Radiated Component of Nearfield Pressure Fluctuations

from Elliptical Jets

By K N. Murugan (Roll No: 06401004)
The experimental study reports the radiated component of nearfield pressure
fluctuations by jets emanating from an elliptical nozzle with Mach numbers of 0.5 and 0.8.
All these nozzles were made out by rapid prototype using ABS plastic material with same
equivalent exit diameter of 20 mm. Simultaneous measurements of both near and farfield
were carried out to estimate the radiated component of nearfield pressure fluctuations using
cross correlation technique. The nearfield and farfield microphone at 30 deg show strong
correlation as compared to microphone at farfield 90 deg. The strength of radiating
component from the near field pressure fluctuations to the farfield at 30 deg are observed to
be different in minor and major axis plane as compared to circular nozzle. This study
strongly suggests that an elliptical nozzle does have potential to redistribute the acoustic
energy along major and minor axis plane. The elliptical nozzle with V notch along minor
plane found to reduce the strength of radiated component in major plane as compared to
plain elliptical nozzle.
Nomenclature
AR = aspect ratio
a = major diameter
b = minor diameter
a
0
= ambient sound
De = equivalent diameter
M = Mach number
t = time
p
n =
nearfield pressure fluctuations
p
f =
farfield pressure fluctuations
R
nf
= cross-correlation coefficient between near and far field microphones
R
nn
= cross-correlation coefficient between near and near field microphones
r
0
= microphone locations from the jet center.
x = axial distance
y = minor axis
z = major axis


I. Introduction
The application of non-circular jets has improved large and small scale mixing in low- and high speed flows,
and enhanced combustor performance, noise suppression, heat transfer and thrust vector control
2
. A range of non-
circular jets: including elliptical, rectangular, square, triangular and cruciform jets have been identified as an
efficient low cost passive device. Among these non-circular jets, the elliptical jet has the general flow characteristics
of two-dimensional plane and axisymmetric jets. There have been studies on the flow characteristics of elliptical
nozzles in the literature at low and higher Mach numbers. However, the noise characteristics of a jets issued by an
elliptical nozzle at high subsonic Mach number are very limited. This motivated to study the noise producing
mechanism and its propagation to the far field of the jet from elliptical nozzles. Also, the study has been extended to
understand the effect of V notches in an elliptical nozzle at Mach numbers of 0.8 and 0.5. The following section is
devoted to the brief background about the flow and noise characteristics of elliptical jets from perfectly expanded
nozzle.
The Crighton
1
stability theory of elliptical jets was first to found interesting characteristics of elliptical jet along
major and minor axis plane. He suggests that the nature of instability along major and minor plane will have
potential benefit in noise reduction. This brought more attention towards the flow and noise characteristics of
elliptical jets at low and high Mach number. Husain and Hussain
3
extensively studied the flow characteristics of an
elliptical jets issued from an aspect ratio (AR = major/minor) of 2 and 4 at low speed. This study reveals that the
unique nature of elliptical jet from the circular jet by means of different length scale, spread rate, different
momentum thickness around the nozzle azimuthal plane. The immediate downstream of the elliptical nozzle, the
vortex filament forms and continues to stretch and expand due the induced velocity along major and minor plane.
As the vortex filament move downstream, the major axis sides rolls up and allow expanding in minor axis due to
induced velocity. As a result of this increase induced velocity, minor axis moves outwards. Consequently the major
become minor and minor become major and this process is termed as axis switching. This three dimensional
deformation was found to increase mass entrainment in elliptical jet as compared to circular jet.
Husain and Hussain
7
further extended to this analysis on to investigate shear layer roll-up along major and minor
axis plane. It was reported that the shear layer roll up are similar like circular jet and with an instability mode
frequency of St = 0.4 is termed as preferred column mode of instability. The azimuthal vortex deformation and
pairing process was the main mechanism to enhance the mixing in elliptical jets. Ho and Gutmark
5
investigated the
coherent structure of the elliptic jet with a fifth order polynomial contoured nozzle of aspect ratio AR = 2 at exit
velocity of 25 m/s. They found that the entrainment rate of the elliptic jet is 55% higher than that circular jet with
same equivalent diameter in contrast with Zaman
11
elliptical jets. Also, it was noted smaller AR elliptical nozzle
mass entrainment are mainly due to self induction of vorticity present in the flow. However, this axis switching, and
mass entrainment are due to state of the initial boundary condition
11-13
.
Although there have been vast amount of study devoted to flow characteristics of elliptical jet as explained in earlier
section, very limited data are available in the open literature to address the noise characteristics of an elliptical jets at
high subsonic Mach number. Nearfield noise measurement from AR 2 nozzle with exit velocity of 25 m/s by
Gutmark and Ho
5
, Far field noise measurement from Bridge and Hussain
4
at low Mach number of small and
moderate AR elliptical jets reveal that, the noise generated by the elliptical jets are due to large scale interaction. At
supersonic shock free elliptical jet measurement carried out by Kinze and Mclaughlin
14
attributed that there were two
planes existing in an elliptical jet in which the acoustic energy distributed over different planes. Tam and Zaman
15

was first to carry out the experimental study on noise characteristics of AR 3 elliptical jet at high-subsonic Mach
number of 0.82 and 0.93 with the aim of validating universal similarity theory in non-circular jets. They found
from the systematic far field noise measurements, changing circular to non-circular jets would not give any
significant of noise reduction at high subsonic Mach numbers and the radiated noise is quite independent of nozzle
geometries. It was stated that, this was in contrast to previous literature of non-circular jets which was found to
significant noise reduction at high subsonic Mach numbers
2, 10
.
Recently, Sharma and Murugan
16
carried out near field noise measurement on elliptical Nozzle with AR 3 at exit
Mach number of 0.8. They showed that, the strength of near field pressure level is different in minor axis plane
compared with major axis plane, thereby, proper control employing either axis will suppress noise. Also, it has been
concluded that the noise source locations are independent of the major and minor axis plane from the direct
measurement and Arndt
17
decay law for noise source location using single microphone.
Since, elliptical nozzle has the capability of increasing mixing due to complex strain field arises due to perimeter
stretching we expect that the corresponding noise reduction can be achieved. Although, there have been studies on
elliptical jets far field noise characteristics towards the noise suppression point of view and there have been divided
opinion among the researcher about the beneficial of an elliptical jet at high subsonic Mach numbers when


compared to circular jet. Therefore, the present study aims to carry out a systematic investigation to further
understand the noise producing mechanism in elliptical jets with varying aspect ratio at exit Mach number of 0.5 and
0.8. Simultaneous near and far field pressure fluctuations were measured to quantify the acoustic energy transferred
from the nearfield to farfield.
II. Concepts and Experimental Methods
A. Concepts

The methodology of cross correlation technique has been adopted to estimate the amount of acoustic energy
converted from the nearfield pressure fluctuations to the farfield
19
. And also, the near field pressure fluctuations are
the combination of hydrodynamic and acoustic component
17, 19, and 20
. The far field pressure fluctuations are only
component of acoustic energy. The peaks cross correlation directly related to similar energy content of signal
measured pressure at different transducers. However, this energy is the dominant large-scale structure energy which
is radiating as an acoustic field from the near field pressure fluctuations. However, the degree of peak cross
correlation coefficient will decide the nature of structure which is responsible for the noise radiation from the near
field.
Near field microphone senses both hydrodynamic and acoustics pressure fluctuations

Far field microphone senses only acoustic pressure fluctuations

The cross-correlation coefficient is defined as
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) (1)
( ) ( )
n f
nf
n f
p t p t
R
p t p t
t
t
+
=

This cross-correlation has implemented for elliptical jets which is expected to behave different nature in near
field as compared to far field. The quantification of radiated near field pressure from elliptical jets are compared to
the circular with same equivalent diameter nozzle.

B. Experimental Methods

A reservoir with volumetric capacity of 30 m
3
and the maximum storage pressure of about 14 x 10
5
N/m
2

supplies compressed air to the plenum chamber of the test facility at a predetermined pressure through a 75 mm
diameter pressure regulating valve to ensure steady mass flow at a predetermined rate. The plenum chamber
measures 332 mm in diameter and 550 mm in length and has conical ends on both sides. At the free-end of the
plenum chamber, a 210 mm long pipe with 36 mm internal diameter facilitates mounting of different shape nozzles.
Figure 1 shows the solid model of the test nozzles smoothly transforming from a circular inlet of 36 mm
diameter (to match with the pipe) to an elliptical cross section at the exit over a length of about 150 mm. The
elliptical opening has an aspect ratio of 3 and 2 equivalent diameter, D
e
, of 20 mm and the detailed dimensions are
given in Table.1. The nozzle was constructed out of ABS using rapid prototyping manufacturing process. The nozzle
wall thickness was tapered along its length to give a circumferentially uniform lip thickness of about 1 mm. A
computer controlled Dantec Dynamics traverse, having a traverse range of 610 mm along each of the three
orthogonal axes, was integrated with the test rig. The traverse moves at a speed of 25 mm/s and can be positioned at
a point with a resolution of 0.01 mm.
The present jet acoustic measurements were carried out in semi-anechoic facility. A 56 mm thick polyurethane
foam sheets were used to cover the ceiling and side walls to avoid sound reflections from other setup in the
laboratory. However, all the experiments were conducted during late night to minimize external noise and ambient
conditions. Figure 2 shows the simultaneous nearfield and farfield microphone arrangement for the present
investigation. In near field measurements one microphone was fixed at radial distance of 1.5 De from the jet center
and 0.25 D
e
downstream from the nozzle exit plane. The second microphone was traversed along 7.013 deg. inclined
to outer edge of jet with respect to the radial distance of first microphone. Two microphones were kept at far field
at radial distance of 46 D
e
facing nozzle exit plane with polar angle of 30 and 90 degree.
All the four microphones used in the present study are B&K 4939 free-field condenser microphones having 6.53
mm diameter were used in conjunction with B&K 2970 pre-amplifiers. The microphones were powered by two and
four channel NEXUS model 2690-0S2 and 2690-0S4 signal conditional amplifiers. Each microphone had an open


circuit sensitivity of 4.5mV/Pa and a flat frequency response from 4 Hz to 100 kHz. The microphones were
periodically calibrated using a B&K 4226 Multifunction acoustic calibrator. The output of conditional amplifier was
recorded by four channel National Instrument DAQ PCI-4462 card with Labview 7.1 software. The data were
sampled at the rate of 200 kHz with 8192 sample to have frequency band of 24.413 Hz.
The plenum chamber pressure was calculated with reference to the ambient pressure using isentropic flow
relations for a predetermined jet Mach number at the nozzle exit plane and was maintained by means of pressure
regulating valve. Pressures were registered by Pressure Systems transducers, PSI model 9116 with 16 channels.
Each of the pressure transducers is capable of measuring 103 kPa gauge pressure with an accuracy of 0.05% of
full scale. It uses NUSS software for acquiring the data at a scanning rate of 500 samples per second.
III. Results and Discussion
A. Far field pressure fluctuations
The comparison of farfield pressure spectra measured at radial distance of 46D
e
, at polar angle of 30 deg and 90
deg were shown in Fig.3. It is observed that there is a little difference at lower and higher frequency in the spectra.
At polar angle of 30 deg, the characteristics frequency was about St (= fD
e
/U
e
) 0.2, which is in good agreement with
the large scale coherent structure frequency
15, 18
. At higher frequency, the spectra level changes are significant with
the nozzle geometry considered in the present study. At present, the discussion is underway for the reason behind
the change in spectral level at high frequency. It is interesting to note that, the spectra levels are redistributing along
the major and minor axis when we compared to the circular nozzle with same equivalent diameter. This change in
noise level was found insignificant when we look at the spectra at 90 deg to the jet axis. The effect of nozzle
geometry is not playing much role when sound propagates to higher angle with respect to jet axis and it was
observed irrespective of the nozzle plane.
B. Near field pressure fluctuations
Figure 4 shows comparison of pressure fluctuations registered by microphones along the jet edge at several
locations starting from the just downstream of the nozzle exit plane. With increasing distance from the nozzle exit,
the spectral peak is seen to gain amplitude from about 90 dB to nearly 115 dB. Moreover, it also shifts towards the
lower frequency. At Mach number 0.8, the spectra in the major axis plane of the AR3 nozzle, AR 2 nozzle, and
circular nozzle at x/D
e
= 0.25 are seen to have harmonic tones. These harmonic tones are due to the initial shear
layer roll up and eventually it disappears at x/De = 3.75. Interestingly, these behaviors are not seen along the minor
axis plane. At present the reason for the same is under discussion. This is consistent even at the lower Mach number
of 0.5.
C. Cross correlation of near and farfield pressure fluctuations
The sound pressure fluctuations measured by a farfield microphones are due to the sum of the radiation from all
turbulent eddies distributed in the entire jet. The cross-correlation between near and far field pressure fluctuations
reveal the common energy between two microphones placed at both the field. Figures 5 -10 show the cross
correlation between near field microphone to far field microphone placed at 30 and 90 deg respectively. It is
observed that, the correlation coefficient R
nf
varies with the downstream nearfield microphone. And also the time
delay varies with downstream locations. These observations are similar as recent work carried out by Viswanathan
et al.
21
. Figures 11a-b show the comparison of maximum cross-correlation coefficients obtained from an individual
near and farfield correlation at exit Mach number of 0.8 and 0.5 for all nozzles. The expected behavior of maximum
cross correlation varies with nozzle downstream distance when the traversing nearfield microphone correlates with
far field microphone of 30
o
polar angle. The dominant maximum cross correlation invariantly sits in the axial
distance between 5 to 10 D
e
. This region is known as the dominant noise source region. However, the effect of Mach
number is clearly seen in the Fig.14 a. The dominant region shifts towards nozzle exit plane within the mixing layer
region. It is important to point out here that the radiated components of elliptical jets clearly indicate the existence of
an element to change the farfield noise characteristics. Further, the minor axis plane shows higher energy as
compared to major axis plane for both plain and AR 3 with notched nozzle.
Figure 11c shows the correlation between nozzle exit plane and nozzle downstream distance. It is observed that the
maximum cross correlation reduces as the microphone separates axially and parallel to jet edge. The high frequency
component of nozzle exit plane loses its coherence as the nozzle downstream movement of microphone.


References
1
Crichton, D.G., Instability of an elliptic jet, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 59, 1973, pp. 665-672.
2
Gutmark, E.J. and Grinstein,F.F., Flow control with non-circular jet, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 31, 1999
pp. 239-272.
3
Husain, H. S., and Hussain, A. K. M. F., Controlled excitation of elliptic jets, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 26, 1983, pp. 2763-
2765.
4
Bridges, J.E and Hussain, A.K.M.F.,Roles of initial condition and vortex pairing in jet noise, Journal of Sound and
Vibration, Vol. 117, Issue 2, 8. 1987, pp. 289-311
5
Ho, C.M. and Gutmark, E., Vortex induction and mass entrainment in a small-aspect-ratio elliptic jet Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, Vol. 179, 1987, pp. 383-405.
6
Gutmark, E. and Ho C. M., Near-field Pressure Fluctuations of an Elliptic Jet, AIAA Journal, Vol.23, No.3, 1985, pp.354-
358.
7
Husain, H. S. and Hussain, A. K. M. F., Elliptic jets. Part 1. Characteristics of unexcited and excited jets, Journal of Fluid
Mechanics,Vol. 208, 1989, pp. 257-320.
8
Gutmark , E.J., Schadow, K C, Wilson, K.J., and Biker, C. J. Near Field pressure variation and flow characteristics in low
supersonic circular and elliptical jet, Physics of Fluids, 31(9), 1988, pp.2524-2532.
9
Baty, R. S., Seiner, J. M. and Ponton, M. K., Instability of a supersonic shock free elliptic jet, AIAA paper 90-3959.
10
Ahuja, K.K., Manes J, Massey, K. 1990 An evaluation of various concepts of reducing supersonic jet noise, AIAA 90
3982
11
Zaman. K.M.B.Q., Axis switching and spreading of an asymmetric jet: the role of coherent structure dynamics Journal of
Fluid Mechanic, Vol. 316, 1996, pp. 1-27.
12
Kinze, K.W., Azimuthal mode measurement of elliptical jets, Physics of Fluids 9, 1997, pp. 2000-2008.
13
Zaman, K.B.M.Q, Spreading characteristics of compressible jets from nozzles of various geometries, Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, Vol. 383, 1999 pp 197-228..
14
Kinzie K W and Mclaughlin,D.K., Aeroacoustics properties of supersonic elliptical jets, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
Vol. 395, 1999, pp. 1-28.
15
Tam, C.K.W.,and Zaman, K.B.M.Q.,Subsonic Jet noise from Non-axisymmetric and Tabbed Nozzle, AIAA Journal, Vol.
38, No 4, 2000, pp.591-599.
16
Sharma, S.D., and Murugan, K. N., Near Field Aeroacoustics of a Jet from Elliptical Nozzle at M=0.8, AIAA/CEAS
Aeroacoustics Conference, AIAA paper No. 2010-3955, June 2010.
17
Arndt,R., E, A,.D. F. Long, and M. N. Glauser, The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of Pressure Fluctuations
Surrounding a Turbulent Jet, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 340, 1997, pp. 1-33.
18
Tam, C K W, Viswanathan,K., Ahuja, K. K., and Panda, J. The sources of jet noise: experimental evidence, Journal of
Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 615, 2008. Pp. 253-292.
19
Lauendeau, E., Jordon, P., Delville, and Bonnet, J.-P., Source-mechanism identification by nearfield-farfield pressure
correlations in subsonic jets, International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 7, No.1, 2008, pp.41-68.
20
Hall, J. W., Hall, A. M., Piner, J. T, and Glauser, M. N., Cross-spectral analysis of the pressure in Mach 0.85 turbulent
jet, AIAA Journal, Vol.47, 1, 2009, pp.54-59.
21
Viswanathan, K., Underbrink, J. R., and Brusniak, L., SpaceTime Correlation Measurements in Near Fields of Jets
AIAA Journal Vol. 49, No. 8, 2011, pp. 1577-1599.

















































Figure 1. Pictorial view of ABS Nozzle Models: a) Circular (AR 1), b) AR 2 elliptical, c) AR 3 elliptical, and
d) AR 3 elliptical with V notch.




Table 2 Nozzle dimensions

Nozzles Aspect
Ratio(AR)
Equivalent
Diameter
(mm)
Major axis
(mm)
Minor axis
(mm)
Exit Area
(mm
2
)
Mach
number
Circular 1 20 NA NA 314.16 0.8,and 0.5
Elliptical 2 20 28.28 14.14 314.13 0.8,and 0.5
Elliptical 3 20 34.62 11.54 314.13 0.8,and 0.5
Elliptical with
V notch
3
With V notch
20 34.62 11.54 314.13
0.8,and 0.5
V notch were made normal to major axis ( 3mm by 3mm)
x
y
z
(b) (a)
(c) (d)


x/D
e
r
0
/
D
e
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Traversing microphone locations
Mic 2(u = 90
o
)
Mic 1 (u=30
o
)
Near field Grid with 7.06
o
R
m
ic
=
4
6
D
e
Fixed microphone locations


Figure 2. Microphone arrangement for near and far field pressure measurements






Figure 3 Far field sound pressure level spectra at distance of 46 D
e
from nozzle exit plane.






Frequency, Hz
S
P
L
,
d
B
10
2
10
3
10
4
40
50
60
70
80
90
M= 0.8 u = 90
o
Frequency, Hz
S
P
L
,
d
B
10
2
10
3
10
4
40
50
60
70
80
90
Circular Nozzle
AR 3 V notch minor
AR 3 V notch major
AR 3 minor
AR 3 major
AR 2 minor
AR 2 major
M= 0.8 u = 30
o


S
P
L
,
d
B
Frequency, Hz
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
x/D
e
= 0.25
M= 0.8
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
x/D
e
= 3.75
10
2
10
3
10
4
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
x/D
e
= 6.75
S
P
L
,
d
B
10
2
10
3
10
4
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Circular Nozzle
AR 3 Vnotch minor
AR 3 Vnotch major
AR 3 minor
AR 3 major
AR 2 minor
AR2 major
x/D
e
= 9.75


Figure 4 Streamwise pressure evolutions at jet downstream





t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
Circular Nozzle
t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
Circular Nozzle


Figure 5. Near and far field cross correlation coefficient for circular nozzle with far field microphone at 30
o

and 90
o
.


t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 2 major plane
t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 2 major plane

Figure 5.Near and far field cross correlation coefficient for AR2 elliptical nozzle major plane with far field
microphone at 30
o
and 90
o
.


t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 2 minor plane
t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 2 minor plane

Figure 6..Near and far field cross correlation coefficient for AR2 elliptical nozzle minor plane with far field
microphone at 30
o
and 90
o
.


t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 3 major plane
t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 3 major plane

Figure 7. Near and far field cross correlation coefficient for AR3 elliptical nozzle major plane with far field
microphone at 30
o
and 90
o
.


t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 3 minor plane
t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 3 minor plane

Figure 8.Near and far field cross correlation coefficient for AR3 elliptical nozzle minor plane with far field
microphone at 30
o
and 90
o
.


t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 3 V notch major plane
t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 3 Vnotch major plane

Figure 9.Near and far field cross correlation coefficient for AR3 elliptical nozzle with notch along major
plane with far field microphone at 30
o
and 90
o
.


t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 3 V notch minor plane
t, ms
R
n
f
0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x/D
e
=0.25
x/D
e
=1.75
x/D
e
=2.75
x/D
e
=3.75
x/D
e
=4.75
x/D
e
=5.75
x/D
e
=6.75
x/D
e
=7.75
x/D
e
=8.75
x/D
e
=9.75
x/D
e
=10.75
x/D
e
=11.75
x/D
e
=12.75
x/D
e
=13.75
x/D
e
=14.75
x/D
e
=15.75
x/D
e
=16.75
M= 0.8
AR 3 V notchminor plane

Figure 10.Near and far field cross correlation coefficient for AR3 elliptical nozzle with notch along minor
plane with far field microphone at 30
o
and 90
o
.




x/D
e
0 5 10 15 20
Circular Nozzle
AR3 V notch minor
AR3 V notch major
AR 3 minor
AR 3 major
AR2 minor
AR2 major
M= 0.5
x/D
e
M
a
x
.
C
r
o
s
s
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.1
0.2
M= 0.8
(a)
x/D
e
0 5 10 15 20
Circular Nozzle
AR3 V notch minor
AR3 V notch major
AR 3 minor
AR 3 major
AR2 minor
AR2 major
M= 0.5
x/D
e
M
a
x
.
C
r
o
s
s
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.1
0.2
M= 0.8
(b)
x/D
e
0 5 10 15 20
Circular Nozzle
AR3 V notch minor
AR3 V notch major
AR 3 minor
AR 3 major
AR2 minor
AR2 major
M= 0.5
x/D
e
M
a
x
.
C
r
o
s
s
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
M= 0.8
(c)
Figure 11. Comparison of peak cross-correlation between near and far field pressure fluctuations: a) far
field reference microphone at 30
o
. b) Far field microphone at and 90
o
c) reference microphone at x/De=0.25.