ADVISORS:

Oppenheimer, Teller, and the Superbomb

By Herbert F. York. 175 Pages. W. H. Freeman 6 Co. 1976.$6.95.
In Janoary 1950, President Truman made the decision to determine the technical feasibility of a thermonw clear weapon. To many, this decision was an obvious and necessnry one, for, a few months earlier, the Snvlets had caught US leaders in a state of dis arwy when they exploded a fission v capon more than two years ahead of the Joint Chiefs of Stnff estimate. To others, the Lnited States had missed an opportunity to put a cap on the nucle:w arms race. The General Advisory Committee (GAC 1. tbe Atomic Energy Commissions scientific adwsory body, had recommended against the development of the H-bomb. In his 1961 article in Palifira[ Scie}tce Qctartcrly, Wmmer R. Schilling arglled the GACS case a>
follows :

of the gceat debate. York is uniqnely qu;dified to accomplish this task becaose of his own participation in ProJect SuP(r f]c,n?!>nd hls personal know 1a edge of the pxrticl pants, Yorks extensive Ilse of interviews and recently derlassltled documents further c{{n. tributes to the Willie of this umck. In e~wluatlng the decision, Y(]rk and Schil]ing are of one mind. York u,ncludeh. 1?1 . . . if ?11))!, ,Soe}) totlfc ?etro ?.?

..)wct Truma sb(, fbat H dd

G,4CS

ha r,, ta/, cD thr adctce; 1(c should hat,? kcld back .II i?t?ttafing tbe dew[opm?rrf <If fbe sap< v WIIIIC rr!fzki?ig atl(, thcr ,x*,) I. ,,[{s tr~ to acbivz, e tnte)wttv)nrzl cf,atIVJl ,,wr all nuclear 0} Ins, i)(rlztd?pz!( e..pc( lall~l tile .S?(pw

Tke H-bomb dccisi(m is ?wvrtia[lp a frauic story. Ike GAC was Iiv~it z?>sensing tl!at tke rfcwlopmtxt of tbf H- fx>ml> would rfrtve twentieth cFnturu man deeper into the box that bc has bew bz?lding for k{mself witl[ ttis militaf Y tecbnolwu, doctrirw, foYeitm policti, and cttltztrwl efhvs. Tlte GAC was also right in asserting that it was a time to stop, look and th?nk. In Tke .4dvisurs, Herbert York adds to the knowledge of the subject by providing the technical and homan dekdi]s essential to an understanding 98

Whether or nut you agree Mith the uuthurs premise, Tbr ..ldrisf,~s has milch to {dfer. It contains an excellent survey of the LS and Soviet nuclear d:!te>, Iocatwns Iirogrttm*, to include It offers exan(i yields of detonations. ition for cnnifucting tensive document:
udditiom+l Must story three the of first the research it led to effort on tells the bomb. which, the the in subject. humim less than of importantly, years,

explosion

hydrogen

MA,J THOMAS H. 13 MIZD.

I)cpavtment of Unified and bined Operations, USit CGSC CoIn-

Militsry Review

A RADICAL VIEW: The Agate Okpatches of Whitelaw Reid, 1861-1665. ~dded with an In. troduchon and Notes by James G. Smart. 274 Pages (Volume O 228 Pages (Volume 11) Memplm State University Press 1976 $2000 two-volume
set

This is a rare set of books, not in the classical sense, but rare in content, style and authorship. These two volumes represent one of three collections of writings by radical Civil Way correspondents. Yet the value and uniqueness of this set rests even more upon the fact that Reid, more than the other correspondents, usually reported directly from the battle scenes, met important military and political leaders and wrote what he saw and felt very well. Reid was eminently qualified. He was a student of Henry W. Halleck and Henri Jomini; he was familiar with the campaigns of Frederick the Great and Napoleon; he taught himself shorthand; he had studied geology and had written detailed descriptions of land formations during a trip to Agate Ray; he had considerable experience as a newspaper editor, publisher and reporter; and hls knowledge of the classics gave him a good command of the language. At the start of the war, he wrote three different daily accounts for the Cincinnati Gawtte, the 1imes and the Cleveland HeraZd, and occasional columns for two other newspapers. BY 18G3, Reid was writing two columns Telegraphic Disthe regularly: patches to more than a half-dozen papers throughout the country and the Agate Dispatches to his home newspaper, the Gazette. His Telegraphic Dispatches are sharply de-

scriptive and void of opinion or analyses, while his Agate Dispatched, no less descriptive, are marked by a graceful literary style and contain both opinion and analyses of the news. Reids accounting of battles is brilliant, particularly hhi 19,000-word report on Shiloh, his tensely dramatic, graphically powerful portrayal of Gettysburg and his sensitive and somber rendition of the 1865 march on Richmond. His method of gathering information led him onto fields of battle where he would scamper from one skirmish to another, interviewing partmipante as he went. Once the battles were finished, Reid usnally retraced their courses on the deserted fielde and then wrote his columns. Although a staunch Unionist, Reid was quick to point out shortcomings in supply, strategy and leadership. He was especially harsh on McClellan and Jtosecrans. His descriptive prose is \,ery poeticsimilar in style to the later realist and naturalist J, riters. He writes about Negro troops, Reconstruction plans, Grant and the 1864 campaign and Lincolns plea for amendment. And he a n antislavery dl>cusses the relationship between a free press and military censorship. Reid has no quarrel with the right of commanders to impose censorship, but he wails at the methods used, Most violations of intelligence, he maintains, are from within the ranks or a function of too many questionable persons permitted access to battle areas. when Reid chastises Significantly, either the military leader or the politician. he cites specific examples of ~vrongduing. Specious allegations are untlsa al. Tbe Agate accounts are sometimes

kdy 1976

99

Ml: BOOKS

POWER ANO POLICY

IN CHINA by Pares H Chang State Umvetsity Press

276 Pages Pennsylvania 1975 $1350

Especially Interesting In these days of shifting power patterns in China, \vith the recent death of Chou En-~di, an nging Man :~nd the appointment of a ue~v premier, is this study by Parris Chaug, a member of the Pennsylvania State University political science faculty. The study is an analysis of the top echelons of power in Red China, of the Infighting and shifting tide, \vithin the power structure and of the policymaking process. Amung Chnngs major conclusions: Despite his enormous pewonnl POW w and prestige, Mao and his immediate associates have not enjoyed absolute and uncontested power in China; policymaking involved, and continues to involve, a complex conflict and consensus-building process; and le~ders nnd cadres at the lower levels have had an appreciable effect on policy during the implementation phase eveu though they may not have participated in its formulation. For the serious student of Chinese affairs, Changs book prowdes additional and useful insights into Chinas

p~,licymaking pr,wesses, ;1s well as sirullltaneuu.ly furni$hlng a large ,Lmount uf recent Chinese history as it involvecl the leadership echelons. The book is indexed, extensively .Lnllotntecl and includes an exbausti~,e bibliugr~phy on source materials and tiplwndixe> on rmtional leoders, Central Committee meetings and agendas and a key list of abhreviatiuns, Power and Polky in Cl, i?!n sh(,l]ld certainly be on the bookshelf of the ,)ilicer whose interest in China goes {Ieeper than the strictly milits. ry aspects of that nations poteutlal in w,jrld affairs. L. GREAVEL3, LTC FIELDING
[).S.4,

Retirw/

THE PERUVIAN ExPERIMENT: Continuity and Cha;gs Under Milltary Rule. Edited by Abraham F low. enthal 479 pages Princeton Universty Press 1975 $22.50 clothbound. $695 paperbound.

Tke Peruvian

E.cperitnw

t is at once

the latest, most masterful and comprehensive treatment and analysis of one of the more interesting experiments in government in the modern world. The cont~ibutors to this voltime are acknowledged experts in their respective fields and have conducted extensive original research in Peru in pursuit of other major academic endeavors. The chapters are largely collections of articles previously written hy these authors and which have been updated and expanded for inclusion in this book. While each chapter stands by itself as a significant contribution to a particular subject and may be read without regard to numerical order, the first chapter sets the stage for the rest

100

Military Review

,
BOOKS SIR
the book and M essential for a novice in Peruvian affairs. In the chapter entitled Perus Ambiguous Revolutlmr, the editor looks at the government frwm the perspective of both the inslder and the population. While the editor makes the ~ever. ent]al gestures of acknowledging the extent to which the Periivian milltary h;is succeeded in restructuring basic gc}iernmential and societal institutions toward n more equitable distr ihut iun ,~f s,wial and economic justice, he is most Levedlng when he states that a closer look at contemporary Peru pnwides n some~vhnt. murkier view. From this viewpoint, the author analyzes rh;ts which indicate that, in spite ,,f the military regimes obvious early .ucctwses, tbe reforms thus far benefit only a very small segment of the p{qmlat ton. Having thus tre:lted the reader to an overview of the regimes failures bakmced ugninst their successes, the ertit[}r, in his treatment of the public versus the private sector and the formers propensity for spawning a technocratic and b!lreaucratic elite, fails to mentinn what impact an expanded and reasonably prosperous m i d d 1e class shall have on continued progress and political stabili:y and the prospect for a return to civilian rule. The other chapters in this book, eqaally informative and provocative, provide an appreciation of the magnitude of the problems faced by the revolutionary military regime and develop the readers own analytical base to determine the militarys true commitment to reform. The work of authors such as Julio Cotler, David Collier, Colin Harding and Shane Hunt, to mention a few, are significant, Origiof

nal contributions by specialists in a field that is little understood by most academicians. E,rperi)nevrt In sum, The Pernrian is an important, accurate exposition of Peru today and of ~~hat tbe modernizing military revolution is about. This book is a muet for mll those conwith Latin America ad is a cerned revelation to those interested in probIems of the developing states. LTC GEORGE TALBOTJR., T. Depavtmnat of Uni/ied and CC))H birred Operations, USACGSC
THE LUSITANIA DISASTER: An Episode in Modern

Warfare and Diplomacy by Thomas A. Ba!ley and Paul B Ryan 383 Pages Free Press. 1975 $1095 On liI1er 5 May 1915, out the British luxLIry

of New York, was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine off the Irish coast. More than ,200 per~ons died, of wbieh 128 ~~ere Americans. The American public was outraged. Government policy, already tilted in f~vor of the Alhes, went from one of neutrahty to one of open support. The sinking has been regarded as one of the prlncip~l events leading to US entry into World War I. Controversy over the Lusifania disaster arose a!most immediately, and speculation has continued ever since. Why did tbe US Government not caution American citizens against traveling on belligerent ships in the war zone? Waa tbe ship armed? Why didnt the Lusifania follow a zigzag course in an area of known submarine operations? Was there a conspiracy to sink the ship in hopes of luring the United States into war with Germany ? The authors attempt to answer
~usitania,

]Uty 1976

101

these and many other questions \vhich have persisted for the past 60 years. Using materials only recently released to the public, they have produced a thoroughly researched and well-documented hook and one which should finally settle the controversy surrounding one of historys great sea tragedies. COL DOiWALD .f. DELANEY,
USA, Retired

THE BUFFALOWAR: The History of the Red River

Indian Uprising of f874 & Co by lames 1976.$795 L Haley. 290 Pages, Doubleday

Folklore accounts of North American plains activities 100 years ago are avoided by the author who works only with the facts leading to the Red River cumpaign of 1874. At that time, three main Indian tribes occupied reservations on the South Plaine extending from central Kansas to central Texas. These tribes were the Cheyenne,- Comanche and Kiowa, Slaughter of buffalo by the white hunter deprived these governmental wards of food, clothing and shelter. Thefts of pony herds by renegade whites decreased the Indians mobility and deepened their resentment. Failure of the Government tn uphold treaty rights further inflamed them, and Indian retaliations followed. Wagon trains were destroyed, small settlements were raided and settlers were slain. The Red R i v e r War erupted. Generals of Civil War fame were sent to enter the fray. Sheridan, Sherman, Hancock, Miles, Pope, Augur, Davidson and others matched tactical wits with LittIe Robe of the Cheyennes, Lone Wolf, Satanta and Strik-

ing Eagle of the Kiowas and Quanah, White Wolf and Wild Horse of the Comanches. With the odds against them, these chieftains challenged the superior military might of the Government. Their battles, their victories and their loeses are ably pieced together to describe this epoch in the great buffalo plains of America. This volume is of value for its objective treatment of a volatile subject. It transcends in importance many other papers dealing emotionally or prejudicially with territorial conquests. Fifty-fonr pages of notes and bibliography contain references to both publisbed and unpublished material available for research. Two maps and 56 photographic reprodu@i6ns supplement the text. The book is easy to read and is a credit to tbe author as his first hook. COL V. J.
GREGORY,

USAFR,

Retired

ATLAS OF MARITIME HISTORY by Christopher Lloyd 114 Pages. Arco Pubhshiog Co 1975 $35,00 THE ENCYCLOPEDIA FIRST IRONCLAOS Warner; Captain Csptmn Uhlg Jr; Oonald Desmond OF SEA WARFARE FROM THE

TO THE PRESENT DAY by Ohver Geoffrey Bennett, O S C . R N : Maclntyre, Witter% 0.S O, 0 S C., Frank Preston $1795 snd Antony Co. 1975

250 Pages

Thomas Y CroweO

Christopher Lloyd has joined together history and geography in this new and important book Atlas of l.fariti?n e History. He has combined precise maps with clear, concise explanatory texts which explain and illustrate the importance of maritime history to the progress of Western civilization. Exploration routes which led to the discovery and development

f 02

Military

Rwiew

BOOKS iilt

of
tions

ancient are

and charted

present-day -and explained.

civiliza-

These empire building merchant routes have been constantly and jealously guarded. for they have been the economic life Ime of many maritime nations. The growth and importance of navies to these competing maritime e.rnpires are treated well by Lloyd, and their strategies are covered in great detail. Professor Lloyd ends bis book with maps and texts on the Arctic and Antarctic and leaves his reader with n question about the future: With all the seas explored, and w,ith all nations becoming increasingly protective of their economic boundaries, will the next phase of maritime history be conrerned with maritime boundaries? Lloyd is eminently qualified to write on marltlme history. He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society and former vice president of both the .Navy Records Society and the Society for Nutional Research. Bealltifully detailed drnwlngs of !varships. maps of sea battles and many act ion photographs enhance and enlarge definitive texts about the history uf modern sea warfare in TIIe Erlcyclf)pedia of Sea Warfurc. This hook covers the history of war at sea frnm the days of the first ironclad battle to the present nuclear age. It shows the development of the warship fram that first ironclad to the highly fighting modern-day technological ship. The encyclopedia explains tbe stcategy and tactics of major sea battles through three ww-s-the Civil War, World War I and World War 11 ( Pacific ami Atlantic) and brings the reader into the period of the nuclear marvel. All the authors of this book are knowledgeable in maritime

\varfare and, through a joint effort, have fashioned a comprehensive, though sometimes \vordy, history of warfare at sea. Vividly descriptive and visual, this book emphasizes the revolution in marine !veapons, equipment and planning, and emphatically points out tbe importance of sea power, CDR H. J. WISEMAN, USN
NrI w

Sectfon,

USA CGSC

BATTLES LOST AND WON: Essays From Civil War History. Edited by John T. Hubbell, Editor, CIVII War History. $1395 289 Pages. Greeawmd Press 1975

Hubbell has assembled an Editor Interesting little volume of articles reprinted from the journal, Civil War Hislory. Hubbells essays are: . . . chose?t for intrinsic value arid
pa?ticala?lv as ince)ltice toawvds a more intcn., ice arid e.rtrnsive stud~ of thr war, for the mtlightm?ment an(l 6t(te>ti7tatifer2t of the reader.

The subjects range from leadership on both >Ides to such relati~eh obscure tnpiw as the use of the saber and bayonet in an age of rifled firearms nnd the (unfederated pay ,ystem. Tbe impact of tbe widespread use of rifles by both sides and the resultant superiority of the tactical defense emerges as a dominant theme m at least half of the 18 essays. The wellknown dialogue on the impact of West Point and Jomini on the strategy and tactica of both sides is continued, with some enlightening variations on the theme. The best articles in the volume revolve around Robert E. Lee. One historian criticizes Lee for almost everything, but particularly bis lack of

hliy 1978

103

S1: BOOKS
strategic

perception. A secrmd historirm unswew the cha~ges with attacks of Lees critic. on the scholarship Nevertheless, the debate will continue as an interesting pastime of Civil War buffs. and Lee will probably continue to be listed by most as ~]ne of Americas great captains, The final article, Who Whipped \\hum ?. ]s an excellent analysis of the failures of leaders, cm both sides, t,, <elect tactics that v,ould al]ou them tu escape the de~,astating fires from fmtlf ied pusitlnns brist~ing with rltfes. The Civil JV:ir will Lilways be a fant:l.tic pnzzle tu th,)se who study it, :Ind I?ntt l,.< I,c,st and liI:)z is worth for Civil War the money, particularly enthusiasts, However, those jast beglnn}ng to study the n :Lr should read \\ lth caution as sever;, } ,>f the artiule,s :lre myth-hipsters. One has to understand the is.ues before becoming absorbed ill their challenge. MAJ DAWD PIurE,

Ihpn)tmcnt H/.stl)) i]
PROGRAM OF TECHNOLOGY,

//. [lSAFA
ANO

ENVIRONMENT

MAN: Monograph 021, Human Systems in Extreme Environments: A Sociological Perspectwe by Denms S. M!letj, Thomas E Drabeh and J Eugene Haas 167 Pages lnstltute of Behavmral Science, Unl. versdy of Colorado 1975 $500 paperboard

Followlng the Defense Departments assumption of responsibll!ty for clvll defense in 1961, a major pvogram of studies in the functioning of organi. zations under stress was established tat Ohio State Lrniverxity. The Disaster Research Center rapidly developed into an incomparable resource for reor helped searchers and has StinI1lkIted launch other groups in the United Japan and States, Canada, France,

nations of tbe world. Most prominent among these newer groups is the Institute of Behavioral Science at Boulder, CoIorado, which has published this monograph series. Monograph 021, Human Systems in Extreme Environments: A Sociological Perspective is intended to be a source book for students in the field of disaster preparedness. By students, they do not mean merely people enrolled in a course, but, more particularly, people who are attempting to study the effects uf stress on the functioning of human social systems. It is not supposed to be a popular quickie paperback (despite its paper binding), nor does it appear to be alrned directly at the textbook trade. The cover illustration provides pn unmititakable key to the contents wrhlch are analytical and structured. On the cover, we find a wiggly CLIITV? moving forwurd in time from disaster impact to restoration of normalcy, with a quasi-quantitative representation of \vhat most of us can only grasp in a qualitative fashion, not that tbe authors have solved the problem of quantifying disaster impact. Their claim to fame is the structuring of the problem, based on available information. The format will canse a casual reader some problems, for the presentation involves reproducing quotes from each text reviewed, gruuped according to the authors topical Iaycmt we (we now call matrix the things other used to call charts or tables J.

This system leads to repetition, and a chopped-up appearance. Except for that and some less than optimal editing, the book is quite readable. Its style is almost oral, and the authors fiavor LIS with some insights that could

104

Military

Review

BOOKS wI;

rank as aphorisms. All in al], this monograph is a solid summation of the state of the art and of use to anyone in or out of uniform who cares about how groups of humans hold np under stress, They even give us an apprOach to theory, for, as they tell ns, . . . studies , . . conducted . . as if no theory existed . . . have been tbe disaster of disaster research.
JAMES W. KERR,

Defense

Ciuil Ppeptsredness

Agency

CHINAS lJNINTERltlJPTED REVOLUTION: From 1840 to the Prssent. Edited by Vtctor Nee snd James Peck. 480 Pages, Pantheon Books. 19?5. $15.95 clothbound. $5,95 paperbound.

If there are any old China hande in the Stste Department and at leading American universities who etill hold on to their comfortable theories about Cmmnu nist China, then Chinas Unirrterrwpted Resolution is for them. This collection of essays is interesting in that both editors have selected them for advancing tbe position that, between 1840 and 1969, China has experienced only one continuing revolution. Unlike the revolutions of France or Russia, whose soinstitutions relatively cieties and froze after 1799 and 1927 respectively, Chinas began with a search for national identity in 1840 and culminated in the triumph of Maoism in 1949. Yet the revolution continued for 20 years until communism and nationalism together set China on the road to regeneration and political cohesion. Each of the books four essays challenge long-held American beliefs about the role of the party in China, the leadership of Mao ( 1949 to the pres-

ent ) and what constitutes permanent revolution. The theories and models used by Westerners, especially Americans, are declared non sequitur on the basis ~f historical forces from the Opium war of 1840 to the cultural revolution of 1969. The paroxysms of change in China are not accidental but deliberate in the masses now seeking national unity and political uniformity. Eacli e.swty is based on a blend of Marxism and Maoism. If this framework ia understood, then the arguments proceed smoothly to their conelusion. .Once this approach is understood, the specialist can detect weak spots in factual (and theoretical) interpretsthms of what is happening behind the bamboo curtain. For both casual and serions readers, this work should stimulate thought and provide a subjective viewpoint as to what China and its revolution (s) are about. JOSEPH R. GOLDMAN,
Department of Unified and bined Operations, USACGSC Com-

INTERNATIONALWAR RESISTANCE THROUGHWORLO WAR Il. Edited by Chsrles Chstfield. 762 Pages. Garlsnd Publishing 1975. $1950

This volume of the Garland Library of War and Peace is an anthology on war resistance movements through the two world wars. In his introduction, the editor points out that the primary program of organized war resistance was a kind of general strike against war, and it was during this time that the revolutionary implications of tvar resistance so prevalent during the 1960s were developed. The world peace movement, according to Chatfield, really started in earnest immediately after World War L

J!dy 1976

105

MC BOOKS

During the early Twenties, for example, Secretary of State Charles E. Hughes was credited with having sunk more battleships than the Navy by his act ions during the Washington Naval Conference. Later in the same decade, the Kellogg-Briand Pact attempted to incorporate as an instrument of national policy the total elimination of all war. Many private citizens also were making their own moves to~vard a world peace and disarmament. These chronicled efforts have been assembled by the editor. The book is divided into five major categories: definitions, sources, histories, challenges and responses and instances of nonviolent change. Each category is given an introduction by Chattield. An individual doing research into the subject wii] find the book most usefol, and the ~ommand and General Staff College Library w,ould do well to have this volume, as well as the others in the Garland se. ries. available for use. L. GIBSON, MAJ CLAUD
Jfilitary Personnel an(l?ia, Vir,rriwia
A YANKEE fitJERRllLERO:

Center,

Aler-

Frederick 1896.1897

Funston by Thomas

and W.

the Cuban Insurrection

Crouch 165 Pages

Press 1975 $895

Memphis

State

Unwersty

Frederick Fnnston wm a civilian mercenary who hired himself out to the Cuban rebels during their fight against Spain in 1896. He preferred, hmvever, to think of himself as one who was fighting for a noble cause. Perhaps he was Tight because he served at considerable personal hardship and almost without pay citiring tbe 17 months he was in ~uba.

Funstons motives and attitude about the war in Cuba were typical of the time. He was motivated by a desire to spread the biessings of democracy as well as to get ciose to the sound of gunfire. Somehow, it all seemed like great fan-at ieast for a w,biie. After about six months, the \var lost its appeal to Funston even though he had been promoted to Chief of Artillery of tbe Eastern Region. Thia was an impressive titie for someone who knew practically nothing about artiilery and commanded only four guns. Fanston proved to be a brave offker in combat although much of what he didwwuldseern foolhardy today. After 17 months of service with the rebeis, Funston left in a pot}r state of health and under ac]oudof illwil]. Later, he regained his health and w,ent on to generai becume a prominent military In the United States. I)r. Crouch writes that he pro(itlced this book to show the pllrpo>es and character of guerrilla w,arfure and riescribe bow, from Funstons vie~v, the Spanish might have contained it in (uba. That is a lot to attempt in IG5 pages, so it comes as no surprise that Crmlch didnt reach his objectikfes. All he accomplished was a very sketchy account of Funstons involvement in the rebel war, Iittie of which has any real military value. I feel that 1 cannot recommend this book as anylhing but iight reading on the subject of thewar in Cuba. It certainly is not to be compared with other fine bouks on the same general subjeCt. LTC ROBERT G. CLARKE,
US M?lita?y Mis.vton with tl?e Iranian Arwr~; Militar~ Assistance Adrisovu G~ouP

106

Military Review

BOOKS X4t IlfE POLITICS OF COMMANO IN THE AMERICAN

Rossie 252 Pages Syracuse Universdy Press. 1975 $1250
REVOLUTION by Jonathan Gregory

A fr~istrating book! We sink in myopic investigation of the eddies from dripping oars while the great ships of the Revolution pse,s by overhead. Rossie attempts a petty explication of military-Congressional bickering over appointments, rank, command and image, and barely notices such giants as the Deelaraflon of Independence and the Articles of Confederation as they slip by. The focus of this book ia on the Schu yler-Gates controversies, billed as the most significant of factional command disputes whkh troubIed our inchoate conntry, Particular attention is paid to the Northern Department and the threat from Canada. Because this was essentially a separate command taking general officer appointments and strategic di~ection from Congress, it makes the Schuyler-Gates controversy of special interest. It was here that the early face-offs bet~~een and civilian control were military staged, Without benefit of a George Washington to lend dignity and coherence to the contests. Rossies interpretations of these events require translation. Extravagant messu res to build and protect a personal reputation may be seen as petty, or they may be viewed as an accepted part of 18th-Century culture. In the light of our own Watergate, they might even be a refreshing addition. Factionalism may be viewed as foot-dragging by separate (lion ies, or it may be translated as simply their perception of themselves as unique

political entities. We disparage them unjustly if we read our United States notion backward. The failure of the Bu rgoyne campaign certainly ought to read, at least the victory of Gates (or some American ! ) . Military-Congressional feuding ought to be interpreted as tbe cutting edge of the development of the policy of civilian control which we cherish today. A map of the Northern Department would have helped considerably. Readers from other Coloniee may not be as familiar with the New York scene as is necessary to follow the text. Finally, one wonders with so much wrangling and politicking how we ever managed to win the war! The strengths of these officers and their Congressional maeters have been largely ignored. LTC JOHN W. BURBERY JR.,
Depavtmcnt
A NEW AGE

of Tactics,

USACGSC

NOW BEGINS: A Peoples History of the American Revolution by Page Sm,th 1899 Pages. McGrawHdl Book Co 1976. $2495 two. volumeset

The Bicentennial generation can be indebted to Page Smith for this comprehensive interpretation of the story of the American Revolution. Footnotes have been explmged from the fine flow, of the narrative, hut any historian can readily detect that Mr. Smith has exhausted the most important printed primary sources available on the period. Because few monographs are given as source material, rlues such as the inrJication of. a diary or letter from which tbe information is taken are subtly used throughout. Perhaps the books most penetrating insight is found in the title of vol-

JUIY 1976

107

wit BOOKS

ume one, A New Age Now Begins. Originally from Verg!ls Eclogues and now found at the bottom of the Great Seal of the United States, this statement has staggering implications. Also, in a short 17-page conclusion to the 1800 pages of text, Smith has written an interpretation of the Revolution thzt transcends our generation. He sees the United States as the epitome of God to provide a human laboratory for the manufacture of Cosmic Man. The Lnited States is the vector of a new human order rather than simply a nation among other nations. Dont alIow this philosophy to frighten you from the book, for the value of the work is found elsewhere. Its clear interpretation of causes an(i events during the Revolution lv]II be a boon to the casual reader or researcher alike. One idea does not get in the way of the others. The main theme of the work is that England puehed the Colonies to a point \vhere violence was inevitable, provoking the Americans to throw off dependency on the mother country and become master of their own fate. Each vhapter in the set is a finished piece in itself. There is not rme that can be described as being of avernge quality in either volume as Smith provides continuing excellence throughout, There are no illustrations or charts, but several maps help to illustrate the action under discussion. This IS the best two-volume work on the period I have seen and would be a much-appreciated gift for the person in good literature about interested this period of American history.
LYNN SIMS,

PEACESO1OIERS:The Sociology of a United Nations

Military Force by Charles C Moskosk University 171

pages.

of Chicago Press. 1976,$1100.

Dfpartmenf of Unified and bined Operations, USACGSC

Com-

Many writers think the success or failure of the United Nations depends upon the esta~lishment of some form of international police power. During the last 30 years, the eloseet approximation to euch a development has been the various pekbkeeping forces which have come into existence, If such forces doholdtlre key to future internationalism, then it is imperative that we acquire a better understanding of the sociological attitudes of the peacekeeping soldiers. This is the reason for Charles Moskos Peace Soldiers. With it, hehae added another dimension to the study of military sociology and international organization. Professor Moskos has successfully attempted to-gain an understanding of the sociological profiles of the United Natione pwmekeeping force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). Moekos not only reveals the internal conflicts that arise when professional soldiers are given a mission of noncoercion, but he has discovered that such professionalized training is directly appbcable to a pewekeeping mission such as UN FI(YP, This latter discovery is just one of several previously held myths that Professor Moskos exposes as false. It had been previously thought that participation m an operation such as UNFICYP fostered increased interthe OppOsite nationalism. In reafity, found to be true. While the solwae diersof UF?FICYP did develop a constabulary ethic based upon impartiality and noncoercion, they also developed increased cynicism toward the value of international organization.

108

Military Review

BOOKS NIC

This cynicism tended to increase as a soldiers tour in Cyprus neared an end. Furthermore, Moskos found that the more voluntary the nature of a soldiers assignment to UNFICYP, the higher the degree of commitment to the peacekeeping tission. Moskos conclusion that the best source for the peacekeeping soldier is a highly professional volunteer force may have far-reaching impact on Americae fukure involvement in international C@aniiatiohs. This ia especially true since the author found no real diil!e@ii iii ,the ri$$%tt~~ and the,~~~%gent.s effect ivenesii $e~ben of neutral a,nfi__OlftiCaRyh}igfiedn* tions. As the US Army moves into an era of Vokmtiyislb and constabularism, Amer@n soldiers may well find themselves with new and damanding peacekeeping missions in an evershrlnking world. lLT JOHN C. BIN KLEY,
Department of Uaified and bined Operations, USACGSC
GERMANY ONS AND TNE POLITICS OF NUCLEAR

Com-

WEAP.

by Catherine McArdle Kelleher. 372 Pages. Columb!a Uni~ersity Press. 1975. $1500

The author has presented an authoritative, as well as detailed, account of the development of the policies of the Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG ) on nuclcur weapons, During the years 1954-66, the United States went from a strategy of mas@e retaliation to a strategy of tlex%le, response. The NAT? Alliance was one of our most important alliances from the standpoint of a forward defense, and the FRG was a key point in this concept. This book is an excellent account of the problems of one of the

NATO countries at that time. Catherine Kelleher, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan, calls this work a chronologicatfy organized reconstruction of the,.coprse and nature of German policies $~ward the use, control and development of nucIear weapons during the 1Z-year time span between 1954-66. To aceomplis~ this objective, a careful imalysis was ,made of the various speeches and writings of the Germs writ~rs. There,%@re many debates %@hin the FRG cm. the use of nuelem weapons. The +WMIS discourses on Gexmany ant+ ntmlear weapons~both among the Western allies dnd im Bonn, b~ought forth fears, both past and present, of German militarism and anxieties about an ac. ceptahle role within the European bloc for an increasingly powerful Germany. These concepts provided an effective domestic and international policy tool, and nuclear weapons were a tool that allowed the fears of the people to be manipulated and ensured the continuing constraint of Bonns foreign policies.. Today, these issues seem remote and secondary, yet, dur. ing this IZ-y ear period, were central to German politics, to NATO planning and very important to the Kast-West relationship. The author feels that the issues she discusses still have contemporary ,zelevance and @m explain the =,uses of the present, German response to d6tenke and the need for revising futurermclear poli@%hoices and strategies. The present @~~pt of dual-basing, and the forwa~ tllfense, make the FRG role even more important today. These factors were probably part of Dr. Kellehers motivation in looking at the FRGs policies toward the con-

July 1976

109

trol of noclear weapons in the Cold War era. This book makes an excel]ent ~ontribution to many areas of political science, international relations, history and the problems of a major US alliance. It is an excellent reference

for the examination of the NATO environment and provides an insight into some of the current German reactions, making it worthwhile reading for any student of military history. LTC EDWN S. TANKINS, USAR

NEW BOOKS RECEIVED ,13k li.tmz ,S

attention of published rmvlcrs. Review to IJIIIW new pm fe..ional cop,m kave already been book. to the sent to lw!ewe, s,

HIGHER OIL PRICES AND THE WOR1O ECONOMY: The Adjustment Problem by Edward R Frwd and Charles L. Schultze, George L Perry, Giorglo Efasew, Tsunehiko Watanabe, Warder Tlms, John Wdllamson, Joseph A Yager and Eleanor B Stem berg Edited by Edward R, Fried and Charles L. Schultze 284 Pages Brookings Insthution 1975 $9.95 clothbound. $3.95 paperbound.
HISTORY CENTURY Gordon A Paul, 411 1975 HIT LERS OF GERMANY IN THE NINETEENTH by Hemrmh vorr Treitschlre, Edded by Craig Translated Pages. Umvermty INOUSTRIEILE by Eden and Cedar of Chicago Press KRIEG.WORBEREITUNG, 143 Pages Policy M. W.

LETTERSANO PAPERSOF ALFREOTHAYERMAHAN:

Volume 1-111.Edited by Robert Seager II and Oorts D Magmre 718 Pages Naval Inshtute Press. 1975. $9500 Three Volume Set LIVING WITH TERRORISM by Rmhard Clutterbuck. 160 Pages Arlington House 1975 $795 Tfw MeSSengerS MOTlvES . . E7fflcAL LEMS OF THE NEWS MEOIA by John L $895 262 Pages Prentice.Hall $495 paperbound, THE MIOOLE 1976 ~ROBHulteng.

clothbound

EAST: U.S. Policy, fsrael, Oil and the

$1600

Arabs. Edited by Mercer Cross 144 Pages, Con. gresslonal Ouarterly 1975 $495 MILITARIE John INSTRUCTIONS Explanatory FOR THE CAVALLRIE Notes by Cruso, and Commentary

193G-1939 by Arrja E, Bagel. Bohlan. Wehr2. Wmsen 1975.$700 INTEREST Beliefs Russett ANO IOEOLOGY: Tbe of. American and Et(zabeth Businessmen by

Foreign

by 6rlgadler Peter Young, 0S0, MC, MA, FSA, FRH,st.S, FRGS 108 Pages Rormdwood Press. 1975 $17.50 THE MILITARY ANfI SOCIETY: The Proceedings of the Fifth Military History Symposium,Umted States Air Force Academy, 5.6 October 1972. folded by MaJOr Dawd ernment MacIsaac, USAF. 136 Pages 1975 US GovPrmtiog Ofhce

Bruce

C, Hanson. 296 Pages

H Freeman&Co. 1975.$1095 INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM ANO WORLO SECURITY. Edited by Oavid Carlton and Carlo Schaerf. 332 Pages John Wiley & Sons. 1975 $19,75 ITALIAN INTERVENTION IN THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR by John F. Coverdale Urrlversdy Press 1975 455 Pages, Princeton $1350

MILITARY CONFLICT: Essays in the Institutional Analysis of War and Peace by Morr(s lanowdz. 319 Pages. Sage Publications 1975 $1650 cloth. bound. $695 paperbound. NAPOLEON by John Bowle introduction by Elizabeth Lmrgford 232 Pages Follett. 1975. $}000. NAPOLEONS CAMPAIGN IN POLANO, 1606.7 by F, Loraine Petre. lrrtroduct[on by Oavld G Chandler 396 Pages Hlppocrene STUOIE3 Prepared by Books. 1975 GLNOE, Operatmnal Department Lieutenant $1395, 1974 Colonel of SUPL. Na. STRATEGIC PLEMENT. REAOING

KEINE ANGST VOR STABSARBEIT by Hubert Walitschek 224 Pages Wehr & Wlssen 1975 $700. THE LAST EUROPEAN WAR: September 1939.0ecember 1941 by John Lukacs 562 Pages Anchor Press/Doubleday. 1976 $15.00 LAW AT WAR: Vietnam, 1964-1973. Vietnam Studies by MaJor General George S. Prugh 161 Pages by LouIUS Government Printing Office. 1975.$2,30. LAWRENCE OF ARABIA: The Literary Impulse Stanley stana and Rodelle State Wembaub. Press 175 Pages 1975 $8.50. University

Motiuk, Retired and Analysls tlonal Oefence

431 Pages Estabhshment, 1975

Research

110

Military

Review