gftH&pqisw

Ss@e s& SsW #M*;eisrcw tW{a {saa frpgisEe

.{i Khobar', Saucli Arabia http : //w'llw. ps sp-m er. o r g/

SE,MINAR WORKSHGP
on

MOBILE ELEVATING WORKING PLATFORMS

by:

FERNAFID* M. CRISOSTO, OSHC (DOLE-BWC)

Registrati*sa # 1G3#-1 12CIS4 A 1-SZeg

and

SEVERE WEATHER ACTION PLAI\NING SAFETY

.by:

LEVI

S. ALEJO, OSHC (rIOLE-BWC) Regastrmti*sa # 1 030-1 1 200 111 -0222

Dhahran Palace Hotel Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

June

24r20ll

Heat lllness Prevention

SEVERE WEATHER PLAN N ING

Heat lllness Frevention

LEVI S. ALEJO, REE, oHSc PSSP-MER

PSSP-MER. Levi Severe Weather

Planning & Contrcl.Y2K1 l

Training Goals

lncrease awareness and commitment to safety and health at the work site.
Review heat illness prevention and regulatory req ui rements.

PSSP-MER-Levi Severe Wealher Planning & Control.Y2K11

2010 Employer Training

E
L E l= Heat lllness Prevention

t L -

Don't Take the Risk

. . . ' .
!-leat kills... vour business! ln the U.S.A. 15 jobsites were shut down in 2009 for imminent hazards due to heat Nearly 5 2 million in penalties and 1158 citations issued in 2009 District Attorneys may review these cases

e
G

= L
E -

lE -

l= -a IF

for criminal activity Bad press/media attention 41 confirmed heat illnesses and confirmed heat fatality in 2009
PSSP-MER.Levi Sever Weather Planning & Control.Y2K11

t! IIt tf lIt-IlE

t-

Heat lllness Prevention Elements lnclude:

l,-

. Access to Water . Access to Shade

-l=

' Written Procedures lncluding

Emergency Response . Training
PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Weather Planning & Contpl.Y2K11

E E E E E E

/
20 1 0 Erhployer Training

F E

Heat lllness Prevention

Aeeess

ts Water

potable drinking water shall he available at al! times, wEth at least ome quart per employee per hour for the entine shift,
.
Provided at no cost to the workers.

Aceess to sufficient ameumts of eooE

Effective R.eplen ish rnent Frocedures

. Designate a person(s) to
periodically check the level of the water containers.

Specify how often the containers will be checked.

Ensure that the water is s

cool.
PSSP-MER-Levi Severe Weather Planning & Control.Y2K11

2010 Employer Training

I ! ! t
Heat lllness Prevention
I

L
!
Encounage
G

the Fnequent
Water!

Er!nBcing

of

I -r
lF -

E lF
-E b F
a-

Remind

workers not to wait until they are thirsty!

t! l| -A

F -a l=
ta

ll

b E ta

F -t L
tt

F
-t t!

F a l+ a l=
d

SERIOUS HAZARD: When the outdoor temperature in the work area exceed 85 degrees F (29.2'Cl, and no shade is present. YOU RISK A SERIOUS CITATION! IMMINENT HAZARD: When the outdoor temperature in the work area exceed 90 degrees F (32.2"C1,, and no shade is present. YOU RISK GETTING SHUT DOWN (OBtf)i,ten-revi severe weather

lF
d

t=
l= < F
A F

A
2010 FmployerTraining

F F

Heat Illness Prevention

Access

to Shade

Locate the shade structure as

close as practicable to the areas where employees

are working.

Have and maintain one or more areas with shade.

pe

rm

it

ac

cess to

sn

a'd$#,ftf Hfiiff6ff ","*

2010 Employer Training

tr

E
L

Heat lllness Prevention

E E E E
L -

If Tenrperature is BeEow 85uF

E E E

E E a E
When the temperature does not exceed 85 degrees F, provide shade or timely access to shade upon request.
Planning & Control.Y2K11

-! l !
f

D
Does the shade structure introduce a
haza rd ?

E E E E
d

A 4

E
ln situations where the employer can demonstrate that it is not safe or feasible to provide shade, an employer can utilize established procedures for providing shade upon request or, for non-agricultural emplovers, alternative cooling measures that provide equivalent protection.
PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Weather Planning & Control.Y2K1l

C E
I

6
2010 Employer Training

E E
o

Heat lllness Prevention

Written Frecedures
As long as they are effective, your Heat lllness Procedures ean be

integrated into the

CSSP

Maintain the procedures on site or close to the site, so that ii can be made available to representatives of SAPMT upon request.

PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Weather Planning & control Y2K11

Written Frocedures
Detail how vour companv will: .Provide access to water & shade
uMonitor the weather .Institute high heat procedures and address lack of acclimatization .Train all employees and supervisors .Respond to heat illnesses without delay, provide first aid and emergency services. .Provide clear and precise directions to

the worksite.
PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Weather Planning& Conirol.Y2K11

2010 Employer Training

^E l!
r!

r-

-l G

l!
Heat lllness Prevention

t! l-.
L! -

Emsure Access
quantity of water

to Water &. Shade

L L L t! -

Designate a person to ensure that sufficient is provided and shade is open and set in place Specify that the water and shade be located as close as possible to the workers Spell out how often refills of water containers will take place

t
!! -I D!

Determine how workers will be encouraged to frequently drink water and use shade

tr !. t! =
G -r

PSSP-MER,Levi Severe Weather Planning & Control.Y2K11

Monitor the kVeather

lnstruct supervisors to track the weather of the job site [by monitoring predicted tempeiature highs and periodically using a thermometer.]
Determine how weather information will be used to modify work schedule, increase number of water and rest breaks or cease work early if necessary
PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Weather Planning & Control.Y2K11

E l= IF I= E -

E -

g
2010 EmployerTraining

E E E E

G -

F
G

Heat lllness Prevention

FIigh !"leat Proeedua"es

Whern the tennperature equals or exeeeds

95 degrees Fahrenheit or eiuring a heat waver"make absolutely sure you: " Ensure effective comrnunicatisn (voice, observation or electronic
o

means) Observe employees for alertness and signs and symptoms of heat illness u Give rrlore frequent rerninders to drink plenty of water n Closely supervise new employees, and all workers during a heat wave
PSSP-MER. Levi Severe Weather

Planning& Control.Y2K11

t3?,

llg4ry,:. Address Lack of Acclirnatization

"'.
As an employer, you are responsible for the working conditions of your employees, so you must act effectively when conditions result in sudden exposure to heat that your workers are not used to.

Thus, determine how you will: - lessen the intensity of the employees' work during
week break-in period

two-

be extra-vigilant with new employees, and recognize

immediately symptoms of possible heat illness

PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Weather Planning & Control.Y2Kl'1

2J10 Employer Training

t
Heat lllness Prevention

I -

r
Add!"ess Lack of AeclimatizatEon . During a heat wave or
sudden heat spike, determine how you will protect your workers frorn conditions resulting from sudden exposure to heat

E E E E E E E

Remember: training for employees and supervisors must include the importance of acclimatization, how it is developed, and how ur procedures address it!
Planning & Control.'/2K11

E E E E E
D -

Employee & Supervisor Training

Ensure all employees and

E E E E E E
L -

supervisors:

. Are trained before

working outdoors in the heat
Know and follow your company procedures
PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Weather Planning & Control.Y2K11

lo
2010 EmployerTraining

E E E E E E E E

#
E

Heat lllness Prevention

Emergeney Respomse
Frqpeedures
To ensure that emergency assistance is provided without delay, plan in advance how you will: -lm mediately respond to symptoms of possible heat
illness

-Contact emergency

medical service providers -Provide clear and precise directions to the worksite -Ensure that emergency procedures are invoked

when appropriate
PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Weaiher Planning & Control.Y2K11

Employee Training
PR.IOR TO WORKING OUTDOOR.S!

o The environmental and personal risk factors for heat

illness

Importance of frequent consumption of small quantities of water Importance of acclimatization Different types of heat illness, common signs and symptoms
PSSP-MER.Levi Severe

2010 Employer Training

11

E E

Heat lllness Prevention

E E E

Employee TralnEng
Importance of i nnrnediately reporting signs or symptorns of heat illness to supervisor
Frocedures for responding to possible heat !l!ness
Procedures to follow when contacting emergency medical services and if necessary transporting employees Procedures that ensure clear and precise directions to the work site will be provided to emergency medical services
PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Wealher

E E E E E

E E E E E
-a Ir
r-F

What You as a Supervisor Need to Do:

Ensure employees are trained before working outdoors in the heat Ensure workers know and follow company procedures Closely supervise new employees for the first 1-4 days

E E E E E E
ll -

Monitor the weather at the site Remind workers to drink plenty of water
PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Weather Planning & Control.Y2K11

lF -

E E
ll -

tt -

IL
2010 EmployerTraining

lF
E

Heat lllness Prevention

What You as a $upervisor Need to Do

Maintain effective communication with your crew at all times (by voice, observation or electronic means)
symptoms of heat illness

" Observe employees for alertness and signs or

. .

Know what procedures to follow when a worker exhlbits signs and symptoms of heat illness
Respond to heat illness without delay: provide fi rst a id a nd ermg,g"qgncu,"sefiyices

Heat lllness Signs & Symptoms

Heat Exhaq^stion

ldeat Stroke

cramps, rapid pulse,

vomiting

headache, nausea,

// l/ AL

//Drv,

^<)

fainting, high body

temperature,
diso_riented,

red, hot skin,

contusecl

For more details see:

2010 EmployerTraining

13

h -

h b

E
Heat lllness Prevention

b b
-a

b En

Summary:

E d

Heat lllness Prevention Elements lnclude:

u

E
l -F

Access to water Access to shade

'

E E
F -

* Written procedures including emergency response

. Employee

and Supervisory Training

PSSP-MER.Levi Severe Weather Planning & Control.Y2Kl 1

E E E
lt l -l
aa

THANK VOU

E E E
ll
a-

l! t -t } -t

ANY QUESTIONS?

L lF -

E
PSSP-MER.Levi Severe \ryeather Planning & Conlrol.Y2K11

D -

l4
2010 Employer Training

E E E 14 E

FTEAE STRESS CGNTRGS, PLANT$TNG

Funposp Provide requirements heat-related illrre ss.
R.psporssrBrl,rrrps

for

recognizing, evaluating and preventing potential

2.1

Site Managemerzt, Supeinrisors and. Forenlen (e.g.,

A. Monitor environmenta-l conditions humidity, Eoewtdaon:)

air temperature. ,.,t' ', :

.

relative

Schedule ttre

the day. fBe

tiwzimg awd.

the

ru.$e.

high intensity manual work activities

to replace manual" labor).

Provide drinking water stations (e.g., coolers with chiiled or ice water) for employees and remind them to drink plenty of water even if not thirsfy. Replenish drinking water supplies as needed to ensure availability and provide more frequent collection of sanitary wastewater from portable toilets. Provide shaded {temaperat&re eontrotrted as naueh. as possible} areas for breaks.

D.

ls
iieat Siress Planning & Control.
PSSP-MER.levi.Y2K1 I

E.

Monitor the heat-related l-,ealth condition of employees, as well as aly engineering/administrative controls ald personal protective equipment (PPE) being used.
Be able to recognize the early signs and symptoms of heat-induced illness and take appropriate action to prerrent serious heat illness
(see

I I I

I
I

F.

I
I
I a

Appendix B).

\r

Respond appropriately to any heat-stress il1nesses. {see APPemdax e}

!
t

H.

Conduct periodic {how oftem?} safety meetings/talks during hot weather emphasizing heat-stress hazardsjrand p..qgc4utions, with added emphasis on this risk during,Rqmadan in',$ meririirtime.
Schedule heat-stress training (befone the laot **it3o*o starts) and oversee accrtrnatszation for n woike-isrjrand woi'Iiers returning ''iii.,,, (during the hot season) from vffion.

-r, i

'"

"-

t
4

I
I I
I

J.

Be knowledgeable of rjqporting and,iesponse proced.ures, "e.pgrgency including the location{ ,tS.,erc1oseSlt rnedibal facility with a qualified medical doctor who cai{i'provide,,prOnper tfb.tment for a victim of a severe heat exhaustion or'ti:bqt strO"ke_i:;;r

":i;i!. "i;ii,),::,,,,,'r;",ii. r;;i#"

r::r

I I
I I

2.2
A.

B.

Begin drinking fluid early in the day.

I I I
loose
J

tlothing (e.g., light colored, lightweight,

t
!

signs/ syrnptoms of heat-related illnesses

See Appendix B.

I
J

/
I t

developing syrnptoms of heat cramps, See Appendix B.

When the potential for heat-related illness exists, the actual heat index (see Appendix A) shall be periodically determined (..g., every hour) at the work site using calibrated weather monitoring equipment provided by the employer (e.g., the contractor company). In the absence of iocal environmental monitoring, air temperature and relative humidity may be verified at a nearby iocation within Saudi Arabia from the Saudi Aramco (SA) "Weather Nou/' Web site (see http://weathernow.aramco.com.sa). Use of this Web site shall

4 I E I J I t E I
I

Heat Stress Planning & Conrrol.

PSSP-MER.tevi Y2K1I

not absolve the contractor comparrJr from the obligation to provide their own independent weather monitoring equipment.

3.2

A yellow, orange or red heat stress danger category, obtained from the Heat Index, shall be deciared at the job site when the potential for heat-related iilness is signifrcalt (see Appendix A). The heat index shall be used to determine the control measures, includi.ng minimum resting times and drinking water needed (see Appendix A).
The current heat stress danger category and corrbsponding control rneasures shall be communicated to ernployees (g;g,, .use of colorcoded flags, information signs, massi distributioni' ofi SMS mobile phone text messages to site superviSors and othei-personieel in SA

J.J

3.4

nonrestricted areas). {Speeify

respouesible f'or

this

a speeiffie job position to

t".,,iir,r_it'

he

sgaecif?e

:Actlom}

3.5

During a period of high heat-s-tresp polential*ffie hazards and controls of heat stress-,,sleal1 be ernphaqi"zed with each employee by their supervi s or be f'ore:h'b,i Fqar.t of,th e'' day's a ctivity.
'Ll:.,):,]ill.':'.i1,:'t Ii.j:rl1il ' .t'tirr.t,,itttl,

CorrRol oF I{EATSrRpss

.,...,:il;:,,!,.. During a period of.hrgh heat-stress potential.(i.e., danger category II, III or IV), the following meadili,res to eQntroffieat stress shali be provided. As with any hazard, feasible eri,'$4eeriii;$ controls are the primary control measnre, followed by a'ilii{inistrativ,p.i:(i#ork praclice) controls and PPE controls, in that order of preftence. 't'..].,.
,
,,.i.,.

t'''i.:iii,.

"""lii::;ii

4.

1,,',r,:j.i:EnginC6riagQptrbls
rii;1,', S"hade

{outdoofsl
:lr1.ir1;)itrirrir!r:;.r-

'1,:':::i.:rj:r:rjijr,,:rjii,ri'jri:irjir,lr;ljrir:rii

to be p-.r&ided for work areas. {Previde the sgreeific naaximum disteiii,Ci6'of the s3aade to tEae aetuaX work area to rrcaintailr tlne 2O:1O raCio)" Ideal distarce is 25 meters maximum from any
worker.

Shade Sfiall be provided for breaklrest areas. As possible, shade is

If the air temperafure is less ti:'an 37 'C (99 "F), fans, portable air movers may be used to reduce heat stress by increasing the air flow in the work area.

t7
Heat Stress Planning & Controi PSSP-MER.1evi.Y2K11

h L
a

E
E -t

ts

ts

t -s
U.

Portable Air Cooling Systems {isaoors}

Portable blowers with a buiit in arr chiller shal"l be used as needed to pror.'ide cooling for confined spaces ald similar enclosed work
a_reas.

E E E E
d

4.2

Adffiei&istrative Controtrs

A.

ts t -s

Scheduling As practica-1, work shal1 be performed wherl heat-stress conditions are at a minimum (e.g., schedule work for the cooler part of the day), especia-lly during the month of, Ramad* if,it falls in the
SLlmmef.
tt ,
l',,,,
.

ts -

E E
d

ts
rr= t

work in a hot environment for progressively longer periods. New employees in jobs where heat leviils may. produie'heat stress should be exposed to 20% ofi,fioima] exposure;i,roir day one, with a 2O% increase in exposure bach'additional day. (for how many days?
continuous or
C.

Deliberate acclirnatization shall,o''b,used to expose new employees to

E
rl!.

cumulative?) ' ' -''

...,.

i.

'

WaterRepta6einent,;.r,r:.. ""i,.

ts t -s t -s
-1 ts

Arnple supplies of water and fluids shall be located within a short {Z5azli:walkiiigrdjstance. Workers shall be provided with their own water bottle/theirnos and shall drink small amounts of water on a frequent bas-i-s baSed. on the actual heat index at the work site. See iapp:ena*,.4,,l.'Sp6r1"j,,drinks (electrolfie solutions) and juices shall also be made avaltatte as they help to maintain the body's water and-,sa1t levels'ii owever, workers sha-ll not drink more of these ti.l1lrm#rc:,::tharr:i#Ater. worlers shal1 not take saLt tablets due to potential:.adverse side effects (e. g., nau sea/vomiting, dehydration).

E
E E
1

Work/Rest Cycles
'ii,;:,:,,r, Periods
;l

E
I

of work and rest shall be used based on the actual heat r,r:;,,r index at the work site. See Appendix A. Designated break areas for i'i "'employees to go to on a scheduled basis and cool off shall be provided. Fans and sitting a-reas are to be provided so that workers can sit and cool down.
Personal Monitoring and Buddy System Employees shal.l work

t
a
F

E.

F
each E -,

other for signs of diminished capacity and heat-related illness. Prescribed check times and buddy system controls (see Section

in pairs or teams and shall observe

E
G

ts
Heat Stress Planning & Control

PSSP-MER.levi.Y2K1l

13.5) sha11 be used to deterrnine rn'hether a worker is experiencing diminished capacity or symptoms of heat stress.
F

Red E{eat Stress Danger Category W Frecautioras

The follou,ing precautions shall be taken whiie a R.ED heat stress danger category IV, "Extreme Danger" (see Appendlx A) exists at the work site:

A11

work in direct sunlight or at elevated locations (except emergency maintenance or rescue operations) sha-l1 be stopped, as well as any other work deemed to be unsafe by contractor site management or the client.
enforced after every 20 minutes of work (i.e.,20:10 minute work : rest periods). Workers shall;b9 allowed additional break time as they deem necessary for th6iitiealrh.','i,li,::,,.,,

. Work in shade on the ground,', ay U.'t:atto*red to .ontinue provided that a minimum of ' 10 minutes of break time is
.,i,

water " Each worker sha1l also diir.rki;one cup., of nls ownevery 10 personal $ai$Eates. Each wgfkeSr,phall b'gr pro#idea #itn water bottle/therrrios:(2xfit,gr caf'acityl:and have it with him at ali
times.
'',,':;::,,,,, - r,i,tlii.'iil:
, r... :
rl

o '

No person sJrall work alone,ioutdo6i'i{.

Workg.i's"' wholli;are.

faSting during Rarnadare sha1l not work outdoOr,s whi1eL.,a R.EF heat stress danger category IV exists at
*o tklsjte

clothing (FRC) and other manmade fabrics will 'rln,qrgage..,.,heat]stress and is not to be worn by workers in direct '4,RED heat stress danger category IV exists ..,1i1,iir,';' dUi.trligititri.rwh'ile (exeept in ernergency provisions or as otherwise required by the itlr
,it.ll,1.,ri
.

"',1 *.

'r,!,$9'

r"siffi

"'

",'i

,.lri:i,ii},, .,,
.'.:..':..

'

, {:: . "r.:,,r:G RecovefftTimes

'':r:i:'r!';"1
|.:1

,'r,",r,

,,, , .,rSApO). 'iil"i'i.;'

1:1;|i

,,.,,,,r#

: Any;ei'iiployee experiencing symptoms of a heat-related illness (See , ri"'r Appendix B) shall immediately stop work and report it to his rl, ,. supervisor. He shal1 then be allowed to fu1ly reco\/er in arr ''''i appropriate recovery area before returning to work. Recovery a-reas 'rrt'"*hall be shaded and cool. (Specifie loeations and number/capaeity of recovery areas in relatiocr to works!.tes and
csumber area?!

of lrranpcwer..""the slaade

i.s

the

sacne as

the reeovery

F{.

Appropriate pianning and rnitigation measures shall be incorporated into the specific work plan (e.g., Job Safety Analysis) for workers who are fasting during Ramadan if it falls in the summer.

va
Heat Sffess Plarning & Control

PSSP-MER.levi.Y2K1

!I!

E .b

L
I

-b

I.

Other Administrative Controls

.} I! I! L

Other administrative controls shall be used as appropriate to reduce heat stress (e.g., reduce the physical demands of work by using powered equipment, increase the number of workers assigned to a task, use relief workers ald limit worker occupancy duration within confined areas).

-b
h
I!
I!

4.3. A.

Fersonal Frotective Equipment (PPE] Ice Cooling

E
h
:

Garments

,.

Commercialiy available ice vests shall be prorrided to employees if necessa-ry (e.g., for extended work inside a confrned'Spg,ce during hot weather). ice packets shall be replaced as needed (e.g., every two hours)
B.

>
I!

E
h
II I! }!
I!

Wetted Clothing

L=

cloth coveralls,
work clothes as

l!

G!

c.

clothing

,j::t:::;:;:;

.,,,,

iiiL,
.

'r;,;r:;r"

L! -r L

,;, " rr,, 't=,,

.,, "'@
5
Trai-n|ng
"l;;,,", ,;jr.r
I
I

breattrable clothing that covers as much of.' e body as possible, including tlre head, shatl be woiti;i{e.g., te,irgdiice radiant heat loading when working in direct sunlight). Sinie{ane resista-nt clothins (FRC) arrd other svnthetic faiihcs {e.e., pol+tiSter. nvlon) will increase heat stress. appropriate plariniiig.,jdfld.r,,mitiiation measures shall be incorporated into the specific work blan {e.g.. Job Safetv Analvsis) for workers wearinq this clothing inildirect sunlisht. (this rnight be eontradictory to

Light co-lojed, li$h.ryeigfii,

.,.. .:

i .'.,, .

..

'.-

1oos61.,,.fitting,

E
-r L

r=
E -

E
I' ',,:::jt'::"

'5:r1''
r;rl:l
,,.

''i

E b E
d

.''i:ij.,,,

Heat-stress awaJeness training shall be provided at least once a year (preferably eariy April or by May) to all applicable employees r,rr.:,. (e.q., who work outdoors). (Heat stress cotrld be glossible indoors '' too!)
Heat-stress awareness training shall include the following elements:

5.2

. "

Hazatds of heat stress. Recognition of signs and symptoms of heat stress. See Appendix
B.

b E E
E E E
E

r First aid
iilnesses.

procedures

for heat stroke and other heat-related

E
PSSP-MER.levi.Y2Kl1
Page 6

Hear Stress Planning

& Contlol

Empiol'ss responsibilities in avoiding/responding to heat-related illness.

Supervisor responsibiiities
related il1ness.

in avoiding/responding to

heat-

o e

Dangers of the use of drugs, including prescription and over-thecounter medicines, in hot work em'ironmen'r-s.

What to do during periods of high heat-stress potential.

Proper use of engineering and administrative (work practice) controls.

'

Proper use of PPE.

Measures employees can take to minimize the effects of heat stress (hydration, work pace, helpful nutritional habits, etc.).
Personal monitoring and. buddy system controls.
Note:
,ii

Training shal1 emphasize thsf.: -.1 ''streSs can affect ari

individual's abilitylto;rea-sorr c1e,ar1y.,,,This may cause a person to fail to recogrrrze thei.signs;,and sypptoms of heat stress. For this reason, self-monitoring=,sha11$e augmented by prescribed check times and buddy systemli'6rntro1S,ir,ii.,, Chechl,:titttr,s a-re in'tervalSl. at which a heat-stress-trained supe4ii-sor oi'itbsewer (includirrg a co-worker or "buddy") checks to see il;ftrere aie obvious symptoms of heat-related illness or if lbere is any,,sense of diminished capacity in himself and his coworkers, rathdr than tuaiting _for s?mptoms to appean

2l
Heai Stress Planning & Control PSSP-MER.levi.Y2K1
I

PageT

ts E

ts
d

ts
a I

E Appendix A
Heat Index
Danger Category
Heat lndex Heat Stress lllness/Symptoms

E
t=
Work:Rest (min.) Period
Min. Water Needed *
d

ts
I

E
a

1il.

Danger

39-53

Heat cramps, heat eXhauStion or heat stroke like'ly wlth,prolonged,exposure and physical activity. Heat cramps, heat exhaustion or heat stroke possible with prolonged exposure and physical activity.

30:10

1 cup every
,,1

tr
t!
a ls

5 minutes

ll. Extreme
Caution

32-38

40:10

1 cup every

20 minutes

t cup = 250 ml

For heat index > 54, stop elevated W,brk &jniork in direct sunlight, etc.

l= a l=

F I F
a

TF

F -

E l! -

A,ir

Temp

Note: This table is adapted from "Heat Stress: Improving Safety in the Arabian Gulf Oil and Gas Industry" from ProfessionalSafety: JournaloftheAmericanSocietyofSafetyEngineers,August2008,pages3l-36.

E E E E E E E E E E

Heat Stress Planning & Control.

PSSP-MER.levi.YZKl

Apperndix B
Heat-Related. Illnesses
1." E{eat Cranagas

Although heat cramps a-re not dangerorts, they are al earllr 1Y3l'tting sign for heat e-xhaustion afld that the body's ability to cope with heat is being exceeded.
Causes: salt through sweating'o Occurs when the body loses too much caused by sweating. ' Attributed to an electrolyte imbalance

,i

:.:

Symptoms include: . Painful cramping of the muscles (e.g., arms, . Hot, moist skin. e Siightly elevated body temperature.

l-"-gq,

or stomach).

Treatrnent includes:

o e o " "

Stop activity. Rest in cooler area. Loosen clothing. Drink water. If symptorns persist, seek medibdl aid.

Another early indication,,that heat-Btfess conditions may be present is the appearance of heat rash, which''iis an itchy rabh that occurs when the skin becomes swollen ald plugs the sweat glands. This is not a life-threatening condition.
'i ;:li' :;i

2.

Eleat

Exhaiistion

:tt

.t.ll"'-'

" t:l a:r.ra

'

'

,:

't:1.,
''.ii:.

".,.;l

Heat exhau*tin:,:is tlie bodyrs response to an excessive loss of water ald salt by swea,fn$.' lI"a! exhaustiorrLposbs a higher risk to older employees and those rn'ith coroiiqry arte,.gy disease,,;ror emphysema (a lung condition causing breathing
impairdlbnt)
.

'ri,i

'.,

1",:':;,;':

'!.!'t,,.::

Causes: o Occurs -h"Atir" fluids andlor salt lost in sw-eating are not replaced. e Enlarged surfzice blood vessels.

Symptoms include: o Healy sweating. . Intense thirst and cool, moist skin. . Weakness and dizziness. " Headache and blurred vision. . Nausea and vomiting. . Pale or flushed appeara-nce.

23
PSSP-MER.levi.Y2K11

Hear Stress Pianning

& Control

E L L o o

Mood changes such as irritability or confusion. Rapid pulse. Fainting.

Tneatment includes: n Move the victim immediately to a cool place and call for a medical heip. e Loosen the victim's clothing. e Remove unnecessar.v clothing. . Shower or sponge the victim's skin rnath cool wa'r,er. ' Drink water or sport drinks that have electroi5,tes (e.g., Gatorade).
Notes:

tr tr tr
I

L L L
l!

E
E
-I

i.

Heat exhaustion cal rapidly progress to heat stroke if not properly treated. People suflering from heat exhaustion must not be expected to take care of themselves because they may lack coordination and 'become confused. Heat exhaustion requires fast response to prevent worsening liea!.-stress problems.
Remember that sweating only cools the body if ,the sweat evaporates. If it cannot evaporate, it cannot cool. Thus, even.under moderate or cool working cond.itions, it is possible to suffer heat stress if youtare inside'protective clothinglhat interferes with your body's cooling or working in high-humidity conditions.

E
l= lE E E E

2.

3. I{eat Stroke
Heat stroke is a medical emergency and dbath or permanent tissue damage may occur if treatment is not glven promptly. Collapse is often misinterpreted as a heart attack or - :r head injury.

E
-!

E
rI l-

Causes: o Occurs when the body'no ibiiger sweats and holds so much heat such that the body's system of temperaturd regulation fails and body temperature reaches
:

-llE -

dangero-us"1e.,119-1s1;;;,,,1:.;..;,i;,,,:r:::;iir.
B.,e,4x.

aep,i

d bf salt ad-{ water

svnepibms inCude:,,,,,,,,.i,u] " Dry, hot skin with no sweating. . High body temperature (above 4A "C [103 'F]). c Strong, rapif, pulse.
'rili . Chiils. . Weaf<ness, nausea, vomiting. . Mental confusion or losing consciousness. o Seizures or com/'1-rlsions. t Collapse, loss of consciousness.

ts -,
.-=

IF

-E2 E=

E= -

-E
-l ls : l=

?reatment includes:

. .

for medical help immediatei5'. Cool the person dorn'n as much as possible while waiting for medical help: o Move the victim to a cool, shaded area.
Ca-l1

r= TE
G'

TE
Page IU

Heat Stress Planning & Conrol

PSSP-MER..ievi.Y2K1

o Loosen or remo\/e hear.y clothing. o Have the victim lie flat with feet elevated. o Pal and mist the body rn"ith water. o Monitor breathing. o Do not give fluids if the victirn is unconscious.
I\otes:

1. Sometimes, heat stroke occurs aJter the person has already developed
exhaustion, but heat stroke can also strike suddeniy with little warning.

heat

2.

Regardless of the worker's protest, no person suspected, of being ill from heat stroke shall be sent home or left unattended unless a physician has specifically approved such al action.
-stg p, SOF}
" l'l:

AFFEfDFX C:
R.ECGTWNEESDED EIYtrER.GEIECY RESP@I\YSE F&AI$
'
.

(1O

'''

' rl'lr::

c
e o e

2S
Heat Stress Planning & Control. PSSP-MER.levi.Y2K l1

!
I
I

E E E

E E

E
The fluid intake required

to maintain hydration

is determined by the sweat rate which in turn

is determined by the work rate and the conditions. Sweat rates vary considerably and increase

E E
I

with acclimatization. The following recommendations are for the average acclimatized worker, Required fluid intake to maintain hydration during work
The table below shows the

D L L
I

fluid intake required to replace sweat at different workloads and conditions.

As a general guide, work in hot weather requires an intake of 2 liters every 2-3 hours.

E E E
I

lr

E E E E
E -

E E
E

E E E E
G

2G

E -i E E E

Extreme thermal stress. Essential maintenance and rescue work only.

Workload exceeds TWL. Work-rest cycling must be applied.

High thermal stress. No worker to work alone.

Moderate thermal stress. No unacclimatised worker to work alone.

Low thermal stress. Unrestricted self-paced work.

* At high workloads and/or high thermal stress, sweat rates exceed l.2Uhr.lncreasing fluid intake much above this level is not practical due to gastric discomfort as the upper limit for gastric emptying and fluid absorption is 1.5

Uhr.
ln these situations the workload exceeds TWL and even with adequate fluid replacement heat storage will limit work time as other factors prevent achievement of heat balance.

Choice of Fluid Replacement Drinks

Replacement of the fluid lost in sweat requires intake of adequate quantities of water and salt. Drinking at mealiimes replaces both and is essential. Remember to encourage workers to:
a a a a

Add a little extra salt to their meals during hot weather, salt tablets are not recommended
Drink water wiih meals

Limit consumption of soft drinks as the sugar conteni is high Limit consumption of caffeinated drinks (coffee, tea, cola) and'energy drinks', as the caffeine may reduce fluid
retention

lf workers are sweating heavily between meals, an electrolyte replacement drink is recommended. Replacing salt as it is lost helps the body absorbs and retains the water consumed:

r r r r r

Sports drinks are high in sugar and often quite acidic which can damage teeth. They are not designed for prolonged consumption at work For prolonged consumption, a fluid with 4% or less sugar is recommended Appropriate products designed for industrial use are available commercially The suggested schedule is to drink the electrolyte replacement fluid at every second drink (i.e. one for one with water) For diabetics or those on sugar restricted diets, medical advice is required on the preferred fluids for rehydration

27

E
.L= -

.E

t-

-t l= -t

Appendix A
Eleat Index
Danger Category
Heat lndex Heat Stress lllness/Symptoms

-a lF

L!

Work:Rest (min.) Period

Min. Water Needed *

Ilt t

ll ,

lll.,Danger.:

ll. Extreme
Caution

32-38

Heat Cr:amps,, heat :exhlustion,or:,heat' -stro ke Jikel14 with'p ro on ged exposu r:e'an d' physical activity. Heat cramps, heat exhaustion or heat stroke possib/e with prolonged exposure and phvsical activitv.
l

L1'cup bil'ery 1'5 minutes

40:1 0 1 cup every

E
L.
IE

20 minutes

E -

* 1 cup

= 250

ml

** For heat index > 54, stop elevated work & work in direct sunlight, etc.

E I! E

E
ts
r-

}l

E E E E
A

C!

E E
a

-=

t
7i,";:'

37

Note: This table is

adapted from "Heat Stress: improving Safety in the Arabian Gulf the American Sociely ofSafety Engineers, August 2008, pages 31-36.

Oil and Gas Industry" from Professional Safety: Journal of

28

E E E E E E

LZ

@#@
pe1e"rp,{qo6 }of,i

@@@@w

*p#'3erpAqep ffisd

sry
o}JBs

auoz

s8$ffi6ffi S*&$d }8sg#ffi

pe3e;pii1*C dtpltfU

ffiEe*ffiEffi#sffiffi* EffiE@ffi HsEEEffi

pole:p,(qa6 r{1owe:1xs

k \

, . '

,,'...,'r.,'. .:;., :'. , :..,,';.; '. :.'.... .-.'

: : a':':. :,:a :::: ;a,

...';

,tt=t;i:.ri;.:,,,ii:;o'i;'!i;i;,r;;,i!.:i:!:
:':ia'rt: I :iI :i,:.:jr:ti; l':. : : a,.: :.,i
:a.,.

;,

;,

aff GAo le"Ev s'esA pe?Bsp.dqa# caol{ E1SA SgEO,t CIETEJG JG 5SEs3 AILE,

Ifl{= [/UI-HYC3C SJC= rCHd TlSVAfr