The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade

ANALYSIS OF PLANNING ACTIVITIES FOR BELGRADE FORTRESS AREA CONSIDERATION OF THE AREA IN MASTER PLANS FOR BELGRADE (in 1923, 1950, 1985 and 2003), DETAILED URBAN PLAN AND REGULATION PLANS

Belgrade, December, 2010.

TITLE:

ANALYSIS OF PLANNING ACTIVITIES FOR BELGRADE FORTRESS AREA Consideration of the area in Master plans for Belgrade (in 1923, 1950, 1985 and 2003), Detailed urban plan and regulation plans The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, Kalemegdan 14, Belgrade. ina Vrzi, architect Milica Grozdani, architect, MSc.

CLIENT:

AUTHOR: CONSULTANT:

ANALYSIS OF PLANNING ACTIVITIES FOR BELGRADE FORTRESS AREA CONSIDERATION OF THE AREA IN MASTER PLANS FOR BELGRADE (in 1923, 1950, 1985 and 2003), DETAILED URBAN PLAN AND REGULATION PLANS
1. INTRODUCTION The Belgrade fortress complex is a multi-layered archaeological site and a complex of monuments created between the 1st and 19th century. It was demilitarised and put under protection by the Decision No. P08, dated December 2nd, 1946 of the Department for Cultural Heritage Protection of the Peoples Republic of Serbia of the Art Museum. The new Decision was passed on by The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade under No. 290/4 dated May 31st, 1965. Nowadays, the Belgrade Fortress with Kalemegdan represents a complex of monuments with the highest level of protection and of exceptional importance for the Republic (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 14/79). The detailed urban plan of Kalemegdan development (Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade No. 06/69) was drawn up in the Institute of Urbanism of Belgrade in 1969. Together with socio-economic, technical and technological metamorphosis of the society, the attitude regarding methods for protection and restoration of historical heritage had evolved. In that particular sense, an adequate restoration of Belgrade Fortress, aiming to emphasise its historical importance, is one of the priorities of the cultural heritage protection service. In order to develop and regenerate the Belgrade Fortress area, prior studious research and systematic archaeological excavations are required, which demands time, funds and staff, as well as a clear situation regarding public land and building disposal. The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, within its Task Plan for year 2010, has initiated drawing up of the Program which shall precede passing on of the Decision regarding special purpose spatial plan for the Belgrade Fortress complex, pursuant to provisions of the Law on Planning and Construction (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia Nos. 72/2009 and 81/2009) and Master Plan for Belgrade until 2021 (Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade Nos. 27/03, 25/05 and 63/09). Preparatory activities include carrying out of various studies and analyses regarding existing archaeological, geotechnical and hydro-geological data of the area, its infrastructure, planned treatments, planning and legal status of existing buildings and beneficiary status, analyses of accessibility of buildings and areas situated within Belgrade Fortress complex, etc. The aim of the said Analysis of the former planning activities regarding Belgrade Fortress complex analysis of the area in Master Plans for Belgrade (1923, 1950, 1972, 1985 and 2003), detailed urban plans and regulation plans is to perceive, explore and show all important facts demonstrated in the course of the years, regarding the historical origins and development of Belgrade Fortress complex, as well as facts which have influenced the choice of ideas and modalities of planning development of that area, as comprehension thereof represents basis for future planning within Belgrade Fortress complex.

2. BELGRADE IN THE PROCESS OF HISTORICAL CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT The territory of what is today known as Belgrade had been occupied in the early period, thanks to its geographic and strategic position. The city is situated at the confluence of the Danube and the Sava (two large rivers) and there is also a Big War Island. This Island has changed its shape several times in the last 200 years due to unstable labyrinth of water and land, which can be seen in war maps from Austrian-Turkish wars. Given the fact that those two rivers have names of different genders (in Serbian, the Danube is masculine and the Sava is feminine), the usual metaphor says that Belgrade was born from two rivers hug. It is a collective ethological notion which depicts an ancient, nave perception of urban genesis of Belgrade. Based on material evidence, it was determined that Belgrade and Zemun were inhabited in early Stone Age. First settlements were grown up by the river Danube, which was the only traffic route and landmark at the time. Hardly accessible places were being chosen for easier protection. Proto-urban development of such settlements remains unclear. It is supposed that the pre-historical settlement in Belgrade was situated in the plateau of todays Upper Town situated on the ridge overlooking the confluence of the Danube and the Sava; and in Zemun, also in the plateau on the ridge overlooking the Danube River. A Celtic tribe Scordisci gave Belgrade and Zemun their first known names, respectively Singidunum and Taurunum. Places of ubication of those cities remain unclear. It is not known if they were standing on places of upcoming Roman castra. Situated on the confluence of such internationally important rivers, with regular exchange of goods, Belgrade and Zemun established a leading role in this part of the Danube valley. Since the beginning of the new era, Belgrade had been nearly four centuries under the Romans (Roman province Upper Moesia). A military stronghold situated at the North border following the line of the Rhine and the Danube became a centre of military crews: Taurunum for the Danube fleet, and Singidunum of the Roman legion IV Flavius. Simultaneously, they became important trade places, as the exchange of goods at the border (Limes) was performed uniquely in places with permanent military crews. A bridge across the Sava, between Singidunum and Taurunum, was built at that time. Bridges were interesting spots gathering roads from different directions in the province and that is why Singidunum became an important crossroads, an important road junction. Urban history of Belgrade began in the 1st century AD, when the Romans created Singidunum. The dominant plateau overlooking the confluence of the Danube and the Sava (Upper Town) was used for construction of castra (Roman military camps). The space was square-shaped and spread from todays Pariska and Tadeusa Koscuska Streets to the Sava and the Danube slopes. At the beginning, the castrum was set up as earthen bulwark, but soon fortified with stone, the remains of which can be seen today near the northeastern corner of the Upper Town. Another step the Romans took to help strengthen Singidunum was the settlement of its legion veterans next to the fortress. In the 3rd century, Singidunum reached the highest rank of settlement it was a colony of Roman citizens. The civilian settlement covered the area from todays entrance to Kalemegdan, to the Republic Square, from the Sava to the Danube. The settlement was set up in accordance with Roman urbanism rules, with rectilinear street grid (cardo, decumanus). Important traffic roads spread between city gates. The Roman forum with temples and public buildings was formed at the crossing of two important streets. The grid structure can be seen in today's Belgrade with the orientation of the streets Uzun Mirkova, Duanova, and Kralja Petra I. 2

Studentski Trg (Students' Square) was a Roman forum bordered by thermae (a public bath complex) and also preserves the orientation the Romans gave Singidunum.

Antique Belgrade (Singidunum) around the 3 century

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The antique Singidunum was destroyed in the 5th century. The ancient Roman city was drawn to an unimportant settlement in a delimited area (a part of former castrum). In the 4th century, when the Roman Empire was divided into Eastern and Western, Belgrade stayed at the border of those two Empires, of two different spiritual and material cultures. Political and economic tendencies from East towards middle and Western Europe, as well as invasions of different tribes coming from the North towards rich Byzantine regions, migrations (Gepidaes, Sarmatians, Ostrogoths, Avars and Huns) passed across Singidunum. Avars devastated Singidunum. The city lost its fortification, the very settlement and its name Belgrade was rebuilt as a borderline settlement of the Eastern Roman empire thanks to its exquisite geographical position and strategic importance. The remaining inhabitants built fortifications, walls and towers out of debris from the destroyed Singidunum, with houses inside. A city with narrow streets and high buildings was constructed. The medieval Belgrade shall be set around that fortified city. On the ruins of the Western Roman Empire, lots of small feudal states were formed. By the end of the 8th century, Francia expelled barbarians from Pannonia. On the ruins of Taurunum they founded a Frank settlement Malevilla. The Slavic peoples appeared at the time and became so strong that they changed the ethnic content of all regions. In the 9th century, cities obtained Slavic names Beograd and Zemlin. The development of Belgrade and Zemun was enabled by their position on the old Roman road, which was the main artery between Byzantium and Europe. Belgrade and Zemun became places for the exchange of goods between East and West. In 11th and 12th century, numerous pilgrims and crusades passed through Belgrade and Zemun, which considerably influenced their development. The space between the ramparts became too tight and the city surpassed its delimitations. Outside the fortified city, suburbs grew to become several times larger than the city within the ramparts. 3

Belgrade in 1204

In the early middle Ages there was a Byzantine fortification (castel) on the rocky cape with a suburb (area under the fortress) towards the confluence. A civilian settlement was developing in the Lower Town area towards the Danube, dominated by a fortress which was situated at the end of a prominent plateau at the corner of a former castrum. There are no sufficient data regarding the formation of suburbs on the territory of ancient Roman civilian settlement. According to data provided by travel writers, one of those suburbs a village was situated on the Sava slope and later it would become a core of Serbian part of the town. Parallel with the development of the medieval city, remains of the ancient Singidunum disappeared. In the second half of the 13th century, Serbian sovereigns, namely King Dragutin, gained Belgrade. Emperor Dusan conquered Belgrade in 1334, under Hungarians rule, later the Hungarians reconquered it, in 1346, but Emperor Dusan regained it again in 1354. Following the apparition of Turks the Balkans, the direction of expanding of the Serbian country which was oriented towards the East, changed towards North-West. After Dusans death, while his successors were in war with the Turks, Belgrade became a Hungarian fortification envisaged to protect Christian West from the Turkish threats. The capital of Serbia moved from Skopje (Emperor Dusan), via Krusevac (prince Lazar) to Belgrade (despot Stefan Lazarevic). Under Despot Stefan Lazarevics rule, Belgrade, as the capital of Serbia, represents a fortified settlement consisting of Upper Town and Lower Town, between which the despots castle was situated at the place of the early medieval fortress. The Belgrade Fortress shall in later centuries occupy the surface that Belgrade gained at that time. After despot Stevans death in 1427, Belgrade became battlefield for the Hungarians and the Turks, who advanced towards Middle Europe. During their war campaign towards Middle Europe, the Turks conquered Belgrade and Zemun in 1521, destroying them completely. Realising however their importance, they immediately commenced their renewal and fortification. As the borders of Ottoman Empire were above Budim, during 167 years of the Turkish reign (1521-1688), both cities lost their border fortification character and became civilian settlements and important trade centres. We are unaware of all the phases of gradual erosion and internal transformation of the urban structure of the settlement which were created during middle ages and later under the influence of Islamic way of life.

In this period, Belgrade gained position of the antique Singidunum, and in certain directions, it surpassed it. Forming of Borough was founded on doctrines and practice of oriental urbanism. Lodging was assorted in mahalas (neighbourhoods, quarters) in the centre of which mosques were being erected. Carsijas (downtown, central trade districts) were being formed by main roads. Among then, the most prominent one was Duga Carsija (Long Street) situated on the line of todays Dusanova Street. Public, religious and community buildings were being erected in dominant positions: sarays (palaces), hans, mosques, madrasahs (Islamic schools), hammams (Turkish baths), etc. Following the construction of those new buildings, Belgrade got oriental allure, particularly because of a number of mosques. In the urbanism of Belgrade, the Turks introduced new concept, with a lot of green colours, detached houses and nice gardens. Houses were away from one another, and as they were built on a hill, their faades and windows overlooked the Save and the Danube, and had wonderful view on the large field of Zemun.

Siege of Belgrade in 1456

Siege of Belgrade in 1521

The miniatures from that period show Upper and Lower Town and they can be considered as realistic representations of Belgrade form that poque. The period of calm development and economic prosperity was interrupted after the Turkish defeat in Vienna in 1683. The Austrians conquered Belgrade in 1688, but the Turks gained it back in 1690 and kept it until 1717. Under the command of Eugene of Savoy, Austrian troops entered Belgrade and stayed there until 1739 (Treaty of Belgrade).

Amongst archive plans and vedutas (large-scale painting of the cityscape) of the city, the most important are those made by military engineers during shorter or longer periods of Austrian occupation of Belgrade. The earliest (1688-1690) show the range and the structure of Belgrade at the end of calm and continuous Turkish reign.

Conquering of Belgrade in 1688

Belgrade by the end of XVII century

During the reign in Belgrade, from 1723 to 1736, the Austrian rule prepared plans for a radical reconstruction of the fortress and borough. Lines of Austrian fortifications rendered the territory of a former Turkish borough to one half. Apart from erecting new bulwark system, they envisaged the construction of a borough on a regular base with rectilinear streets, spacious squares and monumental buildings around, planned for the administration, army, churches, monasteries, hospitals, etc.

Bodenehrs Plan of Belgrade, end of XVII century (G. Bodenehr, Neuester Plan Der Stadt und Vestung Belgrad, 1688., GB, I 3775)

According to Bodenehrs plan, in the central part in front of the fortress, borough was constructed in large blocs of a nearly rectangular shape. From that point, leading to the Sava River, this structure becomes irregular, with streets which follow the configuration of the 6

land, all the way up to the ridge by the river. In the riverbank area, in the direction of the fortress, there is a series of buildings, one being prominent, oriented to the bridge (pontoon bridge). Protective zone follows the riverbank line. The Austrians realised some of their plans on the land by constructing public buildings in the baroque style, which was en vogue in the middle Europe, at the time.

Gate of Charles VI, constructed on the North-East rampart of the Belgrade Fortress

A number of Austrian plans from the first half of the 18th century show the basic structure of Belgrade, as an Austrian baroque borough.

Design of the reconstruction of Belgrade by Nicola Doxat de Dmoret, around 1725 (Obristen Doxat de Dmoret, PLAN Der Grantz u: Festung Belgrad mit der neuen projectirten fortification H, 1725, British Library London, Map room, HJ. 35)

Cartographic base for the Nicola Doxat de Dmorets Design of 1795 is a record of the existing state in 1723, done by an adjutant of Eugene of Savoy, captain and his associates. The design 7

for a complete reconstruction of the oriental shehir (borough) fortress, with the latest European fortification, was based on a method of construction of bulwark lines of the French architect Sbastien Vauban, which made the city the fortress literally invincible.

Belgrade in the second half of the VIII century (1740-1780) (Map prepared by a cartographer and art historian Zeljko Skalamera)

After the Austrian occupation, the Turks, in accordance with provision of the peace agreement, reconquered Belgrade. Austria was obligated to destroy all fortifications and public buildings erected in the course of their twenty-year reign. Physical disappearance of baroque fortifications and architectural buildings did not completely eliminate the influence of Austrian urbanism on the future Turkish borough. The lines of bulwark fortifications around the settlements persisted, and consisted of embankments with palisades on the top of the trenches canals in front of them, because of which the fortified part was later named the Borough in the Trench. Interior composition of an 18th century Turkish borough differed from the one of the 17th century, for its more regular road grid, which Austrians had traced. During a short-term gain of Belgrade (17891791) the Austrians performed a detailed 8

measuring and mapping of Belgrade, where they showed planimetrics proportions and construction bloc shapes, as well as layouts of architectural buildings. Stockelys plan from 1789 is an original autography of the engineer Captain Stockely. It remains until this day the most trustworthy cartographic source. Geodetic accuracy is identical to the one on Josimovics plan from 1867, created by recording. The situation plan of the fortress and of the borough of Belgrade represents the best and most detailed physical structure of the borough, known so far, with individual houses. The plan was based on a survey, so that it was possible to compare the position of buildings and details with ulterior plans.

The Stockely plan of Belgrade of 1789, scale - 1:7200 (The Stockely plan of 1789, War Arhives, Viena, KAW H III 3163)

The graduate conquering of independence and forming of the renewed Serbia created conditions for the development of civil-engineering and forming of the borough Belgrade. During one century, from the First Serbian Uprising (1804) until the First World War (1914), 9

Belgrade ceased to be a Turkish borough in decline, and became the capital of the independent Serbia.

Belgrade in the second part of the XIX century (1815-1862) (Map prepared by a cartographer and art historian Zeljko Skalamera)

Until the seventies of the 19th century, Belgrade was clearly divided into the borough, surrounded by the trench, and the city fortress, separated form the borough by a city field Kalemegdan. Below the Upper Town which was the fortress itself, there was the ancient 10

borough, completely ruined, abandoned, surrounded by ramparts. The ancient line of the trench can be partially recognised in todays lines of wreaths: Obilicev, Toplicin and Kosancicev venac, and in Skadarska Street, in the direction of the Danube. An agreement of 1862, stipulating emigration of the Turkish population from all places in Serbia, and subsequent retreat of the Turkish fleets from the Serbian fortresses as well as cession of keys to the city to Prince Michael in 1867, in Kalemegdan, was crucial for urban development and metamorphosis of Belgrade. Upon complete liberation from Turkish feudal dominance in 1867, all conditions precedent were met for a planned development of the borough. All Turkish manors were repurchased, in accordance with a transnational agreement. Assets invested in that aim by Serbia should have been reimbursed by selling of plots and real estate property to new owners. A situation plan was prepared for that reason comprising a kind of cadastre, which served as basis for reimbursement estimate. It also became basis for The First Regulation Plan of the Borough in the Trench done in 1867 by the engineer Emilijan Josimovic. 3. CONTINUITY OF PLANNING ACTIVITIES 3.1. Period from 1867 until 1914

Emilijan Josimovic (1823-1897), was the first Serbian urbanist, professor at the Lyceum and University of Belgrade (School of Belgrade). He was the author of the First regulation plan: The Borough in the Trench. He crowned his three-year work on measuring, surveying and preparing of the reconstruction plan for the old Borough in the Trench, in 1867, which was a historical year. He was well aware that he had done a capital work which should be introduced to public. He published his work in a book followed by a clear and persuasive presentation of basic concepts about the reconstruction of the old borough. The task that Mr. Josimovic undertook was much more complex than the founding of the New Belgrade out of the Trench. Instead of large fields of Vracar, on which he transferred the plan for the new city, he was confronted with a program of creation of a new and different shape of the city on the place of the old borough, but the one which should preserve approximately one hundred buildings of greater importance. Advanced principles were integrated in the plan, regarding the rational layout of the settlement, position of public buildings, forming of squares, creation of green surfaces, hygienic and aesthetic requirements. He made one step forward in tracing of the rectangular grid of streets and regular shapes of blocs, which the Austrians had begun creating in the 18th century. Under his rectangular grid all irregularly shaped alleys from the ancient Turkish mahalas (quarters) disappeared. Streets were ranked according to their importance for the traffic, based on which their width was determined. Certain blocs and vacant areas were destined for erection of the new public buildings. Josimovics concepts and his ambition to create city greenery testify of his wide humanitarian perception of Belgradians needs and his aspiration to give Belgrade amenities and structure of well-developed European cities of his time. Another special quality of his Regulation plan was to shape wreaths and plantations on lines and remains of ancient bulwarks (earthen embankments, trenches and palisades which were comprised in the borough). Wreaths were conceived as traffic arteries walkways for pedestrians, cavaliers and horse traffic protected by a green belt. Plantations were small parks green oases situated in places of 11

ancient bulwarks. In that way, the ancient Trench could have been turned into an agreeable promenade. Mr. Josimovic first gave the idea to turn the city field, Kalemegdan, into a wonderful park, leaning against the ramparts with clear paths and a promenade by the Sava. In his perceptions of the future development of Belgrade, Mr. Josimovic was quite clairvoyant. Appreciating the importance of the Danubes water traffic, he proposed the construction of the boardwalk around the city, and by the Danube, outside the river bed, also a basin pier, which Belgrade got an entire century afterwards.

Old Belgrade (part in the Trench) as it is now and how it could be regulated, author Emilian Josimovic, 1867

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The most daring suggestion of this plan was the idea to dig a tunnel under Kalemegdan, which would facilitate conveniently short link between the Sava boardwalk and the Danube pier. The State Council gave a very convincing reasoning as for the importance of regulation of the ancient Belgrade borough: "The regulation of this borough would serve as a pattern for the others, as the citizens, convinced of that the borough would, by that, get usefulness and beauty, would be more likely to see the regulation of the entire borough, even if it would somewhat require their sacrifice. Not all ideas from Josimovics plan were realised, but the highlight was: new regular grid of blocs and traffic routes, which was preserved as to this day. It is on the basis of his plan that Belgrade has been transformed into a modern European capital. An important conceptual value of Josimovics plan reflects in the fact that he showed that the future of one city cannot be solved only by technical means, by red regulation lines, but that the author of the plan must inhale life to it by words, which should depict his aspirations and humanitarian values of the very plan. Josimovics concept of transformation of the ancient Borough in the Trench became an example for ulterior reconstructions of various boroughs in Serbia. His work, for his daring, audacious moves and contemporary ideas, for his humanitarian and urban values, considerably enriches Serbian cultural heritage. The realisation of the first regulation plan of the Borough in the Trench can be later followed in different plans, among which geodetic plan, done by the engineer Stevan Zaric in 1878, protrudes because of its details and reliability, as it comprises the entire urban territory of Belgrade.

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Plan of Belgrade by engineer Stevan Zaric, state printing house edition 1878, scale 1:4.000 (War Arhives, Vienna, KAW H III 3163)

There are insufficient data about the commencement of greenery in Belgrade. According to Josimovics critic from 1867, the ancient Borough in the Trench abounded in private gardens: "While the Turks were here, their numerous gardens purified the air, to a certain extent..." Certain empty spaces were used for plantation of trees and making of playgrounds and that is how the issue of city parks was dealt with. After liberation of the Belgrade Fortress from the Turkish siege, Josimovics proposal, to turn Kalemegdan into a park, became possible. Measures were undertaken in order to clear the park of various drifts and to plant greenery and to fit paths in an English landscape park style. The first planning document on Kalemegdan is a plan entitled "Copied from the plan of Belgrade of 1870", where Kalemegdan was presented with a grid of freely developed paths, 14

city ramparts, with several blocs. Zarics plan from 1878 also shows Kalemegdan as an English landscape park with a grid of dense sinuous paths. The path grid was later modified by construction of a real access road from Knez Mihajlo Street, then by creating of a circular space with a fountain and a sculpture of a Fisherman by Simeon Roksandic and by development of a vast walkway by the Sava. Little Kalemegdan was also envisaged as a park, with a different type of paths. The modelling of Little Kalemegdan began in 1900 according to a new drawing, done on the basis of two best reviewed competition works from 1898, by Dimitrije Lek and Pera Popovic.

Design by Dimitrije Lek for modelling of Little Kalemegdan in 1898

The most important values of Kalemegdan are the following: walkway towards the Sava, unique for its natural position, as well as circular space in the shade of old horse chestnut trees, a delightful place for rest and social life. The grid of side, lightly curved paths, with low and high growing plants, gives Kalemegan landscape park allure which provides adequate conditions for a peaceful rest and a walk outside of densely modeled paths. What makes Kalemegdan so special is the fact that it leans against the city ramparts. There were a number of proposals how to develop Belgrade in a series of later designs regarding embellishment of certain parts of the city and in master plans, which were, at the time, mostly project assignments.

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Alban Chambon, Plan of Belgrade borough, 1912. (lban Chambon, Plan of the town of Belgrade, 1912, Archives dArchitecture Moderne, Bruxelles, . Inv. Chambon 3804 T1)

Amongst regulation plans for Belgrade until 1914, the most important one is Master Plan for Belgrade of 1912, done by a French architect of Belgian origin Alban Chambon. On the basis of 1908 geodetic plan, Chambon realised the main idea for reconstruction of the Borough by reinterpreting of the past and civil-engineering heritage. In relation to prior proposals for Rejonska Street, the plan gives an especially valuable proposal of a Circular Boulevard, of the luxurious Haussmann style scale, thus clearly dividing urban rayon from the rest of the city. Chambon introduced characteristic traits of French urbanism to Belgrade master plan. He developed the existing line Terazije Slavija Savinac, and created a roundabout at several streets crossroads following the pattern of Parisian Etoile, finishing that monumental axis at the highest spot with the new St. Savas Church. The most valuable contribution to Master Plan for Belgrade proposal from 1912 was to evacuate military facilities from the Belgrade Fortress and to use its exquisite natural position for rest and entertainment of citizens, by transforming of the entire space of Upper and Lower Town into a park. In that way, Kalemegdan would be connected to historical areas of the Fortress and would lean to riverbanks of the Sava and the Danube. If it had been adopted and 16

realised, the expansion of Kalemegdan to those riverbanks would have been one of the greatest values that this plan could have given for better living conditions of Belgradians. There are no data regarding the history of this plan. The plan has been saved up to this day without any textual data. 3.2. Period from 1914 to 1945

After the First World War, Belgrade was emerged in new conditions which differed from those in 1914. As the capital of Yugoslavia, with its hinterland across the Sava and the Danube, it got an important role of a political, administrative, cultural and economic centre of the new state. Upon suggestion initiated by the Association of Yugoslav Engineers and Architects, Municipal Committee of Belgrade, during assembly held on April 17th, 1919, decided to undertake all necessary preparations for an international tender for preparation of Master Plan for Belgrade. Based on the program designated on August 17th, 1921, a tender for preparation of Master Plan for development and expansion of Belgrade was published. That tender gave high hopes for urban development of the city.

Rudolf Perco, Erwin Bck, Erwin Ilz, Draft of Master Plan for Belgrade (Competetition, code: Singidunumnovissima, II prize), 1921.

Design from the international competition for regulation and expansion of the city of Belgrade from 1922, under the code Singidunumnovissima, got the highest, second prize, mostly because of two preliminary proposals: the first one comprised the expansion of Belgrade to the Savas left bank to an artificial island between the existing and the Savas transected river bed and the second, a huge monumental axis going from Kalemegdan and 17

Upper Town towards South-East, until the designed Star by which the axis ends, with a series of newly designed squares, monuments and public utility buildings. The idea of Belgrades expansion to the Savas left bank (only without transection of the new river bed) was at first adopted during preparation of Master Plan from 1923. Upon a detailed examination of the received works, the jury composed of representatives from France and Switzerland, concluded that, as no work contained solutions to all issues given in the Competition Program, it was necessary to address the Experts Committee, which would put together and harmonise individual solutions from the winning works. Several original ideas, regarding the transport of people across the Sava, originated that year. Civil-engineering company Sumadija presented a preliminary design of air-tramway which would connect Kalemegdan and Zemun through New Belgrade area, whist the company Cavlina i Sladoljev had a similar idea about cableway, which would connect Kalemegdan and Gardos, via Big War Island Djordje Kovaljevski led the preparation of the said Master Plan. The Plan was completed in August 1923, adopted and approved by the Ministry of Civil-Engineering on July 19th, 1924. Reconstruction and further development of Belgrade started on bases thereof.

Master Plan for Belgrade from 1923, author Djordje Kovaljevski, architect, scale 1:4.000

Nevertheless, in its final solution, this Master Plan did not comprise the area on the Danubes and Savas left banks (New Belgrade). The expansion of Belgrade to the left bank was not accepted. The plan does not represent rules according to which the city is being built, due to its narrow frame. It caused an avalanche of unplanned constructions and creation of a chaotic suburbia outside the building area. Frequent modifications and supplements to this Plan, (1901), show that it was not flexible enough to follow the dynamisation of the city development (it did not comprise all activities, nor resolved all city requirements). Also, in 18

the process of decision-making interests of certain institutions, establishments and individuals prevailed, although they were opposed to interests of the city and the entire society. They intended to resolve their own problems neglecting the big picture and thus caused nonfulfilment of Master Plan in its original concept. The realisation of Master Plan was followed by a number of difficulties and that is why several important concepts remained non-realised: above all, emphasis of Belgrades natural position. Splendid terraces for contemplation were envisaged on natural hills in the city and its outskirts, particularly in positions which provide the most interesting perspectives of parts of the city which are situated in valleys with further perspective of rivers, mounts and heaths. Special importance was given to alemegdan terrace by its linking and spreading up until the square in Upper Town. In that way, the main promenade of Kalemegdan meets the historical Fortress area. There is a grand view of a formidable beauty from the Terrace. The value of the Terrace has always been in its traffic link with the Sava boardwalk by decorative stairs completing the effect of the areas as a whole. The Plan provided development of riverbanks, i.e. creation of a boardwalk and its linking to the existing street grid. Green belt around the city was not realised, nor Rejonska Street, which would have linked all parts of the city into a harmonic whole. In the Report prepared by the Committee for execution of Master Plan for Belgrade in 1923, it was said, inter allia, that the Fortress, although occupied by military institutions, apart from horticultural modelling, should get buildings characteristic for the city silhouette, such as museums, monument of liberty, etc, which was later realised.

Sculpture of Victor, author Ivan Mestrovic, placed in 1928

Ivan Mestrovics sculpture Victor got a very important place at the confluence of the Sava and the Danube. In his book entitled Urbanism, Branko Maksimovic emphasised that: On the prominent bulwark otherwise horizontal silhouette of Belgrade Fortress ramparts got a contrasting vertical element with the statue Victor. Because of a very tall pedestal, the sculpture is very far away form the spectator Together with a pillar, it is perceived mostly because of its silhouette. Belgrades silhouette had gained a characteristic trait thanks to this fairly small monument.

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Desiring that Upper Town gets its socio-cultural contents, the Plan provided one purely architectural square, with four museums envisaged as a complex, baroque, spatial composition symmetrically incorporated in the ramparts, with two bulwarks and with centrally placed monument of liberty. That monumental spatial architectural ensemble of approximately 10.000 m2, would have outdone in area many of the worlds famous squares, such as: Place de la Concorde in (79.000 m2), St. Peter Square in Rome (57.000 m2), Red Square in Moscow (49.600 m2), Etoile in Paris (59.000 m2). In their Report, the Committee evaluated the natural position of Upper Town rising from river currents and above Pannonian valley as dominant and extraordinarily important, because of what it should have been especially emphasised in the citys silhouette. The only realised part of that project was Military Museum, situated on the West bulwark, supported by the military administration, which was still ruling over the entire Fortress as a special out-of-city element. Art Pavilion Cvijeta Zuzoric played an important role in the development of visual arts. It was placed in Little Kalemegdan, hence giving greater attractiveness to that park. One of non-realised concepts of Master Plan of 1923 was to elongate Little Kalemegdan to the area below Dusanova Street, until the designed Danube Boulevard. That particular design provided a park in the entire Lower Town part, with a stadium which would use Kalemegdan slopes for stands. That idea has not been realised. Nevertheless, contrary to Master Plan for Belgrade of 1923, by the Decision of the City Council from 1935, a Zoo with a hot garden was constructed. The design for Belgrade Zoo was done by the first Serbian garden architect, engineer Aleksandar Krstic (1902- 1980). One part of Kalemgdan and of the Fortress was used for the development of the Zoo. That is how one extraordinary facility was brought to Kalemgdan Park, which should have been placed elsewhere, outside the city, with vast spaces and a lot of vegetation.

Zoo plan by architect Aleksandar Krstic, 1939

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In the same slurry fashion of adapting to requirements of time, parts of bulwark fortifications were covered with high growing plants, while sports courts found their place in the Fortresss trenches. Axes and the front of the Fortress remained hidden, above all, by regulating the central Kalemegdan alley, which, as a park continuation of Knez Mihajlova Street, was not incorporated in relation to the fortification, but in relation to the borough. In his text Axis, that magical word (1959), Bogdan Bogdanovic shall give a critical review on intersected central alley it does not get to the Fortresss front, it does not get to its axis, but it brings us to the lateral revelin, the one already cluttered by the Military Geographic Institute. Precious horizon of the Fortress, situated on the top of the central ravelin, was in that way lost. The real view to the Belgrade Fortress is indeed from this less known, hidden spot. Under our feet, there is a winged, hard horizon of the frontal fortress canvas, the curtain area, embraced by lateral bulwarks. There is also a central gate of Upper Town, there is a Clock Tower, and down there, there is Delijski konak. This central view of the Fortress should by all means be uncovered and revealed. Once this is done, when coming from Knew Mihajlova Street, we shall discover the wide central horizon of the Fortress, by the end of one new Kalemegdan alley.

Attempt to seize and organise Kalemegdan axis author: Bogdan Bogdanovic, architect

Upon placing of the Monument of Gratitude to France, on the central alley, Branko Maksimovic said that the monument was orientated by its frontal side towards the main access path, but that from that point, the silhouette of the sculpture was not visible enough. That monument is much more expressive, clearer and its silhouette much more effective when observed from the side The monument would leave stronger and more direct impression if it had been placed with its side turned towards the main access path. This is proven by the expressivity of the compositional concept, proportion of the sculpture and its pedestal and silhouette effect of the entire monument.

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Monument of Gratitude to France at Kalemegdan, author Ivan Mestrovic (layout, frontal appearance, lateral appearance)

After numerous discussions and critics, General Regulation Plan for Belgrade was done in 1927. The most significant remarks referred to incapability to realise two diagonal lines in the upper part of Dorcol quarter, and to considerably expand Borough to the area of Senjak, Dedinje, Lekino brdo, etc The new position of Pancevo Bridge was determined by the said plan.

General Regulation Plan for Belgrade in 1927, by engineer Jovan Obradovic, inspector with the Ministry of Civil-Engineering, scle 1:10 000

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Pursuant to provisions of the adopted Citizens Law of 1931, every municipality of Kingdom of Yugoslavia was held, within five-year period, to prepare their own regulation plan and the directive (Regulations book) regarding its rendering. With a huge delay, in 1939, municipal architects Danica Tomic and Djordje Kovaljevski executed General Regulation Plan for Belgrade. The Plan comprised larger territory than the Plan of 1923, but it mostly sanctioned the existing state created due to uncontrolled construction after 1918. The Savas left bank was not comprised. The Regulations book, as integral part of the Plan, was not done. The main reason for such delay was the work on preparing on an important international competition for the city of Belgrade, which was supposed to be announced in 1941.

General Regulation Plan of 1939, authors: architect Danica Tomic and architect Djordje Kovaljevski, scale 1:10.000

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On the basis of Master Plan of 1923, a location for a new Olympic stadium for 40,000 spectators was found at the vacant plateau of Lower Town, just before the Second World War. Professor Werner March from Berlin was engaged for realisation of such an important project. Realisation of this project, envisaged in the spirit of imperial architectural monumentalism, was baffled by military aggression in April 1941. This project was a part of a wider concept which was at the time developed by architect Dragisa Brasovan with a support of the Mayor of Belgrade Jevrem Tomic, promoting the idea of construction of New Belgrade on the Savas left bank, which should, with the old part of the city, represent a harmonic urban whole. National experts opposed in vain to Brasovans ideas for the Savas riverbank under the Belgrade Fortress. These initiatives were stopped on April 6th, 1941, due to bombardment of Belgrade.

Olympic Kalemegdan according to the ideas of a German architect Werner March

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3.3.

Period from 1945 to this day

After devastations from the war period, in the liberated country and under new social conditions, New Yugoslavia paved the way of development of urban theory and practice. By the end of 1945 Town-Planning Institute with the Ministry of Civil-Engineering of the Peoples Republic of Serbia was founded. Architect Nikola Dobrovic was appointed director of the Institute. He was entrusted with organisation of the Institute. A decree on foundation of Town-Planning Institute with the Ministry of Civil-Engineering of the Peoples Republic of Serbia was passed on by the Government of the Peoples Republic of Serbia on March 23rd, 1946, determined its function and assignments. Under the architect Nikola Dobrovic, the work on Preliminary urban plan of reconstruction of Belgrade commenced and it was completed on September 30th, 1948. Several traffic studies preceded the execution of the Plan, which included all means of traffic, which resulted in a general traffic grid. The main proposals were judged as unrealistic and therefore subjected to harsh criticism. Town-Planning Institute of the Peoples Republic of Serbia published a brochure Renewal and construction of Belgrade in which it enumerated a series of proposals, concepts and basic postulates for the city reconstruction. One of the proposal from the examination of functional role of Kalemegdan within the future big Belgrade, was to put into a visibly functional entirety Lower and Upper Town, including also slopes by mighty architectural shaping. The Fortress was envisaged as a mighty pedestal for erection of new buildings.

Proposal for reconstruction of Kelemegdan, Town-Planning Institute with the Ministry of CivilEngineering of the Peoples Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, 1946

The draft shows the role of Belgrades ridge in town-planning. The author said: Plastic crests of Kalemegdan, with their front high up and not with their heads down. Topography of the land, logical urban shaping of the city and the idea match completely, thus creating a governing motive having effect at the most distant visual point. 25

Proposal for reconstruction of Kelemegdan, Town-Planning Institute with the Ministry of CivilEngineering of the Peoples Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, 1946

Upper and Lower Town Kalemegdan are considered, from the town-planning point of view, as a unique urban motive expressed by the proportions of large architectural masses arranged into two levels. The solutions which envisage melting of the Kalemegdan slope into the dance of architectural masses are possible, like a link between the upper and the lower installation. Lower installation comprises the entire surface of Lower Town surrounded by the ancient ramparts, which shall be preserved. The main motive of the lower installation is a political and sports stadium, built in a hole of otherwise consequently realised horizontalism of architectural masses. Large number of people can walk on those terraces, like on big squares. The horizontalism of the lower installation is reaching the horizontalism of wide water surfaces of the Danube and the Sava. On a prominent spot of the political and sports stadium, there is a Pantheon, which protrudes to the spectators area in one part, and in the other enters the rocky mass of the Kalemegdan in the shape of the hole. All those unified horizontalisms of water and architectural masses represent a solid aesthetic basis for vertical construction of mighty architectural creations on the Kalemegdan Upper Town plateau. In relation to construction of such gigantic buildings, redecoration of entire Kalemegdan was envisaged, with a new wide access in a symmetrical axis of the entire Fortress, as well as construction of the bridge over the trench, between the park and the prominent ravelin, in front of the very gates of the Fortress. During the urban composition of new architectural masses, it was taken care of not only preservation of old Fortress buildings, but also of accentuating their role and beauty in relation to newly designed buildings with which they create an identical urban element. Preliminary drafts from 1948, resulted from discussions at the Union of Engineers and Technician, represented grounds for creation of the new urban plan for Belgrade region. Master Plan for Belgrade from 1950, conducted by architect Milos Somborski, included Zemun, for the first time, in its frames, resolving a specific problem of merging of the cities on the Savas left and right banks (Zemun and Belgrade) into a unified entirety. As different historical and political effects causing the independent and specific forming of the two cities ceased to exist, the natural expansion of Belgrade across river streams was envisaged. Master Plan for Belgrade from 1950 was supposed to provide solutions for two important tasks: reconstruction of the existing settlement and design of the new parts of the city with completely vacant areas. During reconstruction of the existing city, it was aspired to maintain continuity of the historical development of the city by preserving of good town-planning ideas from the past, in order to maximise its particularity, beauty of its position, simultaneously repairing all 26

defaults of its chaotic development and achieving the best conditions for its regular growth in the future, thanks to a well-conceived reconstruction. In the textual part of the plan elaborate, in the chapter regarding greenery in the heart of the city, it is said that Kalemegdan Park was supposed to be expanded to Upper Town, Lower Town and to a part of the Danubes riverbank surfaces. An exquisite natural position and a multitude of monuments from the past provided all conditions required for transformation of this park into a park of an immense value and attractiveness.

Master Plan for Belgrade (1950), Overall of General Plan, author: architect Milos Somborski, scale 1 : 10.000

Master Plan provided significant corrections and modifications regarding the traffic, which reflect to the area of Kalemegdan Park, too. They comprise the following: railroad trace on the Kalemegdan Park territory was planned for removal Lower Town Boulevard trace was provided for relocation outside Kalemegdan Traffic route Tadeuska Koscuska Pariska Street in the part towards Big Kalemegdan was lowered to an inferior level in order to provide uninterrupted pedestrian links leading from the city to the park There were indications regarding the possibility of prolongation of Dusanova Street across the Danube and War Island towards Zemun. Limitations of Kalemegdan area extend from the Danubes riverbank following the direction of Tadeusa Koscuska Street, Pariska Street until the fence of the Savas pier, passing by the fence and going to the North entrance (exit) to the pier by the Savas riverbank, then following the Sava and the Danube riverbanks until the point of the outset. Those delimitations were determined by Master Plan from 1950, were confirmed by The Decision on protection, development and maintain of the National park Kalemegdan of 1952 (Official Gazette, No. 12 dated February 29th, 1952). Neighbouring areas by the Kalemegdan park borders, according to Master Plan, were mostly residential and office buildings blocs. Nevertheless, guidelines provided by Regulation Plan 27

of the Municipality Stari grad (19601962) envisaged linking of certain special purpose areas with Kalemdan Park, namely: Belt between the Danubes riverbank and railroad, from Tadeuska Koscuska Street to the company Standardbeton, was envisaged for construction of the sports centre of the Municipality Stari grad and was joined, as green belt, to the Kalemegdan Park territory; Bloc between Pariska, Vasina, 7 Jula and Knez Mihajlova Streets was intended for construction of the museum of the city as an independent building, nonetheless, the entire area had to be connected to the central part of Kalemegdan Park; The Sava slope complex along the future boardwalk in Karadjordjeva Street was treated as green belt with free construction of public and utility buildings and was to be connected in a whole with Kalemegdan slope. The pier at the beginning of Karadjordjeva Street was preserved at the same place, but only for the passengers. Cargo pier was eliminated, i.e. relocated. Occasional individual requests for minor interventions at Kalemegdan region conditioned the need for execution of a unique detailed plan, which should control and harmonise those partial interventions in view of the solution for the whole. By the Decision passed on by the Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade No. 290/4 dated May 31st, 1965, the Belgrade Fortress was declared a cultural monument. The protected area included: tramway turntable with residential bloc leading up to Big Staircase, so that the border of monument complex naturally crossed Pariska Street, arriving to the Savas riverbank, at the passengers pier. Detailed urban plan for Kalemegdan of 1969 (Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade, No. 06/69) was prepared in the Town-Planning Institute of the city of Belgrade, in the task group for Kalemegdan, conducted by architects Smilja Kanacki and Aleksandra Banovic. Considering postulates of the General Plan which envisaged regulation of the Savas and the Danubes riverbanks, including the part under Lowe Town, Detailed Plan provided that the West part of Lower Town remained unfilled from the Savas boardwalk (which had already been built) to Nebojsa Tower, i.e. that the bank remained in its natural state, because in this part of the Fortress, water was close to ramparts and that contact should be accentuated. Walls of any kind of bank stabilisation would, in this particular place, influence the allure of the Fortress ramparts. It was envisaged that the Northern bank belt from Nebojsa Tower to the company Standardbeton be filled until the elevation of 77.20, as sports centre construction was planned in the largest part of this territory. Austrian ramparts of Lower Town behind this part of riverbank area were considerably away from the water (approximately 200 240 m), whereas the trench between them enabled embankment of the riverbank area without backfilling of those ramparts. According to this Detailed Plan, monumental function of the Belgrade Fortress and of the entire Kalemegdan area was supposed to be affirmed in the following manner: Specific architectural and town-planning shaping for Belgrade territory; Historically authentic ambiance of the Fortress area, creating and outdoor museum of Belgrade history; Scenographically convenient ambiences of certain areas as outdoor scenes for cultural manifestations reminding of Belgrades history events; 28

 Important contemporary monuments.

Detailed urban plan for Kalemegdan of 1969, basic purpose of areas according to Master Plan for Belgrade of 1950

Specific architectural town-planning shaping of the Belgrade Fortress shall be provided by preserving of its silhouette with a potential reconstruction of dominant parts. Museum purpose shall be realised by connecting of authentic finds and ambiences from all poques of Belgrade history by museum-type communications. Scenic purpose shall be realised in individual attractive elements (Upper Town with the trench, Eastern gaol, Eastern part of Lower Town with riverbank area and medieval pier and Western gaol, excluding the part of the great Austrian gunpowder factory). Contemporary monuments can be placed in prominent parts of the protected area on main access path to the Fortress, and exceptionally on the Fortress territory, as dominant traits which complete its original shape. The Plan provided a detailed explanation of each function, given under numbers and by locations.

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Detailed urban plan for Kalemegdan of 1969, Territory under protection, archaeological reserves, protection zone and line of sight

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Realisation of the Plan in the sense of definite creation was conditioned by resolving of the following town-planning problems of the wider importance for the city: Relocation of the railroad from the territory of the park, Elimination of the Lower Town Boulevard, Relocation of the tramway track with its turntable at the Savas slope, Elimination of the cargo pier, i.e. its relocation downstream on the Danube, Relocation of the industry Partizan (Beko factory) to another city zone, Relocation and removal of the residential bloc between Karadjordjeva Street, Pariska Street and Big Staircase, Relocation of the School Petar Drapsin with a possibility of adaptation or replacement of the existing building for a different purpose building which would convene to the park development program. The existence of Belgrade Zoo represents a special problem for the final development of Kalemegdan. The contents thereof are not opposed to the purpose of the park, but its future spatial needs cannot be harmonised with the envisaged space.

Detailed urban plan for Kalemegdan of 1969, Plan of purpose of the park and traffic routes

Also, the Plan affirms that the reconstruction of the traffic route Tadeusa Koscuska Street Pariska Street tunnel in front of the main entrance to the park, although not linked directly to the use and development of the park would contribute to a better and safer link with the city.

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Master Plan for Belgrade of 1972 (Official Gazette of the city of Belgrade No.17/72) conducted by architects Aleksandar Djordjevic and Milutin Glavicki, had similar attitude towards Kalemegdan and the Fortress as the Plan of 1950. The prominent position of Belgrade at the confluence of two rivers is emphasised as the most remarkable spatial appearance and a characteristic trait of Belgrade. Its green riverbanks and boardwalks, as well as the organisation of new central zones were apostrophised as main traits of Belgrades visage. One of the most important town-planning aims in Belgrades development is, inter allia, to use natural and created values of the city in order to emphasise and develop its beauty and to preserve its cultural heritage and ambiances.

Master Plan for Belgrade of 1972, authors: architects Aleksandar Djordjevic and Milutin Glavacki

Realisation of the Master Plan of 1972, was supposed to be conducted on the basis of special programs of spatial development and construction of Belgrade step by step programs. Within the first phase frame, which was supposed to verify and further develop postulates of the Master Plan on areas which should be constructed until 1985, Belgrade Central Zone Study was conceived. In view of the action aiming at advancement of activities and quality of urban part of the old core of Belgrade, this Study, inter allia, envisaged the exclusion of traffic from Knez Mihajlova Street and its transformation into a pedestrian zone, the development of Kosancicev venac as a pedestrian sub-zone of a historically ambient character, whereas the protected monument entirety of the Belgrade Fortress should be preserved within the existing delimitations which assure that the Belgrade Fortress with Kalemegdan remain the strongest and the most special accent of Belgrades landscape from the Sava and the Danube sides.

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Also, the development Master Plan postulates in relation to specific traffic lines, public transport lines and railway station in the central zone, is mostly connected to Belgrade railway junction located in Prokop. Riverbanks shall in that way be liberated from railway installations and become a part of the citys green belt.

Belgrade Central Zone Study, Basic zoning

Spatial organisation of 2000

Ranking of communicational values of blocs

Belgrade Central Zone Study, authors: architects Vladimir Petrovic and Miodrag Ferencak

The Study of technical and economic adequacy of fast public transport in Belgrade envisaged that one the lines of the first phase of the metro (M2) be finished in Rajiceva Street near Kalemegdan (with siding rail which protrudes deep under Kalemegdan), bearing in mind that Knew Mihajlova Street and the Belgrade Fortress were estimated as highly attractive and of a high communication rank, by the Central Zone Study. 33

Study of technical and economic adequacy of fast public transport in Belgrade

(line 2, length 5.7 m, linking Kalemegdan and Autokomanda, with eight metro stations)

By Modifications and Supplements to Master Plan for Belgrade, which occurred in 1985 (Official Gazette of the city of Belgrade, Nos. 17/72, 31/83 and 02/85), conducted by the architect Konstantin Kostic, the concept of spatial organisation of the city, repose on preservation of physiognomy of certain good parts of the city, with development of new city entireties in agreement with existing values. Liberation of the right bank of the Sava and the Danube from multiple traffic flows and technical installations is the most important aim, the attaining of which shall pave the way to a true development of the old borough of Belgrade. Gradual introduction of primary infrastructure and protection from subterranean water is important condition precedent for commencement of usage of Lower Town of the Belgrade Fortress, which represents unused potential for combining recreational and business activities. It was therefore planned to adhere to preparatory and main works for implementation of modern infrastructure, during the application period of General Plan.

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The basic concept of the development of the city transport system, according to Modifications and Supplements to Master Plan for Belgrade of 1985, all corridors of the first phase of metro are preserved, whereby in river public transport, reconstruction of the existing pier is envisaged, enabling it to welcome all international and interurban transport. This shall provide conditions for the development of river tourist traffic and docking of ordinary and seasonal ships.

Modifications and Supplements to Master Plan for Belgrade of 1985, author: architect
Konstantin Kostic

Pursuant to provisions of the Modifications and Supplements to Master Plan for Belgrade of 1985, Modifications and Supplement to the Detailed Urban Plan for Kalemegdan passengers pier Belgrade on the Sava were passed on (Official Gazette of the city of Belgrade No. 15/88). The said Modifications and Supplement modified the basic Plan of 1969 in the part referring to the purpose and the border of the area between Lower Town Boulevard and Karadjordje Street from one side and the Sava, from the other, from Brankos bridge to Saint Jacobs bulwark. . Modifications and supplement consist of the following: Land complexes, which had by the first Plan been planned for recreational zone with childrens playgrounds shall change its purpose to construction of the passengers pier; Delimitations of the basic Plan shall be expanded by comprising of the complex of land between Karadjordje Street, Brankos bridge and the River Sava; One part of water surface of the river Sava shall be comprised, between Brankos bridge and Saint Jacobs bulwark. Modifications and supplement envisaged preserving of the following buildings: Captaincy building, 35

 A part of the existing railway tunnel and A part of Concrete Hall shall change its purpose to general centre amenities.

Detailed purpose of the land with basic town-planning indicators of usage and delimitations of detailed plan on an up-to-date geodetic background, scale 1 : 1.000

The Concrete Hall shall be preserved and planned for reconstruction. In the first phase, during the elimination of railway tracks, the building shall be preserved in its entire length (approximately 330m), only that one part of the building shall be reconstructed in length of 247.5 m, whereas the remaining part shall be presented in the structure. In the second phase, after the elimination of railway tracks, demolition of one part of the Concrete Hall and of the railway tunnel is planned in the length of 15 structural modules (82.5 m, which represents the distance between one end of the building and the second expansion joint of the Northern part of the building). Also, construction of four new moors is planned, so that, with the existing five, enough bollards for mooring of ships. The boardwalk by the Sava, from Brankos bridge continually to the end of vertical boardwalk and further, by inshore rampart to Saint Jacobs bulwark, is planned for creation of unique promenade, which shall, in accordance with Detailed urban plan continue along the riverbank of the Danube, next to Sports and Recreational Centre 25th May and Dorcol settlement. The area planned for parking is envisaged between tramway turntable and the roof of the Concrete Hall with the entrance from Lower Town Boulevard. The Plan also determined the location for placing of the Monument to the Defenders of Belgrade in the part between the Sports and Recreational Centre 25th May (now called: Milan Gale Muskatirovic) and Nebojsa Tower.

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Wider situation with location determined for the monument to the defenders of Belgrade, scale 1 : 1.000

Modifications and Supplement to the Detailed Urban Plan for Kalemegdan passengers pier Belgrade on the Sava, shall upon passing on of Master Plan for Belgrade until 2021 (2003) partially become ineffective, by preparing and passing on of the Plan of Detailed Regulation for construction of the bicycle path from Dorcol to Ada Ciganlija (2005) and the Plan of Detailed Regulation of Kosancicev venac as a spatial whole (2007). The main starting point of Master Plan for Belgrade until 2021 (Official Gazette of the city of Belgrade Nos. 27/03, 25/05, 34/07 and 63/09) is affirmation of the urban continuity during which, architectural heritage is presented as non-renewable resource and development stimulus. The plan therefore protects and promotes cultural monuments, spatial cultural and historical entireties, archaeological finds and renowned places, natural sections of the land with historically confirmed and aesthetically appreciated built landmarks, lines of sights and silhouettes, aiming to preserve the spirit and character of urban space, permanently accentuates and presents all valuable elements of the city structure and defines ways of establishing of the continuity with typical urban aspects which grow and develop. City areas of primary tourist value are old cores of Belgrade and Zemun, economic and recreational zones, but their values, as well as new possibilities and needs, are especially connected to areas by the Danube and the Sava. Development of Kalemegdan and Gardos is planned, as well as development the Sava pier and expansion of pedestrian zones. The contact of the new urban zones with riverbanks should be realised in Upper Zemun, by the shipyard in the Savas amphitheatre, at the Old Fair, in Karadjordjeva Street below Kosancicev venac, in Kalemegdan (Lower Town), in the Danube basin in Dorcol (Marina, Old Central, railway area and storehouse), etc

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The plan envisaged transformation of large economic, administrative, traffic and other complexes which had lost their functions in the central city zone, into commercial zones and city centres which should be dedicated to catering industry, tourism and entertainment.

Master Plan for Belgrade until 2021, authors: architects Vladimir Macura and Miodrag Ferencak

Because of the importance of spatial cultural and historical entireties within the traditional centre of Belgrade, it was suggested to draw up big projects, as an introductory part to the realisation of Master Plan, for the most valuable and potent areas, such as: the Belgrade Fortress, Terazije Terrace, The Sava Amphitheatre, and the representative city trace from Manjez via Slavija to Vracar Plateau. The Belgrade Fortress is the historical core of Belgrade. Its grounds for development and usage were defined during the first years upon conquering of independence of Serbia, bearing in mind the importance of that area, which was proclaimed a cultural heritage of great importance. Although greenery is not the main purpose of this area, it is one of its most prominent traits and a specific frame for fortification elements and it should be treated in that exact context during upcoming spatial developments, i.e. as public, mostly un-built, with a possibility of compatible public purposes and concomitant commercial purposes, principally in the existing buildings. Buildings situated in the former cargo pier on the Sava with covered gallery for railway passing, was proposed for transformation into a commercial purpose area, for central functions and for buildings of the passengers pier. On the Danubes side, it was envisaged to preserve Beko bloc and its transformation into purposes of the centre. The concentration of commercial activities on the brim of the Fortress, at the trace of ancient links of the Sava and the Danube with charshia (central district, downtown) in use, represent a complementary activity and supplement to the Belgrade Fortress amenities.

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Master Plan for Belgrade until 2021, permanent heritage of Belgrade (2001)

For the bloc between Tadeusa Koscuska Street, Dusanova Street and Dunavska Street, the transformation is conditioned by the protected Belgrade Fortress area, which implies some limitations in vertical regulation and higher incidence of un-built (vacant) and green area. On the Danube riverbank, plans of further development imply greenery and plantation of trees (alleys) on the Danubes riverbank, in front of the Sports Centre Milan Gale Muskatirovic and the Dorcol settlement. Dorcol Marina should be completed with central amenities and the Old Power Plan building should be revitalised. Bloc Beko and the said Marina, become a new point of central functions on the Danubes side. The area occupied by railway installations parallel to Dunavska Street is transformed so that the vacated area becomes public green area a park with a possibility of construction of individual buildings for central activities within the park complex. The concept of railway traffic development is founded on a complete elimination of railway amenities from Dorcol. Until the complete relocation of the railway amenities, it is envisaged that the rail around Kalemegdan be used under special work pattern for needs of economic zone on the trace Pancevo bridge Port of Belgrade. The planned elimination implies relocation of the station Lower Town to Ada Huja. Relocation of railway tracks shall create an immediate contact between the riverbank and city area. Master Plan proposed two possible locations for Belgrade Zoo: Veliko blato and Jalezovac. Upon passing on of Master Plan for Belgrade until 2021 (Official Gazette of the city of Belgrade Nos. 27/03, 25/05, 34/07 and 63/09), Plan of Detailed Regulation for construction of the bicycle path from Dorcol to Ada Ciganlija was drawn and adopted (2005) thus making ineffective the provisions of Modifications and Supplement to the Detailed Urban Plan for Kalemegdan passengers pier Belgrade on the Sava of 1988.

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Construction of the bicycle path began in 1997 and ended in 1999. At the time, it was destined for bicyclists and passers-by. It was very welcomed by the citizens of Belgrade and soon became too small for growing number of bicyclists and pedestrians. In order to moderate conflicts between bicyclists and pedestrians, especially at the section from the Sports Centre Milan Gale Muskatirovic to Passengers pier, the Plan of Detailed regulation for construction of the bicycle path from Dorcol to Ada Ciganlija (Official Gazette of the city of Belgrade, No. 25/05) planned the correction of the path in the way that, wherever it was possible, pedestrians were separated from bicyclists. Realisation of the path in the Belgrade Fortress zone was conditioned by the planned relocation of the railway tracks around Kalemegdan. Apart from the said Plan, the Plan of Detailed Regulation for Kosancicev venac area was drawn and adopted (Official Gazette of the city of Belgrade, No. 37/07), and its aim was to provide town-planning conditions for spatial and economic renewal, reconstruction and transformation of the Kosancicev venac area, as well as to provide high quality visual and functional link between the city centre area around Knez Mihajlova Street and the Sava river, as an attractive, rich in amenities, pedestrian link along the riverbank with Saint Jacobs bulwark, Lower and Upper Town and, in the future, with the Sava Amphitheatre. The territory covered by the Plan comprises the entirety of Kosancicev venac and a part of the Sava riverbank, from Braca Krsmanovic Street downstream to approximately 30 m from the end of the Concrete Hall. In that part, conditions and solutions from the Modifications and Supplement to the Detailed Urban Plan for Kalemegdan passengers pier Belgrade on the Sava of 1988 are modified.

Plan of Detailed Regulation of Kosancicev venac entirety, Planned purpose of areas

The territory of the Plan comprises the entirety of Kosancicev venac and a part of the Sava riverbank downstream, to approximately 30 m form the end of the Concrete Hall. In that part, conditions and solutions from the Modifications and Supplement to the Detailed Urban Plan for Kalemegdan passengers pier Belgrade on the Sava of 1988 are modified. 40

The riverbank zone comprises the space between the Sava River and buildings along Kardjordjeva Street. Different type traffic (cars, tramways, waterways, bicycle, pedestrian) is the main characteristic of this zone. It is the zone of high user concentration in the future, which shall be conditioned by interlacing all the said types of traffic and the planned public purpose of the amenities (in the function of the riverbank) in the Concrete Hall. The mooring zone comprises the area of the Sava river surface along the existing vertical outwork, in the width of approximately 50 m, where placing of moors is planned for international and domestic river traffic. The Concrete Hall was constructed for the needs of the Port of Belgrade, but it is not used in its original function. Due to its size, it participates considerably in forming and perceiving and the Belgrade Fortress, and that is why the Plan does not allow building extension in height and as the future amenities of the buildings shall be defined by an adequate townplanning project, upon execution of the announced Study of the riverbank. Transformation of the existing tunnel is also planned, into concomitant amenities of public functions, with a possibility of functional linking with the Concrete Hall. The said minimal intervention aim to facilitate functioning of the zone, until the execution of the Study of the riverbank, which should define the riverbank as a recognisable ambient, allowing Belgrade to descend to banks of its wonderful rivers. The Plan enhances the grid of pedestrian walkways by improving the quality of the existing pedestrian surfaces and planning of the new, attractive pedestrian traces and ambient. The planned pedestrian surfaces shall enable continual connection of amenities and buildings on the area comprised by the Plan, the link with other contact areas of the city centre, the link with the Big Staircase and the amenities of the riverbank, such as Saint Jacobs bulwark. The existing lines of sight down the Big Staircase, line of sight from the planned belvedere in Kosancicev venac Street are unique examples of the descent of Belgrades streets to the rivers, protected and affirmed by the Plan. Also, those lines of sight from Kalemegdan to the riverbank area and the Sava Amphitheatre and the line of sight along Brankos Street over the Sava River and Kosanvcicev venac plateau are protected. Due to a large time gap from execution until the passing of the Detailed Urban Plan for Kalemegdan (1969), and in order to harmonise purposes of the adopted Master Plan for Belgrade until 2021, following the initiatives of the company Property development d.o.o. (ltd.) from Belgrade, a decision was passed on, in order to adhere to modifications of a part of the existing plan by execution of The Plan of Derailed Regulation for a part of Territory of the Municipality Stari grad a bloc between streets: Dunavska, Tadeusa Koscuska and Boulevard of Vojvoda Bojovic. The executor of the plan was the company Centre for Urban Development Planning from Belgrade. The region comprised by the Plan is of approximately 6.1 h. Town-Planning Institute as a coordinator of the execution of the Plan, pursuant to provisions of Master Plan for Belgrade until 2021, drew up an Elaborate with basic recommendations and conditions for planning of the spatial proportions in the said bloc, as follows: The scope of the entire construction should be determined so that occupancy rate of the whole bloc remains inferior to 2.8, and occupancy rate in the commercial area remains under 3;

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 In the future organisation of the space in the bloc, it is necessary to determine possibility of preserving of the factory Beko and the school Petar Drapsin, in cooperation with competent institutions for protection of cultural heritage.

Excerpt from Master Plan for Belgrade until 2021, planned usage of the land

It is indispensable to have in mind that the users of the considered area, apart from inhabitants and the employed, shall be also visitors and tourists; Two basic purposes are envisaged in the said area: commercial zones and city centres with typology of construction of special business complexes and public service, public buildings and complexes; Apart from residential business lodging, as one of compatible purposes, other compatible purposes are also possible, such as: public buildings and complexes, sports facilities and complexes and green areas; Given the fact that an economically justified and culturally and historically relevant development of the Belgrade Fortress, development of amenities by the river, all in order to improve the tourist offer in Belgrade, construction of hotels of bigger capacity is possible; The following approximate proportion of compatible purposes in the bloc is recommended: tourism, entertainment, catering, sports and recreation - 30%, living 30%, public buildings and complexes 20% and commercial business premises 20%; In the future spatial organisation of the bloc, it should be taken care of harmonisation of building intensity between two clearly separated and different urban structures from the South-West, parks of the Belgrade Fortress of a low construction intensity, and from the Eastern part of the residential and business corpus, a considerably higher construction intensity; Tourist, entertaining and sports facilities should be planned on the Western part of the location, in order to establish connection and continuity with Kalemegdan park and Sports Centre Milan Gale Muskatirovic. Barycentre of construction should be focused on the middle part and the trace along Dunavska and Tadeusa Koscuska Streets; Vertical regulation in the bloc should be determined in cooperation with The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade. High rise buildings are not recommended. Buildings with their height should not occult the view to the silhouette of the Fortress, nor the view from the Fortress over Banat, on the left bank of the Danube; In view of exquisite characteristics of the location and of a great communicative potential, in order to amplify the accessibility it is necessary to provide car and pedestrian access to the bloc from all side streets. Accesses from the highway and 42

regional grid should be planned in cooperation with the Pubic Enterprise Roads of Serbia; It is necessary to provide within the Plan main pedestrian access from the confluence of the Sava and the Danube, bearing in mind access of tourists from the future riverbank walkway and the connection of the said pedestrian flow with city streets on the ridge; The said Plan should comprise Cara Dusana Street and Boulevard Vojvode Bojovica in order to establish continuity in street grid planning and harmonise it with planning documentation of the surrounding area; In the functional sense, Tadeusa Koscuska Street spreds from the Sports and Recreational Centre Milan Gale Muskatirovic, passes by Kalemegdan and makes part of the ring which encircles the old core of Belgrade, while Dunavska Street connects the Northern direction with travel grid of other introductory directions of the city territory and shall long serve for cargo and transit traffic. Complete development of the inferior plateau in Kalemegdan zone shall change this; Parking capacities for all planned facilities shall be assured within the respective plots. It is necessary to give special attention to tourist bus parking; Bicycle paths in the said area should be planned as wide area path grid, in accordance with other elements of the area (profiles and organisation of traffic routes, parking problem resolution within the regulation, ambient characteristics of the streets, etc)

Orthophoto image, disposition of the bloc in relation to the Belgrade Fortress area

In view of the fact that this area is situated within cultural heritage of immense importance for the Republic of Serbia, it was necessary to cooperate with cultural heritage protection institutions, during the planning process, such as the Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the Republic of Serbia and the Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade. The execution of the said Plan of Detailed Regulation should be carried out in agreement with methodology and principles of integrative conservation (technical conservation, reconstruction, restoration, revitalisation), and by application of methods usually used by 43

town-planning area protection (preservation of horizontal and vertical regulation, preservation of silhouettes and lines of sight, authentic materials, colours and all those architectural elements which define and recognise the area and physical structure of certain territory). In the Elaboration regarding cultural and historical heritage done for the needs of execution of the said Plan, which treats the Belgrade Fortress area and its protected surrounding, it is explicitly stated that Service for protection stipulates that it was necessary to relocate the railway track and transit car traffic routes from the riverbank area, as well as elimination of inadequate facilities partially or in their entirety (Belgrade Zoo, industrial zone and warehouse, illicitly constructed buildings, etc.). On the grounds of the said attitudes and recommendations, it was done The Concept of the Plan of Detailed Regulation for the part of the Territory of the Municipality Stari grad bloc between the streets: Dunavska, Tadeusa Koscuska and Boulevard Vojvode Bojovica, submitted to the Town-Planning Secretariat for further consideration. Apart from this Plan which is being done, a company from Belgrade GDG d.o.o. (ltd) initiated the execution of Modifications of the Plan of Detailed Regulation of the spatial area Kosancicev venac for the bloc between the streets: Karadjordjeva, Pariska and Big Staircase due to impossibility of merging of cadastral plots 1934 and 1935 of the Cadastral Municipality Stari grad, on the basis of the Plan in force, in the sense of creation of complete town-planning and architectural solution of high quality. The area of the subject bloc is of a small surface and is actually a suburb to this spatial cultural and historical Kosancicev venac whole. Nevertheless, the specificity, of this bloc is that it connects three completely different wholes: a monumental complex of the Belgrade Fortress, a monumental complex of Kosancicev venac and the riverbank area of the Sava. The framework of the reorganisation of the town-planning solution is in fact the introcution of a new pedestrian communication which enables the transformation of a part of the bloc in direction of Karadjordjeva Street and the forming out of two individual locations: Karadjordjeva 7 Pariska 5 and Kardjordjeva 9, whereas the other parts of the bloc keep the solutions provided by the Plan.

Plan of Detailed Regulation of the area Kosancicev venac, bloc between the streets: Karadjordjeva, Pariska and Big Staircase
(orientation solution of the physical structure of the Plan in force and the concept of the new Plan)

The town-planning solution concept is based on the following: 44

 Forming out of the bloc entirety with a homogenous horizontal and vertical regulation and conditions dictated by inclined land, with a clear architectural accent of protrusion and permeation of urban corpus of the Belgrade riverbank area into greenery and historical context of the Belgrade Fortress. Reorganisation of the interior part of the bloc by introduction of the new pedestrian communication linking Pariska Street and Karadjordjeva Street. The protrusion intersects the bloc in the middle and in that way, provides wider range of possibilities for high-quality architectural organisation of buildings and spaces. Re-composition of one compact macro bloc, by its division into four segments, three being classic compact micro blocs and one being atypical individual building (former Embassy of the Swedish Kingdom) which moderates the rigidity of the scheme. Apart from all exposed official ideas and conditions for modeling of the Belgrade Fortress area, this monumental complex was and still is a frequent theme for writers, poets, painters and other artists, as well as for students workshops and projects, which can be inspirational for creation of future modeling and usage types of the Belgrade Fortress.

Works of students of the Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, within the Public Art & Public Space program (mentor architect Zoran Djukanovic)

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4. CONCLUSION Genesis of Belgrades development (its final point being depicted by Josimovics Proposal for regulation of the Ancient Belgrade Borough in the Trench, 1867) despite of comprehensive historiography concept, is extremely difficult to follow. Josimovics European model, which is of an immense importance for town-planning development of Belgrade, represents the commencement of a new phase in town-planning development in Serbia. Gradual realisation of this proposal made this Turkish frontier borough into a big city with European urban structure. After this work, a number of proposals and projects were created, as well as master plans for Belgrades urban structure development. Historical development and particular geographic position of Belgrade did not favour the duration and preservation of cultural and historical heritage elements. The Belgrade Fortress, multi-layered archeological site and monument complex, was created and developed from the 1st until the 19th century. During this long period of fortification, it evolved from Roman castrum, via Byzantine fortification (castel), medieval town, oriental shehir, baroque town fortress the construction of which was based on the French architect Sbastien Vaubans method of building of bulwark traces, to todays Fortress. The historical development of the Belgrade Fortress shows that every individual fortification, as a complex in its entirety, is a part of a historical mosaic which was gradually developed during different construction poques. Not only do Belgrade fortifications testify of fortification development through several historical periods, but the Belgrade Fortress complex represents the richest treasury of material remains of the past, which surpass their material value thanks to their general importance, and without which it would be impossible to study historical development of Belgrade and the society as a whole. Observing design and planning concepts of certain authors in different timelines, different approaches have been remarked, regarding modelling and functional elements of the Belgrade Fortress. There have been those who wanted to change and rebuild everything and those who wished to preserve every single element. In order to conceive further planning of spatial proportions within the Belgrade Fortress complex, it is necessary to know all the facts revealed in the present Analysis. The development of the Belgrade Fortress in accordance with its historical importance is the first priority of protection and planning service. In the future processes, it shall be imperative to respect determined borders of the monument complex, as they ensure the preservation of its urban values. The lines of sight to the Belgrade Fortress and Kosancicev venac from the river and the new city on the Savas left bank represent a unique and crucial value of this space. During further planning activities, it is indispensable to find support. This support should certainly be construction heritage, but also something older and stronger than any man-made element; and that is nature. Having in mind an extraordinary unison of nature and man-made creations, the future planning of the Belgrade Fortress area should preserve not only histrorical and cultural elements, but also urban landscape. The Belgrade Fortress with Kalemegdan, water surfaces of the Sava and the Danube and natural beauty of Big War Island, represents a visual and spatial dominant in the image of the city and should forever remain the most special and the strongest accent of Belgrades panorama from the Savas and from the Danubes side.

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Preservation of exquisite natural values should be aspired for in the log run: riverbank areas of the Sava and the Danube (with Big War Island and Heron Island), cultural and historical values, town-planning and architectural elements of protected cultural and historical entireties and individual cultural heritage elements which leans against the rivers (The Belgrade Fortress, Kosancicev venac, Old Core of Zemun, riverbank area of New Belgrade) and their integration (by virtue of the project which proposes this urban genesis centre of Belgrade for UNESCO World Heritage List).

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5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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34. Perovic, R., Milos, Experience of the Past Research of alternative city models, (Belgrade, Belgrade Development planning Institute, 1985) 35. Plan of Detailed Regulation of the spatial entirety Kosancicev venac (Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade, No. 37/07) 36. Popovic, Marko, The Belgrade Fortress Institute of the City of Belgrade, 1991) (Belgrade, The Cultural Heritage Protection

37. Rudolf Perco, Erwin Bck, Erwin Ilz, Wettewerbsentwurf fr die Regulierung und Erweitwrung der Stadt Belgrade, Der Stdebau, XIX (1922), p. 121., Tafel 48. : Belgrade in maps and plans from the XVIII until XXI century (Belgrade, Town-Planning Institute of Belgrade, 2010) 38. Somborski, Milos Development of Belgrade between two wars, BELGRADE General Town-Planning Design 1950, editor-in-chief Oliver Minic (Belgrade, Executive board of the Peoples board of Belgrade, 1951), page 4051 39. Somborski, Milos Town-planning problems, BELGRADE General Town-Planning Design 1950, editor-in-chief Oliver Minic Belgrade, Executive board of the Peoples board of Belgrade, 1951), page 510 40. Stovel, Herb, Integrative approaches to urban and spatial conservation, (Belgrade, Gazette of the Conservators Association of Serbia No.25, 2001), page 21-24 41. Study of technical and economic adequacy of fast public transport in Belgrade metro, (Belgrade, Belgrade Land Development Public Agency, Sector for metro, 1976). 42. Terzic, Dusan. Emilijan Josimovic Visionary of urban Belgrade (Belgrade, Belgrade Association of Urbanists, 1994), page 46, 48 43. Central Zone of Belgrade, Principal urban and town-planning postulates, (Belgrade, Institute for Development Planning of the City of Belgrade, 1976) 44. Skalamera, Zeljko, Plans of Belgrade of 1789, Urbanism of Belgrade No. 24 (Belgrade, Institute for Development Planning of the City of Belgrade, page 1924

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