1

William Blake (1757 1827)

The enormous
and the minute are
interchangable
manifestations
of the eternal
The enormous
and the minute are
interchangable
manifestations
of the eternal
The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins
To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour
in Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Mohrenstrasse 39, D - 10117 Berlin, Germany
Weierstrass lnstitute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics
2
KRZYSZTOF WILMANSKI
mail: wilmansk@wias-berlin.de
web:http://www.wias http://www.wias http://www.wias http://www.wias- -- -berlin.de/people/wilmansk berlin.de/people/wilmansk berlin.de/people/wilmansk berlin.de/people/wilmansk
in Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Mohrenstrasse 39, D - 10117 Berlin, Germany
Weierstrass lnstitute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics
Przejcia mikro-makro
w modelowaniu orodkw granulowanych
Wykad w Zakadzie Teorii Orodkw Cigych
lnstytut Podstawowych Problemw Techniki PAN
Warszawa, 12 marca, 2004
3
Contents:
Contents:
1. Linear poroelastic model
- macroscopic unknown fields of the linear model
- linear constitutive relations
2. Micro-macrotransitions
- geometrical compatibility
- changes of porosity
- changes of porosity solution of the porosity equation
- Gedankenexperiments for homogeneous microstructure
- solutions of field equations and geometrical compatibility
- numerical example
3. Dependence of
S
,K
d
and K
b
on porosity?
4. Conclusions
4
1. Linear poroelastic model
1. Linear poroelastic model
5
. ) (
) (
, ) (
, ) (
, 0 , 0
0
0
0 0

E
S F
E
F F S F F
F
F
S S S F S
S
S
F F
F
S S
S
n n
div
t
n n
div
t
div
t
div
t
div
t

= +

+ =

+ + =

= +

= +

v v
b v v T
v
b v v T
v
v v
.
S
S
grad sym
t
v
e
=

Balance equations
linear model
Macroscopic unknown fields of the linear model
{ } n
S F S F
, , , , e v v
- partial mass density of the fluid
- velocity of the skeleton
- velocity of the fluid
- Almansi-Hamel deformation tensor of
the skeleton
- porosity
6
Linear constitutive relations
Partial stresses
. : , :
), ( , ) N(
, ) N( 2
0
0
0 0 int 0 int
0 0
F
F F
S
F F F F F
S S S S S
tr e
Qe p p n n p
n n Q e

= =
+ = + =
+ + + =
e
1 1 T
1 1 e 1 T T
Porosity
. ), 1 (
0
const e n n
E
= + =
Linear field equations
( ) [ ] . , ,
, N ) (
, N ) ( 2
0 0
0
0 0
0

e n n n
e e n n
t
div
t
grad sym
t
n grad grad e Qgrad
t
n grad Qgrad div e grad
t
F S
S
S F F
F
F
S F S S S
S
S

= +

+ + =

+ + + =

v v
e
v v
v
v v e
v
material constants
7
1) How to find material constants in simple
laboratory and field experiments?
2) How to find microstructural properties
such as porosity, permeability
or saturation?
Micro-macrotransitions?
Statistical averaging (REV)?
Time averaging?
Kinetic theory and macroscopic
moments?
8
2. Micro-macrotransitions
2. Micro-macrotransitions
(homogeneous microstructure) (homogeneous microstructure)
9
Geometrical compatibility
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
.
1
1
1
1
1 , 1 , 1
, ,
1
1
1 , 1 ,
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
e
e
n
n
e e n
n
n
n
n
R
R SR SR S S SR S
FR
F R
R FR FR F F FR F
+
+
=

+ = + = =
=
+
+
=
+ = + = =

Micro-macrorelations for partial mass densities in homogeneous microstructure
REV V dV t H
V
t n
t t n dV t H t
V
REV
FR
REV
FR F
volume : , ) , (
1
: ) , (
), , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
1
) (
) (
= =
=
}
}
x
z
x
z
z x
x x z z
where ) , ( t H z is the characteristic function for the fluid component. Then
homogeneity
Linearity (small deformations) yields
geometrical compatibility conditions:
. ,
1
0
0
0
0
n
n n
n
n n
e e
R R

=

+ = (1)
e.g.:
10
Changes of porosity
Constitutive relations:
- macro
. ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( : m equilibriu
), ( N
), ( N ) (
0 3
2
0 0
0 0 0
0 3
2
0



Q e Q
p p p p p
n-n Qe p p
n-n Q e p p
F S S
F F S S
F F F
S S S S
+ + + =
= + =
=
+ + =
- micro
). )( 1 ( ) ( : m equilibriu
, ,
0 0 0 0
0 0
SR SR FR FR
R
s
SR SR R
f
FR FR
p p n p p n p
e K p p K p p
+ =
= =
(2)
(3)
It follows
. 2 : , ) 1 ( :
,
) (
: ,
) (
: ), (
0
3
2
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
Q K K n K n K
K K n
K n Q
K K n
K K
e e
n
n n
F S S
f s V
f s
f
F
f s
V
+ + + = + =

+
=

= + =

11
Changes of porosity
- the solution of the porosity equation
). 1 ( ), (
) (
0
e n n div
n n
t
n n
E
S F
E E

+ = =

v v
Mass balance equations:
. ,
0 0
t t
div
t
e
t
div
F
F
F
S
S
S

v v
Hence
}

+ =

t
s t
ds e s e
n
e
n
e
n
n n
0
0 0 0
0
. ) )( ( ) (

The micro-macrorelation follows provided
. ,
0
n

=
memory effect
12
Gedankenexperiments
for homogeneous microstructures
Preliminaries Biots notation
Bulk stress and pore pressure
Change of the fluid content:
Fluid contained in a reference volume dV
0
of the skeleton
- reference configuration:
0 0
dV
F

- current configuration:
0
) 1 ( dV e
F
+
- normalized change increment of the fluid content:
[ ] ). ( 1
1
1
: ) 1 (
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0

+
+
= = + e n dV
e
n dV dV e
F F
FR
. N :
, :
, 2 ) 2 (
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
n
n n
M Ce p
n
p
p
C Ke p tr p
C e H
f
F
f
S S S F S

+ = =
+ = =
+ + = +

T
1 e 1 T T T T
. : ), ( :
,
2 2 :
2
0
0
0
1
3
4
0
0
n
M Q C
K
Q H
F
F
n
S
F S S

= + =
+ =
= + + + =
Biots constants
13
Gedankenexperiments
for homogeneous microstructures
Unjacketed test:
,
0
p p p
f f
=
Jacketed drained
, 0
0
=
f f
p p
. e i.e. , 0 = =
and undrained tests:
General equilibrium conditions:
). ( ) )( 1 (
) ( ) (
0 0 0 0
0 0
FR FR SR SR
F F S S
p p n p p n
p p p p p
+ =
= + =
Unknown: { }
0
0
, , , , , ,
f f
R R
p p p p e n e
Equations: 2 geom., 1 equilib., 4 constit., 1 test = 8.
= 7;
}
14
Solutions of field equations and geometrical compatibility
( )
( ) , 0 ) (
, :
, :
,
, 1
,
) ( N
0 0
) 1 ( 1
) 1 (
N
N
0
0
b
N
0
2
0
0
b
=
=
=
=
+ =
=
+

M K
C K
K
K
M
C
K
K
n
n n
s n
M
C
b
n n
n n
CK
K
M K
C
K
p
M K
C
K
p
b n
s
b
s
b
K
s
K
M K
C
n b
n b
n n
K K
K K
p K
p
e

jacketed drained
. :
, N
,
, ,
0 0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
n
n - 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
f s W
K
C
W
K
C
s
K
C
W
K
b
MK
K
C
W
K
C
s
K
C
W
K
K
K
C
W
K
C
K
n
K
n
K
K
K
M C
K
p
K
K
n
n n
K
p
K
p
K
e
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =

unjacketed
. ) 1 ( :
, ) (
, N
, , 0 ,
0 0
N
0
) N (
0
) N (
0
0
f s V
K
K C
f s V
K K
K C
K
C
f f
K K
K C
n
n n
K
p
K n K n K
K K n K K
p p p
p e
f
f
f
f
f
f
+ =
=

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
= = =

jacketed undrained
1
2
3
. N
f f
K K C < >
4
&
( )
ally. experiment given -
1
1
N

=
M K
C
b d
n
K K
15
( )
{ } . : , 1
, : , N
, : , 0 ) (
, ) 1 ( : , ) (
) 1 ( 1
) 1 (
1
N
1
1
1
1
1
1
) ( N
0 0
0 0 N 0
0
0
b
N
0
0 0
0
0
2
b
K
s
K
M K
C
n
f s W
K
C
W
K
C
s
K
C
W
K
b
MK
b n
s
b
s
f
f
n
n n
s n M K
C
b d
K
n
K
n
K K
K
n
-n
M C
M
C
b M K
C K
K
K
M
C
K
K
f s V K
K C
f s V
K K K K
K
K K n n
K n K n K K K n K K

+
+

= + =
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
+ = =
Full set of equations for K, C, M, N:
,
) 1 (
,
) 1 (
) (
,
) 1 (
) (
0
2
0 0
2
b s
s
b s
b s s
b
b s
b s
K n K
K
M
K n K
K K K
C K
K n K
K K
K
+
=
+

= +
+

. 1 : =
f
s
K
K

For N=0: A):

B): N belongs to the set of macroscopic
material parameters but it is small in com-
parison with other compressibilities - iteration
C) Full solution for K, C, M, N
16
Material parameters K, C, M in the zeroth
approximation (Gassmann)
.
20 1
or : ) (empirical Geertsma
10 25 . 2 , 10 48
0
9 9
n
K
K K
Pa K Pa K
s
d b
f s
+
=
= =
Numerical example
Coupling parameter Q
in Biots model
). (
0 0
M n C n Q =
17
Material parameters K, C, M in the zeroth
approximation (Gassmann)
Material parameters K, C, M in the first
approximation (Gassmann)
18
Material parameters K, C, M, N
in the full model
Coupling parameters C, N
in the full model
n
K
K
s
d
20 1
: Geertsma
+
= Full model:
Coupling parameter Q
in the full model
Fraction of coupling
parameter: Q/K
in the full model
19
Material parameters K, C, M in the zeroth
approximation (Gassmann)
Material parameters K, C, M in the first
approximation (Gassmann)
Comparison with the full solution (green)
20
speed of propagation of P1-wave
in the low frequency approximation
Carlo Lai (July 2002)
Some results for P1-waves:
. 2 . 0 : number Poisson
, 1000
, 4000 ) 1 (
3
3
0 0
0 0
=
=
=

m
kg
F
m
kg
S
n
n
21
3. Dependence of
S
,K
d
and K
b
on porosity
3. Dependence of
S
,K
d
and K
b
on porosity
22
In the drained simple test the material behaves as
there were no fluid in pores. Hence the stress strain
relation should be the same as in the classical elasti-
city with the compressibility modulus K
d
and shear
modulus
S
, i.e.
,
) 1 ( 2
2 1
3
) 1 ( 2
2 1
3
0 N=
+

=
+

b d
S
K K
where is the Poissons number.
Simultaneously speeds of propagation react weakly on changes
of Poissons number see: results of Carlo Lai. Hence we can
choose, for instance, =0.2 and either calculate K
d
(K
b
) from the
above formula provided
S
was measured by the speed of shear
wave or calculate
S
provided K
d
(K
b
) is given empirically.
Important practical case: given two speeds of propagation
(P1- and shear wave) and the Poissons number. Then
by means of MICRO-MACRO one can calculate porosity
(inverse problem).
23
Experimental measurements: c
P1
,c
S
and porosity profiles
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
e
p
t
h

[
m
]
Porosity
LAB (Laval)

LAB (Osterberg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Vp
Vs
velocity of propagation (m/s)
d
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
porosity
soil
profile
3LVD 3LVD 3LVD 3LVDVLWH VLWH VLWH VLWH After: FOT,S., LA, C., LANCELLOTTA, R.; Porosity of Fluid-saturated Porous
Media from Measured Seismic Wave Velocities, Gotechnique, Vol. 52, No. 5, 359-373
(2002).
LA, C.; Recent Advances in the Solution of Some Parameter-dentification Problems Relevant
To Soil Dynamics, Lecture, Oct. 21, 2002, ROSE School, Pavia, taly.
1 P
c
S
c
24
Testing of soils by surface waves (SASW)
Politecnico di Torino, 2003
25
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
2. Gassmann like relations, derived for the extended
model with a dependence on porosity gradient by means
of the Micro-MacroTransition for homogeneous microstru-
cture satisfy ALL compatibility relations for simple tests
and yield in the limit the classical Gassmann relations.
1. Biots model follows as a limit case of a gene-
ral thermodynamic model provided the relaxation
of porosity is neglected.
3. In order to fulfil geometrical compatibility relations of
micro-macrotransition the porosity balance equation must be
corrected on an equilibrium contribution to the source term.
4. Micro-MacroTransition gives rise to a possibility of a natu-
ral description of processes in unsaturated granular
materials.
26 The Ghost of a Flea (ca. 1819)
Newton (1795)