CHAPTER 14 GRADIENT AND AREA UNDER A GRAPH

Speed-time graph gradient represent rate of change of speed the area under graph represent the distance traveled
speed constant/uniform speed speed

Distance-time graph Gradient - represents speed Distance traveled vertical axis

distance stationary

acceleration Area = distance travelled 0 A

deceleration

time

time

b a Area = ab

b a Area =

b c a Area =

1 ab 2

1 a(b+c) 2

14.1 Speed-Time Graph A. Area EXAMPLE 1. 1.

12 3

EXERCISE (A)

EXERCISE (B)

8 10

Area =

1 x4x3 2

=6

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

2.
4

12

7 13

Area = 12 x 4 = 48

3. 6 4 10 Area = = 6 12 8 8 16

10

1 v (6 + 10) x 4 2
32

4.
5

10

12

8
8

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

B. Area Under Graph

speed
Example 1 (i) 5 A 0 2 B 6 Time Distance during the first 2 seconds = area A = (ii)

1 x 2x 5 = 5 2

Distance during the last 4 seconds = area B =4 x 5 = 20 Total distance during 6 seconds = area A + area B = 5 + 20 = 25

(iii)

speed

Exercise 1 i) Distance during the first 4 seconds

5 A 0 4 B

ii)

Distance during the last 6 seconds

iii) 10 Time

Total distance during 10 seconds

Example 2 Speed i) Distance in the first 2s = area A =

6 3

1 x (3 + 6) x 2 2

=9 ii) Distance in the last 6 s = area B =6 x 3 = 18 Total distance in 8 s = area A + area B = 9 + 18 = 27

Time iii)

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

Exercise 2 speed i) Distance during the first 3 seconds

7 5

ii)

Distance during the last 6 seconds

iii)
0 3 9

Total distance during 9 seconds

time

Example 3 speed i) Distance during the first 2 seconds = area A = 5 ii)

B A C

1 x2 x 5=5 2 1 x2 x 5=5 2

Distance during the last 2 seconds = area C =

iii) 8 time

iv)

Distance during constant speed = area B = 4 x 5 = 20 Total distance = area A + area B + area C
= 5 + 20 + 5 = 30

speed

Exercise 3 i) Distance during the first 3 seconds

ii) Distance during the last 2 seconds

iii) Distance during constant speed 0 3 7 9 time

iv) Total distance

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

speed 4

Example 4 i) Distance during the first 5 seconds = area A =

1 x (2 + 4) x 5 = 15 2 1 x 4 x 7 = 14 2

A
2

ii) Distance during the last 7 seconds = area B =

12 Time

iii) Total distance = area A + area B = 15 + 14 = 29

speed

Exercise 4 i) Distance during the first 10 seconds

9 ii) Distance during the last 4 seconds 7

2

iii) Total distance 0 10 14 Time

speed

Example 5 i) Distance during the first 5 seconds = area A =

10 6 A
2

1 x 5 x 6 = 15 2

B 5 10

C 12

ii) Distance during the last 2 seconds = area C = Time

1 x (10 + 6) x 2 = 16 2

iii) Total distance = area A + area B + area C = 15 + 30 + 16 = 61

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

speed 12

Exercise 5

i) Distance during the first 2 seconds

ii) Distance during the last 3 seconds

10

Time

iii) Total distance

speed 8 5 2 0 A 2 B 6 C 12 Time

Example 6 i) Distance in the first 2 seconds = area A =

1 (2 + 5) x 2 = 7 2 1 (5 + 8) x 6 = 39 2

ii) Distance in the last 6 seconds = area C =

iii) Total distance during 12 seconds = area A + area B + area C = 7 + 20 + 39 = 66 Exercise 6 i) Distance in the first 2 seconds

speed 7 4

ii) Distance in the last 5 seconds 2 0 A 2 B 5 C 10 Time iii) Total distance during 10 seconds

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

C.

Rate Of Change Of Speed

Rate of change of speed =

final speed - initial speed time taken

+ve acceleration ve - deceleration

speed 4

Example 1 Find the rate of change of speed in the first 5 seconds Final speed = 4 Initial speed = 0 5 12 time Rate of change of speed =

0 speed 6

40 4 = @ 0.8 5 5

Exercise 1 i) Find the rate of change of speed in the first 3 seconds.

ii) 3 7 time

Find the rate of change of speed in last 4 seconds.

0 speed 9 7
2

Example 2 i) Find the rate of change of speed in the first 10 seconds Final speed = 9 Initial speed = 7 Rate of change of speed =

97 =1 2

10

14

time

ii) Find the rate of change of speed in the last 4 seconds Final speed = 0 Initial speed = 9 Rate of change of speed =

09 9 = 4 4

speed 8 4
2

Exercise 2 i) Find the acceleration in the first 6 seconds

ii) Find the deceleration in the last 2 seconds 8

7

6 Gradient And Area Under A Graph

time

speed

Example 3 i) Find the rate of change of speed in the first 3 seconds Final speed = 5 Initial speed = 0 Rate of change of speed =

50 5 = 3 3

0 3 7 9 time

ii) Find the rate of change of speed in the last 2 seconds Final speed = 0 Initial speed = 5 Rate of change of speed =

05 5 = 2 2

speed 6

Exercise 3 i) Find the rate of change of speed in the first 4 seconds Final speed = Initial speed = Rate of change of speed =

0 4 10 12

time

ii) Find the rate of change of speed in the last 2 seconds

Example 4 speed 6 i) Find the rate of change of speed in the first 3 seconds Final speed = 3 Initial speed = 6 Rate of change of speed = 3 ii) Find the rate of change of speed in the last 2 seconds Final speed = 0 Initial speed = 8 Rate of change of speed =

36 3 = =-1 3 3

time

0 8  4 = = -2 2 2

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

speed 10

Exercise 4 ii) Find the deceleration in the first 5 seconds

5 ii) Find the deceleration in the last 2 seconds 0 5 10 12 time

speed 24 20 14

i)

Find the rate of change of speed in the first 6 seconds

ii) Find the rate of change of speed in the last 8 seconds 0 6 10 18 time

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

D.

Find The Value Of V (Speed)

speed

Example 1 Distance travelled in 6 seconds is 30 m Area A = A

1 x 6 x v = 30 2
3v = 30 v=

0 speed

6 time

30 = 10 3

Exercise 1 Distance travelled in 8 seconds is 40 m

8 time Example 2 Distance travelled in the first 4 seconds is 20 m

speed

v 2

1 (2 + v) x 4 = 20 2
2(2 + v) = 20 2 + v = 20/2 = 10 v = 10 2 =8

10

time

speed

Exercise 2 Distance travelled in the first 6 seconds is 24 m

v 3

12 time

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

10

speed

Example 3 Total distance travelled in 11 seconds is 60 m

v
6

Area A + Area B + Area C = 60 [

1 1 x 4 x 6 ]+ [3 x 6 ] + [ x (6 + v) x 4 ] = 60 2 2
12 + 18 + 2(6 + v) 2(6 + v) 6+v v = 60 = 60 30 = 30/2 = 15 6 =9

A
0 4

B
7

C
11 time

speed

Exercise 3 Total distance travelled in first 14 seconds is 96 m

v
6

A
0 4

B
8

C
14 time

speed

v
6 2 0 speed A 3 B 8 C 12 time

Example 4 Total distance travelled in 12 s is 60 m Area A + area B + area C = 60

[

1 x (2 + 6) x 3 ] + [5 x 6] + [ 1 x (6 + v) x 4 ]= 80 2 2
12 + 30 + 2(6 + v) 2(6 + v) 6+v v = 80 = 80-12-30 = 38/2 = 19 6 = 13

Exercise 4 Total distance travelled in 14 s is 140 m

v
10

4 0 5 12 14 time

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

11

time

E. speed

Find The Value Of T (Time)

10

A 0 speed 4

B T time

Example 1 Total distance during T s is 50m. Area A = (4)(10)/2 = 20 Area B = (T 4)(10) Total distance = 20 + (T 4)(10) = 50 (T 4)(10) = 50  20 10 T 4 = 30 10 T = 30 + 40 10 T = 70 T = 70 / 10 T=7 Exercise 1.

10

Total distance during T s is 56 m.

A 0 speed 4

B T time Example 2. Total distance in T s is 58m. Area A = (6  8)( 4) / 2 ! 14 v 2 ! 28 Area B = (T 4)6 Total distance = 28 + (T 4)6 = 58 (T 4)6 = 58 28 = 30 (T 4) = 30/6 =5 T =5+4 T =9

6 A 0 speed 4 B T time

Exercise 2 Total distance in T s is 65m.

4 A 0 5 B T time

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

12

speed

5 3 A 0 2 B 6 C T time

Example 3. Total distance in T s is 55m. Area A = (3)(2) / 2 = 3 Area B = (4)(3) = 12 Area C = ( 5 + 3)(T 6)/2 Total distance = 3 +12 + (8)( T 6)/2 = 55 15 + 4(T 6) = 55 4(T 6) = 55 15 = 40 T 6 = 40/4 = 10 T = 10 + 6 = 16

speed Exercise 3. Total distance in T s is 54m. 7 4 A 0 speed 3 B 6 C T time Example 4. Total distance in T s is 45m. Area A = (2 + 6)(3)/2 = 12 Area B = 2 v 6 ! 12 Area C = (6 + 8)(T 5)/2 Total distance = 12 + 12 +7(T 24 +7(T 7(T (T

8 6 2 0 speed 3 5 T time

5) = 45 5) = 45 5) = 45 24 5) = 21 / 7 = 3 T =3+5=8

Exercise 4. Total distance in T s is 70m. 8 6 2 0 time

13

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

F.

Average Speed

Average speed =

Total dis tan ce Total time

speed 8 Example 1 Total Distance = Area A + Area B = (2)(8) / 2 + (8)(2) = 8 + 16 = 24 Total Time = 4 4 time Average Speed = 24 / 4 = 6

0 speed 6

Exercise 1 Find the average speed in the first 4 seconds

0 speed 8

time

6 A B

Example 2 Total Distance = Area A + Area B = (6+8)4/2 + (6)(8)/2 = 28 + 24 = 52 Total Time = 10 time Average Speed = 52 / 10 = 5.2

0 speed 4

10

Exercise 2 Find the average speed in the first 6 seconds.

2 A B

time
14

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

speed Example 1 6 Total Distance = Area A + Area B + Area C = (2)(6) / 2 + (2)(6) + (3)(6)/2 = 6 + 12 + 9 = 27 Total Time = 7 Average Speed = 27 / 7 = 3.86 7 time Exercise 3 Find the average speed in the first 8 second.

A 0 speed 10 2

B 4

A 0 speed 8 4

B 6

C 8 time

Example 1 Total Distance = Area A + Area B + Area C = (4)(3)/2 + (3)(4) + (4+8)(4)/2 = 6 + 12 + 24 = 42 Total Time = 10

4 A 0 speed 3 B 6 C 10 time

Average Speed = 42 / 10 = 4.2

Exercise 4 Find the average speed in the first 10 seconds. 8

11 A 0 4 B 7 C 10 time

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

15

14.2 Distance-Time Graph A. Distance And Speed

Example 1 Distance(km) 12 A Distance from O to A = 12 0 = 12 Speed from O to A = Distance / Time = 12/3 = 4 km/h

Time(hrs)

Distance(km) 12 A

Exercise 1 Find: i) Distance from O to A

ii) Speed from O to A 4 Time(hrs)

Distance(km) 12 A

Example 2 Distance from O to A = 12 0 = 12 Speed from O to A = Distance / Time =

12 60 / 60

60

Time(minutes)

= 12 km/h

Exercise 2 Distance(km) 16 A Find the speed from O to A

40

Time(minutes)

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

16

B.

Average Speed

Distance(km) 20 B

Example 1 Total distance from O to B = 20 Total time from O to B = 90 minutes @Average speed (km/h) =

20 90 / 60

= 13.33

30

90 Time(minutes) Exercise 1 B Find the average speed in km/h from O to B

Distance(km) 30

10

10

40 Time(minutes) Exercise 2 B Find the average speed in km/h from O to B.

Distance(km) 80

30

20

90 Time(minutes) B Exercise 3 Find the average speed in km/h from O to B.

Distance(km) 8 A

10

Time(hrs)
Gradient And Area Under A Graph

17

Questions Based On Examination Format

Speed (m s-1)

Example 1 The diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle over a period of T seconds. Given that the total distance travelled in T seconds is 90 m. Calculate a) its acceleration in the first 4 seconds. b) the value of T Solution

14 10

Time (s) a)

Final speed  initial speed 14  10 4 = = =1 4 time 4 1 x(14  10) x 4  (T  4) x14 ! 90 2

48 + (T 4) x 14 (T - 4) x 14 T - 4 = 90 = 90 - 48 = 42/14 = 3 + 4 = 7

b) area A + area B = 90

Speed (m s-1)

Exercise 1 The diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle over a period of T seconds. Given that the total distance travelled in T seconds is 124 m. Calculate c) its acceleration in the first 4 seconds. d) the value of T Solution

20 12

Time (s)

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

18

Speed (m s-1) 20

Example 2 The diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle over a period of 11 seconds. Calculate the value of u in each of the following cases a) Its acceleration in the first 7 seconds is 2 m s-2. b) The total distance travelled during the 11 seconds is 138m

u 0 Time (s)

11

Solution 20  u = 2 a) 7 20 - u = 14 u = 6 b) 1 1 x (20 + u) x 7 + x 4 x 20 = 138 2 2 1 x (20 + u) x 7 = 138 - 40 2

(20 + u) x 7 20 + u u = = = = 98(2) 196/7 28 20 8

Speed (m s-1 ) 8 u

Exercise 2 The diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle over a period of 10 seconds. Calculate the value of u in each of the following cases a) Its acceleration in the first 6 seconds is 0.5 ms-2. b) The total distance traveled in the 10 seconds is 58 m

10

Time (s)

Solution

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

19

Speed (m s-1)

Example 3 The diagram shows the speed-time graph of an object over a period of 17 seconds. Calculate a) its deceleration in the first 7 seconds b) the value of u, if the distance travelled in the last 10 seconds is 87 m. Solution

20 u 12

17

Time (s)

12  20  8 = 7 7 1 1 b) x (u + 12) x 2 + x u x 8 = 87 2 2
a) (u + 12) + 4u 5u = 87 = 87 12 u = 15

Speed (m s-1)

Exercise 3 The diagram shows the speed-time graph of an object over a period of 14 seconds. Calculate a) its deceleration during the first 4 seconds b) the value of u, if the distance travelled in the last 10 seconds is 150 m. Solution

29 u 15

10

14

Time (s)

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

20

Distance from A (km) 240 144 R P Q

Example 4 In the diagram, OPQ is the distance-time graph of a car traveling from town A to town B. The straight line RPS represents the distance-time graph of a van traveling from town B to town A. Calculate the a) average speed, in km h-1 , of the car from town A to B b) value of t if the van traveled at uniform speed. Solution a)

S 0 t 3 4

Time(hrs)

total distance 240 = = 60 km h-1 time 4 144 = 80 t

80t = 144 t = 1.2

b)

Distance from A (km) 250 144 R P Q Exercise 4 In the diagram, OPQ is the distance-time graph of a car traveling from town A to town B. The straight line RPS represents the distance-time graph of a van traveling from town B to town A. Calculate the a) average speed, in km h-1 , of the car from town A to B b) value of t if the van travelled at uniform speed. Solution

S 0 t 5 6

Time(hrs)

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

21

PAST YEAR QUESTIONS 1. Nov 2003 Speed (ms-1) Diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle for a period of 17 s. a) State the length of time, in s, that particle moves with uniform speed. b) Calculate the rate of change of speed, in ms 2 , in the last 4 s c) Calculate the value of u , if the total distance traveled in the first 13 s is 195 m. [ 6 marks] 0 6 13 17 Time (s)

18

2. Nov 2004 Distance from town T (km) Diagram shows the distance-time graph for the journeys of a car and a bus. The graph JKLM represents the journey of the car and the graph JLN represents the journey of the bus. Both vehicles depart from town T at the same time and travel along the same road. a) State the length of time, in hours, during which the car is stationary. b) Calculate the average speed, in km h 1 , of the car over the 2 hour period. 2.0 c) At a certain time during the journey, both vehicles are at the same location. i) Find the distance, in km , between that location and town T. ii) State the time taken by the bus to reach that location from town T.

170 120 48 J 0 0.5 0.8 K L

M N

3. Nov 2005 . Speed (ms-1 )

[6 marks]
Diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle for a period of t seconds. a) State the length of time, in s, that the particle moves with uniform speed. b) Calculate the rate of change of speed, in ms-2, in the first 5 seconds. c) Calculate the value of t, if the total distance traveled for the period of t seconds is 148 meters. [6 marks] 5 12 t Time (s)

21

9 1 0

4. July 2006
Gradient And Area Under A Graph

22

Speed (ms-1 ) Diagram shows the speed-time graph for the movement of a particle for a period of 30seconds. a) State the length of time, in s, for which the particle moves with uniform speed. b) Calculate the rate of change of speed, in ms-2, in the last 8 seconds. c) Calculate the value of u, if the distance traveled in the last 14 seconds is 229 m. [6 marks] 16 22 30 Time (s)

25

5. Nov 2006, Q9

Diagram 4 shows the speed-time graph for the movement of a particle for a period of 20 seconds.

(a) (b)

State the uniform speed, in ms-1 , of the particle. The distance traveled by the particle with uniform speed is 84m. Calculate (i) the value of t, (ii) the average speed, in ms-1, of the particle for the period of 20 seconds. [ 6 marks ]

8 Julai 2007.
Gradient And Area Under A Graph

23

Diagram 3 shows the speed-time graph for the movement of a particle for a

period of 20 seconds.
Speed (m s-1) 36

24

15 Diagram 3

20 Time (s)

(a) State the uniform speed, in ms-1, of the particle. (b) Calculate the rate of change of speed, in ms-2 , in the last 5 seconds.

(c) Given that the distance traveled by the particle in the first 15 seconds is 408 meters, calculate the value of t .
[6 marks] 9 November 2007. Diagram 5 shows the distance-time graph for the journeys of a bus and a taxi . Distance (km) Town B 90 J S

Q 30 P 0 30 40

Town A

Time (minutes) Diagram 5 The graph PQRS represents the journey of the bus from town A to town B. The graph JK represents the journey of the taxi from B to town A. The bus leaves town A and the taxi leaves town B at the same and they travel along the same road. (a) State the length of time, in minutes, during which the car is stationary.

K 65

150

(b) (i) If the journey starts at 9.00 a.m., at what time do the vehicles meet ?
Gradient And Area Under A Graph

24

(ii) Find the distance, in km, from town B when the vehicles
meet . (c) Calculate the average speed, in km h-1, of the bus for the whole journey.

10 Jun 2008. Diagram 10 shows a speed-time graph for the movement of a particle for a

period of 25 s.
Speed (m s-1) 28

u 10

12

16 Diagram 10

25 Time (s)

(a) State the duration of time s, for which the particle moves with uniform speed. (b) Calculate the rate of change of speed, in ms-2 , in the first 12 s. (c) Calculate the value of u, if the total distance traveled in the period of 25 s is 438 m.

[6 marks]

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

25

11 November 2008. Diagram 9 shows the speed-time graph for the movement of a particle for a period of t

seconds.
Speed (m s-1)

20

12

4 Diagram 9

Time (s)

(a) State the uniform speed, in m s1 , of the particle. (b) Calculate the rate of change of speed, in ms-2 , in the first 4 seconds. (c) The total distance traveled in t seconds is 184 meters. [6 marks]

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

26

ANSWERS 14.1 Speed-time graph Area Exercise 1 A. 1. 2. 3. 4.

40 104 60 64

B.

1. 2. 3. 4.

36 63 104 78

Area under Graph 1. i) 10 ii) 30 iii) 2. i) ii) iii) 3. i) ii) iii) iv) 4. i) ii) iii) i) ii) iii) i) ii) iii) 40 12 30 42 9 6 24 39 80 18 98 4 24 48 6 27.5 45.5

Rate of change speed 1. 2 2. i) ii) 3. i) ii) 4. i) ii)

1 3
-4

2 @ 0.67 3
-3 -1

5 @ -2.5 2

Find the value of v 1. 2. 3. 4. 10 5 14 25

5.

Find the value of t 1. 2. 3. 4. 7.6 15 12 12

6.

Average speed 1.

9 @ 4.5 2 5 @ 1.67 3

3.

25 @ 6.25 4
8.35

2.

4.

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

27

14.2 DISTANCE-TIME SPEED DISTANCE AND SPEED 1 3 AVERAGE SPEED 1 45 SPM Format questions 1a 2 3a 7 @ -3.5 2 2 24 80 3

4 @ 0.8 5
5 41/67 2b 4b 6 2.88

1b 3b

7 21

2a 4a

PAST YEAR QUESTIONS 2003 (a) 7 b 2004 2005 2006 (J) 2006 (N) 2007 (J) 2007 (N) 2008 (J) 2008 (N) (a) 0.3 (a) 7 (a) 16 b b b

-4.5 85 1.6 3.125

c c c c

5 (i) 48 16 18
C(ii)

0.8

(a) 14

(i) 18 (ii) 16 4.8 (i) 9.40 a.m (ii) 60 1.5 c c c 8 36 14

(a) 24 (a) 35 (a) 9

b b b

(a) 20

10

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

28