Professional Documents
Culture Documents
17:10~
19:30~
Mo Hongpin (Division of Environmental system analysis, Tsinghua University)
"Industrial solid waste flows and recycling patterns of China: a case study in Suzhou"
Yutaka Araki (Civil Engineering Course, The University of Tokyo)
Kazuaki Tsuchiya (Graduate school of agricultural and life sciences, The University of Tokyo)
"Assessing policy implementation and social networks for agricultural landscape conservation
in a Japanese urban region"
Gerald Bolthouse (Natural Environment, The University of Tokyo)
"Woody biomass utilization in urban-rural mixed land-use areas:Strategies to sustainably
manage satoyama woodlands"
Haruna Watanabe (Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo)
"Toxicity characterization of road dust and urban river sediments using bioassay with ostracod"
Hiroaki Fujimori (Civil Engineering Course, The University of Tokyo)
"Analysis of Climate Change Impact for sustainable development on Citarum River Basin,
Reception at Pool Side
Hirofumi Hori (Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo)
Togu Pardede (Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo)
"Build Back Better, Safer and Greener: Lesson from Aceh Post-Disaster Recovery"
Dendi Muhamad (Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran University)
Asako Okuno (Department of urban engineering, The University of Tokyo)
"Evaluation of Environmental Burden in Cascade Recycling of Plastic Containers and
Packaging Wastes in Japan"
Arthit Limpiyakorn (Graduate School of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo))
Poster Session 5minutes 14persons = 70minutes
"The comprehensive concept planning of urban greening: cast study Bangkok Metropolis, THAILAN
"Energetic analysis of various production systems in West Javan agricultural landscape: looking
for sustainable system"
Dingyang Zhou (Department of Ecosystem Studies, The University of Tokyo)
"Conceptual Framework for Agricultural Landscape Conservation and Food system for
Sustainable City Region in China"
"Examination of Maintaining Method of the Gravel Bed River Channel"
"The development review system and the application in the inner city area -The case studies on
the design review in North America -"
" A Place for Commons in Extended Urban Spaces?Community forestry networks and working
woodlands in peri-urban Tokyo"
Mariko Miyamoto (Department of Natural Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo)
"Transformation of Pasture Landscapes on the Shimousa Plateau 1672- 1862"
Toru Terada (Graduate school of frontier sciences, The University of Tokyo)
4
Day 2
09:00~09:20
Sebastien Rauch (Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology)
09:20~09:40
09:40~10:00
10:00~10:20
10:20~10:40
10:40~11:00
11:00~11:20
11:20~11:40
11:40~12:00
12:00~13:00
13:00~13:20
13:20~13:40
13:40~14:00
14:00~14:30
14:30~14:50
14:50~15:00
15:00~15:20
15:20~15:40
15:40~16:00
16:00~16:20
16:20~16:50
16:50~17:00
Danai Taitakoo (Department of Landscape Architecture, Chulalongkorn University)
Sita Adishakti
Kaori Fujita (Department of Architecture, The University of Tokyo)
"Damage investigation of timber structures by the 2007 Noto Peninsula Earthquake"
Discussion
Wrap Up
"The Landscape of Bangkoks Agricultural Fringe and City Region Sustainability: An Ecological
and Cultural Co-Evolution"
"Catchment-scale water management of wastewater treatment in an urban sewage system
considering CO2 emission assessment"
Discussion
Session 4:Culture and Settlements
Coffee Break
Tetsuo Kidokoro (Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo)
Qiang Charles Luo (Water & Env. Research Institute of the Western Pacific, University of Guam)
"Integration of Flood Control and Environmental Preservation in Urban River"
Goro Mouri (Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo)
Takeyoshi Chibana (Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo)
Session 3-2:Water Manegement
Lunch
Parikesit (Department of Biology, Padjadjaran University)
Session 3-3:Water Manegement
"The Impact of Guams Population Growth on Island Water Resources"
Shahram Khosrowpanah (Water & Env. Research Institute of the Western Pacific, University of Guam
"Urban-rural interrelation in water resource management: problems and factors affecting the
sustainability of drinking water supply in the City of Bandung Indonesia"
"A Concept on Integrated Groundwater Management to Sustain Cities of Indonesia using
System Interrelationship Model"
Ni Guandgheng (Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University)
"Impact of land use and land cover on evapotranspiration in urban area based on remote
Priana Sudjono (Department of Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology)
Session 3-1:Water Manegement
Kensuke Fukushi (TIGS, The University of Tokyo)
"Long-term indirect impacts of land development on flood risk and water quality -A case study
for the watershed of Lake Tega-"
Coffee Break
"Waterborne health risks due to rapid urbanization in Asia"
Kumiko Oguma (Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo)
Guangwei Huang (Department of Socio-Cultural Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo)
Dipak Gyawali (Institute for Social and Environmental Transition)
Introduction of the AGS
"Supporting Urban Innovation"
"Infectious Risk Assessment with Exposure to Pathogens in the Flood Water assessment of
vulnerability of urban area to climate change (Case Study of Manila)"
"Daoism and Environmental Sustainability -A Completely Different Way of Thinking-"
"Deconstructing the Rural and the Urban: Lessons from Recent Desakota Research in South
Asia, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa and China"
5
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
THE RESILIENCE AND VULNERABILITY OF THE EXTENDED
URBAN SPACES IN ASIA IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY.
POLICY RESEARCH
CHALLENGES FOR THE URBAN FUTURE OF ASIA.
TERRY MC GEE,
PROFESSOR EMERITUS
UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
VANCOUVER, B.C.
CANADA.
E-MAIL ADDRESS. tmcgee@interchange.ubc.ca
REVISED JANUARY 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
1 INTRODUCTION.....7
2 RESEARCH PRIORITIES FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILTY.... ...........9
Research Cluster 1. Understanding the Reconfiguration of Urban Space ......9
Research Cluster 2. Understanding the Functional Integration of Urban Space...10
Research Cluster 3. Establishing the strategic policy importance of desakota regions in
developing sustainable urban development trajectories11
Research Cluster 4. Developing policy responses to the challenges of extended urban
spaces.13
3 CONCLUSION: TOWARDS ASIAN URBAN FUTURES....14
NOTES.14
SELECTED EFERENCES..14
APPENDIX A.DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PLAN: AN OUTLINE... 18
APPENDIX B. A CASE STUDY OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA. GUANGDONG
PROVINCE, CHINA...19
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
THE RESILIENCE AND VULNERABILITY OF THE EXTENDED URBAN SPACES IN ASIA
IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY. POLICY RESEARCH CHALLENGES FOR THE
URBAN FUTURE OF ASIA.
A few hundred square miles of the Himalayas are the source of all the major rivers
of Asia, the Ganges, the Yellow River, the Yangtse where three billon people live.
That's almost half of the worlds population.
Governments have been slow to accept the awful truth that usable water is
running out. Fresh rainfall is not enough to fill the underground water tables
Lord Stern (Former Chief Economist.World Bank
Goldman Sachs Top Five Risks Conference. May 2008.
(1)INTRODUCTION.
This rather hyperbolic statement captures the urgency that underlies the ideas
that infuse this presentation. I hope that you will regard it as is an ideas piece to
stimulate discussion during the workshop. It has been prepared after extensive
consultation with colleagues in based in New York, Tokyo and Vancouver. I have
also drawn widely on the research carried out by researchers in China, India, Nepal,
Malaysia, Viet Nam and Indonesia. In this presentation because of limited time I
have not included an extensive literature review but have focused on the priority
challenges for urban policy and research in the Asian region. In particular, I have
focused on the some of the issues that focus on global environmental change and
urbanization in Asia. Although, of course, I recognize that the urbanization process is
also shaped by the consequences of economic, social and political activities at the
global, national and local levels.
My reading of only a sampling of this literature suggests that three levels of
analysis dominate this discourse. First, the global reading of these processes that is
carried out by global agencies who utilize national or global data bases as their
major source of information. The second reading is at the national, or what I would
label the mesolevel that includes the both national data and scaled-up data from
other levels of government such as provinces. This research thus provides the basic
information for the construction of longitudinal databases that are used to measure
processes such as global climate and environmental changes and changes in the
urbanization trends. Finally there is a reading of these processes at the local level
that include innumerable regional and case-studies that are scaled up to thicken
data assembled at the national and global level. These micro-studies are carried out at
by many institutions and focus on the activities at many levels from the household
up to the largest multi-national or international agency. They vary massively in terms
of their geographic sites ranging from rural villages to cities. They provide the
meat on the bones of the national and global statistics that reinforce the
urgency of action. But they rarely attract the attention to force policy action.
As one the major entry points for this ongoing research I would argue that
another level of analysis needs to be added to the global and national and local levels
that would involve the assembling of data at the level of extended urban spaces.
This is not only at the level of the administratively defined urban areas but also at the
level of the urban core and the spreading area of urban activities that is occurring in
the urban fringes of these urban units. In this paper I refer to this form of urbanization
as extended urban spaces which while it is most ubiquitous in the mega-urban regions
is also occurring in smaller urban places in the urban hierarchy. If this definition of
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
urban areas is accepted then it is clear that the pace of global urbanization is much
more rapid than is accepted by the use of the three previous levels of data analysis.
This means that the current level of global urbanization (50 per cent) is
almost certainly an underestimate and that the majority of the worlds population is
now urban and increasingly engaged in non-agricultural activities. It therefore follows
that the lives of these urban dwellers are being shaped by their urban activities,
consumption patterns, resource demands and the quality of the urban environments in
which they live. These extended urban spaces are also the locations in which an
increasing proportion of national GDP is generated. As the population and economic
wealth of these extended urban spaces increase it can be argued that these demands on
resources will increase as will effects of environmental change (unless adaptive
strategies are adopted) thus placing greater pressure on local, national and global
resources. This process increases the vulnerability of these extended urban spaces to
growing global environmental, fiscal, social and political problems. (See for example
Mc Granahan et.al 2007)
However, this assertion raises many issues. Most prominent in my view is
that it does not interrogate the spatial spread of the urbanization process. Most data on
the urbanization process are derived from national data collection systems that are
taken from national definitions of urban places often defined on the basis of
administrative divisions such as cities or municipalities, cities or towns. These vary
substantially at a national level but generally severely underestimate the spatial extent
of urbanization beyond urban administrative boundaries. At a national level this is
increasingly being recognized by the creation of larger statistical units such as the
SMA in the USA. But this statistical rethinking is still falling short of measuring
true urbanization as for instance measured by proportion of the work force engaged
in non agricultural activities or functionally integrated urban spaces. Even more
important is the functional interdependence of urban and rural areas. In fact it is now
generally recognized that extended urban spaces based upon core urban places
are an ubiquitous part of the contemporary urbanization process. This urban spread
has been driven by the changes in transport technology (particularly motor vehicles
and road systems,) communications, industrial, service and residential growth which
while it is occurring at a different pace though out the globe is now a common feature.
This has created large zones of urban activity outside the city cores of many urban
defined places that have been variously labeled peri-urban, urban fringe, etc.
My argument would be that prevailing urban definitions still fall short of
capturing the full extent of urban space neglecting large and important zones of
rural and non-rural activity that are part of the large extended urban spaces. There is a
historical persistence in the belief in rural and urban definitions of space that is based
upon existing rural and urban divisions and definitions in the last thirty years I have
attempted to carry out research that has attempted to conceptually reconfigure the
understanding of urban space. (See Mc Gee, 1991, pp. 3-26) Further, I would argue
that in doing policy relevant research on these broad global processes we need
entry-points that recognize the significant drivers of these processes that are
shaping urban space. These entry points might be global and process driven
(e.g. carbon emissions, sea-level rise), they could be place-driven (e.g. extended
urban spaces), government policy, or issue driven as for example in the case of food
security or urban poverty. However, I would argue that the complexity of these
entry points suggests a need to focus the research on the extended urban spaces
which are becoming more important as urbanization.
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
One other research issue remains. On which geographic region of the globe
should this research be focused? This is where the quote from Lord Stern has
resonance for it presents the overarching reality of the Asias importance at a global
level as the location of almost 66 per cent of the worlds population but it also
reminds us that non-insular part of Asia is linked to an regional eco-system that
effects the whole region. Broadly defined as the geographic area stretching from
Pakistan in the West to Japan in the East and from China in the North to Indonesia in
the South. It is estimated that level of urbanization was 36 per cent in 2007; one of the
lowest of any large region in the world, which means that the growth of urban
population in the Asian region will be very large in the next five decades making-up,
an estimated 80 per cent of all global urban population increase. The early post war
economic growth of the NICs of Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan
has now been joined by other Asian countries particularly the two economic giants of
India and China so that the region is beginning to become a third pivot of the global
economy along with North America and Europe. If this region were to eventually to
achieve the economic and consumption levels of the developed countries with the
present levels of environmental control this would greatly accelerate the processes of
global environmental change. It is also important to emphasize that because of the
very large population involved in the urban transition the number of mega-cities in
Asia will be by far the largest in the world. in the world. This situation suggests that
an Asian focus for the research can be justified as driven by global imperatives. (see
Mc Gee 2007(a), Mc Gee (2008b) for a more detailed discussion of these arguments)
(1)
This introductory statement generates many research questions that have
policy relevance but I would suggest that they five main research questions might be
identified.
1) How can extended urban spaces be defined and how can data collected at the
level of extended urban spaces contribute to policy solutions?
2) Why are these extended urban spaces of major importance in the investigation of
processes of global, economic, and social change?
3) What conceptual approach offers the most viable entry to the study of extended
urban spaces?
4) What is the vulnerability and resilience of extended urban spaces to the processes
pf global, environmental, economic and social change?
5) What are the policy implications of this research for the governance, management
and planning of adaptive strategies in these extended urban spaces to the
challenges outlined above?
These questions are enlarged in the following sections.
(2) RESEARCH PRIORITIES FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY
This preceding section has identified a number of research questions that can
be collapsed into four main research clusters.
Research Cluster 1.Understanding the Reconfiguration of Extended Urban
Spaces
Conventional approaches to the measurement of urbanization focus on the
administrative definitions of urbanization. But the spread of urbanization outwards
form urban cores into surrounding areas have created an under-bounding or
urbanization This has been reinforced by the persistence of ideas of rural-urban
difference that are breaking down under the impact of this spatial spread of
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
urbanization. (See Montgomery (2003) for discussion of the statistical dimensions of
this spatial spread) I have analyzed the reasons for this process of spatial spread in
recent decades in terms of the concept of telescoping transitions developed by Peter
Marcotullio et.al (2003) arguing that the current era of urbanization is characterized
by faster urbanization and forces of change ( technology, communications,
globalization) that accelerate both urbanization and spatial spread of urbanization
particularly in developing countries. This means that in most of the larger urban areas
of developed countries we now have three spatial elements of the urban form:
(a) a city cores consisting of the built-up core areas of city,
(b) a peri-urban region that is made up of built-up extensions of the city in linked
suburbs, industrial and commercial activity, and
(c) an extended urban region of diffusing urbanization that extends for up to 100
kilometres particularly along major arterial transportation routes into the hinterlands
of these extended urban regions. Within the Asian context such extended urban
regions often penetrate important agricultural regions that have developed dense rural
populations and are important sources for food provision for the city core and
periphery. In earlier work I have labeled these extended regions as desakota a
coined word from the Indonesian language meaning village and town designed to
capture the mixture of rural and urban activities that occur in such zones. (See Mc
Gee, T.G. (1991) and Mc Gee, T.G. et.al. (2007): pp.68-73 for an updating of the
concept of desakota.) (2.)
These 3 zones of urban space form part of integrated urban regions the
largest of which form extended urban regions of more than 10 million population in
size often called mega-urban regions. Almost 60 per cent of the worlds mega-urban
regions are located in Asia dominated by the population giants of India and China.
These mega-urban regions are generally argued to be the major engines of economic
growth and centres of innovation in their countries and contribute an important
component of the gross domestic product of their countries. The foundation for their
economic wealth stems from their dual role within their national economies and their
links with the global economy. Within the Asian context many of these mega-urban
regions are located in the low-lying areas at the mouths of rivers that form part of the
deltaic regions of major river systems. This places them at greater risk from climate
hazards such as cyclones, flooding, coastal erosion and deposition and sea-level
rise .As the population grows they are also exceptionally vulnerable to resource
availability that are the result of water shortages food availability, energy provision
etc.
Research Cluster 2. Understanding the functional integration of extended urban
spaces.
A second component of research should be a recognition that the extended
urban spaces are functionally linked by flows that include transportation and
communication systems that include the movement of goods people and information
and the flows of energy, resources. These form overlapping networks that involve
various densities of transactions. In another context this flow network has been
labeled transactiion networks and it is argued that their functionality is crucial to the
economic performance of these mega-urban regions. (see Marton 2000). Within the
Asian context the rural-urban linkages within these extended urban spaces are of
major importance in the flows of food, commodities and people. In general it is true to
say that most governments perceive these extended urban spaces as places where
flows are congested and inefficient. The policy response of most governments that
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
have the resources to invest in such developments is to rapidly increase investment in
infrastructure (built environment, energy provision, transportation systems) to
increase the efficiency of these transaction networks. This is one important driver of
the spread of cities for the space demands of new industries and upper-income
housing development can be provided more cheaply in the lower-cost land markets of
the outer two zones of the mega-urban regions. This process of urban expansion thus
involves a constant depletion of resources in the outer zones (now most marked in the
desakota zones) that is leading to restructuring of the two-way flows of food,
biomass, water, energy, products, livelihoods products and services between the
desakota and the two inner-urban zones of the mega-urban regions. Until recently
while this situation presented many challenges to national and local governments (e.g.
environmental pollution, etc) it was not regarded as a threat to the sustainability of the
mega-urban regions because governments assumed they would be able to extend the
reach of these flow networks both nationally and internationally. This process has
already occurred for instance in Japan, South Korea. Taiwan and other Asian
countries have benefited from becoming part of those countries extended flow
networks as well as other international trading partners.
But this development trajectory is reliant upon cheap fossil energy that has
fueled the extension and ubiquity of these networks. With the increasing volatility in
the price of oil and gas questions are raised whether this fossil-fuel-dependent
development trajectory is viable in the context of the developing countries. Therefore
the challenge to Asian governments must be whether they can develop a more
sustainable urban development trajectory that might be more appropriate involving
engagement with alternative strategies of energy provision, food sourcing, resource
utilization that involve greener systems of production and consumption. This raises
issues of whether new spatial responses in urban form will emerge to such
developments such as a policy push for more compact cities. (see Marcotullio,
1991)
Research Cluster 3. Establishing the strategic policy importance of desakota
regions in developing a sustainable urban development trajectory.
In the Asian context I would argue that the desakota regions will have to be
identified as crucial zones in which this new sustainable development trajectory
will need to be implemented because of their resource base and proximity to
mega-urban cores. They also become pivotal areas in the food security policies that
need to be restructured as a result of global volatility in gas and food prices in global
markets. Desakota regions are often perceived to present negative challenges in the
development of these strategies because the mixed character of economic activities in
these regions places great pressures on the eco-systems and the management of these
systems which involve new institutional responses to the management of joint
resources by agricultural and non-agricultural users as well as the management of the
flows between the urban cores and the desakota zones. On the other hand the adoption
of new sustainable development trajectories means that local responses become
more important and could lead to reemphasis of the agricultural activities in the
desakota regions. This was recognized in Yokohari, Takeuchi, Watanabe and Yokota
(2000) as a new ecological planning concept appropriate for Asian mega cities. This
statement summarises their position.
This planning concept is truly appropriate for Asian megacities since segmented
patches of agricultural land have such ecological features as water retention
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
capability, microclimate control, conservation of visual quality and the supply of safe,
fresh food Yokohari et.al 2000, p 170)
It must be pointed out that the arguments presented in the preceding section
have also been made by many researchers on Asia have been making them for some
years. (See Kelly (2000) Revi (2008) Gyawali (2008) Abdul Samad Hadi et al
(2006) I am particularly grateful to Dipak Gyawali for the ideas that drive this section.
In a draft document he raises the question What kind of science is needed to
understand the relationship between ecosystem stress and livelihoods in the desakota
regions?(Dipak Gyawali. 2008: 10)
Utilising definitions used in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment he points
out that ecosystem services are benefits that people obtain and include
. Provisioning services such as food and water
. Regulating services including floods, droughts, land degradation and diseases
as well as climate regulation
. Socio-cultural services such as aesthetic, spiritual recreational and other
non-material benefits.
All these services are held in place by the supporting services of eco-systems such as
soil formation and nutrient recycling, mitigation of climate events through floodplain
inland water bodies storage mechanisms, mangrove buffering etc.
The key scientific question that this formulation of the eco-system raises is
how resilient eco-systems are to the processes of population increase and
increasing intensity of urban activity that is occurring in the desakota regions of
extended urban spaces. The concept of ecosystem resilience has a well-established
tradition in bio-systems research and is usually defined as the capacity of an
ecosystem to tolerate disturbance. This is often broken into three components.
(1) the amount of change a system can undergo can undergo and still retain some
controls on function and structure,
(2) the degree to which a system is capable of self-organization and,
(3) the ability to build and increase the capacity for learning and self-organization
Thus a key component of this research would focus on developing a system of
defining the resilience of ecosystems to these forces of change that are being driven
by a combination of drivers within the bio-system and the societal system that
occur at a number of scales; global, national, extended urban spaces and local.
It is important to separate the concept of resilience from vulnerability.
Vulnerability can be defined .. as the degree to which a system or unit is likely to
experience harm due to perturbations or stresses. (De Sherbinen et.al.2007.p 41) and
has most frequently been applied in the research examining risks or hazards. But
increasingly it is being realized that the concept of vulnerability needs to include the
.. the responses of, and impacts on systems (social groups, ecosystems, places)
exposed to such perturbations ( Ibid p41). In addition it is necessary to disentangle
the relations between the macro-forces (e.g climate change) and the other systems
levels on which they are impacting. Different pressures across scales come together
in various sequences to create unique bundles of stress that affect local systems.
(Ibid.p41.) While it is often argued that the core regions are the most vulnerable to
these stresses of these drivers I would argue that the desakota regions deserve equal
attention as urbanization accelerates.
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
Any study of the desakota region must see its local eco-system which is part of
a wider urban metabolic footprint. ( See Curtis, (2004). Four areas of interlinked rapid
change are impacting it.
(1) the overall political economy characterized by migration, urbanization, food
supply, consumerism, restructuring of economic activity (particularly
industrialization) and communication driven by foreign, national and local investment
by both international, national and local firms and governmental and
quasi-governmental agencies.
(2) the policy environment in which these processes which particularly in
governmental context is driven by the desire to achieve rapid modernization
imitative of the developed countries of their own region and elsewhere.
(3) the forces of global and environmental change in climate, water availability
and quality, land degradation and loss of biodiversity, sea level change etc.
(4) the water-based eco-systems that are crucial components of the desakota
zones that are under most pressure by the changes induced by the preceding three
changes.
Research Cluster 4. Developing policy responses to the challenges of extended
urban spaces.
The final research cluster focused on the policy implications of the research
findings and the major policy challenges of extended urban spaces particularly the
desakota zones The following priorities can be suggested.
(1) First it must be established that the desakota zones are regions that deserve
priorities in policy development. As we have already suggested in a-priori terms it
may be suggested that sustainability of desakota zones is of major importance
because they are the locales of an increasing proportion of urban population and
economic growth. These are also areas of significant national and international
investment in which the breakdown of ecosystems would create major economic and
social problems that have global national and local implications.
(2) Secondly, the contemporary challenges in the fossil fuel energy driven mode
of urban expansion raise questions about the viability of these areas for the
development strategies of governments. This situation is further compounded by the
volatility in food prices driven by the international food system that create the need
for governments to revisit issues of national food security. Since many of these
desakota zones particularly in Asia that have been traditionally major food
baskets of their countries that are now losing this role in the face of urban expansion
there will be a need to revisit this role as part of revised national strategies of
sustainability. It is also likely that desakota zones may be vulnerable to
fluctuations in the international economy that may result in unemployment and
increases in poverty in these regions. This would also involve new policy responses
Such policy shifts would inevitably suggest that there would have to be institutional
and management and budgetary reconfigurations for which governments are ill
positioned for the following reasons. First, at present it is clear that most desakota
zones fall into some kind in institutional and management black box in which the
institutions that do exist are ill-equipped to develop responses to the challenges to the
resilience of the eco-systems of desakota regions. Secondly, because governments are
only slowly developing responses to the wider extended urban spaces of which the
desakota zones are part. This suggests that one important component of the policy
framework could be concerned with issues of governance and management of
extended urban spaces
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
3.CONCLUSION: TOWARDS ASIAN URBAN FUTURES.
In conclusion let me emphasize that what happens to the urbanization process
in Asia is central to the global urban future. Over the last thirty years while the global
level of urbanization increased from 36.8 per cent to 50 per cent in 2008 Asias
urbanization level has increased by roughly the same amount from 23.4 per cent to
37.5 per cent in the same period. UN population estimates suggest that in the next
30 years this urbanization trend will continue at a global level reaching 60 per cent
while Asia will increase to 51 per cent by 2030. Since Asia contained an estimated 60
per cent of the global population in 2000 this means that in the next 30 years some 1.3
billion people will be absorbed into urban areas while the population resident in rural
areas remains virtually at the same numerical level. ( See, United Nations (2000 )
( 2004) and UNPF ( 2007)
The numerical dimensions of these demographic trends are unique in the
world experience of urbanization. For example in Western Europe it was estimated
that in the nineteenth century the increase of urban levels to 40 per cent involved a
shift of only about 50 million people whereas in Asia the number is an estimated 1.3
billion. Of course at the sub-regional and national level within Asia this
demographic picture is dominated by the large developing Asian countries in excess
of 100 million in population that include China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and
Indonesia that will be joined by the Philippines and Viet Nam in the next thirty years.
By 2030 these large countries (in excess of 100 million people) will make-up almost
80 per cent of Asias population and 59 per cent of the global population. These
numerical dimensions thus present a basic challenge to the management of the urban
transition.(3)
In the light of the preceding discussion it is possible to imagine two very
different futures for the cities of Asia. An alarming scenario sees ongoing global
environmental change increasing the vulnerability of these extended urban spaces
within a framework on ongoing globalization that depletes resources, destroys the
ecosystems on which these extended urban spaces rely and presents major challenges
to the sustainability of these urban forms. Another part of this scenario is the
increasing social vulnerability of urban populations to an increasingly volatile global
economy (most obvious in the current global financial crisis) that threatens local jobs
and incomes and widens social divisions creating socially fragmented cities. This
creates political tension that dominates the governance concerns of urban
administrations.
Another more optimistic scenario suggests that as global awareness of these
urban challenges is growing local urban governments in Asia are experiencing
considerable expansions of power that enable locally elected leaders, whose roots are
deeply embedded in the urban place and have much wider understanding of local civil
society, to develop and implement policies that reflect the distinctiveness of different
places in which the priorities are placed on creating more socially inclusive and
sustainable cities. This will involve radical rethinking of the way cities are managed,
the mix of public and private transportation and local participation in the planning of
cities.(4) While economic policies designed to increase the economic wealth
generating capacities of cities cannot be discarded and are, in part, dependent upon
the international trade and other flows that are part of globalization they must be set
within the local context and priorities of creating sustainable cities.
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Keynote Speech
Central to this recognition is the understanding that global forces map impact
an uneven terrain of culture, politics, economic conditions and power and that this
leads to different responses. Despite the fact that globalization is heralded as the
major generator of economic growth by many experts most economies are rooted in
the local and it indeed the local economy which is the foundation of most
communities. This means that the creation of sustainable cities where systems that
emphasize local production and consumption should be promoted rather than further
integrating the local into the international. It should be emphasized that this statement
is not an advocacy of self reliance or autarchy for all countries and local places
within countries will rely upon exports and imports of goods, services,
knowledge and people; but rather that the creation of sustainable cities involves the
local people taking control of the efforts to create sustainable cities. I am sure that an
audience such as this is only too aware of the many initiatives ranging from
alternative energy sources and technologies to increasing the role of local food
production and most of all developing a powerful commitment to sustainability
throughout nations so I will not list them here. But, undoubtedly a powerful shift is
needed in the way knowledge about sustainability becomes part of the common
conscience of nations. This is necessary for the ongoing sustainability of all societies
in the 21
st
century and it suggested a very different urban future.(5)
Opinion will differ on this but as I have attempted to argue in this paper one
of the major locales to develop local sustainability must be the extended urban spaces
of Asia because of their great population size, importance in the economies of
countries and the fact that the globalization path on which most of them are
embarked increases vulnerability and offers an increasingly unsustainable urban
future. I would further argue that these sustainability policies must be embedded in
the spatial realities of urban activities within existing eco-systems with emphasis upon
remaining the resilience of existing eco-systems that would involve use of alternative
energy systems, water conservation and place a major emphasis upon the
development of public transportation. Although neo-liberal planners may not regard it
as efficient the desakota regions of Asia need to be focus for such policies of
sustainability. (See Diaz-Chavez, R (2006) For example part of the policies of urban
sustainability should be the efforts to increase food production in these areas as well
as the conservation of the eco-system which is central to the functioning of the entire
urban space. At least in the case of the densely populated rice growing hinterlands of
many Southeast Asian extended urban space such as Manila, Jakarta, Bangkok and
Hanoi. But this would involve sustained investment in the margins of the extended
urban spaces that at present is secondary to policies that give priority to creating
international competitive urban cores Obviously these policies will have to be
embedded in the local contexts of extended urban spaces but they should contain the
following components:
(1) effectiveness in contributing to sustainable economic growth
(2) effectiveness in contributing to local and global sustainability
(3) effectiveness in contributing to social inclusiveness, increasing employment and
reducing urban poverty
(4) effectiveness in producing a livable environment by increasing the provision of
services such as education , health, education, access to housing and care for
disadvantaged groups.
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NOTES.
1. I am only too well aware that Sterns reference to Asia excludes the insular and
island part of Southeast Asia made-up of Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,
Indonesia and Timor Leste where the major rivers are fed by rainfall run-off but the
fluctuations in rainfall that are predicted as part of global warming, together with
sea-level rises also threaten many of the major extended urban spaces in insular
Southeast Asia such as Manila and Jakarta in the same manner as the largest urban
agglomerations of mainland Asia.
2. For a selection of recent papers that focus on developments in Southeast Asias
extended urban spaces see De Gregorio, Leisz and Vogler (2003), Hugo (2006) Jones
(2006) Kelly (2003) Leaf (2008) Mc Gee (2008), MalaqueIII and Yokohari (2007)
Maneepong and Webster, D (2008) Nagagawa (2004) Spreitzhofer (2002), Waibel
2006
3. In fact as we have already discussed because these estimates are based upon
country definitions of urban and do not take into account extended urban spaces
they are almost certainly under-estimates of the increase of urban populations in Asia.
4. It is interesting to see how international and regional agencies such as the Asian
Development Bank are beginning to recognize shift in thinking about urban policy.
(see Asian Development Bank 2008)
5 For a thought provoking discussion of these issues of urban sustainability
particularly in the Japanese context see Makoto Maruyama (2006) In this paper I have
paid little attention to the way that energy use and transportation technologies
challenge the sustainability of cities in this paper but clearly there will have to be
changes in the fossil fuel dependencies of the automobile dependent cities of Asia
and North America. In this respect recent references to a major development of
alternative fuel sources and changes in the present transportation technologies and
types of transport that are being presented as part of what is New Deal by the
Obama administration is also being linked to partnerships and the sharing of
technology with India and China whose increasing reliance on imported oil and
automobile dependent transport paths will be major user of oil in the future. See
Nobrega, William (2009) India, China and Obamas Oil Policy Business Week, Jan
21.
4 SELECTED REFERENCES.
Abdul Samad Hadi, Shaharudin Idrus, Amad Faraz Hj Mohammed and Abdul Hadi
Harmon Shah ( 2006) Wilayah Perbandaran Seremban: Menyongsong Kelestaran
(The Territory of Seremban Urban Area. Welcoming Sustainability) Institute Alam
Sekitar dan Pembangunan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malalysia.
Asian Development Bank (2008) Managing Asian Cities. Asian Development Bank.
Manila.
Curtis, F. (2004) Eco- Localism and sustainability Ecological Economics: 283-102
De Gregorio.M/, Leisz,S.J. and Vogler, J (2003) The Invisible Urbanization
Transition: Rural Urbanization in the Red River Delta Paper presented at the 7
th
International Congress of the Asian Planning Schools Association, Hanoi 12-14
September.
De Sherbinin, A Schiller and Pulsipher, A. (2007) The vulnerability of global cities
to climate hazards Environment and Urbanization.19 (1) 39-64.
Diaz-Chavez, R. (2006) Measuring sustainability in peri-urban areas: case study of
Mexico City in D.Mc Gregor, D.Simon and D. Thompson (eds) (2006) The
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Peri-Urban Interface: Approaches to Sustainable Natural and Human Resource Use.
Earthscan: 246-65
Gyawali, Dipak (2008) Reinterpreting the Rural-Urban Continuum. Conceptual
foundations for understanding the role ecosystem services play in the livelihoods
of the poor in regions undergoing rapid change Unpublished draft chapter
Holling, C.S. (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems Annual Review
of Ecology Systems4:1-23.
Hugo G. (2006) Population Development and Urban Outlook for Southeast Asia in
Wong, T-C, Shaw, B.J, and Goh, K.C. (eds) Challenging SustainabilityUrban
Development and Change in Southeast Asia. Marshall Cavendish International.
Singapore: 95-102
Jones, G.W. (2006) Urbanization in Southeast Asia in Wong T.C. Shaw, B.J and
Goh, K.C. (eds) Challenging Sustainability. Urban Development and Change in
Southeast Asia. Marshall Cavendish. Singapore: 247-265
Kelly, P.F. (2000) Landscapes of Globalization. Human Geographies of Economic
Change in the Philippines London. Routledge.
Kelly, P.F. (2003) Urbanization and the Politics of Land in the Manila Region
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 590: 170-187
Leaf, M (2008) New Urban Frontiers: Peri-urbanization and (Re) territorialization in
Southeast Asia. Paper presented at a Regional Conference on Urbanization in
Southeast Asia held in Ho Chi Minh City Dec 7-9,2008.
Malaque III, I.R. and Yokohari, M (2007) Urbanization process and the changing
agricultural landscape pattern in the urban fringe of Metro Manila Enviroment and
Urbanization, 19 (1): 19- 206
Mannepong. C and Webster, D (2008) Governance responses to emerging
peri-urbanisation issues at the global-local nexus: the case of Ayutthaya, Thailand.
International Development Planning Review. 30(2): 133-154.
Marcotullio, P.J. and Lee, Y.S.F. (2003) Environmental transitions and urban
transportation systems: a comparison of the North American and Asian experiences
International Development Planning Review.25 (4)325-54
Marcotullio, P.J. (1991) The compact city, environmental transition theory and
Asia- Pacific sustainable development Paper presented at an International Workshop
for Sustainable Urban Regions. 29-30
th
. October 1991. Department of Urban
Engineering, University of Tokyo.
Maruyama, Makoto (2006) Sustainable economies and urban sustainability in H.
Tamagawa (ed.) Sustainable cities: Japanese perspectives on physical and social
structures: Tokyo. United Nations University Press.: 70-95
Marton, A.M. (2000) Chinas Spatial Economic Development. Restless landscapes in
the lower Yangtze delta. London and New York. Routledge
Mc Gee, T.G, (1991) The emergence of desakota regions in Asia: expanding a
hypothesis in Ginsburg.N. Koppel,B. and Mc Gee,T.G. (eds.) .The Extended
Metropolis in Asia: Settlement Transition in Asia. Honolulu, University of Hawaii
Press; 3-25
Mc Gee, T.G. Lin, George, C.S., Marton.A.M, Wang, Mark Y.L and Wu, J. (2007).
Chinas Urban Space. Development under market socialism. London and New York.
Routledge.
Mc Gee, T.G. (2008a) Managing the rural-urban transition in Asia in the 21
st
century
Sustainability Science, 3(1): 155-16
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Mc Gee T.G (2008 b) Revisiting the urban fringe.: reassessing the challenges of the
mega-urbanization process in Southeast Asia Paper presented at a Regional
Conference on Urbanization in Southeast Asia held in Ho Chi Minh City December
7-9 2008.
Mc Granahan, G., Balk, D. and Anderson, B, (2007) The rising tide: assessing the
risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones
Environment and Urbanization. 19 (1): 17-37
Mannepong. C and Webster, D (2008) Governance responses to emerging
peri-urbanisation issues at the global-local nexus: the case of Ayutthaya, Thailand.
International Development Planning Review. 30(2): 133-154.
Montgomery, M., Stren, R., Cohen, B and Reed, H.E. (eds.) 2003 Cities Transformed.
Demographic Change and its Implications in the Developing World. Washington D.C.
national Academies Press.
Nakagawa, S. (2004) Changes in the Residential. Occupational and Gender
Structure of Greater Bangkok in the Globalization Process DELA 21:205-212
Nobrega, William (2009) India, China and Obamas Oil Policy Business Week. Jan
21.
Revi, A (2008) Climate change risk: an adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian
citiesEnvironment and Urbanization.20 (1) 207-229
Spreitshofer, G. (2002) From Farming to Franchising: Current Aspects of
transformation in post-crisis Metro-Jakarta ASIEN, 87 (8): 52-64
U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division (2002) World
Urbanizationn Prospects: The 2001 Revision. Data, Tables and Highlights. United
Nations New York.
U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs; Population Division (2004) World
Urbanization Prospects 2003. United Nations New York.
U.N. Population Fund (2007) State of the World Population 2007. Unleashing the
Potential for Urban Growth United Nations New York.
Waibel, M. (2006) The Production of Urban Space in Vietnams Metropolis in the
course of transition. Internationalization, Polarization and Newly Emerging Life
Styles in Vietnamese Society TRIALOG, A Journal of Planning and Building in the
Third World.
89(2): 43-48
Yokohari, M. K., Takeuchi, T., Watanabe and S. Yokota (2000) Beyond greenbelts
and zoning: a new planning concept for the environment of Asian megacities
Landscape and Urban Planning .47(3/4): 159-171
APPENDIX A. DEVELOPING A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
A possible research framework is suggested for studying the future
sustainability for Asia extended urban spaces. Clearly it is tentative and would
undergo changes as research developed. It could involve research participants from
many disciplines, agencies and research units.
a) Preliminary phase of project formulation involving identification of countries
research participants and literature reviews and workshops on three main research
clusters. At this point my suggestions would be researchers from India, Nepal, China,
Southeast Asia Japan, Malaysia Canada and the USA.
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a) Workshop 1. Exploring the concepts of the resilience and vulnerability of
eco-systems in the extended urban spaces of Asia.
b) Workshop 2. Critically evaluating the context of desakota regions in the
extended urban spaces in Asia
c) Workshop 3. Establishing the policy priorities that can ensure the
resilience of extended urban spaces and particularly the urban margins within
national and regional contexts
b) Formulation of research proposal. Decisions on the main components of
the organizational structure necessary to achieve the goals of the research. These
could involve some combination of the following components.
i) Knowledge production and innovation. Learning partnerships in which
research is carried with stakeholders (academic, NGO, Government, private sector) in
joint learning processes that involves communication, education and training.
iii) The creation of knowledge hubs to improve knowledge of and
dissemination of research. This would involve knowledge networks to facilitate the
exchange of knowledge and experience.
iv) Comparative case studies to be carried out by local researchers.
v) Commitment of participants and institutional commitment. Funding
proposals
2. Year Two.
Research on case studies of extended urban spaces Preliminary reports
presented at year-end meeting.
3. Year Three.
Preparation of final report(s) and publications. Presentations at final
conference /workshop. Dissemination
APPENDIX B. THE CHALLENGES OF EXTENDED URBAN SPACES. A CASE
STUDY OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA IN GUANDONG PROVINCE, CHINA.
Guandong Province is located in Southern China (See Figure 1). In 2000
the national Census recorded a population permanent residents of 80 million and a
migrant population of 30 million making a total population of some 120 million.
Adjacent to the province are the Special Autonomous Regions of Macau and Hong
Kong that make-up a combined population of some 8 million. Historically the core of
the region was focused on Guangzhou and the adjacent counties that form part of
the Zhujiang Delta (Pearl River Delta. This region has been developing over hundred
of years as one of the main regions of rice growing in China and its rich alluvial soils
provide a fertile foundation for multiple crops of rice, vegetables, tropical fruit, fish,
pig and poultry production using an ecologically effective system of animals- ponds
fertilizer cropping cycles that was highly productive, labour intensive and sensitive
to the ecological conditions of the delta.
Over the centuries this system was able to support increasing rural densities which
had reached more than 300 people per square kilometre by the latter half of the 19
th
century.
This despite the fact that the region had become one of the major centres of Chinese
out-migration that fueled the Chinese diaspora throughout the world.
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After the Peoples Republic of China was established in 1949 it continued its
agricultural role including a considerable increase in exports to the colony of Hong
Kong where the population has increased from 600,000 in 1949 to almost 7 million
today.
Since 1978 and the introduction of the Post Reform Era in China Guangdong has
become one of the first areas where Chinas new economic policies were put in place.
In 1979 two special economic zones were established in Zhuhai next to the
Portuguese colony of Macao and Shenzhen adjacent to Hong Kong. In 1984
Guangdong was made an open city and in 1987 in which foreign direct investment
was permitted. In the period between 1986 and 1995 FDI experienced an annual
growth of 500 billion US a year. Most of this investment came from or through Hong
Kong (70 per cent) and went into labour intensive manufacturing (textiles, plastic
toys electronic products etc) most of it based on the towns and villages that may be
labeled rural-urbanization.
A major part of this investment occurred in the intensely populated rural
areas of the Pearl River delta made-up of 13 counties and six municipalities in an area
of 17,092 square kilometers. By 1995 this region had become one of the most densely
populated regions in China with a permanent population density of 743 ppsk
compared to 378 for Guangdong and 126 for China. Between 1980 and 1990 the
population of the PRD increased by some 30 per cent. This was mostly due to
in-migration that includes both illegal and legal migrants that it is estimated made-up
some 75 per cent of the population increase over the period. This created a population
density in the Delta of 1,173 per square kilometre much larger than many of the urban
areas of the Western world.
Predictably this development resulted in a decline in cultivated land of some
34.6 per cent in the same period as the built environment of the townships was
expanded and industrial factories sprouted among the rice fields. Total agricultural
production did not decline greatly but rice production declined and more specialized
and intensified production of livestock, vegetables and fruit were driven by the food
demands of the growing population of both the PRD and Hong Kong. While this
growth was reflected in a considerable growth of GDP in the region it also created a
number of policy challenges to the eco-system that arose from the competition for
resources between rural and non-rural activities. First by the end of the 1990s serious
problems had arisen with respect to the availability and quality of water. Most of the
water for industrial, agricultural and domestic use came from the extensive river and
canal system of the Delta that was becoming increasingly polluted by industrial
discharges as well as household sewerage. Most of the water for domestic
consumption comes from these water systems. By 2000 it was estimated that local
authorities could only treat 21% of the water to potable standards (bacteria
count/turbidity) despite the efforts of the Provincial Government to improve the
situation that had fallen well behind the planned investment goals. This was partly due
to inadequate budgetary provision and partly because of the administrative
fragmentation of water supply as sewerage disposal, wastewater disposal and water
supply and treatment are often handled by different authorities. Similar problems exist
with respect to air pollution and waste disposal in the politically fragmented areas
outside the country cities.
In the period since the late 1990s these problems have continued and
become exacerbated by climatic events such as droughts and floods that occurred
before but a have a much greater impact because of the greater demand for water and
intensity of land-use particularly in the particularly in the peri-urban and extended
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urban fringes. Other problems have emerged as well. The most important has been
the SARs epidemic which seems to have begun in November 2002 was traced to in an
illegal food market in the Foshan one of the county centres in the PRD (the heart of
the desakota) only 50 kilometres from Guangzhou. Most people who have any
interest in this topic do not need to have a lengthy account of how rapidly the
epidemic spread both within China and globally eventually affecting 8400 people in
29 countries, killing 10 per cent of the victims and 50 per cent over 60 years of age.
But far more important from the point of view of the earlier arguments concerning the
need to develop policies for local eco-systems was the impact it had particularly on
the economy of the surrounding regions. It is estimated that SARs crisis had a
significant impact on the Asian regional economy resulting in major losses to the
travel industry, tourism and the retail sector. One authority estimates which as a
consequence of the crisis there was a 0.6 per cent drop in real GDP and 15-30 billion
US loss in 2003. While this may seem insignificant in the current fiscal crisis at the
time it was a major problem.
The Chinese Government is not unaware of the environmental, public health
and eco-systems problems that are emerging from the growth of extended urban
spaces in their country. One of their major responses has been to engage in an
administrative process of incorporating the surrounding hinterlands of mixed
economic activity and ecological threat under the administrative control of the central
cities. This has occurred in the case of Guangzhou. Foshan and Donguan the three
largest cities of the PRD that have more than doubled their populations in the period
since 1998.The growth of the special economic zones of Zhuhai and particularly
Shenzhen have also contributed to an overall increase in the level of urbanization in
Guangdong to almost 50 per cent by 2007; the highest in China. In theory this should
lead to a more centralized approach to the problems of uncontrolled development,
public health, infrastructure provision and environmental problems such as water
and air pollution. But in fact much of the investment that is occurring in the new
phase of urban administration and planning is being focused on infrastructure
development of transportation systems, new middle and upper income housing
developments and industrial infrastructure that are designed to make the region more
nationally and globally connected. There is thus a severe disjuncture between this
latter form of investment and investment directed to the eco-system that proved the
basis for such a highly productive system for centuries.
A Note on References.
This is very brief summary of an extensive literature that has been consulted.
Major sources are:
1) Lin. C.S. (2007) Chapters 5 and 6 on Guangdong and Dongguan in Mc Gee T.G.
et.al Chinas Urban Space. Development Under Market Socialism. London and New
York. Routledge: pp.74-120.
2) Sit, Victor S. (2001) Increasing globalization and the growth of the Hong Kong
Metropoilitan Region in F.C. Lo and P.J. Marcotullio (Eds.) Globalization and the
Sustainability of Cities in the Asia Pacific Region. Tokyo. United Nations University
Press; pp 199-238
3) Wishnik, E. (2005) China as a Risk Society Honolulu, Working Papers. No 12
Politics, Governance and Security Series. East-West Center.
4) Yeh, Gar-on, Anthony et.al. (eds.)(2002) Building a Competitive Pearl River Delta
Region. Cooperation, Coordination and Planning. Hong Kong. Centre of Urban
Planning and Environmental Management
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5) Zhao Shidong,et.al. (2001) Population, Consumption and Land-Use in the Pearl
River Delta, Guangdong Province in National Academy of Sciences. Growing
populations, Changing Landscapes: Studies from India, China and the United States.
Washington. D.C. National Academies Press, pp.179-204
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Establishing Sustainable Community through Urban and Rural
Fusion
Takeuchi K
1)
, Harashina K
2)
and Hara Y
3)
1) Vice-Rector, United Nations University
Professor, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
e-mail: atake@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
2) Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate Pref. 020-8550, Japan
email: hkoji@iwate-u.ac.jp
3) Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S), The University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
e-mail: antares@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Abstract
The urban and rural fusion has been a main subject of urban planning discussed for
over 100 years. Recently it is drawing attention from the viewpoint of "sustainable
cities" in particular. In Japan, along with consolidation of municipalities, local
administrations including broad rural areas are emerging one after another. This
should be regarded as a good opportunity to reestablish bio-resource circulating
spheres through creating preferable landscapes and ecological networks as well as
promoting the movement toward local production for local consumption. This concept
of the urban and rural fusion might contribute to establishing sustainable urban
communities in Asia.
Keywords: Urban Rural Fusion, Bio-Resources, Recycling Oriented Society, Asian
Cities
1. Introduction
The Laboratory of Landscape Ecology and Planning of the Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences at The University of Tokyo, with which the first author
is currently affiliated, was created about 80 years ago in 1929 with a contribution by
Marquis Nabeshima as the Second Course in Horticulture. The Second Course in
Horticulture is responsible for flowering plants and garden studies, and for many
years the main research has been 1) floriculture science and planting theory and
methods, and 2) landscape planning and design and urban and regional planning. The
latter field has an especially close relationship to urban planning.
Teizo Niwa, who was for many years an assistant and full professor in the pre- and
postwar years, and Tokutaro Kitamura, who came here to be a professor after serving
as a technical official with the former Home Ministry, then the Postwar
Reconstruction Authority, participated in the Tokyo Green Space Planning Council
and were involved in Tokyo Green Space Planning, a blueprint for radial ring green
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spaces. It was in this plan that the term ryokuchi (green space) was first defined,
and as a result of discussions it was formally decided to recognize farmland near cities
as one kind of green space called productive green zones.
In the prewar years, people who had studied in the Second Horticultural Laboratory
were deeply involved in urban planning for new city construction in Manchukuo
(Koshizawa, 1988). The term used at that time was city and village planning
(Figure 1), which is seen as being in character like what is now called urban and rural
planning (Ishida, 2004). Standing in the giant footsteps of our predecessors, we have
been conducting studies and research in the Laboratory of Landscape Ecology and
Planning on the possibility of attaining urbanrural fusion from the viewpoint of
conserving and creating green spaces, and we intend to propose this to society.
Figure 1. City and village planning for Andong City and Dadong City.
(From materials published in 1933 in the collection of the Laboratory of Landscape Ecology and
Planning)
2. Strategy for an Environmental Nation in the 21st Century, and creating
sustainable cities
In recent years it is said worldwide that urban sustainability is important for
considering global sustainability. The urban portion of world population has already
surpassed the rural population, and it is predicted that megacity populations will
further increase, especially in the developing countries. It is said that in Asia too,
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megacities in China, India, and Southeast Asia will further continue to grow, bringing
about heavy energy consumption and environmental deterioration, and thereby further
worsening global environmental problems.
Accordingly, how to make cities sustainable has a decisive significance to global
sustainability. The first author was involved in the process of formulating the
Strategy for an Environmental Nation in the 21st Century, which was approved by
the Cabinet in June 2007, and in that process the first author arrived at the idea that
we should conceive of sustainable cities as a combination of three images of
society: the low-carbon society, the resource circulating society, and the
nature-coexistence society.
The low-carbon society is an important goal for climate change mitigation in terms
of international politics as well. With the resource circulating society the aim is to
create a society with few wastes by using resources effectively and cyclically. With
the nature-coexistence society the aim is to shape a society in which humans and
nature are in harmony. Of crucial importance is how we integrate these three society
images and construct a sustainable society.
Conceived on the city level, a sustainable city is impossible in the urbanized portion
alone. To develop low-carbon, cyclical, and nature-coexistence cities, it is necessary
to first conceive of cities in the broader sense of urbanized areas plus their rural
hinterlands in an integrated manner. Needless to say, one should give full
consideration to the elements of local character, naturalness, and natural features. This
is important also when applying the idea of sustainable cities to cities in monsoon
Asia such as in China and Southeast Asia.
3. Wide-area municipality mergers and urbanrural fusion
Under the municipality mergers in recent years, integration is proceeding toward an
approximate one-third reduction in the number of cities, towns, and villages. Among
the advantages of such mergers are the streamlining of administrative organizations
that will contribute to sounder public finance, the effective use of wide-area public
facilities such as schools and hospitals, and facilitating community development in a
wide-area, integrated manner. On the other hand, many people express concerns that
for example local characteristics and cultures that have been traditionally maintained
will be lost, and that administrative services will deteriorate in rural areas. Amid
widening disparities between cities and rural areas, a major problem is how
municipalities should be run after mergers.
It is our position that the process by which cities consisting mainly of urbanized areas
take in their vast rural hinterlands should actually be positively seen as an occasion
for the birth of a new city through urbanrural fusion. That is to say, we think that a
city that now covers a large area due to a merger should be redefined as a new city
that fuses the urban and the rural. In fact, after wide-area mergers there are now many
municipalities that could be conceived as cities integrating everything from upstream
forests to mid-stream farmland and villages to downstream urbanized areas, even
down to the coast.
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In the years of rapid economic growth, making a sharp distinction between urban and
rural areas was planned, with the thinking that cities are cities, rural areas are rural
areas. That thinking is apparent in the land use coordination pursuant to Japans
Urban Planning Law and the Act Concerning Establishment of Agricultural
Promotion Areas. However, we submit that under conditions in which society matures
and urban growth slows, it is important to fuse the urban and the rural, promote new
regional development based on reinforcing partnerships between the two, and create
frameworks enabling the maintenance of distinctive regions even after merging.
The thinking behind urbanrural fusion was set forth in Ebenezer Howards Garden
Cities of To-Morrow over 100 years ago (Howard, 1902). He tried to create the ideal
city through the marriage of town and country. Since then, town and country
planning, which plans urban and rural areas in an integrated manner, has established
itself in Britain and other countries influenced by Howard. It would seem important in
Japan as well to legislate town and country planning to deal with the new situation
arising from the rapid wide-area municipal mergers.
4. Conserving landscapes and ecosystem networks
In the coming years as population declines, we face the extremely serious problem of
how to maintain regional vitality in places such as rural areas, where population
decline and population aging are already marked. In such areas, we must foster a
sense of value and pride in living there, not just deal with economic problems. In
other words, a major challenge is how to create gratifying livelihoods based on the
local natural environment and culture.
To contribute to that effort, the National Spatial Strategies, which was newly
formulated after a fundamental review of the National Comprehensive Development
Plan, advocates the shaping of sound and fulfilling landscapes (National Land
Development Council, Planning Committee, 2007). Recently the word keikan
(landscape) has been frequently used since enactment of the Three Laws on Scenery
and Greenery; however, the English loanword landscape embraces the concepts of
view and scenery and shows a total image of a region formed by the relationship
between humans and nature.
In Europe, the European Landscape Convention has a framework that provides for
the integrated implementation of each countrys urban plans and landscape plans.
Most important here is respecting local natural environments and cultures and
pursuing distinctive regional development. New national development plans can
incorporate the landscape concept, and although insufficient, this may be considered a
measure of progress.
An important element supporting such landscapes is the ecosystem network. If we
systematically conserve and maintain the natural environments of ridgelines in
mountainous and hilly regions and along rivers and coastlines, they will serve as the
framework of a regions natural environment. They are also places for recreation and
rest, and they help improve the quality of urban areas landscapes and scenery.
Therefore, reviving such ecosystem networks is important for regional development.
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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Figure 2. Conceptual diagram of the Greater Tokyo ecosystem network.
(Council on Overall Examination of the Natural Environment, 2004)
[legend]
Existing urbanized area
Suburban green preservation zone
Water and greenery priority formation axis
Natural environment to be conserved (zone)
Natural environment to be conserved (river)
Basic water and greenery axis
Basic water and greenery area
Areas where people have little contact with nature (for reference)
In the years when urbanized areas were expanding owing to rapid population growth,
reviving city ecosystem networks was nothing but a dream. But now, as Japan heads
toward population decline and the shrinking of urbanized areas, it is easy to discuss
which urbanized areas to keep and where the natural environment should be revived.
We would say it is a good idea for those involved in urban planning to consider
obtaining the participation of various actors to regain the natural environment as
ecosystem networks.
In addition, in the Japanese archipelago we must keep natural disasters in mind.
Nature in Japan is a blessing, but also a threat. As the Chuetsu earthquake showed,
proper maintenance and management of farmland and forests helps reduce disaster
damage. It is also important to build local communities (disaster subcultures) that can
quickly respond to natural disasters. Additionally, the building of ecosystem networks
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must be linked to the building of regional structures that are resistant to natural
disasters.
Also important are upstreamdownstream links between urban and rural areas through
watersheds. As noted previously, municipality mergers should be able to integrate
regions and unify them from the perspective of community development. That offers
the additional promise of conferring greater resistance to natural disasters, and of
building good landscapes and ecosystem networks. It is necessary to structure
watershed environmental conservation plans with attention to the environmental
conservation functions of farmland and forests.
5. Local production for local consumption and urbanrural interaction
One major problem when considering the sustainability of Japans land and cities is
the reality that Japan is too reliant on agriculture and forestry products from abroad.
On a calorie basis, Japans food self-sufficiency rate is a mere 39%, which is the
lowest among developed countries. At the same time, there are questions about this
from the perspective of the burdens imposed on citizens health and the environment
by large imports of agricultural products from abroad. Regarding lumber as well,
Japans self-sufficiency rate is only 20% even though two-thirds of Japan is forested.
It is evident from the food self-sufficiency rates of individual prefectures (Figure 3)
that Hokkaido is the highest with a rate of 200%. Niigata is also very high at 94%.
Oita is about 50%; Okayama, Kagawa, and Gunma are around 35%; and Gifu is about
25%. However, Osaka and Tokyo have rates of just 2% and 1%.
To improve this situation, it is desirable to conceive urban and rural areas as an
integrated whole, promote local production and local consumption of agriculture and
forestry products, form biomass-based regional cycling zones, and use those zones to
achieve urbanrural interaction. It is also desirable to build systems for a resource
circulating society based on biomass, in which biological waste produced in cities is
returned to farmland and used for energy. Additionally, it is important to secure new
people for continuing management of farmland and forests, and that will necessitate
businesses promoting farming and forestry.
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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Figure 3. Most recent food self-sufficiency rate data for selected prefectures.
Figures are %
16 2004 (finalized)
2005 (estimated)
National
Hokkaido
Akita
Yamagata
Niigata
Oita
Okayama
Kagawa
Gunma
Gifu
Kanagawa
Osaka
Tokyo
In big cities, it is important to be aware of the significance of the environmental
conservation function of farmland and have an awareness of how farmland can serve
as a venue for childrens environmental education. It is also important to put effort
into the production of fresh vegetables and other produce grown by people whom
consumers actually know. In Tokyo also, with its 1% food self-sufficiency rate, there
is an awareness of the need to preserve Tokyo farmland that supplies Tokyo residents
with a fair portion of their farm and livestock products (Figure 4). It is highly
desirable to conserve urban agriculture by such motivated farmers in a planned
manner (Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 2008).
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
Figure 4. Supply capacity of Tokyos main farm and livestock products, in terms of population and
self-sufficiency rate.
(According to Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs, 2005)
Population in thousands
Vegetables
Milk
Eggs
Meat
Population that can be supplied
Self-sufficiency rate
For achieving a resource circulating society, the revised Basic Plan for Establishing a
Recycling-Based Society proposes a new concept called spheres of resource
circulation. The idea is that resources confined within a certain locality are used
cyclically to the greatest possible extent. Food and wood are resources which are easy
to confine locally, while resources such as metals that cannot be confined require
different thinking that sees them cycled more widely, which is more appropriate.
Of course, with resources such as rare metals, which are recovered in small quantities
from large amounts of wastes with advanced technology, it may sometimes be
desirable to have wide-area cycling throughout Japan, or international cycling on
large scales such as East Asia. In that sense, it will be necessary to consider widening
spheres of resource circulation depending on the nature of the resource (Figure 5).
People will have to analyze in detail the resource flows in cities and make decisions
on where to set the boundaries of their local zones, and what they will leave to
resource cycling zones outside their own.
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
Figure 5. Conceptual diagram of the East Asia hierarchical regional resource cycling zone.
East Asia spheres of resource circulation
National spheres of resource circulation
Wide-area spheres of resource circulation
Local spheres of resource circulation
6. Possibilities of building cyclical societies through urbanrural fusion in West
Java, Indonesia
The traditional land use system of rural areas in West Java, Indonesia, which is said to
be sustainable, now faces collapse owing to factors such as rapid population growth,
permeation of the commodity economy in conjunction with economic development of
recent years, and the impacts of urbanization. Such changes also symbolize the
transformation of traditional rural societies that were the basis for self-sufficiency.
From the perspective of material flow, it is thought that closed systems within
comparatively small localities in traditional farming villages are changing into open
systems that actively exchange material with the outside.
We therefore conducted a study of the artificial material flows arising in the course of
agricultural activities and livelihoods in three West Java farming villages. The study
found that all three villages have open-system material flows dependent on the outside
(Figure 6), thereby making it difficult, in view of both the supply and consumption
amounts of local resources, to form material cycling systems closed on the village
level. Recent years have brought changes in economic development and spatially
expanded human activities and the development of shipping and transportation. In
consideration of these, rebuilding cyclical societies based on biological resources
without lowering agricultural production or living standards would seem to
necessitate examining the problem on a spatial scale larger than that of traditional
rural society. There are many possible arguments about the matter of how far to
expand the spatial scale for consideration, but here we chose the watershed, which
enables one to consider the problem using, as the base unit, the cycling of material in
natural ecosystems via water flows. We used the following calculations to examine
the possibility of building cyclical societies based on biological resource cycling that
is closed on the watershed level.
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
Figure 6. Nitrogen flows in West Java farming villages.
(Harashina et al., 2003)
Our investigation covered 63 cities, towns, and villages in the CianjurCisokan
watershed, an area with a population of about 460,000 and total size of about 25,000
ha. This area has not only farming villages, but also the mid-sized city of Cianjur,
which has a population of about 140,000. Biological resources treated were food,
fertilizer, and livestock feed. To examine each, we used statistical data and land-use
maps to calculate the balances between potential supply amount and consumption
amount. With respect to food, we investigated rice and found that it is possible to
produce enough rice for 490,000 people within the area, thereby allowing
self-sufficiency. We calculated fertilizer on a nitrogen basis and determined that even
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
if all livestock waste in the area is used as organic fertilizer, it can supply only up to
18% of the nitrogen currently applied to farmland there. However, we estimated that
up to 46% could be supplied if kitchen waste and human waste were also used. In this
case, including urban areas was very effective. For livestock feed, calculations on rice
bran, which is the feed most generally available for purchase, found that it would be
sufficient for village chickens, but we estimated that bran could supply only up to
57% of consumption when the broilers and laying hens of poultry farms are included.
The study therefore found that it would be hard to establish an independent closed
system with the material flow on the village level, but that if the spatial scale is
expanded to the watershed level, the area could be self-sufficient to a certain extent if
one excludes such facilities as poultry farms. Although calculations on the watershed
level just compare the balance between potential supply amount and consumption
amount, this does offer suggestions for establishing a resource circulating society in
that it showed the possibility of building an independent system on the watershed
level. The future challenge will be how to optimize allocation and distribution of
biological resources and build sustainable regional ecosystems, including social
systems and other components, based on biological resource cycles.
7. Asian commonality and sustainable regional development
East Asia and Southeast Asia share the irrigated rice paddy culture. Rice paddies
are an intensive use of land, and the preparation of dry fields and land development in
conjunction with the construction of roads and water channels are progressing. Thus,
paddy fields can be easily converted to urban land just by filling them with soil, and
in the megacities that have grown on the deltas in East and Southeast Asia, urban
sprawl advances readily.
It is necessary to take advantage of the circumstances of having such shared
characteristics, and the mixed presence of cities and farming areas on a micro scale, to
consider measures for urbanrural coexistence. In January 2008, China enacted the
Urban and Rural Planning Law. It is desirable to reinforce JapanChina academic
collaboration while closely watching the trend under this law.
From now on Asia, including Japan, should replace the planning doctrine followed so
far, which distinguishes sharply between urban and rural areas, and reassess planning
systems in an effort to build desirable relationships by means of urbanrural
partnerships. Cities that are a fusion of the urban and the rural are not homogeneous,
but instead are inherently diverse. For the additional purpose of creating distinctive
cities with diversity that can be held up to the world with pride, sustainable regional
development that fuses the urban and the rural should be promoted.
8. References
Harashina K., Takeuchi K. and Arifin H.S. (2003). Toward restructuring for
sustainable regional ecosystems in the humid tropics. In: Hayashi Y., Manuwoto S.
and Hartono S. (eds.), Sustainable Agriculture in Rural Indonesia, Gadjah Mada
University Press, Jogjakarta, 369-390.
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Howard E. (1902). Garden Cities of To-Morrow.
Ishida Y. (2004). 1868-2003Development of
Japanese Modern and Present Urban Planning. .
2007. Report
on National Comprehensive Development Plan.
Koshizawa A. (1988). Urban Planning in Manchukuo.
.
Takeuchi K. (2004). Scheme for
rehabilitating natural environment in urban region. , 21, 8-11.
Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Industrial and Labor
Affairs(2008). Guideline for
town planning integrating agriculture and farmland.
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Keynote Speech
Supporting Urban Innovation
Rauch S
1
, Morrison GM
2
Water Environment Technology, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Chalmers University of Technology
41296 Gteborg, Sweden
1. sebastien.rauch@chalmers.se;
2. greg.morrison@chalmers.se
Abstract
Todays urban population of over 3 billion is projected to increase to nearly 6 billion
by2050.
Developing nations will account for 90% of this growth with an alarming increase in
urban poverty and slum population. Behind this unprecedented growth lies one of
humanitys greatest challenges and yet our best hope of achieving global
sustainability.
How do we create sustainable urban futures for 6 billion? Current urban conditions
and projected trends in both developing and developed regions indicate that we cannot
only rely on contemporary practices. Innovative urban practices must be developed to
provide local solutions and universities have an opportunity to contribute the
development of such practices. In this presentation we will describe efforts by AGS
universities to develop new thinking around urban futures. In 2008-09, the AGS is
organising a series of seminars and meetings aimed at enganging researchers at
partner and associated universities in the area of urban futures. All the seminar will be
made available online on the AGS website (currently at www.agschalmers.se). This
initiative points to 3 priorities for sustainable urban futures:
- the improvement of existing urban systems and infrastructures;
- the integration of sustainability into new cities and buildings;
- the eradication of poverty through good governance.
It is clear that all 3 priorities require an integrated understanding of urban systems and
universities can contribute to this understanding through transdisciplinary research
integrating all relevant disciplines and performed in collaboration with societies and
governments. The scale of trandisciplarinity and the need to develop new interactions
with societies remain however a major challenges that may be overcome by the
creation of participatory platforms and multi-dimension capacity building.
Keywords: Urban Futures, AGS seminars,. challenges, innovations.
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Session 1: Urban Rural Systems
Openness of private green and vacant spaces within exclusive subdivisions
in the urban fringe of Asian large cities:
Some cases of Bangkok and Metro Manila
Hara Y
1)
1) Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S), The University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
e-mail: antares@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Abstract
Large-scale exclusive subdivisions in the form of gated communities have been emerging as a
dominant housing development pattern in the urban-rural fringe areas of Asian city regions.
The expansion of these subdivisions seems to be driven by regional unique factors such as
availability of large plots for development, landholding concentrations deeply rooted in land
tenure history, fear of crime, and so on. Controlling such a development pattern is almost out
of the current urban planning systems. Despite the fact that it is dominant pattern of housing
development, few previous studies have been conducted on spatial and social structures of
exclusive subdivisions; in particular, from the viewpoint of urban greenery. Each subdivision
has resident-access only green spaces and plenty amount of vacant lots with tree and grass
covers, whereas rural origin agricultural fields exist outside of the wall as just neglected by
subdivision residents. In this preliminary study, I focused on subdivision-dominant districts in
the suburbs of Bangkok and Metro Manila, and investigated spatial characteristics as well as
residents uses of in-subdivision green spaces. Bangkok case study showed that in-subdivision
green spaces are recently well prepared by a developer, however not well utilized by residents.
Metro Manila case study revealed that there are many vacant lots inside subdivisions utilized
agriculturally by caretakers. Further case studies are needed to categorize in-subdivision green
spaces according to openness and to define a concept of private urban green spaces over
urban parks. Development of such a concept might contribute to elaborating proper greenery
management schemes for Asian city region.
Keywords: Urban green space, Subdivision, Gated community, Urban agriculture, Openness
1. Introduction
In numerous Asian large cities, urbanization has been proceeding rapidly toward suburban
agricultural areas, and broad urban-rural mixed land use is emerging. An area facing land-use
mixture tends to have several environmental and social problems such as urban land use
expansion without basic infrastructures, deterioration of fragmented farmlands, social conflict
between urban and rural residents, and so on. To tackle with these problems, improvement of
living environments through preservation and creation of urban green spaces is needed
(Yokohari et al. 2000). Urban green spaces in suburban residential districts in Japan consist of
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Session 1: Urban Rural Systems
various greeneries including forest around shrine and temple, pocket parks, street trees, plant
hedges, etc.. These greeneries have their unique histories in holding and use. Some of them
are originated from rural landscape components in pre-urbanization period; others are created
through public projects or efforts of local residents themselves. In order to improve residential
environment, we need to develop not only measure for promoting individual green component,
but also comprehensive green management scheme (Koshizawa 1996).
In Southeast Asian cities, however, development processes and land-use patterns in suburban
residential districts are quite different from Japanese cases. Prevailing housing development is
large-scale exclusive subdivision (Nishioka 1997) that is turned from large parcel farmlands
formed in the process of landholding concentration (Fig. 1). In these subdivisions,
surrounding high wall is constructed to clearly separate in-subdivision space from outer world
(Fig. 1). There is a gate with security guards at the entrance point from main road, restricting
non-residents outsiders to come in. Previous studies mainly focused on socio-cultural changes
in subdivision-dominant districts from sociological viewpoint (Tanate and Omura 2004;
Kawahara et al. 2008), whereas few studies have been conducted on detailed spatial structures
of in-subdivision lots and open spaces, and its residents uses. It is also vague that what kinds
of the functions residents expect to urban green spaces in Southeast Asian cities under tropical
monsoon climate, which might be different from those in temperate cities where modern
urban planning concept has been developed. Hence we first need to accumulate case studies
on detailed spatial and social structures of exclusive subdivisions in Southeast Asian cities. In
this preliminary study, I focused on subdivision-dominant districts in the suburbs of Bangkok
and Metro Manila, and investigated spatial characteristics as well as residents uses of in-
subdivision green spaces.
Figure 1. Examples of exclusive subdivisions showing strict ID check at the gate.
2. Materials and methods
Case studies for both Bangkok and Metro Manila were carried out based upon field surveys.
First I visited several governmental and institutional agencies related to land development to
acquire basic data for investigating open spaces inside subdivisions such as aerial photographs
with a scale of approximately 1:6000, digital vector base maps with a scale of approximately
1:4000, zoning maps, law and ordinance articles, and so on. Semi-structural interviews were
conducted with government officials who were responsible to permit housing developments.
Then I selected one sample subdivision-dominant district in the suburban area of each city,
and visited subdivision offices to get permission for survey inside. In subdivisions, per-lot
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Session 1: Urban Rural Systems
land-use investigations using the vector base map were conducted as focusing on open spaces;
private green spaces and vacant lots. I also made qualitative interviews with permanent and
temporal inhabitants (explained in detail in the next chapter) who were living near to surveyed
open space lots. Questions addressed were; how and why do you utilize such open spaces
inside subdivisions? who do maintain such spaces? and who are main users? Interviews were
also conducted with developers on the following points; are there any standards, guidelines,
or legal frameworks for preparing in-subdivision open spaces? How did you decide design of
open spaces? Finally on the basis of the both results of per-lot spatial survey and interviews
conducted, discussion would be addressed to the relationships between spatial patterns of in-
subdivision open spaces and users social characteristics in consideration of openness of
private property spaces.
3. Results and discussion
Figure 2 shows spatial distribution of subdivisions in khet (ward) SaiMai, sample district for
the Bangkok case study. Figure 3 shows ratio in area of green spaces within each subdivision.
According to Figure 2, it is supposed that subdivisions are major land development style in
SaiMai district. Such developments are carried out based on Land Appropriation Act by the
Department of Lands in the Ministry of the Interior. In 1972 when this Act was first enforced,
there was a section for promoting to prepare green spaces inside a subdivision without any
numerical settings in area and facilities needed. In 1987, the supplementary provisions were
added. This said that an in-subdivision green space must be prepared with an area of more
than 1600 m
2
as well as 5% of a total subdivision area. It also stated that design of a green
space should be matched to the purposes of uses by residents, such as outdoor exercises.
Under the Act, developers have to submit the project proposal of subdivision developments to
the Department of Lands in the Ministry of the Interior and the office of the district that their
projects in. Then after getting permission, they can start their developments. According to the
interviews with officials at the Department of Lands, actual procedures to give development
permission are entrusted to each district office without careful watching. It might cause weak
implementation in numerical targets of the Act (Fig. 3).
Figure 2 (left). Spatial distribution of subdivisions in SaiMai (Hoshikoshi et al. 2009).
Figure 3 (right). In-subdivision green space ratio (Hoshikoshi et al. 2009).
5%
0
10
5
1600
1600
Standard green space ratio to total area
of each subdivision = 5%
Subdivision with an area > 1600 m
2
Subdivision with an area < 1600 m
2
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Session 1: Urban Rural Systems
Active use of in-subdivision green space by residents was not well observed, while abandoned
playground equipments (Fig. 4) were well observed. Several residents said that it is because
of too hot climate to play outside. On the other hand it is also reported that the city parks
situated in the center of Bangkok are actively used in exercises during nighttime (BMA 2001),
showing relatively high demand for open spaces. There was no in-subdivision green space in
the study area utilized by non- resident outsiders. However, squatter shacks were sometimes
found in abandoned in-subdivision green spaces (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. Abandoned playground equipments (left) and squatters in abandoned in-subdivision
green spaces (right).
In the Metro Manila case study, barangay (smallest administrative district) Holy Spirit in
Quezon City was selected as sample district for investigation. Holy Spirit consists of seven
exclusive subdivisions that keep outsiders out. Inside these subdivisions, a lot of undeveloped
vacant lots were observed (Fig. 5). The standard for subdivision development is defined by
Presidential Decree 957, requesting a developer to prepare some of the common facilities for
residents including the club house for homeowners association and green spaces. Nevertheless
vacant lots occupy the majority of open spaces inside subdivision (Fig. 5).
Figure 5. Plenty of vacant lots as open
spaces in Holy Spirit (Furutani et al. 2009).
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Session 1: Urban Rural Systems
Agricultural utilization by caretaker is prevailing in such vacant lots. Caretakers are the
ones who are allowed with minimum wage or free by absentee landowners to temporarily live
in these speculative vacant lots on the condition that they manage the lot in order to avoid
illegal dumping and vegetation overgrowth. They look like squatters (Fig. 6) at first glance.
However, they can be accepted by homeowners association because they were guaranteed by
the landowners. According to interviews, caretakers mostly used to be housekeepers, drivers
or their relatives of the landowners, thereby ID clarified. Nevertheless their wage and working
conditions are similar to those of squatters who surely cannot be permitted by homeowners
association in terms of security. Regarding the fact that vegetables produced from these plenty
temporal agricultural plots are actually consumed by neighboring residents, it is possible to
integrate agricultural lot use into planning system. For instance, installation of new ID-clarify
systems by public agencies can be discussed.
Figure 6. Temporal agricultural lot use (right) by a caretaker (left).
4. Conclusions
Although this study is still in the process of data collection and analyses, it is supposed that
exclusive subdivisions are significant land development patterns, bringing indefinable type of
green spaces that are out of the current planning system. Further case studies are needed to
categorize in-subdivision green spaces according to openness and to define a concept of
private urban green spaces over urban parks. Development of such a concept might contribute
to elaborating proper greenery management schemes for Asian city region.
6. References
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) (2001). Park & Tree in the fiscal year 2001.
Bangkok, Thailand.
Furutani T., Hara Y., Murakami A., Palijon A.M. and Yokohari M. (2009). Organic waste
management and the potential of its local recycle use in the suburbs of Metro Manila. JILA
(forthcoming).
Hoshikoshi A., Hara Y., Kano Y., Okayasu T. and Takeuchi K. (2009). Distribution, amount
and institutional backgrounds of green spaces prepared within subdivisions in the urban fringe
of Bangkok. JILA (forthcoming).
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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Kawahara M., Dohi M. and Sugita S. (2008). A study on the actual conditions of gated
communities in Metro Manila. Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan, 43(3), 139-144
(In Japanese with English abstract).
Koshizawa A. (1996). From Green Masterplan to Green Fundamental Plan. Parks and
Open Spaces, 57, 13-19 (In Japanese).
Nishioka S. (1997). A study on the establishment of the exclusive habitation system in the
Philippines. Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan, 32, 517-522 (In Japanese with
English abstract).
Tanate K. and Omura K. (2004). Perceived living condition in the gated communities in
Metro Manila. Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan, 39(3), 379-384.
Yokohari M., Takeuchi, K., Watanabe, T. and Yokota, S. (2000). Beyond greenbelts and
zoning: a new planning concept for the environment of Asian mega-cities. Landscape and
Urban Planning, 47, 159-171.
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Session 1: Urban Rural Systems
Farmland Conversion and Sustainable City:
A Case of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Irham
1)
and Senthot Sudirman
2)
1) Master Program in Agribusiness, Gadjah Mada University
Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
e-mail: irhamsec2000@yahoo.com
2) College of National Land Affairs
Jl. Tata Bumi No.5, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55293, Indonesia
e-mail: sentot.sudirman@yahoo.com
Abstract
The objectives of the study are (1) to understand farmland use changes in the fringe
area of Yogyakarta, (2) to describe the farmland conversion and its conversion rate, (3) to
analyse factors affecting the farmland conversion, and (4) to find implications related to
sustainable city development in Yogyakarta.
The study shows that farmland has been intensively converted to other functions. The
most noticable change of farmland to non residential uses has been occurred in kota while the
agricultural land use change in the fringe areas mostly goes to residential purposes.
The result of regression analysis shows that population density, regional GDP and
number of housing developed have positive relation with land conversion. However, only
housing development has a significant effect on land conversion, hence, housing development
becomes the key factor of massive farmland conversion in Yogyakarta. The study suggests:
(a) housing development should be controlled strictly, (b) strict regulation and sanction
towards developers and district official including the decision makers sould be implemented,
and (c) incentives for the farmland owners needs to be provided, and (d) the need for
imposing a certain fixed farmland area in every subdistrict or village in order to secure food
sufficiency supported by strict government regulation.
Keywords: sustainable city, landuse changes, farmland conversion
1. Introduction
Sustainable city can not be apart from rural development as a necessary condition.
Harmonious relation between urban and rural becomes a sufficient condition towards a
sustainable city region. Therefore, protection of agricultural system as part of rural activities
should be of concern.
Although the growth and expansion of the city is inevitable, but effective land use
planning and policy is necessary to control the continuing conversion of farmland to other
uses. In the case of Yogyakarta, a number of reasons are supporting: (1) most of new
development of urban uses take place in areas of agricultural land; (2) farmland is a precious
resource where most of people activities are engaged; (3) the farmland is very fertile since
it comprises volcanic soils; (4) self-sufficiency in food production depends on sufficient
availability of farmland; and (5) loss of farmland is usually irreversible.
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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The most serious impact of farmland conversion is the loss of fertile land, threatening
the national food security. Intensive farmland conversion in Yogyakarta is resulted from the
ignorance of spatial ordinance and spatial development guidance that prohibits the use of
productive agricultural land especially irrigated land. Thus, the issue of preservation of
agricultural land should become a major focus of sustainable city development as urban
people highly dependant on the availability of farm production.
The importance of such initiative is essentially based on two considerations. First, the
need to protect the nation's long term food producing capabilities because without an
adequate protection of agricultural land resources, the country will find difficulty to meet
the food needs for growing population especially in the city regions. Second, the growing
recognition of farmland's important aesthetic and "open space" attribute.
It goes without saying that the expansion of the city implies the encroachment on
farmland. Hence, the percentage of land under rural activities has been decreasing overtime.
The growth in population numbers, per capita incomes, new household establishment, and
construction activities are considered as the factors causing such a change. Consequently,
disharmonious relation between urban and rural starts to exist, then sustainable city will be
disturbed.
For these reasons, government authorities have to be concerned about the supply of
agricultural lands in the future. The search of methods to ensure adequate land has led to
mounting pressures on various levels of government to become involved in
preservation. Implementation of agricultural land preservation strategies, however, should not
only rely on the government initiative, but also from the community as a whole.
This paper aims at (1) understanding the farmland use changes in the fringe area of
Yogyakarta, (2) describing the farmland conversion and its conversion rate, (3) analysing
factors affecting the farmland conversion, and (4) finding implications related to sustainable
city development in Yogyakarta.
2. Materials and methods
Study Area
This study is conducted in Yogyakarta city and its fringe areas. The study area covers
municipality called Kota Yogyakarta (the city center); and two adjacent districts (as the urban
fringe area) namely Sleman district and Bantul district. For Kota Yogyakarta, only five out of
fourteen subdistricts that have agricultural land area are selected, namely Mantrijeron,
Mergangsan, Umbulharjo, Kotagede, and Tegalrejo subdistricts. There are also five out of
seventeen subdistricts for Sleman (Gamping, Mlati, Depok, Ngemplak, and Ngaglik) and
three out of eleven subdistricts in Bantul district (Banguntapan, Sewon, and Kasihan) are
selected as study areas.
Data use and method of analysis
Agricultural land data of different year are used to analyse the landuse changes.
Farmland converted to other uses data are used to analyse the conversion area and rate of
conversion. Agricultural land data were collected from Statistical Office, while farmland
converted to other uses were collected from District Land Board of Yogyakarta city, Sleman,
and Bantul.
To analyse any factors influencing land conversion, panel data combining time series
and cross section data are used in this study. The time series data comprise 5 years (2002-
4 3
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Session 1: Urban Rural Systems
2006) covering 5 subdistrits (kecamatans) in District of Sleman, namely Gamping, Mlati,
Depok, Kalasan, and Ngaglik. Those data were collected from different sources such as
Statistical Office and Housing and Infrastructure Office of Sleman District.
To test the factors influencing farmland conversion, regression analysis model is
employed. By using panel data, logarithmic regression equation model is constructed as
follow:
log Yit = 0 + 1 log X1it + 2 logX2it + 3 logX3it + it
i = 1,2,3,4,5
t = 1,2,3,4,5
Y = farmland conversion
X1 = population density
X2 = gross regional product
X3 = number of houses developed by developers
a. Selection model test
Three possible estimations approaches is tested, namely common fffect, fixed effect
dan random effect models. Common Effect Model (CEM) is used to estimate the data without
distinguishing individual and intertemporal differences. It is assumed that intercept and slope
are the same. It is considered that the characteristics of data is similar among subdistricts as
well as for different years. Fixed Effect Model (FEM) assumes that the intercept is the
different, but the slope is the same among subdistricts. Whereas Rondom Effect Model
(REM) assumes that each subdistrict has different intercept and the intercept is regarded as
random or stochastic variable. To determine the appropriate model between CEM and FEM,
significance F-test is used by using F-statistic as follow:
(RSSR-RSSUR)/ m
F-stat =
RSS UR / (n-k)
where RSSR = Residual Sum of Squares of Common Effect
RSSUR = Residual Sum of Squares of Fixed Effect
m = number of restriction in the model
n = number of observations
k = number of independent variables
Hausman test (h-test) is used to select the suitable model between FEM and REM. If
the value of h greater than its critical value (h > df = k, k = number of independent
variables), FEM is suggested, and vise versa.
b. Statistical tests
Statistical significance of coefficient test (t-test), goodness of fit test (R), and overall
explanatory variables test (F-test) are performed in order to get statistical interpretation of the
regression analysis results. Normality test (Jarque-Bera test), multicollenearity test
(correlation between independent variables), autocorrelation test (Durbin-Watson test), and
heteroskedasticity test (White Heteroskedasticity test) are also conducted in order to fulfill
classic assumptions of regression model.
3. Results and discussion
The density of population is a fairly good index for the measurement of the influence
of the city. Table 1 reveals a high variation in the density of population in different
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FIG.3: TRANSFORMATION OF POPULATION STRUCTURE IN A HOUSING ESTATE
4. A Case Study of a challenging suburban housing development
There is a famous new town for its unique concept as a not getting aged town in Chiba
prefecture which is located between Metropolitan Tokyo and Ibaraki prefecture. For this
concept, this project has received a prize from City Planning Institute of Japan in 1999.
FIG.3: LOCATION OF YUKARIGAOKA PROJECT FIG.4: AERIAL PHOTO OF YUKARIGAOKA
NEW-TOWN; THE DIFFERENCE OF THE
COLOR SHOWS THE DEFERENCE OF
DEVELOPMENT METHOD
This new town has started to be developed in 1977. According to the interviews with the
developers, from the beginning of the development, this town has been developed within a
limitation of the number of the newly-built houses. The maximum number of new houses in a
year is 200. It means that this new-town has been grown gradually or very slowly.
Though more than 30 years have passed since 1977, the development of his new-town has not
finished yet. The targeted number of this projects population is 30000, but the population is
only 13,000 now. And also the targeted number of this projects area is 245ha, but the
developed area is only 158ha now. This new-town is now under the process of development.
The fig.5 shows the transformation of the composition of the population in this town.
9 3
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Session 2: City Regional Forms
FIG.5:TRANSFORMATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION IN YUKARIGAOKA NEW-
TOWM
We can understand that there is a figure of a camelback. But as the time has passed, the part
between two peaks has getting increased. This is implying that this new-town would not
become a aged new-town as the examples shown above.
According to the interviews, every year the developer has an annual meeting about the
strategy about the development type for the year. In this meeting they discuss about the types
of housing as shown in fig.6. If they use detached housing for a development, many parents
in the age of around 35 tend to be the buyers. On the other hand, if they select the collective
housing type for a development, comparatively younger families tend to be the residents.
FIG.6: SOME BUIDING TYPES ADAPTED TO CONTROLE THE POPULATION STRUCTURE
5. Conclusions
To realize the concept of not getting aged town, the limitation of the number of newly-built
houses in a year, and the selection of the building types of the houses for the year are the two
major method of controlling the composition of the new-town.
These two methods could be adapted to other existing suburban new-towns with many vacant
lots to avoid to become an aged new-towns.
9 4
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Session 3: Water Management
Infectious Risk Assessment with Exposure to Pathogens in the Flood Water
assessment of vulnerability of urban area to climate change
(Case Study of Manila)
Tran Thi Viet Nga
1)
and Kensuke Fukushi
2)
1) TGIS, IR3S, the University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654 Japan
e-mail: nga@ir3s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
2) TGIS, IR3S, the University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654 Japan
e-mail: fukushi@ir3s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
1. Introduction
Metro Manila is the social, economic and political core of the Philippines. One of the most
serious problems it encounters is the perennial flooding. Metro Manila area is in a tropical
monsoon climatic zone, and the combination of typhoons and other climatic conditions with
geographical factor of situating 0 meters above sea level causes frequent flooding. Further,
rapid urbanization, poor capacity of river channels and drainage facilities, poor maintenance,
growing informal settlers, institutional problems and financial restraints exacerbate the flood
situation (JICA, 2001).
9 5
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Session 3: Water Management
Figure 1. Map of Manila Metropolitan Administration and the study area. This map was
created by displaying polygons of district boundaries in ArcMap 9.2.
Many studies before presented evidences from a prospective epidemiologic microbiologic
study that there are measurable health effects associated with swimming activities in
contaminated surface waters. Cabelli (1982) reported that the swimming-associated illness
was an acute, relatively benign gastroenteritis which had a short incubation period and
duration. In the flood season, people may pose to a higher risk of infection with waterborne
pathogenic than usual because of more frequent and intense contact with water that may have
been severely polluted.
This study aims to characterize and quantify the human health risks associated with exposures
to pathogen present in the flood water. In this analysis, exposure scenarios according to
inundation levels were developed in which direct and indirect contact with water was
assumed to occur. Probabilities of gastrointestinal infection were estimated based on
established dose-response relationships for indicator pathogen (E. coli) to be present in the
flood water. The study area was City of Manila (or simply Manila), with population of
1,158,117 persons, as of May 2000.
A key factor in determining health risks involved in exposure of pathogens in surface water is
the volume of water that is being swallowed. To date, no studies have estimated volumes of
accidental digestion of a person living in the flood zone. We therefore have taken the
recommendation of US-EPA for the exposure during swimming/wading for different group of
ages. And we assumed that residents do not evacuate or move to other place when flooding
occurs. Since we dont have any field data to prove our assumptions, the estimated results
might be over- or underestimated.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Data
In this study, we used the data provided by JBIC to create maps of population density, status-
quo of inundation and calculate risk assessment. These data include barangay boundaries of
Metro Manila as of 2003 with the barangays in City of Manila grouped together by District;
statistics of population based on the census conducted by the National Statistics Office in
2000; and the GRID data of inundation scenarios
2.2 GIS
The Software ArcGIS 9.2 of Environment Research Institute US (ERSI) was used to match
population with boundaries districts. The newly created shapefile contains the district
boundaries of City of Manila as of 2000 and matched population in 2000. Based on this
shapefile, the population density (people/hectare) map was created. The GRID data of
inundation was used to create the inundation map. We used the minimum level (in meters) of
status-quo 2003 to present the map. The risk assessment was calculated to different exposure
scenarios according to inundation levels. Then, these results were matched with the
inundation map to create a new map of potential risks at relevant locations.
2.3 Exposure Scenarios
9 6
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Session 3: Water Management
A human health risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the risk associate with pathogen
(E.coli) exposure in the flooding areas for the following scenarios: (1) Inundation depth of 0-
50 cm; (2) Inundation depth of 50-100 cm; and (3) Inundation depth of 100-200 cm, and (4)
Inundation depth of above 200cm. These scenarios are chosen based on human behavior
(Flood Fighting Act, Japan, 2001):
Table 1: Classification of inundation depth
Level Inundation depth Human behavior
I 0-50 cm most houses will stay dry and it is still possible to
walk through the water
II 50-100 cm there will be at least 50 cm of water on the ground
floor
III 100-200 cm the ground floor of the houses will be flooded
IV > 200 cm both the first floor and often also the roof will be
covered by water.
Note: Classification based on Flood Fighting Act, Japan, 2001
There are different vulnerabilities, experiences, coping behavior and responses to flooding
among various groups of people due to gender, aging, job, lifestyle and standard. Because of
the limitation of data, here the analysis focuses on the age factor. The population of Manila
was divided in to four groups, namely a) less than 4 year-old, b) from 5 -14 year-old, c) from
15-59 year-old and d) above 60 year-old, based on the census conducted by the National
Statistics Office in 2000 (NSO, 2000). Daily activities and behaviors of each groups of age
then were examined and studied through literature to determine the amount of time people
would spend in water if a flood event happens.
Figure 1. Distribution of age in Metro Manila
Sourse: NSO, 2000 Census of Population and Housing
In this study, E. coli concentration in flood water was use to evaluate the risk and the
exposure route was assumed to be ingestion. Default ingestion intake values were derived
from US-EPA Risk Assessment Guidance of Superfund (RAGS). For each exposure scenario,
risk was first calculated for a single exposure event.
This scenario presents direct contact with flood water during walking on the road. For the
purposes of this assessment, it was assumed that in one day the total amount of time spent
outdoors for the age group of less than 4, from 5-14, from 15-59 and over 60 year old are 2, 4,
(1) Inundation depth of 0-50 cm
11 %
19 %
64 %
6 %
0-4 year-old
5-14 year-old
15-59 year-old
over 60 year-old
9 7
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Session 3: Water Management
4, and 1 hour, respectively, with the assumption that 50% of the total outdoor time would
spent in water. Since the inundation depth is less than 50 cm, it is likely that water-contact
activities would only occur during walking in the flooded streets.
Potential routes of pathogen exposure is indirect ingestion of flood water as result of hand-to
mouth activities. Hand to mouth transfer maybe significant for baby group (< 4-year old) who
spend time playing with water. In this analysis, the mean incidental ingestion rate was
assumed to be 50 mL/hour for baby (less than 4 year old) and 10 mL/hours for kid (5-14), and
adult ( 15-59, and over 60 year old). These values are derived from US-EPS risk Assessment
Guidance for Individuals Exposed to Surface Water during Wading.
At this inundation depth, it is likely that people would be in water whenever they go out . It
therefore was assumed that 100% of total time spend outdoor would be spent in the water.
The potential route of exposure is the same as above, e.g. indirect ingestion through
moving/walking in flood water. Other than that, the flood water would have been used for
bathing or washing personal belongings.
(2) Inundation depth of 50-100 cm
In this scenario, the water contact time was assumed to be the same as the scenario (2) since
waters were everywhere. However, at this inundation depth, it is likely that people would
have to swim or do swim-like activities during commuting. Because the kids would have
opportunity to play/swim in water and repeat exposure events in one day, it was assumed that
incidental ingestion of flood water could be considerable higher than that experienced by
other group of age. Some papers indicated that non-adults ingest about twice as much water as
adults during swimming activities (Dufour, 2006). In this assessment, the incidental ingestion
rate as assumed to be 100mL/hours for childs, and 50mL/hour for adults.
(3) Inundation depth of 100-200 cm
At this depth, both the first floor and often also the roof will be covered by water.. With high
frequency of contact with water by people living in flooded house, it was assumed that
incidental ingestion of flood water could be considerably higher compared to usual swimming.
For the purpose of this assessment, it was assumed the ingestion rate was 200 and 100
mL/hour for kid and adult group respectively.
(4) Inundation depth of above 200cm
2.4 Dose-response Relationship
The following equation was used to calculate the single-exposure illness rate (Hass, 1989) for
E.coli
Risk = 1 [1+ (D/ N
50
)(2
1/
-1)]
-
With Risk= probability of infection
N
50
=medium infectious dose
: slope parameter
C
r
o
w
L
H
l
o
H
l
b
l
L
l
o
o
** **
**
*
*
Mortality (%) Growth inhibition (%) Mortality (%) Growth inhibition (%)
Fig. 1. Results of toxicity test of road dust manipulated with whole-sediment TIE method:
MeanS.E.(n=3). Growth inhibition was determined by the length increment in comparison to the results
in Baseline (not the reference sediment). * and ** indicate significant difference between adsorbents
treatment and Baseline (t test, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01).
3.2. Urban river sediment
Three of the eight urban river sediment samples showed lethal toxicity to the ostracod (Fig.
2(a)), but none of the three adsorbents reduced the mortality. Growth inhibition was observed
in all the eight samples, and the addition of the carbonaceous adsorbent Ambersorb-572
suppressed the growth inhibition in the five of the samples (Fig. 2(b)). This indicates that
hydrophobic substances in these sediments might inhibit the growth of the ostracod. However,
in the samples at St.1, 2 and 6, the adsorbents reduced neither the mortality nor the growth
inhibition. Therefore we could not identify the major cause of the toxicity in these sediments
and needed a modification of the procedure of TIE.
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Poster Session
0
20
40
60
80
100
St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.6 St.7 St.8
M
o
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
(
%
)
**
**
*
**
* *
0
20
40
60
80
100
St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.6 St.7 St.8
G
r
o
w
t
h
i
n
h
i
b
i
t
i
o
n
(
%
)
** * **
**
**
** *
** **
*
*
(a) Mortality
(b) Growth inhibition
Baseline Zeolite Ambersorb Chelex Baseline Zeolite Ambersorb Chelex
Fig. 2. Results of toxicity test of urban river sediments manipulated with whole-sediment TIE method:
(a) Mortality. (b) Growth inhibition: MeanS.E.(n=3). * and ** indicate significant difference between
adsorbents treatment and Baseline (t test, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01).
4. Conclusions
The road dust caused high mortality of the ostracod, and whole-sediment TIE method
using Ambersorb, Chelex, and zeolite could reduced the mortality. Growth inhibition was
only reduced by the addition of Chelex. It suggested that the cationic metals were the
major toxicants of road dust.
Three of the eight urban river sediment samples showed lethal toxicity to the ostracod, but
none of the three adsorbents reduced the mortality of the ostracod. On the other hand, the
growth inhibition was observed in all the samples, and hydrophobic substances were
suspected as the cause of the growth inhibition in the five samples. But the guideline
procedure of TIE did not give a successful result in the other three samples.
5. References
Ankley G. T. and Schubauer-Berigan M. K. (1995). Background and overview of current
sediment toxicity identification evaluation procedures. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress
and Recovery (Formerly Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health), 4(3). 133-149.
Belgis Chial, Guido Persoone (2002). Cyst-based toxicity tests XIV - Application of the
ostracod solid-phase microbiotest for toxicity monitoring of river sediments in Flanders
(Belgium). Environmental Toxicology, 17(6), 533-537.
2 3 2
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Poster Session
Burton G A Jr (1992) Sediment Toxicity Assessment, Lewis publishers inc.
Ho K. T., Burgess R. M., Pelletier M. C. et al (2002). An overview of toxicant identification
in sediments and dredged materials. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(4), 286-293.
Koto city (2005). Environment of Koto city (text in Japanese).
MicroBioTest Inc., Ostracodtoxkit F
TM
. http://www.microbiotests.be/product.htm
Murakami M., Nakajima F., Furumai, H. (2008). The sorption of heavy metal species by
sediments in soakaways receiving urban road runoff. Chemosphere, 70(11), 2099-2109.
US-EPA (2007) Sediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) Phase I, II, and III
Guidance Document. EPA/600/R-07/080.
Watanabe H., Nakajima F., Furumai H. (2006). Toxicity assessment of urban river sediment
contamination using bioassay with ostracod. Abstracts, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, The
43
rd
environmental engineering forum, Hakodate, Japan, pp.148-150 (text in Japanese).
Watanabe H., Nakajima F., Kasuga I., Furumai H. (2008). Toxicity characterization of urban
river sediments using bioassay with ostracod. Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment,
31(11), 671-676. (abstract in English, text in Japanese).
2 3 3
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Poster Session
Examination of Maintaining Method of the Gravel Bed River Channel
Hiroaki FUJIMORI
1)
and Takeyoshi CHIBANA
2)
1) Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
e-mail: fujimori@hydra.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
2) Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
e-mail: chibana@hydra.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Abstract
Due to overgrowth of exotic plants, indigenous plants on gravel riverbank such as Aster
kantoensis are in danger of extinction. Originally, gravel riverbank which is suitable for
Aster kantoensis had been sustained by flood, but the change of flow regime and
channel morphology altered the riverbank condition. However, the method how to
restore the sustainable gravel riverbank is not well clarified. In this study, by referring
physical environment of the trace of main (or sub) stream line, I call it water pass trace,
in different sites, we examined the suitable condition of riverbank which can be utilized
by Aster kantoensis and be sustained by natural flood. At first, water pass trace can be
classified into several types based on their forming process. Consequently, we clarified
that the sustainable gravel riverbank can be created even on a flood plain that is densely
covered with exotic tree. In the riverbank, gravel river bed with some silt underneath
open work gravel layer that is a good habitat for Aster kantoensis can be created on the
riffle of the water pass trace without too big gravel.
Key Words: water pass trace, gravel riverbank, Aster kantoensis
1. Introduction
In an alluvial river, typical scenery is alternate gravel bars or multi gravel bars. Nowadays,
however, due to invasion of exotic species, gravel banks have lost bare gravel land and habitat
for indigenous species on them. It is said that this change happened because of human impacts
in a river channel; extraction of gravels for the use of construction material in 1960s,
construction of dams and embankments for flood control etc.
Aster kantoensis is one of sacrificial indigenous species which originally inhabited gravel
bank of only some parts of alluvial rivers (for example, the Tama-river) in Kanto area or the
Abe-river in Tokai area. Now Aster kantoensis is listed as endangered species in Red-Data
book, because their habitat has been invaded by exotic plants.
In the Tama-river basin, administrator, academic experts, and residents who are interested in
Aster kantoensis perform voluntary conservation activities to conserve it
1)
. This activity has
increased the number of Aster kantoensi. That is not only for Aster kantoensis but also for
original tama-rivers environment. Because Aster kantoensis is the Tama-rivers indigenous
plants, existence of Aster kantoensis in the river prove the soundness of the river. Aster
2 3 4
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Poster Session
kantoensis can be the symbol and the characteristics of the Tama-river. However, it is difficult
to continue and expand this activity because of the limitation of human resources and budget.
Before recovering the soundness of whole river basin, first thing to do as emergency measure
is retaining the habitat of Aster kantoensis with little human effort. Therefore, restoration of a
part of river bank was started to be examined.
2. Materials and methods
On an alluvial fun which provides habitat for Aster kantoensis, there are various types of
gravel bar environment. In some parts, the river bed is covered with silt, but in some other
parts, plants propagate, and in some other parts, bare gravel riverbed is retained. During field
observation to understand the outline of river banks, we found there are some traces of main
streamline, hereinafter called WPT (water pass trace), during previous flood on the river bank
of low flow channel. It can be assumed that the flood stream must have concentrated there.
On surface of the WPT, there is bare gravel surface without any plants. But some of that have
silt-covered surface, which exotic species easily invade in. And also, even on flood plains,
sometime we can see the WPT.
As mentioned above, we examined the method how to remain the habitat of Aster kantoensis
first. To remain the bare gravel surface with little human effort, it is important to use the
power of flood event effectively. Thus we considered that this WPT should be referred as the
measure to retain bare gravel riverbed.
Fig 1. five type of WPT From Left to right, A,B,,E
A: Kanna-river Sta.1 B: Aki-river C:Asa-river D: Kannariver Sta.2 E: Kannariver Sta.3
Kanna-river belongs to Ara-river basin. Aki-river & Asa-river belong to Tama-river basin.
Fig.1. shows the target sites. There seemed to be some types of WPT. Fig.1.A is multiple bar
type. During recession period of flood, stream pattern sifts from multiple flows to alternate
flow, and then one flow trail of multiple flows dried up to be WPT. Longitudinal length tends
to be long because it corresponds to the length of the gravel bar. B type is drop structure type.
On a drop structure, flow is dispersed and in lower reach, multiple stream paths are made.
One of the stream paths dried up after flood to be WPT. C type is riffle-side type. This type is
one of some stream paths of a riffle and is dried up when the water level is low. Longitudinal
length is relatively short, which corresponds to the length of a riffle. D type is embankment-
convergence type. During flood, stream line concentrates the side of the embankment or the
side of flood plain to erode the riverbed. E type is irrigation channel. It was made on flood
plain for the agricultural use.
2 3 5
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Poster Session
We performed field observations on A-E sites with the exception of D and one unclear WPT
on a flood plain (F type: Trace of stream line inside exotic forest on a flood plain) in the
Tama-river. A, B and C are inside low flow channel, E and F are on flood plain.
Comparing five WPTs, we tried to gain the knowledge how to remain bare gravel riverbed.
Our observation contents are following four factors.
*Longitudinal profile along the center of trace of main stream line
*Cross sectional shape
*Bed material (silt or gravels)
*Weight of open work gravel layer per unit area
3. Results and discussion
In this chapter, first half elucidates the characteristics of WPTs on low flow channel, and last
half elucidates the characteristics of WPTs on flood plain.
A type: multiple bars type
The average slope, 1/105, was little
steeer than river bed slope around here,
1/250. There are nick points in the Fig 2.
showing the longitudinal profile. These
changes of slopes show the existence of
the riffle-pool structure even in a dried
water course on the dry riverbed. The
slopes of steep part (sect6-sect5 and
sect4-sect3) are about 1/53-1/100, which
corresponds to average slope of riffle.
Based on the longitudinal profile and on-site observation, sect 7 and sect 4 are considered to
be a flat riffle that is a flat and shallow
area. And at sect 6, which correspond to
a riffle, surface was covered by silt
trapped by plants. Although Sect 5 is
the transition from a riffle to a pool and
its surface is covered by gravels. Lower
reach from sect 3 was under water
(rhombus marks show the water level).
B type: drop structure type
Slope of upper, steep side is 1/25(sect 8-
sect5). Sect 5-sect4 is -1/40. Lower
reach is 1/5018, almost flat. This trend is
similar to that of topography which is
made just lower side of a drop structure.
That mean just lower side of a drop
structure, there continues a very steep,
short riffle and, after that, wide, deep
pool appears
2)
.
Bed material of the upper reach (sect8-
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
longitudinal distance[m]
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
h
e
i
g
h
t
[
m
]
sec1
sec7
sec5
Fig 2. longitudinal profile of A type WPT
Fig 3. panoramic view
of A type
Fig 4. panoramic view of
B type
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 50 100 150
longitudinal distance[m]
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
h
e
i
g
h
t
[
m
]
sec1
sec8
sec5
Fig 5. longitudinal profile of B type
2 3 6
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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sect5) was coarse. On the other hand,
surface of lower reach was covered by
silt. Silt accumulated because flow
dispersed there and silt was trapped
among gravels. Another reason of the
silt deposition here is that flood water
submerged to undersurface. And at
surface, silt accumulated (Fig 8. White
circle shows the place of silt
accumulation.).
C type: riffle type
Average slope, 1/100, is relatively
steeper than avarage river slope around
here. Slope becomes gradually milder in
the downstream direction. This shape is
like a riffle.
Surface was covered by gravels all over
the WPT. Open gravel layer is not
thicker than that of water course
because, during low flow period, there is no flow which can remove silt away
3)
.
Especially side of this WPT, poaceae plants existed. This was because of the effect of trap by
large gravels of riffle
4)
.
From above three types of WPT, WPTs have riffle-pool structure. And the surface of riffles &
pools is covered by gravels. A flat riffle is covered by silt.That means, during decreasing
period of flood, on pool & riffle, flow goes parallel with riverbed and do not accumulate silt.
On the other hand, on a flat riffle, flow
submerges under the surface of riverbed
and surface gravels trap the silt
suspended in water. During period of
normal water level, because of no flow
which can covey silt, silt on flat shallow
does not decrease the thickness. And
open gravel layer on riffle does not
become so thin.
Surface of riffle can be suitable habitat
for Aster kantoensis
5)
if there is not
seeds trap by the gap of gravel.
E type: agricultural channel
This long channel which has 1014m
length was used for irrigation and
abandoned. Slope is 1/194, relatively
milder than surrounding river bed slope.
Because of the mild slope, surface was
covered by finer gravels (not silt).
However, silt was hardly seen. Because
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 50 100 150
longitudinal distance[m]
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
h
e
i
g
h
t
[
m
]
sec1
sec5
sec10
sec11
Fig 6. longitudinal profile of C type
Fig 7. panoramic view
of C type
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 250 500 750 1000
longitudinal distance[m]
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
h
e
i
g
h
t
[
m
]
sec5 sec10
sec15
sec20
sec25
sec30
sec34
Fig 9. longitudinal profile of E type
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15
|m|
|
m
|
cross
distance[m]
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
h
e
i
g
h
t
[
m
]
Fig 10. cross profile of E type
Fig 8. submerging
during flood decreaseing
period on flat riffle
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this WPT is artificial channel, width is
narrow and both shoulders are sheer as
Fig 10. shows, flow which can convey
finer gravels did not disperse.
F type: WPT with remaining plants on a
flood plain
Slope is 1/196 and is not so mild,
comparing to average river slope
around there.
In this WPT, fine sand is trapped thickly
on surface (thickness is shown in Fig.13.
as lines connected below to longitudinal
profile). However, this sand is relatively
coarser than silt accumulating on the flat
riffle of WPT in low water channel. So
the reason why coarser sand was trapped
is because of plants trapping and wide
and shallow cross-sectional shape.
There are many studies about trap of silt
by vegetations
6)
. As Fig 14. shows,
cross-sectional shape was shallow and
wide. That means flow dispersed and
traction force weaken.
From above two WPTs, it can be said
that gravel riverbed can be retained
even on a flood plain that is much
higher than the low flow channel.
Furthermore, from the view point of
sustainability, it can be said gravel riverbed on flood plain is more stable than that on low
flow channel which is dynamically changed by flood.
4. Conclusions
WPTs have riffle-pool structure. On surface of riffles, thin open gravel layer which is suitable
habitat for Aster kantoensis is created. However, if the slope is too steep, poaceae seeds are
trapped in the gap of big gravels. Inside pools in such WPT, open gravel layer is created.
However, silt accumulates thickly in flat riffles.
Even on a flood plain, bare gravel riverbed can be retained. In such case, if WPT has
longitudinally line shape and enough depth about 1 to 2m, good habitat can be created. Slope
of the channel need not to be too steep.
From these points, gravel riverbed can be restored on flood plain by referring natural WPT.
The slope should not be too mild (that induce silt accumulation) nor too steep (that induce
poaceae propagation).
Fig 11. panoramic view
of E type
Fig 12. panoramic view
of F type
-1
0
1
2
3
-50 50 150 250 350 450
longitudinal distance[m]
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
h
e
i
g
h
t
[
m
]
sec1
sec5
sec9
Fig 13. longitudnial profile of F type
Fig 14. cross profile of F type
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
|m|
|
m
|
cross
distance[m]
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
h
e
i
g
h
t
[
m
]
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5. References
1) Study group of Tama-river in Society for the study of River Ecosystem, overall study of
Tama-river, 2006. (in japanese)
2) Chibana T., Mieno T., Tujimoto T., Charasteristic of Fish Habitat in a Pool Formed In
Front of A Drop Structue, Advances in RivereEngineering,VOL.11, pp.465-470, 2005.
3) Chibana T., Hayashi T., Miyake M., Relationship Between Characteristics of Sediment
Transport and Physical Environment in Riffles, Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology
and Water Resources, VOL.20, No.4, pp.362-372, 2007.
4) Tadokoro M., ChibanaT.,Mechanism of the settlement of vegetation seed on gravel bars,
Advances in RivereEngineering,VOL.12, pp.465-470,2006.
5) Ichizawa A., Haseoka S., Hatase A., Wada M., Abe S., Okuda S., A Study of restoration
and management of the floodplain vegetation in the Middlecourse of the Tama River,
Tokyu Foundation for Better Environment Report, TextNo.261, 2006
6) Tujimoto T., Kitamura T., Deposition of Suspended Sediment around Vegetated Area and
Expansion Process Vegetation, Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, JSCE, VOL.
40,pp.1003-1008,1996.
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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Industrial solid waste flows and recycling patterns of China: a case study in
Suzhou
MO Hongpin, WEN Zongguo and CHEN Jining
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University
SIEEB 1015 Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, 100084, China
E-mail: mhp02@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn
Abstract
China has launched a new strategy named circular economy in the face of resource
shortages related to fast industrialization, and reforming the currenet recycling patterns for
industrial solid waste and solving existed problems are important issues in this strategy. This
paper try to character the current industrial solid waste flows and their recycling pattern by
case study, a detailed field survey was carried out in Suzhou city of China, typical actors
throughout waste flow including generation, collection and recovery process and all related
local government bureaus were surveyed, waste flows of 3 typical wastes including copper
waste, E-waste, and textile waste were studied in detail to identify the impact factors to
recycling patterns. The main factors were found to be recovery value and waste generation
scale, which impact the recycling patterns and main actors of each industrial solid waste.
Furthermore, the problems of currenet waste flows were reviewed, and policy suggestions
were given according to the characteristics of different recycling patterns, including
establishment of an ERP system for potential dangerous waste, creating tax incentives to cut
down the value-added tax burden for recovery enterprises producing raw material, and
promoting R&D for more profitable recycling technologies for low profitable wastes.
Key wordsIndustrial solid waste, Copper waste, E-waste, Textile waste, recycling,
China
1. Introduction
Resources conservation and waste recycling is one of the most important issues in realizing
sustainable development. Because industries concentrate most of material cosumption,
industrial solid waste (ISW) plays the most important role in recycling. Developed countries
and regions have established their recycling pattern for various ISWs (Yoshida, 2007; Wei
and Huang, 2001; Tsai and Chou, 2004). After the past 3 decades of fast industrialization and
urbanization, China has become the world factory with tremendous resources demand and
ISW generation through production process, the ISW volume increased fast and reached
1515.41 million tons in 2006. (NBSC, 2008) (see Table.1).
Table.1 Solid waste generation situation
Million metric ton
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006
Industrial Solid Waste 1004.28 1200.30 1344.49 1515.41
Source: NBSC, 2008.
Meanwhile, because of the large demand for resources and potential profits for recycling,
recycling business has been developed for these ISWs. In 2007, 88.843 million tons of
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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recyclable waste were traded and recycled at a total value of 34.85 billion USD
[1
Table.2
]
(CNRRA,
2008), and detailed volume of each resource in 2007 are shown in .
Table.2 Main wastes recycling trade volumes of China in 2007
ISW Related waste Recycling volumes /million tons
Ferrous metals
Iron and steel Iron and steel waste generated from ferrous industry 43.1
Scrapped ships Scrapped ships 0.113
Scrapped automobiles Scrapped automobiles 1.68
Nonferrous metals
Copper Scrapped cables, E-waste, etching fluid 0.72
Aluminum Shattered aluminum, scrapped aluminum cables 0.96
Lead Shattered lead 0.46
Zinc Shattered zinc 0.54
Plastic packing waste, 10.23
Paper packing waste, office waste 27.65
Rubber
Renovation of tires Scrapped tires 0.285
Reclaimed rubber Scrapped tires, waste rubber shoes, waste latex,
waste butyl rubber, and etc
2.2
Renewed rubber powder Scrapped tires, waste rubber shoes, waste latex,
waste butyl rubber, and etc
0.25
Source: CNRRA, 2008
Basically, the current recycling patterns for ISW of China is essentially a free market
system operating with little government oversight, only cataloged hazardous wastes (HWs)
considered directly dangerous to human health and environment are well-supervised by
environmental protection bureaus (Duan et al., 2008). However, many other kinds of ISWs
are potentially dangerous and informal recycling treatment has caused serious environmental
and health problems in China (Leung et al., 2007; Huo et al., 2007). China is striving towards
a resource-conserving society and promoting circular economy, related laws and policies
are entering an accelerated legislative process as exemplified by the groundbreaking passing
of the Circular Economy Promotion Law in August, 2008. The current wastes flow of ISWs
should be carefully studied and reorganized to solve existed problems and promote resources
recycling.
This paper aims to character different ISW flows, and identify impact factors of the
patterns and current problems, some policy suggestions were given for further policy making.
Because of the large scale of China and variety of recyclable wastes, case study is adopted in
our study, Suzhou city is chosen as our case as a well-known manufacturing center in Chinas
Jiangsu province with a per capita GDP exceeding 12,200 USD. Due to well-developed
industries, tremendous ISWs in Suzhou and the local recycling business is correspondingly
mature, and will be more representative than those of other cities in China.
2. Methods
The studys research instruments included structured questionnaires, structured
interviews, and unstructured interviews. Structured questionnaires were completed by
supervisors at most enterprises surveyed. Within the collection system there are a great many
individual collection businesses which tend to be run by rural people, in many cases the lower
average educational attainment level of these people necessitated the questionnaire be
administered orally by an interviewer the structured interview. Lastly, for situations with
[1] The rate of exchange used in this study between USD and RMB Yuan is 7.5215, which was the
average exchange rate in 2007
241
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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respondents who could obviously provide significant information above and beyond that
collected by the questionnaire, such as with government supervisors, an unstructured
interview was also applied. The research respondent pool consisted of government
supervisors, manufacturing industry enterprises that generate waste, collection enterprises,
recovery enterprises, and individual collection businesses such as waste-pickers, itinerant
waste buyers and collection shops.
3 typical recyclable wastes were selected in this study for detailed analysis: copper waste,
textile waste, and E-waste, because these items have various characteristics, so that
charactering their waste flows is useful for analysis to the current problem, meanwhile, the
total generation volumes of these items in Suzhou are large because they are produced by the
main industries of the city.
3. Results and discussion
3.1The main actors in waste flow and recycling
The current waste flow is shown in Figure.1. The most important actors are collection
enterprises and recovery enterprises, which act as waste filters between industrial enterprises
and waste disposal systems. For the recyclable waste generated through consumption process,
collection shops and individual collection business collect and classify the recyclable wastes
contained in MSW and then sell them to the collection enterprises. HW is collected and
managed separately by qualified enterprises under government supervision and is not
discussed in this paper.
Waste Disposal System
Recycling System
Producing Process Sources
Industrial
Enterprises
Collection
Enterprises
HW
management
system
MSW
management
system
MSW HW
Recyclable
Waste
Recovery
Enterprises
Recyclable
Resources
Consumption Process Sources
Residents
MSW
Recyclable
Waste
Collection System
Individual
collection business
collection
shops
Unrecyclable
Waste
Figure.1 General waste flows in current recycling pattern
Detailed information of each actor are shown in Table.3 and Table.4.
Table.3 The information of relatively small actors
Actor
Individual Collection
Businesses
Collection Shops Small Recovery Enterprises
Main
Characteristics
Distributed in residential
areas, use human carriers such
as tricycles to collect the
recyclables from residents
Possession of relatively fixed
place of business, mostly in
residential areas, Majority own
small vehicles as a means of
transportation
Own some simple waste-
processing equipment, recover certain
type of wastes acquired (mostly
textile, plastic) to produce recyclable
wastes
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Recycling
Range
According to the
recycling range and price of
collection shops
According to the recycling
range of collection enterprises
usually only recycle a specific
type of waste with certain materials,
colors, specifications
Storage usually not
own small storage sites, usually
along with living area
own storage sites
Classificati
on
simple classification
relatively detailed classification
according to the recycling value
The classification is very strict
and often only recycle a specific type
of waste with certain materials,
colors, specifications
Scale/perso
ns
1-2 5-10 2-30
Supervisio
n
rarely rarely rarely
Table.4 The information of relatively large actors
Actor
Collection enterprises Recovery enterprises
producing raw materials
Recovery enterprises
producing new products
Main
Characteristics
active management mechanism,
with clerks in charge of looking for
sources of waste, usually get ISW
from industry enterprises, and sell it to
recovery enterprises
Large-scale enterprises
with professional waste-
processing equipment, usually
combined with raw material
producing enterprises
Large-scale enterprises with
professional waste-processing
equipment, production including
recyclable wastes and high value-
added products
Recycling
Range
usually focus on one or several
kinds of recyclable wastes
Only recycle a specific
type of waste
Only recycle a specific type
of waste
Storage
With a number of storage sites,
some big enterprises even have their
own terminal
own large storage sites to
maintain continuous production
own large storage sites to
maintain continuous production
Classificati
on
First classification for reuse,
remaining resources can be dismantled
and classified in accordance with
materials, colors, specifications
carefully
Different classification
according to material, but
usually only recover one
specific kind of waste
The classification is very
strict and often only accept a
specific type of waste with certain
materials, colors, specifications
Scale/perso
ns
20-100 more than 50 more than 50
Supervisio
n
Supervised by commercial
bureau, mostly tax registration
Tax registration and
Special permission for recycling
industry
Tax registration and Special
permission for recycling industry
3.2Typical ISW flows
ISW flows differ across wastes, to estimate the impact factors to recycling patterns, 3
typical kinds of recyclable wastes were analyzed in detail.
3.2.1 Copper waste
The waste flow of copper in Suzhou city is shown in Figure.2. The main sources of
copper waste are copper wiring and abandoned motors. Another significant but small source
is the copper waste from disassembled home appliances collected by collection shops and
individual collection businesses. Suzhou is a copper wire production hub and local production
resource demands greatly exceed supply. As a result, collection enterprises in the market also
operate branches in other regions to collect copper waste from neighboring provinces.
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residents
Copper waste
Collection shops
Disassemble &
classification
Copper waste
Industrial enterprises
different copper
waste
Collection enterprises
Re-smelting and
purification
Copper products
plants
Individual collection
business
Copper products
producing
Recovery enterprises
Disassemble &
classification
Figure.2 waste copper flow in Suzhou city
Collected copper waste is classified primarily by quality. Copper cables and enameled
wire must be separated from insulating materials such as plastic. Most collection companies
have purchased special machinery to separate the copper by physical means, which also
allows the plastic to be recycled. After separation, pure copper waste is sold to the recovery
enterprises where it is re-smelted to produce copper material, and then sold to cable plants
where it is processed into new copper wires or strips.
3.2.2 E-waste
The recycling route of appliances in Suzhou city is shown in Figure.3, and can be divided
into two parts: residential home appliances are mainly collected by individual collection
businesses and shops; office equipment used in enterprises, government, and other various
institutions is primarily collected by collection enterprises.
Enterprises
Scrapped office
equipment
Collection
enterprises
Reusable office
equipment
Unreusable waste
classification
Damaged components
Residents
Scrapped appliance
Appliance repairing
shops
Collection shops
Individual collection
business
Repair & assemble
Second-hand
appliance
Recovery enterprises
Reuse
Figure.3 E-waste flow in Suzhou city
Reuse is an important destination of used appliances in China as rural areas and low
incoming people are willing to buy or accept donated secondhand appliance. The majority of
the used appliances only need minor refurbishment before being sent to the secondhand
market. Those that are irreparably damaged are disassembled and recycled according to their
individual components.
3.2.3 Textile waste
The main route of textile waste recycling is shown in Figure.4.
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Small recovery
enterprises
High-tech
reproducing
High value
products
Textile waste
Individual collection business
Simple processing
Profession recovery
enterprises
non-woven fabrics
Polypropylene
classification
Cotton wastes
Polypropylene
granular
smelting
Small recovery
enterprises
Certain kinds of
textile waste
Figure.4 Textile waste flow in Suzhou city
The contents of textile waste are very complex including cottons, silk, various chemical
fibers, and mixed materials. For most textile industries, these raw materials are used together
and the wastes are mixed requiring labor-intensive classification work before recycling,
meanwhile, most sources of textile waste are small in scale. Because of these 2 reasons,
individual collection businesses and small recovery enterprises become the most important
actors because of its relatively low running cost. Various textile wastes are classified into
detailed groupings according to their materials, colors, and average piece size and recycled.
Cotton waste is converted it into cotton fibers and then produce non-woven fabrics.
Polypropylene fibers are classified according to color by individual collection businesses, and
then sent to small recovery enterprises and recovered into granular polypropylene through
washing and smelting. Generally, textile waste recycling has low profit margins with an
average profit rate lower than 0.01 USD per kg waste recycling, so that many recyclable
textile wastes were treated as MSW. However, this situation is changing with the market entry
of several professional recovery enterprises utilizing advanced technologies to produce high
valued-added products. For instance, Changshu Automobile Interior Parts Factory has
developed a technology which transforms fine cotton and polypropylene fibers into
automobile interior parts, such as the inner surfaces of doors. The arrival of these enterprises
and their higher profit margins enhanced the local recycling sector and some foreign textile
waste is now also being drawn into this recovery route.
3.3 Discussion and policy suggestions
3.3.1 The main impact factors of the recycling patterns
The impact factors of recycling patterns include value, variety, sources of waste
generation, batch scale, recovery technologies, density, labor cost, etc. The main
characteristics of 3 kinds of selected recyclable wastes are shown in Table.5.
Table.5 main characteristics of selected wastes
value variety main sources batch scale recovery process recycling pattern
copper waste high low production large simple Mostly formal
E-waste high high consumption medium complex Mixed
textile waste low high production small complex Mostly informal
However, according to our survey, the most important impact factors to the recycling
patterns are: 1) recovery value, 2) waste generation scale. Other factors affecting the recycling
patterns and system structures can be considered to interact with these 2 factors. For instance,
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complex variety will generate relatively small batch scale of recyclables, and high labor cost
will low down the values of recyclables.
High recovery value is conducive to establishing a sound market mechanism, especially
for wastes which can be easily recovered into industrial raw material such as copper and iron.
On the other hand, the value variation range is also an important factor for establishing a
market mechanism. For example, the value of E-waste varies according to type, quality, and
complexity as mentioned, so intensive classification work is needed to identify the detailed
value of each batch of waste. These values are often empirical and artificial, and this limits
the generation of large collection enterprises. Textile waste recycling suffers from similar
problems of complexity. In a word the recovery value acts as a key factor in shaping the
recycling pattern structure.
Waste generation scale is also an important recycling pattern factor. It is clear that large
generation scale fosters a large recycling market, which in turn leads to establishment of big
enterprises and overall development of recycling pattern. Even so, the underlying factor is the
detail scale of each specific type of recyclable resource intended for recovery. When detail
classification is simple, such as that of copper waste, the collection enterprises tend to be
large in scale, while for the recyclable wastes that require complex classification, the labor-
intensive classification work limits the scale of collection enterprises. For example, compared
with the metal recycling patterns for copper and iron, waste textile recycling is less developed
with individual collection businesses as the main actors and small manual disassemble and
recovering workshops as main recovery actors.
3.3.2 Suggestions for improving the current recycling pattern
As mentioned, China is building its policy system to promote resources recycling. It is
important to make use of the current recycling pattern, and to make necessary changes to
solve existing problems. Just as the recycling patterns differ among different types of
recyclable wastes, improving suggestions were given according to the characteristics of
different recycling patterns.
1) Establishing Extended Responsibility of Producer (ERP) system for the ISWs with
small generation scale and low recovery value but potential environmental risk
The recycling patterns for this kind of wastes are mostly informal and less developed,
lead to potential danger to environmental and human health, and various social problems. The
recycling of E-Waste is a typical example: rather than utilize environmental-friendly recovery
technologies, the current preferred recycling approach uses incineration and acid-treatment
despite serious environmental impacts and high health risks to the workers. The most practical
method is redistributing the responsibility of recycling. TheERP system may be the best
practical means for improving these problematic recycling patterns and avoiding the problems.
The producers should shoulder the responsibility for recycling their goods after lifecycle,
whether by directly recycling the waste or by subsidizing the resources recycling business,
and we suggest that the government needs to shift away from direct intervention with high
administrative costs, and supports the growth of an environmentally-friendly recycling
pattern.
2) Tax incentives to balance the ISWs recovered as raw material with high recovery
value and large scale
For the ISWs recovered as raw material, the most important limitation for resources
recycling is the misapplied value-added tax (VAT), especially for the metal recycling. This
kind of recycling is usually run by the raw material producing enterprises, these enterprises
can either get raw material from mining enterprises or recycling. The VAT burden is shared
by the mining enterprises if mine is adopted.but for the recycled wastes this burden is borne
by the enterprises alone, the reason is that, due to method of collection and small scales it is
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impossible to charge the VAT from residents, while for industry sources, recycling is
regarded as a waste management way, and most enterprises are unwilling to pay the VAT for
waste. Because of the high recovery value and large scale, VAT burden can be very huge,
to promote this kind of resources recycling, tax incentives should be introduced, and yet, as
raw material producing enterprises can utilize sources from both mining and recycling, a
reliable and accurate system is needed for calculating the detailed volume of each source.
3) Encouraging R&D for the ISWs with low recovery value
For the ISWs with low recovery value, traditional recycling technologies and methods
are not profitable, some resources are even treated as MSW. It is important to involve R&D
programs for these kinds of wastes, and most useful technologies include high added-value
products producing tech directly using wastes, energy saving tech in classification and
purification resources, trading system to overcome the information asymmetry.
4. Conclusions
The current ISW flow and recycling patterns in China is typical profit-driven. It has been
created wholly by market mechanisms with little government intervention. The development
level and main actors vary across different ISWs as the characteristics changes, the most
important impact factors are recovery values and generation scale.As China shifts from a high
resource consumption production mode to a circular economy mode in which resources are to
be reused and recovered to the maximum possible extent. Policy systems related to recycling
must be amended according to the characteristics of different ISWs, ERP system, tax
incentives, and R&D program will all play important roles in achieving this transformation.
5. Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (No.
2006BAC02A18 and No.2006BAK04A13). The field work was supported
by www.5Rchina.com.
6. References
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H Duan, QF Huang, Q Wang, BY Zhou, JH Li. (2008). Hazardous waste generation and
management in China: A review. J. Hazard. Mater., 158(2008), 221-227.
Huo X, Peng L, Xu X, Zheng L, Qiu B, Qi Z, Zhang B, Han D, Piao Z. (2007). Elevated
blood levels of children in guiyu, an electronicwaste recycling town in China. Environ. Health
Perspect., 115(7), 11131117.
Leung A, Cai ZW, Wong MH. (2006). Environmental contamination from electronic-waste
recycling at Guiyu, Southeast China. J. Mater. Cycles and Waste manage., 2006(8), 21-33.
National bureau of statistics of China (NBSC), (2008). China Statistical database.
<http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj> [accessed 12.01.09].
Tsai WT, Chou YH. (2004). A review of environmental and economic regulations for
promoting industrial waste recycling in Taiwan. Waste manage., 24(2004), 10611069.
Wei MS, Huang KH. (2001). Recycling and reuse of industrial wastes in Taiwan. Waste
manage., 21(2001), 93-97.
2 4 7
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Poster Session
Analysis of Climate Change Impact for sustainable development on
Citarum River Basin, Indonesia
Yutaka Araki
1)
1) Civil Engineering Department, The university of Tokyo
7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
e-mail: araki@hydra.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Abstract
Citarum River Basin (CRB) is located in West Java (fig.1) and most strategically important
river in terms of hydro-electricity, drinking water and irrigation. In addition to several
problems already existing such as acute water stress, Climate Change impact on water
resource management has to be concerned to achieve a sustainable development in this region.
Today, discussion of Climate Change is largely affected by Climate Model output. Many
Global Climate Models (GCMs) have already simulated future climate until 100 years later.
However, since Climate Model is still on the long way of developing and improving, the
projection results of Climate Models varies from model to model. Therefore it is not enough
to look 1 model projection result but it is much more reliable to analyze several models
projection results.
In this context, this study has focused on analysis on rainfall in CRB from the various model
projection results. Rainfall data is obtained from CMIP3 data set (Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project phase 3) which is archived in the University of Tokyo.
In addition to rainfall analysis, flood simulation in Citarum Upper Basin was carried out for
10-year-return-period flood under current climate and future climate 50 years later based on
the result of probable rainfall analysis.
From both analysis, it was confirmed that rainfall intensity will be severer and flood risk
will increase in the future in CRB in indonesia.
Keywords : Climate Change, Water Resource Management, Global Climate model, Rainfall,
Flood, Multi Model Comparison
1. Introduction
Citarum River Basin (CRB) is located in the province of West Java and covering a total of
about 13000km^2. CRB is the most strategic river basin in the Indonesia, with a population of
almost 28 million people in 2004. There are three hydroelectric dams located at irrigated
agricultural land is over 400,000 ha, producing 5% of the nations rice. The CRB also
supplies 80% of Jakartas raw water.
Citarum River has already several problems such as acute water stress, depletion of aquifers,
increased exposure to flood risk pollution due to rapid urbanization. In addition to that, there
are predictions that climate change could lead to more frequent and more severe flooding, and
raise sea levels at the mouth of Citarum River. Change in rainfall distribution and rainfall
intensity due to Climate Change may impact local flooding particularly in the upper CRB, the
occurrence of drought events, and water management of the reservoir systems.
Therefore the likely impacts of climate change should be assessed based on current best
available projection result of Climate Model. This study is going to focus on Climate Change
impact on rainfall and flood in CRB.
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Fig.1 Fig.2
2. Materials and methods
In this study, 2 kinds of analysis are carried out, one of which is rainfall analysis for whole
basin and the other is flood simulation for upper basin. The rainfall analysis is based on the
result of CMIP3 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase3) where the output of 25
world-selected Global Climate Model are collected. PCMDI (Program for Climate Model
Diagnosis and Intercomparison, California, USA) volunteered to collect model output
contributed by leading modeling centers around the world. CMIP3 is meant to contribute
preparing the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC).
Concerning Climate Change impacts, it is not enough to get a conclusion from 1 or 2
model, because Climate Model has still uncertainty in the structure. This study analyzed the
outputs of 17 GCMs out of 25 in CMIP3 to reduce potential uncertainty and increase
reliability. The rest of 8 models were excluded due to data availability.
In the CMIP3, there are so called Scenario which defines how Green House Gases
increase in the future. This has very important role because how climate changes is directly
affected by how Green House Gases varies. Accordingly, it is not only multi-model-
comparison but using several scenarios that contribute to more accurate and comprehensive
analysis of Climate Change. There is actually no telling that how the world is going to shift in
terms of technology innovation, population, etc. 1 scenario of Green House Gases is just
showing the 1 direction of future world. In this research, 2 scenarios of SRES A1B and SRES
B1 are applied for future analysis and 20C3M is utilized for current condition. In each model,
the results of A1B and B1 are compared to result of 20C3M.
When utilizing GCM, major problem would be grid size or resolution. The grid size of
GCMs in CMIP3 ranges from 1to 2.5in latitude and longitude or even bigger. In the real
world, rainfall distribution is heavily affected by geographical condition such as mountain. In
the Citarum river basin, for example, heavier rainfall is observed in upper basin, whereas
downstream basin tends to have smaller rainfall. However, those geographical effects cannot
be expressed from the current GCM resolution because the grid size is too big to take
geographic feature into account. One reasonable way to solve this problem is downscaling.
Ideally, analyzing as many as downscaled results is desirable. However, it is very time-
consuming and needs lot more high techniques. In this research, downscaling method was not
applied and, instead of that, analysis of 17 GCMs was carried out.
In this research, 20 or 19 years of daily rainfall data from 1979-2000, 2044-2065, 2078-
2100 are analyzed in each model output.
Analysis items are as shown Table.1. Each analysis item is deeply related to several issues
such as flood, irrigation management, etc. Each item was analyzed from the following 2
points of view.
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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1. How many models out of all showed the same (increase/decrease) trend in the future
compared to current condition?
and
2. How much percentage of increase/decrease can be estimated by averaging result from all
models?
Table.1
As for flood analysis, based on the result of probable rainfall analysis done in the rainfall
analysis, 10 year-return-period flood for current climate condition and Climate Change 50
years later were simulated about upper stream of Citarum River Basin where floods
frequently occur. Simulation tool was combination of Snyder Unit Hydrograph Model,
MIKE11, MIKE11 GIS and Arc View GIS ver.3.1.
3. Results and discussion
Firstly, rainfall analysis found the following trends in the target area.
Annual rainfall& Seasonal rainfall will not change significantly in the future
No rainfall days will likely increase within 50 years, and more likely increase in 80 years.
Longest consecutive no rainfall days will more likely increase than not.
Heavy rainfall days will very likely to increase 50 years later, and likely to increase 80
years later.
Probable daily rainfall will increase with respective scenario.
Especially, probable rainfall analysis showed a clear trend of increasing. Table.2 shows
average incremental ratio of each probable rainfall. It showed a clear trend of increasing
especially under A1B scenario.
Table.2
As for flood analysis, 2 kinds of 10-year-return-period flood were simulated, one is under
current climate (Simulation 1) and the other is under the climate 50 years later considering
Climate Change based on SRES A1B (Simulation 2).
Flood/City
drainage
Irrigation/Drought
management
Water Management
Rainfall days over 50 mm/day
No rainfall days / consecutive no rainfall days
Annual rainfall
Seasonal rainfall (dry and rainy)
Probable daily rainfall (5,10,100 years return)
20C3M A A1 1B B B B1 1
1980-
2000
2046-
2065
2081-2100 2046-2065 2081-2100
Number of models which show more
severe distribution than 20C3M
82% 94% 76% 53%
14(/17) 16(/17) 13(/17) 9(/17)
5-year probable rainfall 1 1.18 1.31 1.14 1.18
10-year probable rainfall 1 1.2 1.35 1.15 1.2
100-year probable rainfall 1 1.2 1.36 1.17 1.18
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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The flood analysis showed that inundated area and depth of 10 year-return-period flood 50
years later concerning Climate Change (A1B) is bigger than that of current climate condition
(see Fig.3s right picture where inundated area under current climate is shown in red whereas
inundated area under future climate is purple)
Fig.3
(left ; current climate, center ; 50 years later (A1B), right ; comparison)
4. Conclusions
This study is including 2 important elements, one is to the effort to look the climate
change impact at the river basin scale, and the other is multi-model comparison.
In the field of Water Resource Management, climate change problem has been getting more
and more actively discussed today in terms of sustainable development of the river basin area.
This study showed the example of how Climate Model output can be taken into the river basin
scale with combination of hydro/hydraulic Model such as MIKE11. However, this study also
showed that it is impossible to take the small geological feature within the basin into account
with present Global Climate Model resolution. The problem of climate model resolution
clearly remained.
Besides, climate models still have uncertainty and this makes the multi-model comparison
valid compared to single model analysis.
This comprehensive 17 model comparison analysis showed several rainfall trends and
especially increasing probable rainfall trend, which lead to flood simulation showing future
flood with same probability will be severer.
5. Acknowledgement
This study is financially supported by River and Environmental Engineering Laboratory
in Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering.
6. References
Shuichi Ikebuchi, Michiharu Shiiba, Kaoru Takara, Yasuto Tachikawa (2006) Ace Hydrology,
pp. 93-177
http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/ipcc/model_documentation/ipcc_model_documentation.php
IPCC Working group1, (2007) Fourth Assessment Report (full report)
Pacific Consultants International (2007) REVIEW OF FLOOD CONTROL PLAN
AND DETAILED DESIGN PREPARATION UNDER UPPER CITARUM BASIN URGENT
FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT (II) (JBIC Loan No. IP-497) Subject Report - I
2 5 1
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Poster Session
The comprehensive concept planning of urban greening; case study
Bangkok metropolis, Thailand
The review of green space management policy
Mr. Arthit Limpiyakorn, Prof. Takashi ONISHI, Assoc. Prof. Tetsuo KIDOKORO
3
International development & Regional Planning Unit
Department of Urban Engineering
Graduate School of Engineering
University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, JAPAN
Introduction
In Bangkok metropolis, the capital city of Thailand, there has recently been a growing
awareness about the roles and benefits of greening in urbanized areas. In the resent five years,
Thai government released 7 green space management projects. The main concepts of six
projects in seven projects are the provision the service green space to resident, or it can say
that the projects focus only in urban area and only for humans need, not much concern in
other issues. The aim of this paper is to review the development of green space planning in
Thailand.
Review of green space development
Unlike many developed countries such as Germany and UK, Thailand does not have the
comprehensive green structure plan; and the management of green structure of Thailand is
fragment. Due to Thai government system, Fragmented Centralization, each government
organization responses and focuses only on their responsible area without coordinate with
other organizations or develop under the same guideline. Each law and policy depends on
different organization. There are mainly three groups of organization response to green space
preservation and development; urban planning organization, agricultural organization, and
forest organization. The policy and law relate to green space show as follow.
Table1. Act relate to green space management
Local scale Province scale Regional scale National scale
Act of legislations of
urban planning 1975
The royal act of agricultural land reform 1975
The royal act of
building control 1979
The royal act of consolidation 1974
The royal act of forestry plantation 1992
The royal act of watershed preservation 1987
1. The Act of legislations of urban planning 1975 (The Department of Public Work Town &
Country Planning)
In the act of legislations of urban planning 1975, green space was classified into 2 classes: 1)
the urban open space, 2) the agricultural area.
1. The urban open space was indentifies into 2 functions.
1. The open space for recreation (both private and public open space)
2. The open space for flood prevention (detention pond)
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In this plan the location and size of recreation open space are proposed.
District Park (Park size 480000 m2)
Sub district Park (Park size 160000 m2)
Community Park (Park size 80000 m2)
Figure1. Open space plan
2 The agricultural space
The land use ordinance identified the area for agricultural area into 2 terms.
Agricultural area
Agricultural area for flood prevention
2. The royal act of land consolidation 1974 (Land Consolidation Office) and The royal
act of agricultural land reform 1975(Agricultural Land Reform Office)
The purpose of the royal act of land consolidation is to increase yield per area by improving
the agricultural infrastructure. As well as the aim of the royal act of agricultural land reform is
to provide land to poor agriculturalists that have no land. Most of the land is the land that is
identified as the degenerative forest (according to the royal act of national forestry
preservation 1964).
3) The royal act of forestry 1941, The royal act of forestry plantation 1992, and The
royal act of watershed preservation 1987
The aim of these laws is to preserve human resource, natural environment, natural beautiful
scenery, ecological system, wild life, and wild life habitat. These laws are under the
responsibility of The National Park, Wild life, and Plant Conservation Department and The
Royal Forest Department.
Around 2001 Urban Environment and Area Planning Division was established under the
Office of Natural Resource and Environmental Policy and Planning. The responsibilities of
this division are:
1) Propose the preserve green space and recreation space policy and plan in order to protect
good environment and manage high productive area both in regional scale and national scale.
2) Screen, comment and suggest the government and private sector project and activity relate
to environmental quality, green space, recreation space, and preserve environmental area
3) Coordinate, and response to environmental impact assessment in the community area and
preserve area
The Urban Environment and Area Planning Division released 4 project within the last 4 years;
3 national scale projects and 1 local scale project. At the same time Department of City
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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Planning Bangkok Metropolis Administrator release 3 projects relate to green space in their
responsible area; 1 province scale project and 2 local scale projects. The details of each plan
are as follow
Table2. Green space management plan
Scale Project name Objective Concept
National Sustainable green area
management plan, 2005
- To maintain the existing green area and increase effective new
green area
Provision of
services green
spaces
Green area management
plan for sustainable
ecosystem: ONREPP,
2006
- Create the sustainable ecosystem green area plan
- Create the implementation framework of this plan
- Create green area standard for municipalities in order to use
as a goal for their green area plan
Provision of
services green
spaces
The pioneer project of
new green concept, case
study Chaing Mai
province: ONREPP,
2005
- Provide the new concept of green city. The concept should be
developed according to the green area type from urban
planning law and emphasize on the process of human
participation.
- To develop strategy to manage green area
- Develop the indicators and the assess system of green area
Water Sensitive
Design concept
Regional - - -
Province The green area master
plan of Bangkok: DCP-
BMA, 2003
- To identify location, number, and size of green area which
should be preserved and established
- To create the management system of the organization relate to
green space management
- To assess the expenditure in the green space project and
propose fund resource
- To identify to role of private sector and people to
management, maintenance, and development of green space
Provision of
services green
spaces
Local Green space master plan,
study area Bang Gajao;
Samut Prakan: ONREPP,
2003
- To preserve natural environment and eco-system in the study
area.
- To develop and improve the community in term of sustainable
development and co-exist with natural environment
- To provide the land use management plan including
government organization authority
- To raise the awareness and potential of community in term of
participation to maintain and manage green space in the study
area
Environmental
preservation
Garden city, study area
Nong Joke (east of
Bangkok) : DCP-BMA,
2007
- To development master plan
- To solve flood plain problem
- To guide the direction of Infrastructure investment
- To provide land use plan and plan implementation; emphasize
on sustainable agriculture, sustainable urban community
Coexisting
between urban
and agriculture
Open space development
along canal in Bangkok:
DCP-BMA, 2006
- To provide the development framework of open space along 3
important canals in Bangkok in order to improve canalscape, to
improve the tourism and marine transportation, to increase
green space.
- To provide the development plan of open space along the
canals.
- To provide the conceptual plan and design guidelines for the
development along the canals
Provision of
services green
spaces
In the last 5 or 6 years, Thai government, especially government organization in Bangkok
metropolis, has tried to protect and paid high attention to green space. 3 national scale
projects and 4 local scale project were released in order to protect and increase green space in
Thailand mega cities. Bangkok is focused as the target area in many projects because the large
amount of environmental problem, high population and built-up area density, and lack of
open space. Six in seven project were aim to increase green space and pay high attention to
the provision of services green space to people. Only the pioneer project of new green
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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concept, case study Chaing Mai province, use the different concept, Water Sensitive Design
concept, to create green space plan.
5. Discussion and conclusion
Looking at the detail in each green space development plan, five in seven plans emphasize to
increase green space in urban or built-up area. It is exactly that almost all or all of green space
in urban area will be developed as the recreation area such public park or golf club, and it
causes the increment of public park area in Bangkok (see figure2.). Another plan emphasize
on develop the implementation framework for green space management and guideline for
local governments to develop green space by themselves. The last plan emphasizes to propose
the new concept of green space management; Water Sensitive Design concept, together with
proposes the new area for green space by using GIS.
Figure2. Area of Public Park
From the above, it can be said that Thai government success in increasing recreational green
space for urban resident but fail to develop green space for other aspect. All of 7 green space
management projects are not a law. The success of the project depends on each local
government. Lucky for Bangkok resident, the Bangkok administrator understands the
importance of green space; and bring the green space development into Bangkok development
strategy; healthy city. Together with the boom of golf activities at the same time, many golf
clubs occur in the Bangkok metropolis area.
The green space projects focus only in urban area and only for human. It is not much concern
about other issues, such as flood problem, lost of mangrove forest, etc. If Thai government
need to success in development of green space, it should give high attention not only to
human but also environment, historical area, ecological system, and wild life.
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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The development review system and the application in the inner city area
-The case studies on the design review in North America -
Hirofumi HORI
1)
1) Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo
7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, JAPAN
hori@up.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Abstract
Recently, also in urban planning field, The concept of sustainability becomes a popular and
important factor. And there are many indicators to evaluate the sustainable. So, this time, I
focused on the development review as a tool to accomplish the sustainable development, and
identify the effective development review system. In this paper, I focused on development
review systems of Japan and North America. As a case study city located in the Urban fringe
area, I chose the city of Kokubunji in Japan, after that I considered the Design review system
in Seattle city, Washington, USA as an advanced example. The conclusions are, by
Kokubunji way, cant discuss about the design of the building itself, and that if the
development pressure is serious, the small developer cant have afford to create the good
environment. In Seattle, it has the clear design guidelines to discuss the design of the
development, and the guideline is approved by the city council, and zoning code relaxation is
available when the development meets or exceeds the intent of the adopted design guidelines.
In the review meeting, many organizations are involved and the meeting is open to the public,
has appeal system, the minutes and the report is available, has the 2 stages of the review
(Early design guidance and Design review meeting). From the case study of Seattle city, it is
granted that design review system is good tool for the neighborhood. However, for the
architect it is time and money-consuming process and it is hard to make the creativity of the
architecture itself. The finding is the importance to decide what elements have to be discussed
in the design review meeting .
Keywords: development review, design review, land use review, growth management
1. Introduction
Recently, also in urban planning field, The concept of sustainability becomes a popular and
important factor. And there are many indicators to evaluate the sustainable. For example,
there are sunlight, ventilation, density, bulk control, amenity, and well-designed architecture.
So, this time, I focused on the development review as a tool to accomplish the sustainable
development, and identify the effective development review system.
I begin with a brief review of Japanese development review system by the literature and the
case study of Kokubunji city, after that, I examine the Design review system in Seattle city,
Washington, USA as an advanced example.
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2. The issues of Japanese development review system
In many papers, the issues of Japanese development review system are identified. Akita
(2004) pointed out the lack of the flexibility and the openness in the review process, and that
Japanese Urban planning system is the combination of Area Division system (Urbanization
Promotion Area and Control Area) and Zoning system in general. The implementation is just
a zoning check. So, she pointed out the necessity of the public participation and the appeal
system. Fujii (2005) pointed out the guideline with a clear vision to discuss about the
development planning is necessary.
3-1. Machizukuri ordinance of Kokubunji city (Development review process ordinance)
Kokubunji city is located 25km away from the center of Tokyo (figure 1). It takes 40minutes
from Tokyo station by train. The population is 117,000. There still remain the agricultural
lands (figure 2). This area are so-called Urban fringe area located between urban and the
rural area. In 2006, Machizukuri ordinance is approved by the city council. Based on the
ordinance, the staffs of city office check the plan and advice to the developer over the 500m
2
development (300m
2
in conservation area). But the ordinance is not based on national
planning Law, so developer do not have to listen to the advice. It is the problem of this kind
of ordinance.
3-2. Good example and Bad example
I choose the 2 cases, which have gone through the development review by the city office. The
first one is well-designed and landscaped development as the figure 3 shows. On the other
hand, as the figure 4 shows, in another development site there is no space between the houses
and few landscape, and the floor area is full used. The first one is developed by a large
developer and the second one is by a small developer. It means if the development pressure is
serious, the market mechanism makes decisions. It is the difficult problem to solve. The
findings are, by Kokubunji way, they cant discuss about the design of the building itself, and
the small developer cant have afford to create the good environment.
Figure 2. landscape in the city Figure 4. Bad example
Figure 3. Good example
Figure 1. Kokubunji
city is located between
the central Tokyo and
the Rural Area. There
still remain the good
aglicultural land.
Kokubunji city
Center of Tokyo
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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4-1. Seattles Design review
Seattle city is surrounded by beautiful natural scenery like Mt. Rainier, Puget sound and the
lake Washington (figure 5), and has good neighborhoods. The population is about 500,000.
The features of Seattles design review are, citizen-led design review system, having the clear
design guidelines to discuss about the design of the development, and the guideline which is
approved by the city council, and zoning code relaxation is available when the development
meets or exceeds the intent of the adopted design guidelines. In the review meeting, many
organizations are involved in it and the meeting is open to the public, has appeal system, the
minutes and the report is available, has the 2 stages of the review (Early design guidance and
Design review meeting), The developer cant submit the
building permit unless they get the land use permit. The Design
review process is indicated in the figure 6.
4-2. The case study of Seattles Design review
As a good example in terms of well-fitting to the character of
the area, I choose a development which is well-discussed and
greatly changed by the citizens comments (figure 7, figure 8,
figure 9). In the early design guidance, discussed about Height,
Bulk and Scale, Architectural Concept and Consistency,
Pedestrian Environment, Landscaping etc. and then, The
developer changed the plan at the next Design review meeting.
But, it took so long time (943days) so that the developer get
the building permit include the appeal from the neighborhood.
It is granted that design review system is good tool for the
neighborhood. However, for the architect it is time and money-
consuming process and it is hard to make the creativity of the
architecture itself. The finding is the importance to decide what
elements have to be discussed in the design review meeting .
Figure 6. Design review process
Figure 9. The change of the plan from the Early design guidance to Design review meeting.
Figure 5. Seattle city Figure 7. Example development Figure 8. Around the development
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5. Conclusions
The conclusions are, by Kokubunji way, cant discuss about the design of the building itself,
and if the development pressure is serious, the small developer cant have afford to create the
good environment. In Seattle, It has the clear design guidelines to discuss the design of the
development, and the guideline is approved by the city council, and zoning code relaxation is
available when the development meets or exceeds the intent of the adopted design guidelines.
In the review meeting, many organizations are involved in it and the meeting is open to the
public, has appeal system, the minutes and the report is available, has the 2 stages of the
review (Early design guidance and Design review meeting). From the case study of Seattle
city, it is granted that design review system is good tool for the neighborhood. However, for
the architect it is time and money-consuming process and it is hard to make the creativity of
the architecture itself. The finding is the importance to decide what elements have to be
discussed in the design review meeting .
6. Acknowledgement
This research was funded by a grant from JSPS(Japan Society for the Promotion of Science)
COE program entitled "Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration"
7. References
Akita N. (2004) The effectiveness of Machizukuri Ordinance in the rural area. Ph.D thesis,
Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo.
Fujii S. (2005) The structure of the occurrence of condminium conflicts and the control
system of the renewal in the inner city area, Ph.D thesis, Department of Urban Engineering,
The University of Tokyo.
Hori H. (2006) A Study on Building Volume control with Design Review -A Case study of the
Design Review system and its Application in Seattle, Washington-, Master thesis, Department
of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo.
Hori H., Koizumi H., Okata J. (2007), A study on Design Review System and its application in
Seattle, Washington-Evaluation in terms of Building Volume Control-, journal of the planning
Institute of Japan, No.42-3, pp..241-246
Nozawa C., Hori H. (2008) A Study on the Residential land development Control through
Machidukuri Ordinance as Local rules - Case Study on Machizukuri Ordinance of Kokubunji
City journal of the planning Institute of Japan, No.43-3, pp..373-378
Department of planning and development, the city of Seattle (2008) Client assistance memo
238 Design Review - General Information, Application Instructions, and Submittal
Requirements -
The City of Seattle web pages (http://www.cityofseattle.net/)
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BUILD BACK BETTER: Facts from the Evaluation of Village Planning
Process in Aceh Post-Disaster Recovery
Togu Santoso Pardede
1
, Kidokoro Tetsuo
2
1
Doctoral Student, International Development and Regional Planning Unit, (Onishi and Kidokoro Lab),
Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, togupar@urban.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
2
Associate Professor, Department Urban Engineering, the University of Tokyo
Abstract
This paper try to explore the planning process in the community after disaster using a case
study an urban village in Banda Aceh City and try to get lesson learned from it. A document
review on village plan, interview and field observation conducted to get insight to the
planning process and implementation that has been done. Evaluation on village planning
performance conducted based on three essential aspect of post disaster recovery planning,
namely: reconstruction, community participation and disaster risk reduction aspects. In what
ways village planning can contribute to the three aspect to achieve build back better and
sustainable reconstruction.
Post Disaster Recovery Planning
Many scholars refer to disaster planning theory by Hass (1977) from his book
Reconstruction Following Disaster. It was the first study to take a comprehensive view of
the recovery process. Haas stated that reconstruction process is ordered, knowable, and
predictable (p. 261). It was countered by Rubin et al (1985). They argued that recovery is
more complicated than Haas sequential model. It is related with the importance of
organizational, leadership capacity, resources, vision, and commitment, the complexities of
local planning implementation, mitigation and sustainability (Berke,1998; Burby et al, 1994;
Dalton, 1989; May and Bolton, 1986, Johnson,1999, Milleti, 1999). Berke et al (1993),
observe that active local involvement is critical to success of recovery. Participation offers
several advantages, the most important of which may be sustainability: by involving citizens,
recovery can build community capacity to sustain success in the long run. Disaster recovery is
a decision process which works best when citizen participation and local decision-making is
facilitated (Olshansky, 2005).
Recovery processes are complex and unique to location, time, and context. A complex
process, since it involves many tasks and actors, compresses all aspects of urban development
into a short time period (time pressure). It is not possible to measure the length of the process
or to identify the endpoint of recovery. People are not in ideal condition both physically and
mentally. It is difficult to respond the real need of those people, in such condition. Thus, post
disaster planning is different from normal planning because in normal planning people are not
under the extreme stresses that they are in disaster planning. Very little research has been
devoted to analyzing how post-disaster recovery differs from development decision processes
in other contexts. Olshansky (2005) offers that viewing post-disaster recovery as a balancing
act between speedy actions and the need to deliberate on them, is useful in differentiating it
from other development decision processes.
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Why Village Planning in Aceh Post Disaster Recovery Planning
Prior to housing reconstruction Board of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (BRR) together
with all international communities agreed that they must prepared VP or Village Spatial
Planning. Village Planning is a community planning process which is designed to assure that
resident get realistic and appropriate choice for their future life. Main activity components
are: community participation, participatory land mapping, damage and loss assessment,
village plan, including land use and land consolidation, infrastructure, economic and public
facilities plan, disaster risk reduction.
It is probably the most widespread community participation planning in post disaster recovery
planning the world has ever seen. In period of one year It covers around 731 devastated
villages in Aceh Province and 46 villages in Banda Aceh city. It is supported by
bilateral/multilateral donor (USAID, Ausaid, UN-Habitat, GTZ, ADB, Mercy-corps, CARE
international, YIPD for land mapping and BRR).
Village Planning Process:
BRR published several guidelines related to village planning such as: participative land
mapping guidelines, Public consensus Building Land Demarcation, Village organization and
Development, and Renovation and Hosing Development guidelines. BRR guideline is used as
the minimum standard, each Each donor/agency has their own standard/guideline. The
guidelines are used as references for the construction and improvement of housing settlements,
as well as settlement infrastructure and economy and covered issues like disaster management,
risk reduction, and early warning system.Main process can be seen on below picture.
Evaluation on the village planning process based on Build Back Better Principal
Evaluation on the village planning is conducting based on Build Back Better principal and
Sustainable Recovery. The Build Back Better principal is clearly defined by 10 propositions
provided by Clinton (2006), the former US President. Sustainable Recovery is based on the
definition of Milleti (1999). By summarizing those two concept of recovery, comes out to the
three aspect that is aspect recovery, mitigation and community participation (see table)
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Case Study: Lampulo Village, Banda Aceh
Lampulo before tsunami
The village of Lampulo, a well established coastal community in urban Banda Aceh, was one
of the areas heavily damaged by the tsunami. It is located in the northern part of Banda Aceh
city, along the east side of the Aceh River up to the coastline. The area north of the village is a
mix of dilapidated fish ponds and severely damaged mangrove swamps. Lampulo is located
and within the buffer zone policy of Master Plan of Banda Aceh. Prior to the tsunami, most of
the majority of the village had sufficient basic infrastructure. The economic and occupational
structure of the community was quite varied, with a mix of occupations and incomes.
However, fishing was the predominant occupation. There was a fish market and a number of
floating docks
Lampulo lost nearly 4317 of people (849 died, 3522
missing) in the tsunami. See table table 4.
After Tsunami
Before After Tsunami (2005) 2006
Lost Died Safe
HH 1602 1451
Male 3251 1831 1370 1977
Female 3071 1691 1430 1446
Total 6322 3522 849 2800 3423
Source: Lampulo Village office, 2005;Kuta Alam Sub district Spatial Plan, GTZ ,2006
The majority of the buildings in Lampulo were
completely demolished by the tsunami.
Figure 2. Orientation of Lampulo to Banda Aceh
Lampulo
Kuta Alam
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Approximately 75% of the buildings in the total village were completely destroyed, with
another 10% heavily damaged. Much of the infrastructure in the community was in equally
bad condition. While there was a piped PDAM water supply to most of the village before, this
system is no longer functioning. Similarly, the electrical supply for the majority of homes and
businesses was completely destroyed. The internal roads themselves were probably the one
infrastructure element that was not badly damaged, though the condition of the roads pre-
tsunami were not very good to begin with and is even worse now.
The Tsunami wave destroyed local economic infrastructure such as: boat docks, ice-block
company, boats, etc. Many boats were crushed and thrown away inland. One of the boat
landed on roof of the house, become a tsunami monument.
Reconstruction process:
The reconstruction process in Lampulo, especially housing was implemented before the
village planning was conducted. Other sectors such as infrastructures, community facilities,
and local economic recovery were implemented after the village planning was conducted.
There are a number of organizations and agencies that have been actively involved in the
reconstruction work in Lampulo Village.(see table)
No Institution/Donor Activity/Project Year Progress
1 Aceh Relief Housing: 91 unit 2005 91 unit
2 BRR Housing Rehabilitation:10 2006 10 unit
3 CARE Housing: 965, temporary housing,
temporary WATSAN, health, and
livelihood assistance.
Village Planning
2006
2006
700 (not finish-
contractor
leaving)
finish
4 Kata Hati Housing
5 GTZ Community Hall for the Fisherman
Subdstrict/Kecamatan Spatial Plan
2006
2006
Finish
finish
6 Honda Motor Corp Health Centre/puskesmas 2006 finish
7 Coca Cola mosque & new school 2006 finish
8 Refugees des Enfants du
Monde
Elementary School 2006 finish
9 Americares new Fish Markets 2006 finish
10 BRI Rehabilitation mosque 2005 finish
11 OXFAM temporary drinking water supply 2005 finish
12 P2KP Road, drainage 2006 finish
13 YIPD Village mapping 2005 finish
Source: CARE,2006;GTZ,2006, field survey 2008
Evaluation on Implementation of the village plan
Overall evaluation on the village plan and implementation based on aspect recovery,
mitigation and community participation shows that: (1) Sector/Aspect which is "Build back
better" in post disaster: housing, local infrastructure, community facilities, disaster risk
mitigation and (2) Sector/Aspect which is NOT YET "Build back better" in post disaster:
local economy, environment, social capital, community participation. The evaluation on
village plan as per June 2008 can be seen on table. on attachment.
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
Poster Session
Lesson Learned:
Village Planning can give a quick overview of the local situation from the viewpoint of the
people. It also helped to transfer communities needs and wishes to decision makers and
planners in a direct way so that it motivates communities and mobilizes the implementation,
as well. Overall, it strengthens bottom-up process. On other hand, it can help with the healing
process in the community during the planning process , since they can help to forget the
miserable past, and focus on what they hope for the future of their community and family
life.
However, village planning faces challenges such as: social jealousy within community or
between villages, reconstruction delays, and the quality of houses due to land title issues, bad
contractors, and institutional problems. It can not replace a thorough analysis of all aspects or
of inter-region/villages, therefore a wider plan covering comprehensive aspect is necessary.
Due to many actors and plan involved at the same time, in a short time-such as: NGOs with
their plan and community with their village plans, as well as government plan, a
communication between player during the design of the plan and implementation is necessary.
The diagram below that adopted from Hopkins (2007) can explain how interacting of plan
could happen in Aceh.
The acting under influence of the plans perspective recognizes that many interacting agents
and their plans interact both through the effects of their actions and through their beliefs about
the plans and attitude of others with whom they are interacting.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank to Dr. Erwin Fahmi, Director of Spatial Planning of the BRR-Aceh and his
staffs for the generosity in providing data and information on the village plans.
Activities on
the Land
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References
Berke,P.2002.Does Sustainable Development Offer a New Direction for Planning? Journal of
Planning Literature, 17,1, Sage Publication.
BRR,2008,Laporan Kegiatan Tiga Tahun, Pemulihan Aceh Nias.
BRR,2007,Enriching the Construction of the Recovery, Annual Report 2007
CARE,2006. Village Planning Report: Lampulo, Kuta Alam, Banda Aceh.
Cliton,W,J,P.2006. Lesson Learned from Tsunami Recovery:Key Propositions for uild Back
Better, United NationsSecretary Generals Special Envoyfor Tsunami Recovery, nited
Nations, New York
Hopkins, L. (2005). Acting under Influence: Using Plans n Urban Development. Draft
discussion presented for Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning
Mileti,D.S, 1999. Disaster by Design: Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States,
Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC.
Olshansky, R. B. (2006). Planning after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of the American Planning
Association, 72 (2), 147153.
Olshansky, R. B. (2005). How do communities recover from disaster? A Review of current
knowledge and an agenda for future research. Paper presented at the 46th Annual Conference
of the Association of Collegiate
Rubin, C.B.; Saperstein, Martin D.; and Barbee, Daniel G. 1985. Community Recovery from
a Major Natural Disaster, Monograph No. 41, Program on Environment and Behavior,
Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder.
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Photo
Prof. Akimasa SUMI
Organization: Transdisciplinary Initiative for Global Sustainability
Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science
The University of Tokyo
Job Title: Professor of The University of Tokyo
Executive director of Transdisciplinary Initiative for Global Sustainability
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Numerical weather prediction, Monsoon dynamics, tropical meteorology,
climate dynamics including ENSO and global warming simulation
Academic
Record:
1971, D. of Bachelor, The University of Tokyo
1973, D. of Master, The University of Tokyo
1985, D. of Science, The University of Tokyo
Professional
Experience:
1973-1975, Tokyo-district meteorological Observatory, Japan Meteorological
Agency (JMA)
1975-1979, Electronic Computation Center/JMA
1979-1981, Research Associate, Department of Meteorology, University of
Hawaii
1979-1985, Electronic Computation Center/JMA
1985-1991, Associate Professor, Department of Geophysics, The University of
Tokyo
1991-present, Professor, Center for Climate System Research(CCSR), The
University of Tokyo
1994-2004, Director of CCSR
2005-present, Executive Director of TIGS
Academic / Social
Contribution:
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Prof. Terry McGee
Organization: The University of British Columbia
Job Title: Professor Emeritus
Major Field / Research
Interests:
Prof. McGee has published over 20 books and 200 articles. His principal research interest is
the planning challenges of the urbanization process in Asia and the growth and challenges of
mega-urban regions in Asia. He has also conducted research on rural migrants employed in the
semi-conductor factories of Malaysia ( 1980s) and street vendors in Southeast Asian cities in
the 1970s. Between 1999 and 2002 he worked on a policy orientated project on the
development of social safety nets for vulnerable low income populations in Southeast Asia
cities. For most of the 1990s he worked on a UBC= Vietnam project on poverty alleviation in
Vietnam together with six Vietnamese Universities. .In 2003 he was awarded the President of
Vietnams medal for distinguished contribution to Vietnamese social science. He is currently a
member of a UBC team in a joint UBC-Brazil project on New Public Consortia for Metropolitan
Governance in Brazil
Prof. McGee has acted as consultant for the UNDP, the Asian Development Bank, IDRC and
CIDA. Between 2003-2006 he carried out research together with Chinese colleagues on the
policy challenges of Chinese urbanization that resulted in a book entitled Chinas Urban
Space. Development under Market Socialism published in 2007 in London and New York His
recent research has been on the social economic, environmental and planning challenges of the
peri-urban-urban regions of extended metropolitan regions of Asia. He is presently working
on a project on the effects of climate change on the large metropolitan regions of Asia together
with scholars from the University of Tokyo and the United Nations University in Japan. .
Academic Record: B.A.: Victoria University, Wellington, NZ Geography 1958
M.A. (First Class): Victoria University, Wellington, NZ Geography 1961
Ph.D.: Victoria University, Wellington, NZ Geography 1969
Professional
Experience:
Former Director, Institute of Asian Research, The University of British Columbia 1978- 2000
Professor of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1978-2000
Prof. McGee has held appointments at the, University of Malaya (1958-1965) University of
Wellington (1966-1968) , University of Hong Kong, ( 1968-1973) Australian National
University (1973-1978) and, since 1978, The University of British Columbia.
Academic / Social
Contribution:
President, Canadian Association of Geographers, 1990-1992.
Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences Australia, 1975-
Acted as senior advisor on urban policy to BAPPANAS (Central Planning Agency) in
Indonesia for periods in the 1980s and 1990s.
More recently he has been a member of the Expert Panel on Urbanization in Developing
Countries established by the American Academy of Sciences based in Washington.
He has also been appointed to the International Geographical Unions Taskforce on Mega
Cities.
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Prof. Kazuhiko TAKEUCHI
Organization: Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S)
Job Title: Deputy Executive Director
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Landscape ecology and planning, sustainability science
Academic
Record:
1970.4-1974.3 Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, The University of
Tokyo
1974.4-1976.3 Master's Course, Department of Agrobiology, Graduate School of
Agriculture, The University of Tokyo
1976.4-1977.3 Doctoral Course, Department of Agrobiology, Graduate School of
Agriculture, The University of Tokyo
1980 Received Dr. Agr. from The University of Tokyo
Professional
Experience:
2008.7-Present Vice-Rector, United Nations University
2007.4-2008.6 Vice President for International Relations, Executive
Representative, Beijing Office, The University of Tokyo
2005.8-Present Deputy Executive Director, Integrated Research System for
Sustainability Science(IR3S), The University of Tokyo
2005.4-2008.6 Special Adviser to the President
2004.4-200.9 Director, Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The
University of Tokyo
Academic / Social
Contribution:
2007-2008 Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture, Vice President
2008 The City Planning Institute of Japan, President
2005-2008 Rural Planning Association, Special Adviser
2003-2008 Center for Environmental Information Science, Trustee
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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Tentative title of
your speech at the
session:
Supporting urban innovation
Dr. Sebastien RAUCH
Organization: Chalmers University of Technology
Job Title: Associate Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Environmental Science/geochemistry
Urban systems
Academic
Record:
PhD, Chalmers, 2001
MSc, Chalmers, 1998
Maitrise, Universite de Haute Alsace, 1995
Professional
Experience:
Associate Professor, Chalmers, 2005-present
Assistant Professor, Chalmers, 2004-2005
Postdoctoral Fellow, MIT, 2002-2004
Research assistant, Chalmers, 2001-2002
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Sbastien Rauch is an associate professor at Chalmers Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering. His main research area focuses on environmental
geochemistry with a special attention to urban environments and their global
impacts. Interest in complex environmental issues has resulted in his
involvement in sustainability research and the coordinator of the AGS Urban
Futures Initiative at Chalmers. He is the author of over 40 peer reviewed articles
and the editor of a book on the urban environment published in the AGS book
series.
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Photo
Dr. Yuji HARA
Organization: IR3S, The University of Tokyo
Job Title: Project Assistant Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Geography / Landscape Planning, Urban Rural Planning, Resource Flow,
Landscape Ecology
Academic
Record:
September 2007: Doctor of Agriculture
April 2003 September 2005
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science DC1 Researcher
September 2003 December 2003
Visiting researcher at LEP, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
March 2003: M.Agri. from Department of Ecosystem Studies, UT
March 2001: BSc from Department of Geography, UT
Professional
Experience:
October 2005 Present
Project Assistant Professor at IR3S, The University of Tokyo
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Prof. Irham
Organization: Graduate Program in Agribusiness
Gadjah Mada University
Job Title: Director
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Sustainable Agriculture and Environment
Academic
Record:
BSc. in Agricultural Economics, Gadjah Mada University (1988)
MSc. in Rural and Regional Planning, Asian Institute of Technology (1993)
PhD. in Agricultural and Resource Economics, the University of Tokyo (1998)
Professional
Experience:
Vice Chairman, Department of Agric. Socioeconomics, GMU (1998-2002)
Vice Director, Graduate Program in Agribusiness, GMU (2000-2008)
Director, Graduate Program in Agribusiness, GMU (2008-present)
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Dr. Kensuke KATAYAMA
Organization: Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering,
The University of Tokyo
Job Title: Assistant Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
National and Regional Planning, Spatial Planning in European Union
Academic
Record:
2001: Master, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo
2004: Ph.D., Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Professional
Experience:
2004-2005: Project Research Associate of Research Center for Advanced Science
and Technology, The University of Tokyo
2005-2007: Research Associate of Department of Urban Engineering, The
University of Tokyo
2007-present: Assistant Professor of Department of Urban Engineering, The
University of Tokyo
Academic / Social
Contribution:
A member of Information Committee of the City Planning Institute of Japan
A member of Study Group on Spatial Planning System in Foreign Countries
(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan)
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Dr. Niramon KULSRISOMBAT
Organization: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture,
Chulalongkorn University
Job Title: Lecturer
Major Field /
Research Interests:
Urban conservation / Water-based urbanism
Academic Record: -Kulsrisombat, N. (2008), De Facto Urban Regeneration: A Case Study of
Chiang Mai City, Thailand, in Sustainable City Regions: Space, Place and
Governance, Kidokoro, T., Harata, N., Subanu, L.P., Jessen, J., Motte, A.,
Seltzer, E.P (eds), cSUR-UT Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration,
Springer (Japan).
-Kulsrisombat, N. and Siri, Y.(2007), Lost Space Under Elevated Expressway
and Urban Regeneration, Bangkok, in the research conference proceeding
titled Urban Renewal organized by Department of Urban and Regeneration,
Chulalongkorn University.
- Piadaeng, N. (2006), Local Organizations and Locally-Based Tourism
Development, in the proceeding of research symposium titled Asian Approach
to Conservation held by UNESCO-ICCROM Asian Academy and the Faculty
of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University, 3-4 October, 2006, Bangkok,
Thailand.
- Piadaeng, N. and Nishimura, Y. (2005), Stakeholder Collaboration and
Locally-Based Tourism Development: A Case Study of Rural Communities,
Thailand, in the publication series: WTO.EKM papers 2005, World Tourism
Organization (WTO) (in press).
Professional
Experience:
- 2005-present: Lecturer at Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University.
- 2008-present: Committee, Arts and Architectural Conservation Committee,
The Association of Siamese Architect Under Royal Pratonage.
- 2007: Second Prize. The Conceptual Design Competition for the New
Bangkok Sub-centers, rganized by Bangkok Metropolitan Administration,
(Team of Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University)
- 2001: First Prize. International Workshop on Tourism and Heritage:
Sustainable Development of the Doi Tung Mountains, Thailand, organized by
Mae Fah Luang Foundation and Ateliers dEte de Cergy-Pontoise.
Academic / Social
Contribution:
- Project leader: The project the Architect Volunteer in Amphawa Community
and Bang Noi community, Samut Songkhram province organized by the
Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University and Amphawa Municipality,
Samut Songkhram province, from year 2005-present.
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Prof. Shigenori MORITA
Organization: Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
Job Title: Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Crop Production for Food and Energy based on Root Ecology
Academic
Record:
Bachelor (1976), master 81978) and doctor of Agriculture (Ph.D. 1983) from The
University of Tokyo
Professional
Experience:
Assistant (1981), associate (1989) and full professor (2002) at The University of
Tokyo
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Academic awards from Crop Science Society of Japan in 2007 and Japanese
Society for Root Research in 2005 and 2009. Vice president of
International Society of Root Research from 1996.
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Dr. Zhilin Liu
Organization: Tsinghua University
Job Title: Assistant Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Urban Policy and Governance, Sustainable Development, Housing Policy, New
Institutionalism Theory
Academic
Record: Aug 2007 to present, Assistant Professor,
TEACHING EXPERIENCE:
School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University
2007 Ph.D. City and Regional Planning, Cornell University
EDUCATION
2002 M.S. Human Geography, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
1999 B.S. Urban Studies and Regional Planning, Peking University, Beijing, P. R.
China
Professional
Experience:
2008 to present Lanzhou City Economic Development Strategy Research, for Lanzhou
City Master Plan (2009-2020), Project PI.
2008 to present Incentives and Decision Mechanisms for Low-Carbon Development:
An Analysis of Local Government Behavior, Small Grant of Institute
of Low-Carbon Economy, Tsinghua University (Co-PI).
2008 to present Low-Carbon City Development Plan for Baoding City, Hebei
Province (PI: Professor QI Ye).
2007-2008 Urbanization Governance in China: Challenges and Policy Analysis,
(PI: Prof QI Ye), Research Project for 2007 China Sustainable Cities
Initiatve, sponsored by the Energy Foundation. Projects Key
Participant.
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Dr. Hideki KOIZUMI
Organization: Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo
Job Title: Associate Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Participatory and Collaborative Planning and Governance
Professional
Experience:
1993-1997: Research Associate of Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Science and
Engineering, Science Univ. of Tokyo
1997- 1999 : Lecturer of Urban Planning, Dpt. of Urban Engineering, School of
Engineering, University of Tokyo
1998 : Visiting Scholar, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University
of Washington
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Prof. Makoto YOKOHARI
Organization: Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
Job Title: Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Landscape planning
Ecological landscape planning in urban fringe areas
Academic
Record:
Bachelor (1984), master (1986) and PhD (2002) from The University of Tokyo
Professional
Experience:
Research fellow, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences (1986 to
1988)
Associate Professor, University of Tsukuba (1988 to 2004)
Professor, University of Tsukuba (2004 to 2006)
Professor, The University of Tokyo (since 2006)
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture Award (1994)
Editorial board member of Landscape and Urban Planning (Elsevier), Landscape
Research (Carfax), and Landscape and Ecological Engineering
(Springer)
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Prof. Dietwald Gruehn
Organization: Dortmund University of Technology, School of Spatial Planning (Germany)
Job Title: Prof. Dr., Executive Director of Institute of Spatial Planning, Chair of Landscape
Ecology and Landscape Planning
Major Field /
Research Interests:
Landscape and Environmental Planning, Regional Development,
Validation and Development of Landscape Function Assessment Methods, Visual
Landscape Assessment, Land Valuation,
Concepts for Sustainable Land Use, Climate Change,
Open Space Planning Research,
Environmental Law and Policy,
Effectiveness of Planning Instruments and Programmes and their Evaluation,
Applied Multivariate Statistics in Spatial Planning.
Academic Record: "Habilitation" and "Venia legendi" in Landscape Planning, Landscape Management and
Nature Conservation, Berlin University of Technology, Germany (2004),
Ph.D, Berlin University of Technology (1997),
Correspondence degree course "Public Law", University of Hagen, Germany (1991-97),
M.Sc. in Landscape Planning, Berlin University of Technology (1985-91).
Professional
Experience:
Since 2008 Executive Director of Institute of Spatial Planning (IRPUD), Dortmund
University of Technology,
2006-08 Vice-Executive Director of Institute of Spatial Planning (IRPUD), Dortmund
University of Technology,
Since 2006 Full Professor, Chair of Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning,
Dortmund University of Technology,
2005-06 Head of Environmental Planning Department, Austrian Research Centers -
systems research GmbH, Vienna, Austria,
2004 Managing Director, "Environmental Planning, Research and Consultancy", Berlin,
2003-04 Visiting Professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU),
Department of Landscape Planning, Alnarp, Sweden,
2003 Consultant, Estonian, Latvian & Lithuanian Environment Ltd. (ELLE), Riga,
Latvia,
1997-2003 Assistant Professor, Berlin University of Technology, Department of
Landscape Planning, Landscape Management and Nature Conservation,
1991-97 Research Scientist, Berlin University of Technology, Department of Landscape
Planning, Landscape Management and Nature Conservation.
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Mr. Norihisa SHIMA
Organization: Department of Civil Engineering, the University of Tokyo
Job Title: Assistant Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Urban and regional planning in Asia and Africa, Development economics
Academic
Record:
March, 2002 Bachelor degree, Department of Urban Engineering, the University
of Tokyo
March, 2004 Master degree (engineering), Department of Urban Engineering, the
University of Tokyo
April, 2004-October, 2007 Doctor course, Department of Urban Engineering, the
University of Tokyo
Professional
Experience:
October, 2007-August, 2008 Project researcher, Center for Sustainable Urban
Regeneration (cSUR), the University of Tokyo
September, 2008-Present Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
the University of Tokyo
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Dr. Peeyush SONI
Organization: Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Bangkok (Thailand)
Job Title: Affiliated Faculty (AIT); Secretary-General (AAAE); Assistant Editor (IAEJ)
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Agricultural Engineering; Aquacultural Engineering; Controlled Environment
Engineering; Greenhouse Technology; Agricultural Systems Analysis
Academic
Record:
D.Eng. (Agricultural Engineering), Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
M.Eng. (Agricultural Engineering), Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
B.Eng. (Agricultural Engineering), College of Engineering & Technology, India
Professional
Experience:
Jan 07 - to date Affiliated Faculty
Courses taught: Controlled Environment Agriculture
Design & Testing of Agricultural Machinery
Aquaculture Engineering
Ergonomics
Apr 07 - to date Research Laboratory Supervisor
Laboratories supervised: Farm Power & Machinery; Design &
Testing; Precision Agriculture; Ergonomics; Greenhouse
control; Soil Mechanics; Instrumentation & Measurement
Systems
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Prof. Zong-bo TAN
Organization: School of Architecture, Tsinghua University
Job Title: Professor, Cochairman of Urban Planning Department
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Urban Planning & Design / Urban Land Use Planning, Comparison of Urban
Planning System in different Countries and Districts
Academic
Record:
A Doctoral & Master Degree of Engineering (Urban Planning) from Osaka City
University, Japan
A Bachelor Degree of Architecture from Tsinghua University, China
Visiting Scholar in Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, USA
Professional
Experience:
Researcher of United Nations Center for Regional Development
Deputy Manager in Forest Overseas Co. Ltd.
Chief Designer of ZYT Studio
Researcher of China Institute for Development Planning at Tsinghua University
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Member of Urban Planning Overseas committee, Urban Planning Society of
China
Director of Urban Planning Society of Beijing
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Prof. Hitoshi IEDA
Organization: Department of Civil Engineering, the University of Tokyo
Job Title: Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Transportation, national planning
Academic
Record:
graduate from the University of Tokyo in 1978
(Dept. of Civil Engineering)
Professional
Experience:
entered Japanese National Railways in 1978,
worked for several railway projects; speed-up projects of Shinkansen
and existing narrow gauge lines; North-East Corridor project
in USA; advanced track management strategies.
Research Associate at the University of Tokyo in 1984
Associate Professor at the University of Tokyo in 1986
Visiting Researcher at German Aerospace Research Institute
(1988-1989)
Visiting Professor in the University of the Philippines
(1993-1994)
Professor at the University of Tokyo in 1995
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Member of National Councils for such as
Metropolitan Rail Network Development,
Road policy, Port Development, and City Development
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Prof. Toshio OTSUKI
Organization: Dep. of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, The Univ. of Tokyo
Job Title: Associate Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Architectural Planning Theory and Design
Housing for Low Income People
Management Studies for Housing Estates
Academic
Record:
1991 B.S. Dep. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of Tokyo
1993 M.S. Dep. of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Univ. of
Tokyo
1997 Dr.Eng. Dep. of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, Univ. of
Tokyo
Thesis title: A Study on Long-Term Management for collective houses
Professional
Experience:
1996-1999 Research Associate of Dep. of Architecture, Yokohama National
Univ.
1999-2003 Lecturer of Dep. of Architecture, Tokyo Univ. of Science
2003-2008 Associate Professor of Dep. of Architecture, The Univ. of Tokyo
2008- Associate Professor of Dep. of Architecture, The Univ. of Tokyo
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Book
2006 Time in Collective Housings Oukoku-sha
Academic paper
2008 An Evaluation of Detached Housing Estates with Different Types of
Approaching Space. A Comparative Study between Comkon
Space and without- Joint Committee for Housing, AIJ
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Dr. Kensuke FUKUSHI
Organization: IR3S, The University of Tokyo
Job Title: Associate Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Urban environmental engineering: hazardous compound management, risk
assessment, biological treatment, membrane technology, and suitability science
Academic
Record:
BS and MS in Civil Engineering at Tohoku University, Japan (1989 and 1991)
Ph.D. in Civil Engineering at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (1996)
Professional
Experience:
1996 Research Associate at Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
1997 Assistant Professor at Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
1999 Assistant Professor at Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
2001 Associate Professor at Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
2001 Associate Professor at the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Ken Fukushi has approximately 100 publications (approx. 50 are peer reviewed
journal publication) in professional journals, conference proceedings, and book
chapters in environmental science and engineering fields. He belong various
domestic and international academic societies and serves as an editor of two
international journals (Sustainability Science and ASCE journal). He teaches
environmental system engineering, urban environment, hazardous waste
management, and environmental sustainability in Graduate Schools of
Engineering and Frontier Sciences at the University of Tokyo. He is one of the
founding faculty members of IR3S.
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Mr. Dipak GYAWALI
Organization: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition
Job Title: Research Director
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Interdisciplinary research at the interface of society and resource
base/technology, specifically around issues of water and energy. Cultural Theory
(Theory of Plural Rationalities) approach to water and other conflicts.
Academic
Record:
MSc (Hydroelectric Power Engineering), Moscow Energy Institute, USSR
MA (Energy and Resources), University of California, Berkeley, USA
Pragya (Academician), Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
Professional
Experience:
Nepal government engineer till 1986; Interdisciplinary analyst since 1987
Nepals Minister of Water Resources 2002/2003
Chair, EUs review of its international water research FP4 (1994) to FP6 (2006)
Vice Chair, UNs 3rd World Water Development Report (March 2009/Istanbul).
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Books/reports: Rivers, Technology and Society; Aid Under Stress; Ropeways in
Nepal; Re-imagining the Rural Urban Continuum; Fluid Mosaic;
Chapter in books: Environment Across Cultures; Clumsy Solutions to a Complex
World; Indo-Nepal Water Relations - Challenges; Water and Ethics;
Activities: Chair, Rural Self-Reliance Development Center (till 1997); Trustee,
King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation (1998-2006); currently
General Secretary, Nepal Guthi Preservation Society; Board member, Nepal
Water for Health; Chair, Nep School of Social Sciences and Humanities.
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Dr. Guangwei HUANG
Organization: Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
Job Title: Associate Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Environmental Hydraulics, River Engineering
Academic
Record:
Doctor of Engineering from the University of Tokyo, 1994.
Professional
Experience:
Associate Professor at Kanazawa University and Niigata University
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Dr. Kumiko OGUMA
Organization: Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Job Title: Assistant Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
1. Determination of microbial and chemical pollution in water environment.
2. Assessment and management of waterborne health risks.
3. Water and wastewater management systems in urban area.
4. Sustainable use of groundwater.
5. Advanced water treatment technologies including UV irradiation, membrane
filtration and adsorbents application.
Academic
Record:
March, 2003: Doctor of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
March, 2000: Master of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
March, 1998: Bachelor of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Professional
Experience:
October, 2008: Current position
May-September, 2005: Visiting Assistant Professor, Duke University (USA)
April, 2003: Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Engineering, The
University of Tokyo
Academic / Social
Contribution:
International Ultraviolet Association (International Board Member)
International Water Association
Japan Society on Water Environment
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
287
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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Prof. Guangheng NI
Organization: Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Job Title: Director of the Institute of Hydrology & Water Resources
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Hydrological modeling
River basin water resources management
Water quality simulation and evaluation
High efficiency water use in arid and semi-arid regions
Academic
Record:
1991.10-1994.09, Doctor of Engineering, the University of Tokyo
1985.09-1988.06, Master, Tsinghua University
1980.09-1985.07, Bachelor, Tsinghua University
Professional
Experience:
2002.12-present,
Dept. of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
1994.10-2002.12,
Nippon Koei Co. LTD., Japan
Urban River Division, PWRI, Japan
Civil Engineering and Eco-technology Consultants Co., LTD., Japan
1988.07-1991.09,
Dept. of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Member of CHES (Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society), Committee on
Urban Water Resources
Member of CSNR (China Society of Natural Resources), Committee on Water
Resources
Member of APHW (The Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology and Water
Resources)
Member of IAHS (International Association of Hydrological Science)
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Dr. Priana SUDJONO
Organization: Dept. of Environmental Engg., Bandung Institute of Technology.
Job Title: Associate Professor.
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Computation on Environmental Management System especially in Water
Management.
Academic
Record:
1981 Sanitary Engineer.
1986 Master of Science in Environmental Management and Technology.
1991 Post Graduate Diploma in Engineering.
1998 Doctor of Engineering Systems.
Professional
Experience:
1981-1991 Assistance at the Bandung Institute of Tech., Dept of Env. Eng.
1991-2000 Lecturer at the Bandung Institute of Tech., Dept of Env. Eng.
2000-now Associate Professor at the Bandung Inst. of Tech., Dept of Env. Eng.
2003-2004 Guest Professor at River Basin Research Center, Gifu Uni, Japan.
Academic / Social
Contribution:
2005-now Chief section of scientific publication and events at Indonesia
Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers. Responsible
for annual scientific meeting, at national level, on Research on
Environmental Problems in Indonesia.
Editor of a scientific journal nationally distributed Lingkungan Tropis.
Editor of a scientific journal internationally distributed Applied Sciences
in Environmental Sanitation.
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Dr. Shahram KHOSROWPANAH
Organization: University of Guam, Water & Env. Research Institute of the
Western Pacific (WERI)
Job Title: Professor of Water Resources Engineering
Major Field / Research
Interests:
Hydraulics, Surface water hydraulics, computer modeling of water
distribution systems, soil erosion and sedimentations, GIS
application in water resources, watershed management
Academic Record: Ph.D. Civil Engineering, Colorado State University
M.S. Civil Engineering, Colorado State University
B.S. Irrigation, Rezaeih University
Registered Professional Civil Engineer
Certified master modeler for MWH Soft H2oMap and Haestad
WaterCAD
Professional Experience:
Dr. Khosrowpanah has more
than 25 years of experiences in
research and engineering
practices in the area of water
resources. He is presently
the principal investigator for the
following projects:
Identify the Optimum Land Coverage Practices for Southern
Guam
Watersheds Development of Realistic Residential and
Commercial Water Demands for Use with the Saipan Water
Distribution System Model
Watershed Management for Senipehn Watershed, Pohnpei
Island, the Federated States of Micronesia
Developing a Digital Watershed Atlas for Southern Guam
Academic / Social Contribution:
Dr. Khosrowpanah teaches and advises graduate and under-grad
students in Envi. Science Program and Pre-Engineering program
at the University of Guam.
International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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Dr. Parikesit
Organization: Dept. Biology/Institute of Ecology Padjadjaran University Bandung Indonesia
Job Title: Lecturer/Researcher
Major Field /
Research Interests:
Landscape ecology and Natural resource management/ Biodiversity conservation
Academic Record: - PhD graduated from the University of Tokyo Japan in 2004
- MSc graduated from the University o Guelph Canada in 1994
- BSc graduated from Padjadjaran University Indonesia in 1988
Professional
Experience:
- Lecturer at the Dept. Biology Fac. Mathematics & Nt. Sciences Padjadjaran Univ.
- Lecturer at Graduate programme on Environmental Studies Padjadjaran Univ.
- Researcher at the Institute of Ecology Padjadjaran Univ.
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Parikesit, Salim, H., Triharyanto, E., Gunawan, B., Sunardi, Abdoellah, O.S., Ohtsuka, R. 2005.
Multi-source water pollution in the Upper Citarum Watershed, Indonesia, with special
reference to its spatio-temporal variation. Environmental Sciences, 12, 3: 121 - 131
Parikesit, Takeuchi K, Tsunekawa A., Abdoellah, O.S., 2005. Kebon tatangkalan: a disappearing
multi-layered agroforestry in the changing agricultural landscape of the Upper Citarym
Watershed, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems 63: 171 182
Parikesit, Takeuchi K, Tsunekawa A., Abdoellah, O.S., 2005. Resource analysis of small-scale
dairy production system in an Indonesian village: a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and
Environment105: 541 - 554
Parikesit. 2003. Kebon tatangkalan: the multi-layered agroforest in the changing agricultural
landscape of the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Ecology and
Development.
Parikesit, Takeuchi K, Tsunekawa A., Abdoellah, O.S., 2001. Non-forest Fuelwood Acquisition
and Transition in Type of Energy for Domestic Uses in the Changing Agricultural Landscape
of the Upper Citarum Watershed, Indonesia. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 84,
245-258
291
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Dr. Takeyoshi CHIBANA
Organization: Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Job Title: Lecturer
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
1. Forming process of river morphology
2. Evaluation of river ecosystem
3. Management of river basin environment
Academic
Record:
March, 2003: Doctor of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
March, 2000: Master of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
March, 1998: Bachelor of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Professional
Experience:
August, 2004: Current position
September, 2003: Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, The
University of Tokyo
April, 2003: Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of
Tokyo
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
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Photo
Dr. Goro MOURI
Organization: Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
Job Title: Postdoctoral fellow
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
I am currently in my fourth year as a PostDoc at Institute of Industrial Science
(IIS), University of Tokyo. I am a specialist in hydrological environmental
studies, and have broad studying and professional experience in catchment-scale
integrated water management. My work has focused on water sustainability
considering CO
2
emission assessment on Shikoku Island, western Japan, where
we are using numerical model based on hydrological technique to understand the
environmental impacts in an urban sewage system.
Academic
Record:
Ph.D. in Civil system engineering, Kyoto University (2003), Modeling of water
and sediment dynamics in the basin scale and its application to the actual basin.
Professional
Experience:
-Postdoctoral fellow of the project about catchment-scale integrated water
management supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The
University of Tokyo (2005-2009)
-Project Leader of the project about water-resources development supported by
the Kurita Water and Environment Foundation (KWEF). (2007-2008)
-Postdoctoral fellow of the project about creation of sustainable water
environment in an urban catchment supported by the city of Gifu, Information
and Multimedia Center (IMC), Gifu University (2003-2005)
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Dr. Tetsuo KIDOKORO
Organization: University of Tokyo
Job Title: Associate Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Urban and Regional Planning/
Planning governance in Asian Countries
Informal Settlements
Academic
Record:
1993: Acquired Ph. D. from the University of Tokyo (Urban Planning)
1983: Graduated the Master Program of the Dept. of Urban Engineering, School
of Engineering, the University of Tokyo in March 31, 1983 (M. of Eng.)
1981: Graduated the Dept. of Urban Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The
University of Tokyo in March 31, 1981 (B. of Eng.)
Professional
Experience:
1996 - Present: Associate Professor, the Department of Urban Engineering, the
University of Tokyo
1994 1996: Visiting Lecturer (JICA Expert), Dept. of Urban and Regional
Planning, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
1990 - 1994: National Expert, the United Nations Center for Regional
Development (UNCRD)
1987 - 1989: Associate Expert, Human Settlements Unit, the United Nations
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP)
1983 - 1987: Urban Planner, ALMEC Corporation
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Kidokoro, T. et al. eds. (2008) Sustainable City Regions: Space, Place and
Governance, Springer
Kidokoro, T. et al. eds. (2008) Vulnerable Cities: Realities, Innovations and
Strategies, Springer
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Dr. Qiang Charles Luo
Organization: WERI (Water and Environmental Research Institute of Western Pacific),
University of Guam
Job Title: Ph.D., Assistant Professor, and P.Eng.
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Dr. Luos primary research interests center on distributed numerical modeling of
watershed hydrology including water quantity and quality issues. Using
distributed data input of climate, vegetation, soil, morphology and geology, the
model LUOM (Luo, 2007) generates both lumped and distributed output such as
precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface water depth, stream flow (discharge),
infiltration, soil moisture, recharge to groundwater, and groundwater table. The
model makes use of GIS as the pre- and post-process tool. The model is also
capable to simulate sediment production on hill slopes and sediment transportation
in the overland flow and stream flow, deposition on and erosion of the riverbed.
The model application includes stream flow estimation, flood prediction, impacts
of climate change, impacts of land use change/urbanization, and effects of forest
management, etc.
Academic
Record:
Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
M.Sc. & B.Sc. in Water Resources Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
Professional
Experience:
Registered Professional Engineer at APEGBC, Canada.
2008 : Assistant Professor, WERI, University of Guam, U.S.A
2006 2008: Engineer, CH2M HILL Canada Limited.
2004 2006: Research Associate, University of British Columbia, Canada
2000 2004: Modeling scientist and Engineer, INA Corp. Japan
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Developed a distributed watershed model LUOM (Luo, 2007) and published a
storybook on Taoism, Lao-zi and Daode-jing (Luo, 2005).
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Dr. Danai THITAKOO
Organization: Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, Thailand
Job Title: Lecturer
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Landscape-Urban Ecology / Urban Ecology with an emphasis on urban patterns
and urban-rural interactions and changes, Hydro-Ecology, Human Ecosystem,
Landscape Changes and Resilience and Adaptation, Historical Landscape.
Academic
Record:
1998 Ph.D. in Environmental Planning, Department of Landscape Architecture, College of
Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.
1990 M.LA., Department of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School of Design, Harvard
University, U.S.A.
1983 B.LA. (Honors), Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture,
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Professional
Experience:
2006-Present Principle Investigator: Landscape and Urban Ecology and Planning Laboratory,
Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
2004-Present Researcher: Southeast Asia START Regional Center, Bangkok, Thailand.
1998-Present Lecturer: Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture,
Chulalongkorn University.
1995- 1998 Research Specialist an Instructor: Geographic Information Science Center,
University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.
Academic / Social
Contribution:
2008 Thaitakoo, D. and McGrath, B.: Changing landscape, changing climate: Bangkok and
the Chao Phraya River Delta, Places 20.2: Climate Change and Place, Forum of Design
for the Public Realm, edited by Nancy Rottle, Marina Alberti, and Daniel Friedman,
October, 2008, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
2006 Thaitakoo, D. and B. McGrath: Bangkoks Agri and Aqua-cultural Fringe , Topos, Issue
56 Cultural Landscapes (September, 2006), Edited by Robert Schfer, The International
Review of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, George D.W. Callwey Gmbh &
Co.KG Munich, Germany
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Prof. Kaori FUJITA
Organization: The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering
Job Title: Associate Professor
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Department of Architecture / Timber Engineering
Academic
Record:
Graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1993
Graduated from the Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo in 1995 with the
degree of Master of Engineering
Graduated from the Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo in 1999 with the
degree of Doctor of Engineering. Thesis entitled: Experimental Research on the Horizontal Load
Carrying Elements of Traditional Japanese Timber Structures (in Japanese)
Professional
Experience:
COE Researcher at Structural Engineering Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
May 1999.
Research Associate at Tokyo Metropolitan University, October 1999.
Assistant Professor at Tokyo Metropolitan University, October 2000.
Associate Professor at Tokyo Metropolitan University, April 2005.
Associate Professor at The University of Tokyo, since April 2007, as of January 2009
Academic / Social
Contribution:
Member of the Architectural Institute of Japan
Board of the Non Profit Organization Forum of Timber Architecture
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Mr. Dendi MUHAMAD
Organization:
- Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.
- Master Program of Environmental Studies, Post-Graduate Program,
Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.
Major Field /
Research Interests:
Dendi Muhamad is a master of Environmental Studies major in Natural
Resource Management (from Padjadjaan University, 2008). In 2005 he
received a schoolarship from JASSO as research student in Lab. of Landscape
Ecology and Planning, Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo (for 6 months). Now,
he is a researcher in the Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran University. His study
focuses on energy analysis in sustainable agricultural landscape management
in rural and pre-urban area, West Java, Indonesia. He also has an interest in
conducting research about farmers strategies on lbor alocation amng several
agricultural production system in a pre-urban area of West Java, Indonesia.
Ms. ZHOU Dingyang
Organization:
Laboratory of Landscape Ecology and Planning,
Department of Ecosystem Studies,
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo
Major field /
Research
interests:
Research interests:
Land use/cover /intensity change
Landscape planning
Food risk and food security
Academic experience:
MSc China Agriculture University
Graduate Thesis: The Dynamic Change of Cropping System and Food
Production Risk in China
BA China Agriculture University
Graduate Thesis: Driving Forces of Urban Sprawl and Its estimate in
Dangyang County
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Mr. Kazuaki TSUCHIYA
Organization: Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, The University of Tokyo
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Major Field
Landscape Ecology and Planning
Research Interests
Cities have grown with sprawling on agricultural landscapes and constructing
urban parks. Not all these green spaces are in good condition. Scattered
agricultural landscapes have abandoned and lack of management can be
found in some parks. These deserted landscapes are causing social and
ecological problems, thus the regeneration are needed. Planning and design
of landscapes can be a key tool to tackle these problems.
Urban Landscape Regeneration
How technological innovation has changed, is changing and will change the
landscapes? (agricultural techniques in ancient times, machines in modern
era, todays information technology, green tech in near future)
Technological Innovation and Landscape Change
Mr. Jay BOLTHOUSE
Organization: Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Jay Bolthouse is originally from Michigan, land of the Great Lakes. After
completing his bachelors degree in Geography at Western Michigan University,
he traveled to Japan and worked as an English instructor for two years. From
2005-2007, he completed a masters thesis on the social construction of the
Japanese concept of satoyama while in the Department of Geography at Western
Washington University. Currently, he is a PhD candidate at The University of
Tokyo where he is conducting doctoral research on community forestry networks
in England, New England, and Japan.
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Ms. Mariko MIYAMOTO
Organization: Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Ms. Mariko Miyamoto is a PhD candidate of the Graduate School of Frontier
Sciences, the University of Tokyo. She received Bachelor of Environment and
Information Studies from Keio University in 2005, and Master of Environment
from the University of Tokyo in 2007.Her current study subjects include
landscape ecology and landscape planning, especially utilization of mountain
forest resources in modern age. She is a member of the Japanese Institute of
Landscape Architect, and the Japanese Association for Landscape Ecology. She
also has an interest in Cultural Landscape.
Mr. Toru TERADA
Organization: Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Toru TERADA is a master of Policy and Planning Sciences (from University of
Tsukuba, 2008) and now he is PhD candidate of the University Tokyo majoring
Landscape and Regional Planning. His study focuses on a sustainable
maintenance of green spaces in particular distributed on a suburban area which is
formed by urban-rural mixed land-use pattern, in terms of low-carbon and woody
biomass utilization, and also he has an interest in its implementation for
comprehensive regional planning like a green belt policies.
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Ms. Asako OKUNO
Organization: Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The
University of Tokyo
Environmental Risk Management & Quality Control Technology laboratory
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Asako OKUNO is a master of Urban Engineering of The University of Tokyo
and now Im PhD candidate of that.
My study focuses on evaluation of environmental burden in recycling of plastic
containers and packaging wastes in Japan.
Im especially interested in cascade recycling of the plastic wastes that is
feedstock recycling or energy recovery of recycled single resin produced by
mechanical recycling to no cascade recycling that is only feedstock recycling or
energy recovery of the wastes.
Ms. Haruna WATANABE
Organization: Water Environment Technology Laboratory, Department of Urban Engineering,
Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
2008.3: Master of Engineering (Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo)
2008.4-now: PhD candidate of Engineering (same as above)
Research theme: Sediment toxicity identification
Contaminated sediments in urban water environment have toxic effect on
aquatic ecosystem. For the effective remediation of them, the identification of
chemical compounds responsible for the toxicity is needed. Now, I apply a
biologically-based fractionation approach called Toxicity Identification
Evaluation (TIE) to the whole-sediment bioassay with an ostracod (a benthic
crustacean) in order to identify the cause of sediment toxicity.
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International Workshop on Sustainable City Region
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Mr. Hiroaki FUJIMORI
Organization: Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Hiroaki FUJIMORI is master 1
st
student majoring in River Environmental
Engineering. He is interested in retaining the sound environment of rivers
damaged by human impact. To contribute to create eco-friendly river
environment, firstly he studies about gravel bars to grasp the characteristics of it.
Here characteristics mean bed material distribution, bars shape, relationship
between bars and flow regime, etc.
Mr. Hongpin MO
Organization: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University
Major Field /
Research Interests:
MO Hongpin got his bachelor degree of Environmental engineering (from Tsinghua
University, China, 2006) and now he is a PhD candidate of Tsinghua University
majoring in Environmental System Analysis.
His study focuses on constructing a sustainable developing pattern for cities of
China, in which high resources and energy efficiency, low environmental burdens
and proper economic growth are main objects to purchase. The new national
strategy named Circular Economy is considered to be a potential approach, which
has various commons with the 3R society principle in Japan, and he is interested in
its theory and implementation.
Meanwhile, he is also working in Research Center for Industry of Chinas Circular
Economy in Tsinghua University, this institute has completed a number of
environmental consulting and research projects providing policy-making supports
for the state and regional governments of China.
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Mr. Yutaka ARAKI
Organization: Graduate student of Civil Engineering, The university of Tokyo
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Yutaka ARAKI is a master student of Civil Engineering, (from University of
Tokyo, 2008). He has studied about climate model in terms of analyzing climate
change impact especially focusing on 1 river basin in Indonesia while he was
staying in Asian Development Bank (Manila) as an internship last year (Jul-Dec,
2008).
Mr. Arthit LIMPIYAKORN
Organization: Graduate School of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Arthit Limpiyakorn graduated Master degree from Asian Institute of Technology,
GIS&RS. Now he is PhD. Candidate of the university of Tokyo, International
Development & Regional Planning Unit. His study focuses on development of
comprehensive conceptual framework for urban greening. He also interested in
landscape ecological principal.
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Mr. Hirofumi HORI
Organization: The Urban Land Use Planning Research Unit,
Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Hirofumi HORI have got a masters degree of Urban engineering from The
University of Tokyo, 2007. And now, he is a Ph.D candidate of The Land use
planning research unit in The university of Tokyo.
His background is architecture, graduated from the faculty of architecture,
Engineering department in The University of Nagoya. After his graduation, he has
worked at the commercial development and consulting company for 2 years. And
then, he entered the masters course of The University of Tokyo
His study focuses on the sustainable Land use and Architectural design Review
system (actually, it means development review system) and the application in
North American cities. For example, Seattle, WA, Denver, CO, Portland, OR,
Vancouver, BC (Canada) etc
And also, he has interest in the Comprehensive planning and its implementation;
it might be Zoning and the Development Review, Public participation, citizen
agreement, of course, Planning system in each country!
Mr. Togu PARDEDE
Organization:
Japan: International Development Planning Unit (Onishi & Kidokoro Lab.),
Dept.Urban Engineering, The University of Indonesia
Indonesia: Ministry of Planning and Development/BAPPENAS
Major Field /
Research
Interests:
Togu Pardede got his bachelor degree in 1994 from Bandung Institute of
Technology with major in urban planning and Master in International
Development Studies in 2003 from GRIPS-Tokyo and now he is PhD candidate
of the University of Tokyo. His involvement as Central Government officer in
preparing Reconstruction plan/Blue Print of Aceh post Tsunami (2004) and
Damage and Loss Assessment and Action Plan of Yogyakarta Post-Earthquake
Reconstruction (2006) motivate him focusing his doctoral research in urban
planning for post-disaster recovery.
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Cover Design: Kazuaki Tsuchiya
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