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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

PHN A: TNG QUAN V B NGHCH LU A BC


1. Tng quan
1.1. t vn
Trong nhng nm gn y, h thng in t cng sut c pht trin rt mnh. Vi nhiu l do,
th nht: cc thit b in t cng sut ngy cng c s dng nhiu, khng nhng trong lnh vc
cng nghip m cn thm nhp vo c lnh vc thng mi v dn dng. L do th hai: do nhu cu
pht trin cc thit b s dng hiu qu v tit kim nng lng ng thi vi vic s dng ngun
nng lng mi nh nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri.v.v trc tip ni tiu th.
Cc b chuyn i AC DC (chnh lu, nghch lu, bin tn) ngy cng c quan tm nghin
cu. p ng cc nhu cu cng sut ln, cn phi nng cao in p v dng in. Tuy nhin do
kh nng chu dng v p ca cc linh kin in t cng sut c gii hn, nn song song vi vic
pht trin cc linh kin cng sut ln, ngi ta dng gii php mc song song to dng in cao
v mc ni tip tng in p. Gii php mc ni tip cho ra i cc cu trc mch nghch lu p
a bc thay cho nghch lu p hai bc truyn thng. Mch nghch lu p a bc c nhiu u im
nh cng sut cao hn, cht lng in p v dng in ng ra tt hn, mch lc u ra nh hn.
so vi nghch lu p hai bc. Tuy nhin n cng c nhiu nhc im nh cn nhiu linh kin hn,
gii thut iu khin phc tp hn v v vy gi thnh cng t hn.
Nm 1980, Navae v cc cng s ca ng bt u nghin cu v nghch lu p a bc. V n
nm 1981 ng ngh cu hnh NPC (Neutral Point Clamped) cho nghch lu p 3 bc. V sau, cu
hnh ny c pht trin cho nghch lu p a bc vi tn chung l cu hnh diode-clamped
converter (diode kp). Cu hnh ny c dng cu vi mi nhnh gm nhiu linh kin chuyn mch
mc ni tip. Mt s cu hnh khc ra i mun hn gm floating capacitor converter (t kp) v
cascade H-dridge converter. Cu hnh t kp c cu trc tng t nh cu hnh diode kp; cu hnh
H-dridge c xy dng bng cch ni tip cc mch nghch lu 2 bc c bn. Trong cu hnh
diode kp l cu hnh c nghin cu v c nhiu ng dng nht.
1.2 ng dng ca b nghch lu.
ng dng trong cng nghip
ng dng trong dn dng
ng dng trong truyn ti h thng in
ng dng trong thng mi
ng dng trong phng th nghim
Dng lm ti liu trong ging dy
2. Gii thiu b nghch lu p.
B nghch lu p c nhim v chuyn i nng lng t ngun in mt chiu khng i sang
dng nng lng in xoay chiu cung cp cho ti xoay chiu.

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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

i lng c iu khin ng ra l in p hoc dng in. Nu i lng c iu khin


ng ra l in p th b nghch lu c gi l b nghch lu p, ngc li gi l b nghch lu
dng.
Cc b nghch lu to thnh b phn ch yu trong b bin tn. ng dng quan trng v tng
i rng ri ca chng nhm vo lnh vc truyn ng in ng c xoay chiu vi chnh xc
cao.
Trong lnh vc tn s cao, b nghch lu c dng trong cc thit b l cm ng trung tn, thit
b hn trung tn. B nghch lu cn ng dng lm ngun in xoay chiu cho nhu cu gia nh, lm
ngun in lin tc UPS, iu khin chiu sng v cn c ng dng trong lnh vc b nhuyn
cng sut phn khng
2.1 Khi nim.
B nghch lu p l mt b nghch lu c ngun mt chiu cung cp l ngun p v i tng
iu khin ng ra l in p. B nghch lu dng l b nghch lu c ngun mt chiu cung cp l
ngun dng v i tng iu khin ng ra l ngun dng. Trn thc t ngun mt chiu l ngun
p v i tng nghin cu l b nghch lu p.
B nghch lu p cung cp v iu khin in p xoay chiu ng ra, ngun in p mt chiu
c th l: pin in, c quy, in p mt chiu c chnh lu t in p xoay chiu c lc phng.
Cc ti xoay chiu thng mang tnh cht cm khng (ng c xoay chiu, l cm ng), dng
in qua cc linh kin khng th ng ngt bng qu trnh chuyn mch t nhin. Do , linh kin
trong b nghch lu p phi c kh nng kch ng, ngt dng qua n. Trong cc ng dng vi cng
sut nh v va th c th s dng Transitor BJT, MOSFET, IGBT. Trong phm vi cng sut ln c
th dng GTO, IGCT hoc SCR kt hp vi b chuyn mch. Vi ti tng qut, mi linh kin cn
mc thm mt diode i song song hn ch in p pht sinh khi kch ngt linh kin.
2.2 Phn loi.
B nghch lu p c nhiu loi cng nh c nhiu phng php iu khin khc nhau:
Theo s pha in p u ra: nghch lu p mt pha, ba pha.
Theo s cp gi tr in p: l s in p gia mt u pha ti n mt im in th chun
trn mch DC c: hai bc (two level), a bc (multilevel t ba bc tr ln).
Khi nim b bin tn hai bc xut pht t in p mt u pha ti (pha a, b, c) vi im chun
(v tr ni t) trn mch DC thay i gia hai bc khc nhau (VDC v 0). B nghch lu p hai bc
c nhc im l to in p cung cp cho cun dy ng c dv/dt kh ln v gy ra hin tng
in p common mode (VN0 0) rt nghim trng. B nghch lu p a bc c pht trin
gii quyt cc vn gy ra nu trn ca b nghch lu p hai bc v thng c s dng cho cc
ng dng in p cao v cng sut ln.
u im ca b nghch lu p a bc l cng sut ca b nghch lu tng ln, in p t ln cc
linh kin gim xung nn cng sut tn hao do qu trnh ng ngt ca linh kin cng gim theo
(switching losses); vi cng tn s ng ngt, cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao ca in p ra gim
nh hn so vi b nghch lu p hai bc.
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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

Theo cu hnh b nghch lu: dng cascade (cascade inverter), dng nghch lu cha cp
diode kp NPC (neutral point clamped multilevel inverter)
2.3. Cc phng php iu khin b nghch lu p.
Phng php iu ch rng xung sin (Sin PWM-sin pulse width modulation).
Phng php iu khin theo bin .
Phng php iu ch rng xung (SH-PWM).
Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin (Modified PWM).
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (SVPWM-space vector pulse width modulation).
3. Cu trc c bn ca b nghch lu p a bc.
3.1. Cu trc b nghch lu NPC.
S dng thch hp khi cc ngun DC to nn t h thng in AC. B nghch lu a bc cha
cc cp diode kp c mt mch ngun DC c phn chia thnh mt s cp in p nh hn nh
chui cc t in mc ni tip.
Gi s nhnh mch DC gm n ngun c ln bng nhau mc ni tip. in p pha - tm ngun
DC (im 0) c th t c (n+1) gi tr khc nhau v t b nghch lu c gi l b nghch
lu p (n+1)bc.
V d: xt hnh 1.1 bn di, chn mc in th 0 cui dy ngun, cc mc in p c th t
c gm (0, VDC/2, 2VDC/2, 3VDC/2,nVDC/2). in p t mt pha ti (v d pha a) thng n
mt v tr bt k trn nhnh DC (v d M) nh cp diode kp ti im (VD: Da4, Da4)
S5a
D
a
1
+

Vdc/5

S4a
D
a
2

S3a
D
a
3
+

Vdc/5

S2a
D
a
4

S1a
+

Vdc/5
b

S'5a

D
'
a
1

Vdc/5

S'4a
D
'
a
2

S'3a
M

D
'
a
3

S'2a

Vdc/5

D
'
a
4

S'1a

Hnh 1.1 B nghch lu NPC


in p pha tm ngun DC t c mc in p Ua0 = VDC/5, tt c cc linh kin b kp
0

gia hai diode (Da4, Da4) gm n linh kin mc ni tip lin tc k nhau S1a, S5a, S4a, S3a, S2a
phi c kch ng, cc linh kin cn li phi c kho theo nguyn tc kch i nghch. Nh
hnh v trn, to ra su mc in p pha tm ngun DC (im 0) nn mch nghch lu p trn gi
l b nghch lu p su bc.
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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

B nghch lu p a bc dng diode kp ci tin dng sng in p ti v gim Shock in p


trn linh kin n ln.Vi b nghch lu ba bc, dv/dt trn linh kin v tn s ng ct gim i mt
na. Tuy nhin vi n > 3, mc chu gai p trn cc diode s khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cn bng in
p gia cc ngun DC (p trn t) tr nn kh khn, c bit khi s bc ln.
3.1.1. Cc trng thi ng ngt ca b nghch lu NPC.
Xt b nghch lu p n bc dng cha cp diode kp NPC (hnh 1.1). Gi VDC/5 l ln in p
trong mi ngun ring l ph thuc ln in p pha ngun VDC cn thit lp, cc linh kin b
kp gia cc cp diode ni n mt in th trn mch DC cn thit lp s trng thi kch ng.
in p pha tm ngun DC tnh t im u dy ca mt pha ti n mt in th chun (im 0)
trn mch DC.
Trng thi kch ngt ca cc kha bn dn trn mt nhnh pha ti ca cc pha a, b, c phi tha
mn iu kin kch i nghch. Nu cc kha bn dn trn mt nhnh pha cng kch ng th gy
ngn mch ngun hoc khng c php cng kch ngt.
Sja+ Sja =1;
Sjb +Sjb =1;
Sjc + Sjc =1
(1.1)
Vi: j = 1, 2,3 (n-1)
Gi n l im nt ba pha ti dng sao i xng. Ta c in p ba pha ti:

uta = ua 0 u N 0 ;

utb = u b 0u

N0

utc = uc 0 u N 0

in p ua0, ub0, uc0 gi l in p pha tm ngun ca pha a, b, c.


Gi thit ti ba pha i xng, tho mn h thc:

uta + utb + utc = 0


ua0 + ub0 + uc0 3uN 0 = 0
in p Common mode:

uN 0 =

Ta c p ti :

u a 0+

uta = ua 0 =uN 0

u = u u
=
tb b 0 N 0

u = u u
= tc c 0 N 0

b0

c0

(1.2)

3
2ua 0 ub 0 uc 0
3
2ub 0 uao uc 0

(1.3)
3
2uc 0 ua 0 ub 0
3

T ta thy qu trnh in p v qu trnh dng in ng ra ca b nghch lu p ba pha s


c xc nh khi ta xc nh c cc in p nghch lu ua0, ub0, uc0.
Nu ba pha ti dng tam gic, in p pha ti bng in p dy do b nghch lu cung cp:

utab = ua0 ub0


;

utbc = ub0 uc0


;

utca = uc0
ua0

(1.4)

3.1.2 Trng thi ng ngt b nghch lu NPC 5 bc.

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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc


S4a

S4b

S4c

S3a

S3b

S3c

S2a

S2b

S2c

S1a

S1b

S1c

V dc/4

V dc/4

a
b
c

S'4a

S'4b

S'4c

S'3a

S'3b

S'3c

S'2a

S'2b

S'2c

S'1a

S'1b

S'1c

V dc/4

V dc/4

pha a

ph a b

pha c

Hnh 1.2 S nguyn l nghch lu NPC 3 pha 5 bc


Xt pha a ca b nghch lu p nm bc dng diode kp. Gi VDC/4 l ln in p trn mi
ngun in ring l. Chn im 0 tm ngun DC v tr gia, in p pha tm ngun DC t cc
gi tr nh trong bng sau:
Bng 1.1 Trng thi ng ngt ca b nghch lu p NPC 5 bc
Cc trng thi ng ngt Trng thi ng ngt ca cc
Mc in p nghch lu VA0
tng ng
linh kin
0
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,0)
Vd
4
Vd
2
3Vd
4

Vd

Vd

(
(
(

,0,0,0)

Vd

Vd

Vd

,0,0)

Vd

(1,0,0,0)

Vd

(1,1,0,0)
(1,1,1,0)

0)

Vd Vd Vd Vd
(4 ,4 ,4 ,4 )

(1,1,1,1)

Ta thy c 5 mc in p ra tng ng vi cc trng thi ng ngt cho mi pha. Vy c 5 trng


thi ng ngt linh kin cho mi pha, nh vy c 125 trng thi ng ngt cho ba pha. V b nghch
lu p c th to ra nm mc in p nn c gi l b nghch lu p 5 bc
3.1.3. Nhn xt
Vi cu trc nh trn nn tn s ng ngt gim dn n s ln chuyn mch trn cc pha b
nghch lu p gim, tn tht ca b nghch lu gim t c kh nng nng cao cng sut ca b
nghch lu. V vy b nghch lu p a bc ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc
cng sut cao, nhung bn cnh vn cn c nhng u v khuyt im nh sau:

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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

u im.
Khi s bc cao, thnh phn hi bc cao s thp khi s dng cc b lc.
Hiu sut cao v cc kho c th c iu khin tn s ng ngt c bn (phng php PWM
l ti u).
C th iu khin lng cng sut phn khng.
Phng php iu khin n gin cho h thng ni kt dng i song (back-to-back).
Khuyt im.
Yu cu s dng qu nhiu diode khi s bc in p cao.
Kh iu khin lng cng sut tch cc cho cc b bin i n.
3.1.4. Cc cng thc lin quan.
in p Offset: Vomax = Vd Max(u t1 , u t2 , u t3 ),Vo min = Min(u t1, u t2
, u t3 )
Ch medium common mode: Vo =

VoMin + VoMax
2

Ch gin on (Discontinuos): Vo = VoMin hoc Vo = VoMax


V

(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.7)

in p iu khin: V i 0 = d dki
V V dki = i 0 .(n 1)
Vdc
n 1
(vi n: s bc ca b nghc lu)
3.2. Cu trc b nghch lu Cascade H-dridge.
S dng cc ngun DC ring, thch hp trong trng hp s dng ngun DC c sn, v d acquy,
battery. Cascade inverter gm nhiu b nghch lu p cu mt pha ghp ni tip, cc b nghch lu
p dng cu mt pha ny c cc ngun DC ring.
S kt hp hot ng ca n b nghch lu p trn mt nhnh pha ti s to nn n kh nng mc
in p theo chiu m (-VDC, -2VDC, -3VDC, -4VDC, -nVDC), n kh nng mc in p theo chiu
dng (VDC, 2VDC, 3VDC, 4VDC,nVDC ) v mc in p 0. Nh vy, b nghch lu p dng
cascade gm n b nghch lu p mt pha trn mi nhnh s to thnh b nghch lu (2n+1) bc.

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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

Va
Sa1

Sa2
Va1

Va10

S`a1

`
Va11 S a2

Sa3

Sa4
Va2

Va20

`
S a3

Sa5

Va21

S a4

Sa6
Va3

Va30

S a5

`
Va31 S a6

V0

Hnh 1.3 B nghch lu Cascade H-dridge 1 pha 7 bc


3.2.1. Cc trng thi ng ct ca b ngch lu Cascade 7 bc.
Xt pha a ca b nghch lu p 7 bc dng Cascade H-dridge. Gi VDC l ln in p trn mi
ngun in ring l. Chn im 0 nh trn th, in p pha Va0 t cc gi tr nh trong bng sau:
Va0
3Vd

(Va1, Va2, Va3)


(Vd,Vd,Vd)
(Vd,Vd,0);

2Vd

(Vd,0,Vd);
(0,Vd,Vd)
(Vd,0,0);
(0,Vd,0);

Vd

(0,0,Vd)
(Vd,Vd,-Vd)
(Vd,-Vd,Vd)
(-Vd,Vd,Vd)
(0,0,0)

(Va10, Va11, Va20, Va21, Va30, Va31)


(Vd,0,Vd,0,Vd,0).
(Vd,0,Vd,0,0,0);(Vd,0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd)
(Vd,0,0,0,Vd,0);(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0)
(0,0,Vd,0,Vd,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0)

(Saj, S aj) vi j=1,2.. 6.


(1,0,1,0,1,0).
(1,0,1,0,0,0);(1,0,1,0,1,1);
(1,0,0,0,1,0);(1,0,1,1,1,0)
(0,0,1,0,1,0);(1,1,1,0,1,0)

(Vd,0,0,0,0,0); (Vd,0,0,0,Vd,Vd);

(1,0,0,0,0,0); (1,0,0,0,1,1);

(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0,0);(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,Vd,0,0,0); (0,0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd);
(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,0,Vd,0); (0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0);
(Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0);
(Vd,0,Vd,0,0,Vd);
(Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd,0);
(0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0).

(1,0,1,1,0,0);(1,0,1,1,1,1);
(0,0,1,0,0,0); (0,0,1,0,1,1);
(1,1,1,0,0,0);(1,1,1,0,1,1);
(0,0,0,0,1,0); (0,0,1,1,1,0);
(1,1,0,0,1,0);(1,1,1,1,1,0);
(1,0,1,0,0,1);
(1,0,0,1,1,0);
(0,1,1,0,1,0).

(0,0,0,0,0,0);(0,0,0,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,Vd,Vd,0,0);(0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd)
(Vd,Vd,0,0,0,0);(Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd);

(0,0,0,0,0,0);(0,0,0,0,1,1);
(0,0,1,1,0,0);(0,0,1,1,1,1)
(1,1,0,0,0,0);(1,1,0,0,1,1);

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(0,Vd,-Vd)
(0,-Vd,Vd)
(Vd,0,-Vd)
(-Vd,0,Vd)
(Vd,-Vd,0)
(-Vd,Vd,0)
(-Vd,0,0);
(0,-Vd,0);
-Vd

(0,0,-Vd)
(-Vd,-Vd,Vd)
(-Vd,Vd,-Vd)
(Vd,-Vd,-Vd)

-2Vd

(-Vd,-Vd,0);
(-Vd,0,-Vd);
(0,-Vd,-Vd)

Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd)
(0,0,Vd,0,0,Vd);(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd);
(0,0,0,Vd,Vd,0);(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0);
(Vd,0,0,0,0,Vd);(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(0,Vd,0,0,Vd,0);(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0)
(Vd,0,0,Vd,0,0);(Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd)
(0,Vd,Vd,0,0,0);(0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd).

(1,1,1,1,0,0);(1,1,1,1,1,1);
(0,0,1,0,0,1);(1,1,1,0,0,1);
(0,0,0,1,1,0);(1,1,0,1,1,0);
(1,0,0,0,0,1);(1,0,1,1,0,1);
(0,1,0,0,1,0);(0,1,1,1,1,0)
(1,0,0,1,0,0);(1,0,0,1,1,1)
(0,1,1,0,0,0);(0,1,1,0,1,1).

(0,Vd,0,0,0,0); (0,Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0);(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,Vd,0,0); (0,0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0,0);(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,0,0,Vd); (0,0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(Vd,Vd,0,0,0,Vd);(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0);

(0,1,0,0,0,0); (0,1,0,0,1,1);
(0,1,1,1,0,0);(0,1,1,1,1,1);
(0,0,0,1,0,0); (0,0,0,1,1,1);
(1,1,0,1,0,0);(1,1,0,1,1,1);
(0,0,0,0,0,1); (0,0,1,1,0,1);
(1,1,0,0,0,1);(1,1,1,1,0,1);
(0,1,0,1,1,0);

(0,Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd);
(Vd,0,0,Vd,0,Vd).

(0,1,1,0,0,1);
(1,0,0,1,0,1).

(0,Vd,0,Vd,0,0);(0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,Vd,0,0,0,Vd);(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(0,0,0,Vd,0,Vd);(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0,Vd).

(0,1,0,1,0,0);(0,1,0,1,1,1);
(0,1,0,0,0,1);(0,1,1,1,0,1);
(0,0,0,1,0,1);(1,1,0,1,0,1).

-3Vd (-Vd,-Vd,-Vd)
(0,Vd,0,Vd,0,Vd).
(0,1,0,1,0,1).
3.2.2. Nhn xt
Vi cu trc nh trn nn tn s ng ngt gim dn n s ln chuyn mch trn cc pha b
nghch lu p gim, tn tht ca b nghch lu gim t c kh nng nng cao cng sut ca b
nghch lu. V vy b nghch lu p a bc ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc
cng sut cao, nhung bn cnh vn cn c nhng u v khuyt im nh sau:
u im.
Cn s lng cc cu phn t nht t c s bc in p cao nht.
Vic ch to mch c m un ho do b nghch lu c bn c cu trc nh nhau v khng cn
mc thm diode cng nh t cn bng p nh cc s k trn.
C th s dng chuyn mch mm trnh mch bo v chng dV/dt cng knh v tn hao.
Khuyt im.
Cn ngun DC c lp cho vic chuyn i cng sut thc, do vy vic ng dng cn b hn ch.
3.2.3. Cc cng thc lin quan.
in p Offset : Vomax = n.Vd Max(u t1, u t2 , u t3 ),Vo min = n.Vd Min(u t1,
u t2 , u t3 )

(1.8)

(vi n: l s ngun c trong mch)


Ch medium common mode: Vo =

VoMin + VoMax
2

Ch gin on (Discontinuos): Vo = VoMin hoc Vo = VoMax

(1.9)
(1.10)

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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

3.3. Nhn xt chung.


C th iu khin b nghch lu p (bng cch iu khin tn hiu ng ngt ln cc linh kin)
bng nhiu phng php, mi phng php thch hp vi mi loi ti khc nhau. B nghch lu p
a bc c phm vi hot ng vi ti cng sut ln do vn t ra l gim bt tn s ng ngt
v gim shock in p trn linh kin cng sut c ngha quan trng. Chng sau s m phng b
nghch lu p a bc NPC, qua s thy r c tn s ng ngt ca cc linh kin bn dn c
gim thiu ng k so vi cc phng php iu khin b nghch lu p hin nay. Tn s ng ngt
gim dn n s ln chuyn mch trn cc pha b nghch lu p gim, tn tht ca b nghch lu
gim t c kh nng nng cao cng sut ca b nghch lu . B nghch lu ngy cng c s
dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc cng sut cao.
4. Cc phng php iu ch rng xung.
4.1 Phng php iu ch rng xung Sine (SH-PWM).
Phng php SH-PWM c tn nay l Subharmonic Pulse Width Modulation . thc hin
to gin kch ng cc linh kin trong cng mt pha ti, ta s dng mt s sng mang (dng tam
gic) v mt tn hiu iu khin (dng sin). i vi b nghch lu p n bc, s sng mang c s
dng l (n-1). Chng c cng tn s fc, v cng c bin nh nh Ac. Sng iu ch (hay sng
iu khin) c bin nh nh Am v tn s fm, dng sg ca n thay i chung quanh trc tm
ca h thng (n-1) sng mang. Nu sng iu khin ln hn sng mang no th linh kin tng
ng c sng mang iu khin s c kch ng. Trong trng hp sng iu khin nh hn
sng mang no th linh kin s b kha kch.
i vi b nghch lu p a bc ch s iu ch c nh ngha nh sau: m =

U(1) m
U base

(1.11)

Vi: U(1)m: bin thnh phn hi c bn to nn do phng php iu ch.


Ubase: bin thnh phn hi c bn t c.
4.2 Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin (SFO-PWM).
im khc bit so vi phng php iu ch rng xung trnh by l sng iu ch (in p
iu khin) c ci bin. Theo mi sng iu ch c cng thm tn hiu th t khng (sng
hi bi ba). Tn ti nhiu kh nng to nn thnh phn th t khng, mt trong cc tn hiu th t
khng c th chn bng gi tr trung bnh ca gi tr tn hiu ln nht trong ba tn hiu iu ch vi
tn hiu nh nht trong ba tn hiu iu ch- Phng php SFO - PWM.
Gi Va, Vb, Vc l cc tn hiu iu khin ca phng php iu ch PWM. Tn hiu iu khin
theo phng php SFO-PWM va c m t c th biu din di dng ton hc nh sau:
M ax(Va ,Vb ,Vc ) + min(Va ,Vb
Voffset =
(1.12)
,Vc )
2
4.3. Phng php iu ch vector khng gian.
4.3.1. Khi nim vector khng gian.
Ta gi s cho i lng 3 pha va, vb, vc cn bng, tho h thc: va+ vb+ vc=0
(1.13)

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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

Thc hin php bin hnh t cc i lng ba pha va, vb, vc sang i lng vector
thc : v = k.

(v

2
j 2
+ a .v ), a = e

+
a.v

/3

1
= +j
3
2
2

theo h
(1.14)

Php bin hnh thc hin nh trn c gi l php bin hnh vector khng gian v i lng
c gi l vector khng gian ca i lng ba pha.
Hng s k c th chn vi cc gi tr khc nhau. Vi k = 2/3 ta c php bin hnh khng bo ton
cng sut. Vi k = 2 / php bin hnh bo ton cng sut.
3

minh ho c th cho khi nim ny ta xt cc i lng ba pha dng cosin nh sau:

(1.15)
Vector khng gian theo nh ngha s l :

Nh vy, trong to vung gc , , vector khng gian c bin Vm bt u t v tr


s quay quanh trc to vi tn s gc

4.3.2. Vector khng gian ca b nghch lu p a bc.


Qu trnh ng ngt cc linh kin to ra in p ba pha ti. Theo l thuyt v khng gian vector
th in p ba pha c th biu din di dng vector khng gian. V n s thay i nhy cp trn
hnh lc gic a bc. V tr ca mi vector in p trong khng gian s ph thuc vo cc trng thi
ng ngt kinh kin. Tin hnh kho st c th cho cc b nghch lu ba v nm bc xc nh
gin vector khng gian in p.
4.3.3. Gin vector in p ca b nghch lu 5 bc.
Vi b nghch lu nm bc, kh nng iu khin kch dn linh kin to nn 125 trng thi khc
nhau. Ta xt mi trng thi minh ho bi t hp (ka kb kc), vi:
k a =2,1,0,1,2
kb =2,1,0,1,2
kc =2,1,0,1,2
Cc h s trng thi ka, kb, kc ph thuc vo cch quy c trc. Ta tin hnh quy c nh sau:
(s quy c ny da vo bng trng thi ng ngt)
2 khi Sa1 = Sa 2 = Sa 3 = Sa 4
= 1

1 khi S a1 = Sa = Sa 3= a' 4 =

2
1
=
ka =
0
khi
SSa1 = Sa 2

a2

2 khi Sb1 = Sb 2 = Sb3 = Sb 4


2 khi Sc1 = Sc 2 = Sc 3 = Sc 4 = 1
'
'
= 1
=

1 khi S b1 = Sb = Sb3 b 4 =
1 khi S c1 = Sc =
= Sc 3 c 4 = 1

2
2
1=
'
a3
= 1, kb
= 0
khi Sb1 = Sb 2
'

a4

'
b3

= 1, kc = 0=
'

khi Sa1 = a 2 =
1
=

'
khi S a1'
=
2
'
b4

'
a3

'
a3

'
a4

khi
=

'
a4

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nh

= Sc 2=
Sc1
' S
khi Sb1 = b 2
=
=
'
'
khi S b1 b 2

'
b3

=
S=

'
b4

'
b3

'
b4

Trang 14

'

=
S
'

khi Sc1 = c 2 = c 3 =
c2
1

'
'

khi S c1 =
= c' 3 =

2
'

c3

c4

'

=
1
'
c4 =
'
c4

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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

Trong qu trnh kch, quy lut ng ngt i nghch phi tun th:
'

'

S x1 + S x1 = 1 Sx 3 + S x 3 = 1
'

S x 2 + Sx 2 = 1,

x 4 S +x 4S

Vi x = a, b, c.

'

= 1,

Theo nh ngha vector khng gian, t ng ng 125 trng thi kch dn linh kin ta thu c 61
v tr vector khng gian ca vector in p to thnh. Ti tm ca l c gic c nm trng t hi khc
nhau cho cng v tr ti l vector khng. Cc v tr cn li ng vi cc trng thi c biu din
trong gin vector in p b nghch lu p 5 bc.
- 22- 2

- 122

-22 -1

022

- 11-

-12-1
2
- 21- 2

- 220

- 221

- 20 -2
1

- 111
-12 2

- 222

201

012

211

220

20- 2

10- 2

11- 1

10- 1 210

201

0- 1- 2

2- 1- 2

1- 1- 2

-2

1- 22
-22- 2
000
111
222
- 1- 11

212

- 1- 10
001
10
- 2-2- 1

- 111
002

011
-220

- 1-12

101 0-

- 1-22

0-22

12 2-

0- 2
111

211
100
011

2- 2- 2

2- 11

200

1- 2- 1

201
1- 10

2- 10

2- 2- 1

-1- 2- 1
1- 20

020
202

111

102
- 1- 20

0- 12
- 121

-221

- 2- 22

002

0- 2-1

-2- 11

- 2- 12

11- 2

01 - 1

112

210

102

- 202

21- 2

110

101

112
-21 2

- 11 -

-2- 11
122
011
100

022
-20 0

- 211

221

- 10221 001 121


1
010 - 2- 1- 2 -1- 1- 2

- 110
-20 1

22 - 2

01-2

- 102 120

020

021
- 121
- 210

121

021

120
- 21- 1

12 -2

1- 12

211

1- 21
2- 21

2-12

0-21

1- 22

2- 20

2-22

Hnh 1.4. Gin vector in p b nghch lu p 5 bc


5. Cc dng sng mang trong k thut iu ch PWM.
Cc sng mang dng tam gic c tn s cao (fsm < 9500Hz). C th chia thnh ba loi nh sau:
5.1. B tr cng pha PD (Phase Dispostion).
Tt c cc loi sng mang u cng pha nhau:

Hnh 1.5: Sng mang dng PD


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Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

5.2. B tr k tip nhau APOD ( Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition).


0
Hai sng mang k tip nhau s dch 180

Hnh 1.6: Sng mang dng APOD


5.3. B tr i xng nhau qua trc 0 POD (Phase Opposition Disposition).
Tt c cc sng mang trn trc 0 s cng pha nhau v cc sng mang nm di trc 0 s b dch
0
i 180 .

Hnh 1.7: Sng mang dng POD


5.4. Nhn xt.
Trong cc phng php b tr sng mang, th thng php b tr cc sng mang a bc cng pha
(dng PD) cho mo dng p dy nh nht. Ring i vi b nghch lu p ba bc, phng php
POD v APOD c cng kt qu dng sng mang. Trong cc phn m phng sau, ta ch s dng
phng php sng mang dng PD.

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