11 Communication Systems

By:-
DR. VI KRAM SI NGH

TANUSHREE SI NGH
YEAR OF PUBLI CATI ON-2010
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means-
Electronic, Mechanical, Photocopying, Recording or otherwise, without
prior permission of the Authors and Publisher
SAVANT I NSTI TUTE
TM
CLASS XI I
PHYSICS
Physics Communication Systems 1
SAVANT EDUCATI ON GROUP E-17, East of Kailash, New Delhi 110065. Ph.: +91-11-26224417 www.savantgroup.org
11

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Pre-requisites
Elementary ideas of wave phenomena.
Basic ideas of waves.
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Concept Map

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Slide 1
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History
The history of communication dates back to the
earliest sign of life
Communication ranges from very subtle process of
exchange to full conversation and mars communication
human communication was revolutionized with speech
about 200000 year ago and writing about 30000 year
ago.
Symbols were developed about 7000 year there have
been major development in the field of
telecommunication in the past few centuries
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Slide 2
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The transmission of signal over a distance for the
purpose of communication began thousands of years
ago with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa,
America and in the parts of Asia.
In the 1790 the first fixed some a phone system
emerged in Europe However it was not until 1830 that
electrical telecommunication system started to appear.
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Slide 3
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Heinrich Hertz
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 January 1,
1894) was a German physicist who clarified and
expanded the electromagnetic theory of light that had
been put forth by Maxwell.
He was the first to satisfactorily demonstrate the
existence of electromagnetic waves by building an
apparatus to produce and detect VHF or UHF radio
waves.
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Slide 4
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Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi was born at Bologna, Italy, on April
25, 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi, an Italian
country gentleman, and Annie Jameson, daughter of
Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in the County Wexford,
Ireland.
He was educated privately at Bologna, Florence and
Leghorn.
256 Communication Systems Physics
Slide 5
In 1899 he established wireless communication between
France and England across the English Channel.
He erected permanent wireless stations at The Needles, Isle
of Wight, at Bournemouth and later at the Haven Hotel,
Poole, and Dorset.
In 1900 he took out his famous patent No. 7777 for "tuned
or syntonic telegraphy" and, on an historic day in December
1901, determined to prove that wireless waves were not
affected by the curvature of the Earth, he used his system
for transmitting the first wireless signals across the Atlantic
between Poldhu, Cornwall, and St. John's, Newfoundland, a
distance of 2100 miles.
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Slide 6
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Between 1902 and 1912 he patented several new
inventions. In 1902, during a voyage in the American liner
"Philadelphia", he first demonstrated "daylight effect" relative
to wireless communication and in the same year patented
his magnetic detector which then became the standard
wireless receiver for many years.
In December 1902 he transmitted the first complete
messages to Poldhu from stations at Glace Bay, Nova
Scotia, and later Cape Cod, Massachusetts, these early
tests culminating in 1907 in the opening of the first
transatlantic commercial service between Glace Bay and
Clifden, Ireland, after the first shorter-distance public service
of wireless telegraphy had been established between Bari in
Italy and Avidari in Montenegro.
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Slide 7
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In 1905 he patented his horizontal directional aerial and in
1912 a "timed spark" system for generating continuous
waves.
In 1914 he was commissioned in the Italian Army as a
Lieutenant being later promoted to Captain, and in 1916
transferred to the Navy in the rank of Commander.
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Slide 8
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He was a member of the Italian Government mission to the
United States in 1917 and in 1919 was appointed Italian
plenipotentiary delegate to the Paris Peace Conference.
He was awarded the Italian Military Medal in 1919 in
recognition of his war service.
In 1931 Marconi began research into the propagation
characteristics of still shorter waves, resulting in the opening
in 1932 of the world's first microwave radiotelephone link
between the Vatican City and the Pope's summer residence
at Castel Gandolfo.
Slide 9

J C Bose
Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS (Bentali)
Jogodish Chondro Boshu) (November 30, 1858 November
23, 1937) was a Bengali polymath: a physicist, biologist,
botanist, archaeologist, and writer of science fiction.
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Slide 10
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He pioneered the investigation of ratio and microwave
optics, made very significant contributions to plant science,
and laid the foundations of experimental science in the
Indian subcontinent.
He is considered one of the fathers of radio science, and is
also considered the father of Bengali science fiction.
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Slide 11
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He was the first from the Indian subcontinent to get a US
patent, in 1904.
Although Bose filed for patent for one of his inventions due
to peer pressure, his reluctance to any form of patenting
was well known.
Now, some 70 years after his death, he is being recognised
for many of his contributions to modern science.
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Slide 12
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Communication
The act of transmission of information from one place to
another place is called communication.
For successful communication, sender and receiver must
have common language of information exchange.
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Slide 13
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Elements of communication system
Every communication system has three essential elements
as shown in diagram.

Slide 14
Types of communication
1. Point to point communication
In such a mode communication takes place over a link
between a single transmitter and a receiver such as
telephony.
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Slide 15
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Unidirectional antennas

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Slide 16
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2. Broadcast communication
In such a mode of communication, there are a large
number of receiver corresponding to a single transmitter
such as radio and television.
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Slide 17
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Omnidirectional antenna

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Slide 18
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Basic Terminology Used In Electronic
Communication Systems
1. Transmitter
It is a device that transmits a message/signal from source
into a form suitable for transmission over the channel
2. Channel
It is a connecting link between transmitter and receiver.
Slide 19
3. Receiver
It is a device which decodes the transmitted signal and
fed to other devices which are connected to the users to
obtain the information.
4. Transducer
It is a device which converts energy in one form to
another and empowers the transmitter.
5. Repeater
A repeater is a combination of a receiver and a
transmitter.
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Slide 20
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6. Modulator
It translates message signal to the radio frequency
range.
7. Demodulator
It is used to translate radio signals back to original signal.
8. Antenna
It is used on both sides to radiate and pick up signals
respectively.
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Slide 21
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9. Signal
Information converted in electrical form and suitable for
transmission is called a signal.
Amplitude, frequency and phase are the characteristics
of a signal.
Signal is of two types: analog and digital.
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Slide 22
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(a) Analog signal
Analog signal is a continuous function of time, with
continuous amplitude.
Within a given range of values, analog signal may
take any value.
Sine wave is a fundamental analog signal.
Human voice, video and music when converted to
electrical signals produce analog signal.
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Slide 23
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(b) Digital signals
Digital signals are those which can take only
discrete stepwise values.
Binary system that is extensively used in digital
electronics employs just two levels of a signal. 0
corresponds to a low level and 1 corresponds to a
high level of voltage/current.
Slide 24
10. Bandwidth
The range over which frequencies in a signal vary is
called bandwidth.
Baseband is the band of frequency which represents
the original signal.
11. Noise
Noise refers to the unwanted signals that tend to disturb
the transmission and processing of message signals.
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Slide 25
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12. Attenuation
Attenuation is the loss of strength of a signal while
propagating through a medium.
13. Amplification
Amplification is the process of increasing the amplitude
and hence the strength of signal to overcome from the
attenuation.
14. Range
The largest distance between source and destination up
to which signal is received with sufficient strength is
called its range.
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Slide 26
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Bandwidth of Signals
Speech signals in telephonic communication required a
bandwidth of 2800 Hz.
To transmit music a bandwidth around 20 kHz is needed.
Video signals for picture transmission require 4.2 MHz
bandwidth while a TV signal usually requires 6 MHz
bandwidth for transmission.
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Slide 27
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Rectangular wave
Digital signals are in the form of rectangular wave can be
decomposed into a superposition of sinusoidal waves of
frequencies 0, 20, 30. 40nv0 where n is an integer
extending to infinity and 0 = 1 /T0.

Slide 28
The fundamental (0), fundamental (0)+ first
Harmonic (20), and fundamental (0) + second harmonic
(20) + third harmonic (30).
To reproduces the rectangular wave shape exactly we need
to superimpose all the harmonics 0, 20. 30, 40 which
implies and infinite bandwidth.
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Slide 29
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Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
The commonly used transmission media are wire, free
space and fiber optic cable.
Coaxial cable is a widely used wire medium, which offers a
bandwidth of approximately 750 MHz
The international telecommunication union (ITU) administers
the present system of frequency allocations as shown in the
table.
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Slide 30
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Some Important Wireless Communication Frequency Bands
Service
Frequency
bands
Comments
Standard AM
broadcast
540-1600 kHz
FM broadcast 88-108 MHz
Television
54-72 MHz
76-88 MHz
174-216 MHz
420-890 MHz
VHF (very high frequencies)
TV
UHF (ultra high frequency)
TV
Cellular Mobile
Radio
896-901 MHz
840-935 MHz
Mobile to base station
Base station to mobile
Satellite
Communication
5.925-6.425 GHz
3.7-4.2 GHz
Uplink
Down link
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Slide 31
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Wireless transmission frequency
Band Range Propagation Application
VLF 330 KHz Ground Long-range radio navigation
LF 30300 KHz Ground
Radio beacons and
navigational locators
MF 300 KHz3 MHz Sky AM radio
HF 330 MHz Sky
Citizens band (CB),
ship/aircraft communication
VHF 30300 MHz
Sky and
line-of-sight
VHF TV, FM radio
UHF 300 MHz 3 GHz Line- of-sight
UHF TV, cellular phones,
paging, satellite
SHF 330 GHz Line- of-sight Satellite communication
EHF 30300 GHz Line- of-sight Long-range radio navigation
Slide 32
Terrestrial Radio (All forms)
Ground-wave propagation follows the curvature of the earth
Frequencies below 2MHz
AM radio (550-1600KHz)
Sky-wave propagation relies on the ionosphere and the
surface of the earth to refract waves back-and-forth
Frequencies 2MHz-30MHz
Short-wave Radio, HAM radio
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Slide 33
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Line of site is point-to-point in a nearly straight line
Frequencies 30MHz and up
FM radio, TV, Mobile phones

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Slide 34
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Ground Wave
Ground waves are the one which propagate from one point
to another following the surface of earth.
To radiate signals with high efficiency, the antennas should
have a size comparable to the wavelength of the signal at
least /4.
In standard amplitude modulated broadcast, ground based
vertical towers are generally used as transmitting antennas.
The mode of propagation and the wave glides over the
surface of earth and the propagation is called surface wave
propogation.
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Slide 35
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A wave induces current in the ground over which it passes
and it is attenuated as a result of absorption of energy by
the earth.
The attenuation of surface waves increases very rapidly with
increase in frequency.
The maxi mum range of converge depends on the
transmitted power and frequency.
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Slide 36
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Sky Waves
Sky waves are the one which are received after being
reflected from the ionosphere.
When long distance communication takes place by
ionospheric reflection of radio waves back towards the earth
in the frequency range from few MHz up to 30 40 MHz, is
called sky wave propogation and used by short wave
broadcast services.
The ionospheric layer acts as a reflector for the frequencies
3 MHz to 30 MHz.
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Slide 37
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Slide 38
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Slide 39
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Electromagnetic waves of frequencies higher than 30 MHz
penetrate the ionosphere and escape.
The phenomenon of bending of electromagnetic waves so that
they are diverted towards the earth is similar to total reflection.
In ionosphere, there is a large number of an ion or charged
particles and it extends from a height of 65 km to 400 km
above the earths surface.
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Slide 40
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Ionisation occurs due to the absorption of ultraviolet and other
high energy radiation coming from sun by air molecules.
The degree of ionization varies with the height.
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Slide 41
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Space Wave
Space waves travel in straight line and used for line of sight
(Los) communication as well as satellite communication.

Slide 42
If the transmitting antenna is at height ht and distance to
horizon dT is equal to
T e t
d 2R h where Re is radius of
earth and dT is also called the radio horizon of the
transmitting antenna.
The maximum line of sight (Los) distance dm between the
two antennas having heights ht and hr above the earth is
given by
m e t e r
d 2R h 2R h +
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Slide 43
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FSS - Fixed Satellite system

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Slide 44
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Television broadcast, microwave links and satellite
communication use space wave propagation.
A communication satellite acts like a microwave link
repeater which receives signals from earth station, amplifies
and returns it back to earth at a different frequency to avoid
interference.
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Slide 45
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Modulation and Its Necessity
Message signals are also called baseband signals which
essentially designate the band of frequencies representing
the original signal, as delivered by the source of information.
No signal, in general, is a single frequency sinusoid, but is
spreads over a range of frequencies called the signal
bandwidth.
There are various factors for which modulation of signals is
needed to transmit information. i .e. size of antenna or aerial,
Effective Power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals
from different transmitters.
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Slide 46
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Size of Antenna or Aerial
For an electromagnetic wave of frequency 20 Hz. the
wavelength is 15 km and such a long antenna is not
possible.
Translating the information contained in our original low
frequency baseband signal into high or radio frequencies
before transmission is thus needed for possible heights of
antenna.
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Slide 47
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Effective Power Radiated by an Antenna
For transmitting a signal, an antenna or an aerial having a
size comparable to the wavelength of the signal i.e. about
/4 in dimension is needed for properly senses the time
variation of the signal.
The power radiated by linear antenna having length L is
proportional to( )
2
L . Where is the wavelength of the
radiated frequency.
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Slide 48
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Thus, for the same length of antenna the power of radiation
increases by decreasing i.e. increasing frequency.
Hence, the effective power radiated by a lone wavelength
baseband signal should be small.
For a good transmission, we need high powers by using
high frequency transmission.
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Slide 49
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Mixing up of Signals from Different Transmitters
If many people are talking at the same time or many
transmitters are transmitting baseband information due to
mixing it is very difficult to distinguish between them.
Thus, there is a need for translating the original low
frequency baseband massage or information signal into high
frequency wave before transmission.
The translated signal continues to possess the information
continues to posses the information in the original signal.
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Slide 50
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Modulation
It is the process of changing some characteristic (e.g.,
amplitude, frequency or phase) of a carrier wave in
accordance with the intensity of the signal.
Therefore, modulation permits the transmission to occur at
high frequency while it simultaneously allows the carrying of
the audio signal.
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Slide 51
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1. Carrier wave
A wave of high frequency which carries a high
frequency wave is called a carrier wave.
2. Signal wave
These are the waves which are to be sent from
transmitter to receiver through modulation.
3. Modulated wave
It is the superimposed wave of carrier wave and signal
wave.
Slide 52
Types of modulation
There are three types of modulation (a) amplitude modulation (b)
frequency modulation (c) Pulse modulation.
(a) Amplitude modulation
When the amplitude of high frequency carrier wave is
changed in accordance with the intensity of the signal, it is
called amplitude modulation.

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Slide 53
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Slide 54
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AM Envelope

Slide 55
(b) Frequency Modulation
In frequency modulation, the frequency of the modulated
wave varies with the frequency of the modulating signal
whereas its amplitude is same as that of the carrier wave.

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Slide 56
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Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency Modulation of
a digital baseband signal

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Slide 57
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Slide 58
Pulse Modulation
In such a modulation, t he modulation of radio frequency
carrier is done by short pulses.

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Slide 59
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Theory of Amplitude modulation
Let c (t) = Ac sin (c t) represent carrier wave and m(t) = Am sin
(m t) represent the message or the modulating signal , where
m = 2fm is the angular frequency of the message signal.
The modulated signal cm (t) can be written as cm(t) = (Ac +
Am sin m t) sin c t
m
c m c
c
A
A 1 sin t sin t
A
_
+

,

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Slide 60
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The modulated signal now contains the message signal.
cm (t) = Ac sin c t + Ac sin m t sin ct
Where = Am / Ac is the modulation index .
The modulation index ?is kept 1 to avoid distortion.
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Slide 61
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Using the trigonometric relation, sin A sin B =
[(cos (A B) cos (A + B)],
( ) ( ) ( )
c c
m c c c m c m
A A
c t A sin t cos t cos t
2 2

+ +
Here, (c m) and (c + m) are respectively called the
lower side and upper side frequencies.
The modulated signal now consists of the carrier wave of
frequency c plus two sinusoidal waves each with a
frequency slightly different from, known as side bands.
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Slide 62
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Slide 63
Production of amplitude modulated wave

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Slide 64
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The modulating signal Am sin (m t) is added to the carrier
signal Ac sin (c t)o produce the signal x (t)
Signal x (t) = Am sin (m t) + AC sin (c t) is passed through
a square law device which is a non-linear device which
produces an output.
y(t) = Bx (t) + Cx
2
(t)
Where B and C are constants.
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Slide 65
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Thus y(t) = B Am sin t + B Ac sin ct
2 2 2
m m c c m c m c
C[A sin2 t A sin t 2A A sin t sin t] B + + +
Am sin m t + B Ac sin c t
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 m m m
c m c
m C c m m c c m
CA CA CA
A cos2 t cos2 t
2 2 2
CA A cos t CA A cos t
+ +
+ +

Now, there is a dc term
2 2
m c
c
" A A
2
1 +
]
and sinusoids of
frequencies m, 2 m, c, 2c, c m and c + m.
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Slide 66
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Signal is passed through a band pass filter which rejects the
sinusoids of frequencies m, 2m and 2c and retains the
frequencies c, c m and c + m.
The output of the band pass filter produce a purely
modulated wave.
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Slide 67
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Detection of amplitude modulated wave
Demodulation
Detection is the process of recovering the modulating signal
from the modulated carrier wave.
Demodulation is popularly known as detection
The modulated carrier wave contains the frequencies c and
c t m.
The modulated signal is passed though a rectifier to produce
the output.
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Slide 68
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In order to retrieve m(t), the signal is passed thought an
envelope detector (which may consist of a simple RC circuit.

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Slide 69
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Slide 70
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Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation
No doubt amplitude modulation is very important but still
there are some disadvantages of amplitude modulation.
(i) Low effacing
(ii) Noisy reception
(iii) Small operating range
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Slide 71
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The modulator portion of modem converts the incoming
digital signal into a standard form suitable for transmission
over telephone channel.
The demodulator portion of the modem receives the channel
output and reconverts it into the original digital signal
formed.
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Slide 72
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Internet
Internet permits communications and sharing of all types of
information between any two or more computers connected
through a large and complex network.
Email permits exchange of text/graphic material using email
software through internet service providers.
Slide 73
World Wide Web (WWW) computers that store specific
information for sharing with others provides websites either
directly or thorough web service providers.
Hypertext is a powerful feature of the web that automatically
links relevant information from one page on the web to
another using HTML.
E- commerce is the use of the internet to promote business
using electronic means such as using credit cards.
Chat is real time conversation among people with common
interests through typed messages.
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Slide 74
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Fax
Electronic reproduction of the document at a distant place is
known as facsimile (fax) and it involves three steps.
(a) Optical scanning in which conversion of original
document takes place into digital data.
(b) Transmission of digital data through a proper
communication channel.
(c) Reproduction of original document at the receiving end.
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Slide 75
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Mobile Telephony
In mobile telephony, all the service areas are divided into a
suitable number of cells centred on an office called MTSO
i.e. mobile telephone switching office.
Each cell contains a low-power transmitter called a base
station and caters to a large number of mobile receivers
popularly called cell phones.
Each cell has a service area of few kilometers depending
upon number of customers.
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Slide 76
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The transfer of phone servi ces from one coverage area to
another coverage area is called handover or handoff.
Mobile phones operate typically in the VHF range of
frequencies about 800 950 MHz.
Modem is combination of modulator and demodulator.
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Slide 77
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Modem converts digital data into analog form.
The analog signals are modulated and transmitted by
communication network.
At the receiving end modern converts analog signals into
digital signals.
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Slide 78
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Solved Example 1
If a broadcasting station is transmitting but not modulating, what
is heard in a receiver tuned to its frequency?
Slide 79
Solution
If a broadcasting station is transmitting but not modulating, if
means that the station is sending the carrier wave only. The
loudspeaker in the radio receiver will produce no sound from this
carrier. It is because the carrier frequency in generally very high
and the loudspeaker cannot respond to such rapid variations due
to mechanical inertia.
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Slide 80
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Solved Example 2
What is carrier communication?
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Slide 81
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Solution
Carrier communication involves the use of a high-frequency
alternating current (called carrier) as the basic communication
agent and the modification of this high frequency current rent by
the audio signal (i.e., comparatively low frequency current) which
contains the message to be transmitted.
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Slide 82
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Solved Example 3
The maximum peak-to-peak voltage of an AM wave is 16 mV
and the minimum peak-to-peak voltage is 4 mV. Calculate the
modulation factor.
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Slide 83
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Solution
Fig shows the conditions of the problem.
Maximum voltage of AM wave,
max
16
V 8mV
2

Minimum voltage of AM wave,
min
4
V 2mV
2

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Slide 84
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max min
a
min min
V V 8 2 6
m 0.6
V V 8 2 10

+ +

Slide 85
Class Assignment 1
A sinusoidal carrier voltage of frequency 1 MHz and amplitude
100 volts is amplitude modulated by sinusoidal voltage of
frequency 5 kHz producing 50% modulation. Calculate the
frequency and amplitude of lower an upper sideband terms.
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Slide 86
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Class Assignment 2
Why does FM give noiseless reception?
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Slide 87
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Class Assignment 3
Why does amplitude modulation give noisy reception?
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Slide 88
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Class Assignment 4
What is the importance of modulation factor (ma) in amplitude
modulation?
CURRICULUM BASED WORKSHEET
Topics for Worksheet
Elements of communication and types of
communication system.
Basic terminology used in Electrons.
Analog and Digital system.
Band with of Transmission Medium.
Modulation and Demodulation.
Types of modulation.
Worksheet
1. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the
largest penetrating power?
2. Earth stations play a vital role in satellite
communication. Mention their two functions.
3. Give the radio frequency spectrum.
4. A transmitting antenna at the tip of a tower has a height
32 m and the height of the receiving antenna is 50 m.
What is the maximum distance between them for
satisfactory communication in LOS mode? Given radius
of earth 6.4 x 10
6
km.
5. A T.V. tower has height of 400 m at a given place.
Calculate its coverage range, if the radius of the earth is
6400 km.
6. What is a communication channel? Discuss Briefly the
various communication channels employed in
communication.
7. Explain the term FAX? Distinguish between FAX and e-
mail.
8. What is frequency modulation?
9. What is a carrier wave? Why high frequency carrier
waves are employed for transmission
10. The height of T.V. tower at a place is 400 cm. Calculate).
(i) The maximum range upto which signals can be
received from the tower and
(ii) Area covered by the transmission. (Radius of earth
= 6400 km).
11. What is communication system? Describe briefly the
major constituents of a communication system.
12. Distinguish between frequency modulation and
amplitude modulati on. Why is an FM signal less
susceptible to noise than an AM signal?
13. What is an electromagnetic wave? Explain briefly.
CURRICULUM BASED CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
1 Mark Questions
1. Why long distance radio broadcasts use short-wave
bands?
2. A radio can tune to any station in the 7.5 MHz to 12
MHz band. What is the corresponding wavelength
band?
3. Long distance radio broadcasts use short-wave bands.
Why?
4. Why is it necessary to use satellites for long distance
TV transmission?
5. Greater the height of a TV transmitting antenna, greater
is its coverage. Comment.
6. Name one factor by which the range of transmission of
signals by a TV tower can be increased.
7. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25 A. what is
the displacement current across its plates?
8. Which of the following has the lowest frequency?
Microwaves, UV rays and X-rays.
9. What is a sky wave?
10. What is amplitude modulation?
2 Marks Questions
11. A radar using wavelength 5 cm and having an antenna
disc of diameter 10 m has an angular resolution smaller
than 0.01 radian. Is this statement correct?
12. What is the wavelength of a TV station, which transmits
on 500 MHz?
13. Compare and contrast radio waves and gamma rays.
14. How do we make the choice of a communication
channel? A message signal has a bandwidth of 5 MHz
suggest a possible communication channel for its
transmission?
15. It is necessary to use satellites for long distance tv
transmission. Why?
3 Marks Questions
16. It is necessary to use satellites for long distance TV
transmission. Why?
17. Why ground wave propagation of Radio is not suitable
for high frequencies?
18. Why is an FM signal less susceptible to noise than an
AM signal?
19. Define the term modulation. Name three different type
of modulation used for a message signal using a
sinusoidal continuous carrier wave. Explain the
meaning of any one of these.
20. A radio broadcast is transmitted using amplitude
modulation at a carrier frequency of 680 kHz. Explain
the meaning of each of the words.
21. What mode of communication is employed for the
transmission of TV signals? Explain why TV
transmission towers are usually made very high.
22. What is sky wave propagation of waves? Explain why
sky wave transmission of electromagnetic waves
cannot be used for TV trans-mission.
23. A ground receiver station is receiving a signal at
(a) 5 MHz, and (b) 100 MHz, transmitted from a ground
transmitter at a height of 300 of 300 m located at
distance of 100 km. Identify whether it is coming via
space wave or sky wave propagation or satellite
transponder. [Radius of earth 6.4 10
6
m; N MAX of
ionosphere = 10
12
m
3
].
5 Marks Questions
24. A TV tower has a height of 75 m. What is the maximum
distance and area upto which this TV transmission can
be received? Take radius of the earth as 6.4 10
6
m.
Solve with proper diagram.
25. Discuss main types of radio wave propagation.
26. A schemati c arrangement for transmitting a message
signal (20 Hz to kHz)is given below:

Give two drawback from which this arrangement suffers.
Describe briefly with the help of a back diagram the
alternative arrangement for the transmission and
reception of the message signal.
27. What is the behavior of atmosphere towards
(i) Visible light
(ii) Infra-red radiation and
(iii) Ultraviolet radiation?
QUESTION BANK FOR COMPETITIONS
1. A digital signal possesses:
(a) continuously varying values
(b) only two discrete values
(c) only four discrete values
(d) none of the above
2. The audio signal:
(a) can be sent directly over the air for large distance
(b) cannot be sent directly over the air for large distance
(c) possess very high frequency
3. If the audio signal is transmitted directly into space, the
length of transmitting antenna required will be:
(a) extremely small
(b) extremely large
(c) infinitely large
(d) none of these
4. If a carrier wave of 1000 kHz is used to carry the signal, the
length of transmitting antenna will be equal to:
(a) 3m
(b) 30 m
(c) 300 m
(d) 3000 m
5. Degree of modulation:
(a) can take any value
(b) should be less than 100%
(c) should exceed 100%
(d) none of these
6. The AM wave is equivalent to the summation of:
(a) two sinusoidal waves
(b) three sinusoidal waves
(c) four sinusoidal waves
(d) none of these
7. The AM wave contains three frequencies, viz,:
(a)
e c s c s
f f f f f
, ,
2 2 2
+

(b) 2fc, 2(fc + fs), 2(fc fs)
(c) fc, (fc + fs), (fc fs)
(d) fc, fc, fc
8. Fraction of total power carried by side bands is given by:
(a)
2 s
T
P
m
P

(b)
s
2
T
P 1
P m

(c)
2
s
2
T
P 2 m
P m
+

(d)
2
s
2
T
P m
P 2 m
+

9. In frequency modulation the amount of frequency deviation
depends on the:
(a) frequency of audio signal
(b) amplitude of audio signal
(c) both the frequency and amplitude of audio signal
10. Carrier swing in frequency modulated wave is given by:
(a)
f
CS
2

(b) CS = 2f
(c) CS = f
(d) CS = 0
11. For a carrier frequency of 100 kHz and a modulating
frequency of 5 kHz, what is the band of AM transmission?
(a) 5 kHz
(b) 10 kHz
(c) 20 kHz
(d) 200 kHz
12. Optical fibre communication is generally preferred over
general communication system because:
(a) it is more efficient
(b) of signal security
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
13. Which one of the following subsystems is used for satellites
orbit position and altitude?
(a) Thrust subsystem
(b) Power subsystem
(c) Antenna subsystem
(d) Stabilization subsystem
14. Which of the following satellites is used in ship-to-shore and
shore-to-ship communication?
(a) Intelsat
(b) Marisat
(c) Comsat
(d) Telestar
15. When microwave signals follow the curvature of earth, this is
known as:
(a) window
(b) the Faraday effect
(c) ionospheric reflection
(d) ducting
16. The absorption of radio waves by the atmosphere depends
on:
(a) their distance from the transmitter
(b) the polarization of the wave
(c) their frequency
(d) the polarization of the atmosphere
17. Modem is a device used for:
(a) modulating signals
(b) converting analog signals to digital signals
(c) either of the above
(d) none of above
18. What should be the maximum acceptance angle at the air-
core interface of an optical fibre, it n1 and n2 are the
refractive indicates of the core and the cladding
respectively?
(a) sin
1
(n2/n1)
(b)
1 2 2
1 2
sin n n
(c)
1 2
1
n
tan
n
_

,

(d)
1 1
2
n
tan
n
_

,

19. In frequency modulation:
(a) the amplitude of modulated wave varies as frequency of
carrier wave
(b) the frequency of modulated wave varies as amplitude of
modulating wave
(c) the amplitude of modulated wave varies as amplitude of
carrier wave
(d) the frequency modulated varies as frequency of
modulating wave
20. Audio signal cannot be transmitted because:
(a) the signal has more noise
(b) the signal cannot be amplified for distance
communication
(c) of the transmitting antenna length
(d) None of these
21. In which of the following remote sensing technique is not
used?
(a) forest density
(b) pollution
(c) wetland mapping
(d) ground water survey
(e) medical treatment
22. Given below is the circuit diagram of an AM demodulator.
For good demodulation of AM signal of carrier frequency f,
the value of RC should be:

(a)
1
RC
f

(b)
1
RC
f
<
(c)
1
RC
f

(d)
1
RC
f
>>
23. Refractive index of ionosphere is:
(a) zero
(b) more than one
(c) less than one
(d) one
24. To cover a population of 20 lakh, a transmission tower
should have a height: (radius of the earth = 6400 km,
population per square km = 1000)
(a) 25 m
(b) 50 m
(c) 75 m
(d) 100 m
(e) 39 m
25. The range of frequencies allotted for FM radio is:
(a) 88 to 108 kHz
(b) 88 to 108 MHz
(c) 47 to 230 kHz
(d) 47 to 230 MHz
(e) 470 to 960 MHz
26. The skip zone in radio wave transmission is that range
where:
(a) there is no reception of either ground wave or sky wave
(b) the reception of ground wave is maximum but that of
sky wave is minimum
(c) the reception of both ground and sky wave is maximum
(d) the reception of both ground and sky wave is minimum
27. Phase shift keying is used:
(a) in digital data transmission
(b) in analog data transmission
(c) in both digital and analog data transmission
28. The frequency of an FM transmitter without signal input is
called:
(a) the centre frequency
(b) modulation factor
(c) the frequency deviation
(d) the carrier swing
29. The fundamental radio antenna is a metal rod which has a
length equal to:
(a) in free space at the frequency of operation
(b) /2 in free space at the frequency or operation
(c) /4 in free space at the frequency of operation 3/4 in
free space at the frequency of operation
(d) None of these
30. In frequency modulated wave:
(a) frequency varies with time
(b) amplitude varies with time
(c) both frequency and amplitude vary with time both
frequency and amplitude are constant
(d) None of these

11 Communication Systems

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