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Theo cu hnh b nghch lu: dng cascade (cascade inverter), dng nghch lu cha cp
diode kp NPC (neutral point clamped multilevel inverter)
2.3. Cc phng php iu khin b nghch lu p.
Phng php iu ch rng xung sin (Sin PWM-sin pulse width modulation).
Phng php iu khin theo bin .
Phng php iu ch rng xung (SH-PWM).
Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin (Modified PWM).
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (SVPWM-space vector pulse width modulation).
3. Cu trc c bn ca b nghch lu p a bc.
3.1. Cu trc b nghch lu NPC.
S dng thch hp khi cc ngun DC to nn t h thng in AC. B nghch lu a bc cha
cc cp diode kp c mt mch ngun DC c phn chia thnh mt s cp in p nh hn nh
chui cc t in mc ni tip.
Gi s nhnh mch DC gm n ngun c ln bng nhau mc ni tip. in p pha - tm ngun
DC (im 0) c th t c (n+1) gi tr khc nhau v t b nghch lu c gi l b nghch
lu p (n+1)bc.
V d: xt hnh 1.1 bn di, chn mc in th 0 cui dy ngun, cc mc in p c th t
c gm (0, VDC/2, 2VDC/2, 3VDC/2,nVDC/2). in p t mt pha ti (v d pha a) thng n
mt v tr bt k trn nhnh DC (v d M) nh cp diode kp ti im (VD: Da4, Da4)
S5a
D
a
1
+
Vdc/5
S4a
D
a
2
S3a
D
a
3
+
Vdc/5
S2a
D
a
4
S1a
+
Vdc/5
b
S'5a
D
'
a
1
Vdc/5
S'4a
D
'
a
2
S'3a
M
D
'
a
3
S'2a
Vdc/5
D
'
a
4
S'1a
gia hai diode (Da4, Da4) gm n linh kin mc ni tip lin tc k nhau S1a, S5a, S4a, S3a, S2a
phi c kch ng, cc linh kin cn li phi c kho theo nguyn tc kch i nghch. Nh
hnh v trn, to ra su mc in p pha tm ngun DC (im 0) nn mch nghch lu p trn gi
l b nghch lu p su bc.
GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nh
Trang 7
uta = ua 0 u N 0 ;
utb = u b 0u
N0
utc = uc 0 u N 0
uN 0 =
Ta c p ti :
u a 0+
uta = ua 0 =uN 0
u = u u
=
tb b 0 N 0
u = u u
= tc c 0 N 0
b0
c0
(1.2)
3
2ua 0 ub 0 uc 0
3
2ub 0 uao uc 0
(1.3)
3
2uc 0 ua 0 ub 0
3
utca = uc0
ua0
(1.4)
Trang 8
S4b
S4c
S3a
S3b
S3c
S2a
S2b
S2c
S1a
S1b
S1c
V dc/4
V dc/4
a
b
c
S'4a
S'4b
S'4c
S'3a
S'3b
S'3c
S'2a
S'2b
S'2c
S'1a
S'1b
S'1c
V dc/4
V dc/4
pha a
ph a b
pha c
Vd
Vd
(
(
(
,0,0,0)
Vd
Vd
Vd
,0,0)
Vd
(1,0,0,0)
Vd
(1,1,0,0)
(1,1,1,0)
0)
Vd Vd Vd Vd
(4 ,4 ,4 ,4 )
(1,1,1,1)
Trang 9
u im.
Khi s bc cao, thnh phn hi bc cao s thp khi s dng cc b lc.
Hiu sut cao v cc kho c th c iu khin tn s ng ngt c bn (phng php PWM
l ti u).
C th iu khin lng cng sut phn khng.
Phng php iu khin n gin cho h thng ni kt dng i song (back-to-back).
Khuyt im.
Yu cu s dng qu nhiu diode khi s bc in p cao.
Kh iu khin lng cng sut tch cc cho cc b bin i n.
3.1.4. Cc cng thc lin quan.
in p Offset: Vomax = Vd Max(u t1 , u t2 , u t3 ),Vo min = Min(u t1, u t2
, u t3 )
Ch medium common mode: Vo =
VoMin + VoMax
2
(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.7)
in p iu khin: V i 0 = d dki
V V dki = i 0 .(n 1)
Vdc
n 1
(vi n: s bc ca b nghc lu)
3.2. Cu trc b nghch lu Cascade H-dridge.
S dng cc ngun DC ring, thch hp trong trng hp s dng ngun DC c sn, v d acquy,
battery. Cascade inverter gm nhiu b nghch lu p cu mt pha ghp ni tip, cc b nghch lu
p dng cu mt pha ny c cc ngun DC ring.
S kt hp hot ng ca n b nghch lu p trn mt nhnh pha ti s to nn n kh nng mc
in p theo chiu m (-VDC, -2VDC, -3VDC, -4VDC, -nVDC), n kh nng mc in p theo chiu
dng (VDC, 2VDC, 3VDC, 4VDC,nVDC ) v mc in p 0. Nh vy, b nghch lu p dng
cascade gm n b nghch lu p mt pha trn mi nhnh s to thnh b nghch lu (2n+1) bc.
Trang 10
Va
Sa1
Sa2
Va1
Va10
S`a1
`
Va11 S a2
Sa3
Sa4
Va2
Va20
`
S a3
Sa5
Va21
S a4
Sa6
Va3
Va30
S a5
`
Va31 S a6
V0
2Vd
(Vd,0,Vd);
(0,Vd,Vd)
(Vd,0,0);
(0,Vd,0);
Vd
(0,0,Vd)
(Vd,Vd,-Vd)
(Vd,-Vd,Vd)
(-Vd,Vd,Vd)
(0,0,0)
(Vd,0,0,0,0,0); (Vd,0,0,0,Vd,Vd);
(1,0,0,0,0,0); (1,0,0,0,1,1);
(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0,0);(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,Vd,0,0,0); (0,0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd);
(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,0,Vd,0); (0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0);
(Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0);
(Vd,0,Vd,0,0,Vd);
(Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd,0);
(0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0).
(1,0,1,1,0,0);(1,0,1,1,1,1);
(0,0,1,0,0,0); (0,0,1,0,1,1);
(1,1,1,0,0,0);(1,1,1,0,1,1);
(0,0,0,0,1,0); (0,0,1,1,1,0);
(1,1,0,0,1,0);(1,1,1,1,1,0);
(1,0,1,0,0,1);
(1,0,0,1,1,0);
(0,1,1,0,1,0).
(0,0,0,0,0,0);(0,0,0,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,Vd,Vd,0,0);(0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd)
(Vd,Vd,0,0,0,0);(Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,0,0,0);(0,0,0,0,1,1);
(0,0,1,1,0,0);(0,0,1,1,1,1)
(1,1,0,0,0,0);(1,1,0,0,1,1);
Trang 11
(0,Vd,-Vd)
(0,-Vd,Vd)
(Vd,0,-Vd)
(-Vd,0,Vd)
(Vd,-Vd,0)
(-Vd,Vd,0)
(-Vd,0,0);
(0,-Vd,0);
-Vd
(0,0,-Vd)
(-Vd,-Vd,Vd)
(-Vd,Vd,-Vd)
(Vd,-Vd,-Vd)
-2Vd
(-Vd,-Vd,0);
(-Vd,0,-Vd);
(0,-Vd,-Vd)
(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd)
(0,0,Vd,0,0,Vd);(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd);
(0,0,0,Vd,Vd,0);(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0);
(Vd,0,0,0,0,Vd);(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(0,Vd,0,0,Vd,0);(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0)
(Vd,0,0,Vd,0,0);(Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd)
(0,Vd,Vd,0,0,0);(0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd).
(1,1,1,1,0,0);(1,1,1,1,1,1);
(0,0,1,0,0,1);(1,1,1,0,0,1);
(0,0,0,1,1,0);(1,1,0,1,1,0);
(1,0,0,0,0,1);(1,0,1,1,0,1);
(0,1,0,0,1,0);(0,1,1,1,1,0)
(1,0,0,1,0,0);(1,0,0,1,1,1)
(0,1,1,0,0,0);(0,1,1,0,1,1).
(0,Vd,0,0,0,0); (0,Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0);(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,Vd,0,0); (0,0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0,0);(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,0,0,Vd); (0,0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(Vd,Vd,0,0,0,Vd);(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0);
(0,1,0,0,0,0); (0,1,0,0,1,1);
(0,1,1,1,0,0);(0,1,1,1,1,1);
(0,0,0,1,0,0); (0,0,0,1,1,1);
(1,1,0,1,0,0);(1,1,0,1,1,1);
(0,0,0,0,0,1); (0,0,1,1,0,1);
(1,1,0,0,0,1);(1,1,1,1,0,1);
(0,1,0,1,1,0);
(0,Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd);
(Vd,0,0,Vd,0,Vd).
(0,1,1,0,0,1);
(1,0,0,1,0,1).
(0,Vd,0,Vd,0,0);(0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,Vd,0,0,0,Vd);(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(0,0,0,Vd,0,Vd);(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0,Vd).
(0,1,0,1,0,0);(0,1,0,1,1,1);
(0,1,0,0,0,1);(0,1,1,1,0,1);
(0,0,0,1,0,1);(1,1,0,1,0,1).
-3Vd (-Vd,-Vd,-Vd)
(0,Vd,0,Vd,0,Vd).
(0,1,0,1,0,1).
3.2.2. Nhn xt
Vi cu trc nh trn nn tn s ng ngt gim dn n s ln chuyn mch trn cc pha b
nghch lu p gim, tn tht ca b nghch lu gim t c kh nng nng cao cng sut ca b
nghch lu. V vy b nghch lu p a bc ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc
cng sut cao, nhung bn cnh vn cn c nhng u v khuyt im nh sau:
u im.
Cn s lng cc cu phn t nht t c s bc in p cao nht.
Vic ch to mch c m un ho do b nghch lu c bn c cu trc nh nhau v khng cn
mc thm diode cng nh t cn bng p nh cc s k trn.
C th s dng chuyn mch mm trnh mch bo v chng dV/dt cng knh v tn hao.
Khuyt im.
Cn ngun DC c lp cho vic chuyn i cng sut thc, do vy vic ng dng cn b hn ch.
3.2.3. Cc cng thc lin quan.
in p Offset : Vomax = n.Vd Max(u t1, u t2 , u t3 ),Vo min = n.Vd Min(u t1,
u t2 , u t3 )
(1.8)
VoMin + VoMax
2
(1.9)
(1.10)
Trang 12
U(1) m
U base
(1.11)
Trang 13
Thc hin php bin hnh t cc i lng ba pha va, vb, vc sang i lng vector
thc : v = k.
(v
2
j 2
+ a .v ), a = e
+
a.v
/3
1
= +j
3
2
2
theo h
(1.14)
Php bin hnh thc hin nh trn c gi l php bin hnh vector khng gian v i lng
c gi l vector khng gian ca i lng ba pha.
Hng s k c th chn vi cc gi tr khc nhau. Vi k = 2/3 ta c php bin hnh khng bo ton
cng sut. Vi k = 2 / php bin hnh bo ton cng sut.
3
(1.15)
Vector khng gian theo nh ngha s l :
1 khi S a1 = Sa = Sa 3= a' 4 =
2
1
=
ka =
0
khi
SSa1 = Sa 2
a2
1 khi S b1 = Sb = Sb3 b 4 =
1 khi S c1 = Sc =
= Sc 3 c 4 = 1
2
2
1=
'
a3
= 1, kb
= 0
khi Sb1 = Sb 2
'
a4
'
b3
= 1, kc = 0=
'
khi Sa1 = a 2 =
1
=
'
khi S a1'
=
2
'
b4
'
a3
'
a3
'
a4
khi
=
'
a4
= Sc 2=
Sc1
' S
khi Sb1 = b 2
=
=
'
'
khi S b1 b 2
'
b3
=
S=
'
b4
'
b3
'
b4
Trang 14
'
=
S
'
khi Sc1 = c 2 = c 3 =
c2
1
'
'
khi S c1 =
= c' 3 =
2
'
c3
c4
'
=
1
'
c4 =
'
c4
Trong qu trnh kch, quy lut ng ngt i nghch phi tun th:
'
'
S x1 + S x1 = 1 Sx 3 + S x 3 = 1
'
S x 2 + Sx 2 = 1,
x 4 S +x 4S
Vi x = a, b, c.
'
= 1,
Theo nh ngha vector khng gian, t ng ng 125 trng thi kch dn linh kin ta thu c 61
v tr vector khng gian ca vector in p to thnh. Ti tm ca l c gic c nm trng t hi khc
nhau cho cng v tr ti l vector khng. Cc v tr cn li ng vi cc trng thi c biu din
trong gin vector in p b nghch lu p 5 bc.
- 22- 2
- 122
-22 -1
022
- 11-
-12-1
2
- 21- 2
- 220
- 221
- 20 -2
1
- 111
-12 2
- 222
201
012
211
220
20- 2
10- 2
11- 1
10- 1 210
201
0- 1- 2
2- 1- 2
1- 1- 2
-2
1- 22
-22- 2
000
111
222
- 1- 11
212
- 1- 10
001
10
- 2-2- 1
- 111
002
011
-220
- 1-12
101 0-
- 1-22
0-22
12 2-
0- 2
111
211
100
011
2- 2- 2
2- 11
200
1- 2- 1
201
1- 10
2- 10
2- 2- 1
-1- 2- 1
1- 20
020
202
111
102
- 1- 20
0- 12
- 121
-221
- 2- 22
002
0- 2-1
-2- 11
- 2- 12
11- 2
01 - 1
112
210
102
- 202
21- 2
110
101
112
-21 2
- 11 -
-2- 11
122
011
100
022
-20 0
- 211
221
- 110
-20 1
22 - 2
01-2
- 102 120
020
021
- 121
- 210
121
021
120
- 21- 1
12 -2
1- 12
211
1- 21
2- 21
2-12
0-21
1- 22
2- 20
2-22
Trang 15
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