agreed to cut world poverty in halI by
the year 2015.
Development experts looked at diIIerent problems that make and keep people poor.
They came up with 8 targets that would help most people meet basic needs. II met,
these targets would get poor people out oI poverty and into a better liIe as well as
enable people to contribute to their society in a more productive way. These targets
are today known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
The goals also help development experts measure how much progress has been
made in reducing poverty over the years.