Review Worksheet for Chapters 4

Here is a worksheet covering chapters 4 for you to prepare yourself for the exam. This will give you an idea of what is important and where to focus your studying. If you cant find
the answer, use ALL your resources before coming to me. (Not that I dont want to help-I do-its just that you learn more if you discover the answer for yourself.)

Chapter 4 Neural Communication

Define Membrane Potential. - the seperation of positive and negative charges across a membrane

Define the following terms: Resting potential - when the mp of cells is at rest and around -70 mV Depolarization - when the membrane potential moves closer to 0mV. Repolarization - when mp moves back toward rp Hyperpolarization - when mp is below rp Now draw a graph to illustrate the above:

Be sure that for the above graph, you are labeling the axis (both vertical and horizontal) and make sure you numbers are logical.

Is hyperpolarization an upward or downward deflection from RMP? What 2 types of cells are excitable (or irritable) -muscle and neuron Draw a simple cell and show where the Na+ and K+ are highest.

Now if diffusion is going to take place, which way will these ions move?
This is the whole basis of this chapter and the next and the next and the next and the next, so if you dont understand it, dont proceed until you do.

We have mainly talked about 2 kinds of channels: Voltage gated and chemically gated. Write your notes about these below: Voltage gated: -gated channels that open and close in response to changes in mp. Chemically gated: -gated channels that open and close in response to binding of a chemical messenger to a surface membrane receptor There are 2 types of electrical signals that we have talked about. Graded Potentials and Action Potentials. Write your complete notes about these below: Be sure to use the comparison chart in the book. Graded Potentials: -occurs in small, specialized region of excitable cell membranes -magnitude of GP varies directly with magnitude of the triggering event -decremental spread, therefore the signal gradually decreases Action Potentials: -brief rapid large (100mV) changes in membrane potential during which inside becomes more + then outside -non decremental conduction, signal arrives at full strength -threshold potential-mp to which membrane must be around -50 mV to initate impulse

How is decremental conduction like throwing a pebble in the water? -waves dissipate over time How is non decremental conduction like shooting a gun? -rapid, virtually no change in signal Which of the above is true of AP conduction and which for GP conduction? 2 1 Do APs generate GPs or do GPs generate APs?

Are EPSPs and IPSPs APs or GPs?

Can APs be summated? -no What does the all or none law mean? - if threshold (-50 or -55 mV) is not met than there will be no AP Do APs or GPs use chemically gated channels? Do APs or GPs use voltage gated channels?

Define threshold potential: - potential that must be reached in order to conduct and impulse (-50 or -55 mV) Now lets look at ion movement during action potential conduction One more time, draw the cell/neuron with the Na+ and K+ where they belong and also show where they would like to diffuse to if gates should open. Draw the sodium gate with the activation and inactivation gates. At what voltage do the sodium activation gates open? - threshhold so -50 to -55 mV

At what voltage do the inactivation gates close? 30 mV Now draw the much simpler K+ gates. At what voltage do the potassium gates open? 30 mV At what voltage do the gates close? --80mV Draw the action potential graph and label all parts.

Now describe what is happening with the ion movement in each area of the graph. Be complete. Na gates open Na gates close K gates open Resting potential restored

Where in the graph is the sodium potassium pump working? Can you see anything on the graph?

Now draw a neuron and label all the parts. Add where the GPs occur and where the APs begin. What direction does the AP travel?

Is the neuron you drew myelinated or unmyelinated? What is the difference? How will the above affect impulse speed and conduction/propagation type? Myelinated=slow Unmyelinated=fast

What are Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes? Be complete. - Schwann cells - Oligodendrocytes

What ensures that impulse conduction is a one way event?

Define absolute and relative refractory period. Dont forget to add what the channels are doing to cause these events? Abs- unresponsive to further stimulation Rel-a second ap can be produced by a triggering event considerably stronger then usual