Trnh t giao hng xut khu i vi hng xut khu phi lu kho, bi ca cng

Vic giao hng gm 2 bc ln: ch hng ngoi thng (hoc ngi cung cp trong nc) giao hng xut khu cho cng, sau cng tin hnh giao hng cho tu. 1. Giao hng XK cho cng: - Giao Danh mc hng ho XK ( Cargo List) v ng k vi phng iu b tr kho bi v ln phng n xp d - Ch hng lin h vi phng thng v k kt hp ng lu kho, bc xp hng ho vi cng - Ly lnh nhp kho v bo vi hi quan v kho hng, - Giao hng vo kho, bi ca cng. 2. Giao hng XK cho tu: - Chun b trc khi giao hng cho tu: + Kim nghim, kim dch (nu cn), lm th tc hi quan + Bo cho cng ngy gi d kin tu n (ETA), chp nhn Thng bo sn sng + Giao cho cng Danh mc hng ho Xk cng b tr phng tin xp d. Trn c s Cargo List ny, thuyn ph ph trch hng ho s ln S xp hng ( Cargo plan) + K hp ng xp d vi cng, - T chc xp v giao hng cho tu. + Trc khi xp phi vn chuyn hng t kho ra cng, ly lnh xp hng, n nh s mng xp hng, b tr xe v cng nhn v ngi p ti (nu cn) + Tin hnh giao hng cho tu. Vic xp hng ln tu do cng nhn cng lm. Hng s c giao cho tu di s gim st ca i din ca hi quan. Trong qu trnh giao hng, nhn vin kim m ca cng phi ghi s lng hng giao vo Final Report. Pha tu cng c nhn vin kim m v ghi kt qu vo Tally Sheet. + Khi giao nhn mt l hoc ton tu, cng phi ly Bin lai thuyn ph (Mates Receipt) lp vn n. Sau khi xp hng ln tu, cn c vo s lng hng xp ghi trong Tally Sheet, cng s lp Bn tng kt xp hng ln tu (General Loading Report) v cng k xc nhn vi tu. y cng l c s lp B/L. - Lp b chng t thanh ton. Cn c vo hp ng mua bn v L/C, cn b giao nhn phi lp hoc ly cc chng t cn thit tp hp thnh b chng t thanh ton, xut trnh cho ngn hng thanh ton tin hng. B chng t thanh ton theo L/C thng gm: B/L. hi phiu, ho n thng mi, giy chng nhn phm cht, Giy chng nhn xut x, phiu ng gi, giy chng nhn trng lng, s lng.. - Thng bo cho ngi mua v vic giao hng v mua bo him cho hng ho nu cn. - Thanh ton cc chi ph cn thit cho cng nh chi ph bc hng, vn chuyn, bo qun, lu kho. - Tnh ton thng pht xp d, nu c.

i vi hng ha khng lu kho bi ti cng

y l cc hng ho XK do ch hng ngoi thng vn chuyn t cc kho ring ca mnh hoc t phng tin vn ti ca mnh giao trc tip cho tu . Cc bc giao nhn cng din ra nh i vi hng qua cng. Sau khi ng k vi cng v k kt hp ng xp d, hng cng s c giao nhn trn c s tay ba ( cng, tu v ch hng). S lng hng ho s c giao nhn, kim m v ghi vo Tally Sheet c ch k xc nhn ca ba bn. i vi hng XK ng trong container * Nu gi hng nguyn( FCL/FCL) - Ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc in vo Booking Note v a cho i din

hng tu hoc i l tu bin xin k cng vi Danh mc hng XK. - Sau khi k Booking Note, hng tu s cp lnh giao v container ch hng mn v giao Packing List v Seal; - Ch hng ly container rng v a im ng hng ca mnh- Ch hng mi i din hi quan, kim nghim, kim dch, gim nh( nu c) n kim tra v gim st vic ng hng vo container. Sau khi ng xong, nhn vin hi quan s nim phong kp ch container. Ch hng iu chnh li Packing List v Cargo List, nu cn; - Ch hng vn chuyn v giao container cho tu ti CY quy nh hoc hi quan cng, trc khi ht thi gian quy nh ( closing time) ca tng chuyn tu ( thng l 8 ting trc khi bt u xp hng) v ly Mates Receipt; - Sau khi hng c xp ln tu th mang Mates Receipt i ly vn n. * Nu gi hng l (LCL/LCL) - Ch hng gi Booking Note cho hng tu hoc i l ca hng tu, cung cp cho h nhng thng tin cn thit v hng xut khu. Sau khi Booking Note c chp nhn, ch hng s tho thun vi hng tu v ngy, gi, a im giao nhn hng; -Ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc mang hng n giao cho ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ti CFS hoc ICD - Cc ch hng mi i din hi quan kim tra, kim ho v gim st vic ng hng vo container ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi gom hng. Sau khi hi quan nim phong, kp ch container, ch hng hon thnh nt th tc bc container ln tu v yu cu cp vn n, - Ngi chuyn ch xp container ln tu v vn chuyn n ni n; - Tp hp b chng t thanh ton.

Trnh t nhn hng nhp khu

i vi hng phi lu kho, lu bi ti cng
1. Cng nhn hng t tu: - Trc khi d hng, tu hoc i l phi cung cp cho cng Bn lc khai hng ho (Cargo Manifest), s hm tu cng v cc c quan chc nng khc nh Hi quan, iu , cng v tin hnh cc th tc cn thit v b tr phng tin lm hng; - Cng v i din tu tin hnh kim tra tnh trng hm tu. Nu pht hin thy hm tu m t, hng ho trong tnh trng ln xn hay b h hng, mt mt th phi lp bin bn hai bn cng k. Nu tu khng chu k vo bin bn th mi c quan gim nh lp bin bn mi tin hnh d hng - D hng bng cn cu ca tu hoc ca cng v xp ln phng tin vn ti a v kho, bi. Trong qu trnh d hng, i din tu cng cn b giao nhn cng kim m v phn loi hng ho cng nh kim tra v tnh trng hng ho v ghi vo Tally Sheet; - Hng s c xp ln t vn chuyn v kho theo phiu vn chuyn c ghi r s lng, loi hng, s B/L; - Cui mi ca v sau khi xp xong hng, cng v i din tu phi i chiu s lng hng ho giao nhn v cng k vo Tally Sheet; - Lp Bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu ( ROROC) trn c s Tally Sheet. Cng v tu u k vo Bn kt ton ny, xc nhn s lng thc giao so vi Bn lc khai hng (Cargo Manifest) v B/L; - Lp cc giy t cn thit trong qu trnh giao nhn nh Giy chng nhn hng h hng (COR) nu hng b h hng hay yu cu tu cp Phiu thiu hng (CSC), nu tu giao thiu.

2. Cng giao hng cho ch hng: - Khi nhn c thng bo hng n, ch hng phi mang vn n gc, giy gii thiu ca c quan n hng tu nhn lnh giao hng(D/O- Delivery order). Hng tu hoc i l gi li vn n gc v trao 3 bn D/O cho ngi nhn hng; - Ch hng ng ph lu kho, ph xp d v ly bin bn;- Ch hng mang bin lai np ph, 3 bn D/O cng Invoice v Packing List n vn phng qun l tu ti cng k xc nhn D/O v tm v tr hng, ti y lu 1 bn D/O; Ch hng mang 2 bn D/O cn li n b phn kho vn lm phiu xut kho. B phn ny gi mt D/O v lm hai phiu xut kho cho ch hng; - Ch hng lm th tc hi quan Sau khi hi quan xc nhn hon thnh th tc hi quan ch hng c th mang ra khi cng v ch hng v kho ring. i vi hng khng lu kho, bi ti cng Khi ch hng c khi lng hng ho ln chim ton b hm hoc tu hoc hng ri nh phn bn, xi mng, clinker, than qung, thc phmth ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng y thc c th ng ra giao nhn trc tip vi tu.Trc khi nhn hng, ch hng phi hon tt cc th tc hi quan v trao cho cng B/L, lnh giao hng( D/O). Sau khi i chiu vi Bn lc khai hng ho Manifest, cng s ln ho n cc ph bc xp v cp lnh giao hng thng ch hng trnh cn b giao nhn cng ti tu nhn hng.Sau khi nhn hng, ch hng v giao nhn cng cng k bn tng kt giao nhn v xc nhn s lng hng ho giao nhn bng Phiu giao hng kim phiu xut kho. i vi tu vn phi lp Tally sheet v ROROC nh trn.

i vi hng nhp bng container

1. Nu l hng nguyn (FCL/FCL) - Khi nhn c thng bo hng n ( Notice of arrival), ch hng mang B/L gc v giy gii thiu ca c quan n hng tu ly D/O; - Ch hng mang D/O n hi quan lm th tc v ng k kim ho 9 ch hng c th ngh a c container v kho ring hoc ICD kim tra hi quan nhng phi tr v container ng hn nu khng s b pht; - Sau khi hon thnh th tc hi quan, ch hng phi mang ton b chng t nhn hng cng D/O n Vn phng qun l tu ti cng xc nhn D/O; - Ly phiu xut kho v nhn hng. 2. Nu l hng l( LCL/LCL) Ch hng mang vn n gc hoc vn n gom hng n hng tu hoc i l ca ngi gom hng ly D/O, sau nhn hng ti CFS quy nh v lm cc th tc nh trn. Theo Vn ti v giao nhn hng ho XNK (PGS.TS Hong Vn Chu) Hp ng tu chuyn 1. Tn v a ch ngi thu tu, ngi vn chuyn. 2. Quy nh v tu: - Tn tu - C tu - Nm ng - Trng ti - Dung tch ng k ton phn v dung tch ng k tnh - Loi hng ca tu

- C quan ng kim kh nng i bin - V tr ca tu lc k hp ng 3. Thi gian tu n cng xp: phi quy nh r khong thi gian - Nu tu n chm qu quy nh, ngi thu tu c quyn hu hp ng (tu theo s tho thun). - Tu c xem nh n cng nu xy ra mt trong ba trng hp sau: + Tu cp cu cng hoc n vng thng mi ca cng quy nh trong C/P + Tu sn sng xp hoc d hng ca ngi thu + Tu trao thng bo sn sng NOR (Notice of Readiness) cho ngi c ghi trong C/P (tc ngi thu) 4. Quy nh v hng: - Tn hng - Loi bao b - Trng lng (c dung sai) - Th tch Lu : - n v trng lng c th dng MT (Metric Ton: 1000kg), tn di (Long Ton: 1016kg) hay tn ngn (Short Ton: 907kg). - V th tch c th dng mt khi hay tn khi Anh (CFT). - Ch tu c la chn hoc dng trng lng hay th tch tnh tin cc iu no c li cho h. - Nu ngi thu tu cung cp khng s lng hng quy nh, cng phi chu cc nh hng y tu. Nu c chn lt, cn quy nh ai chu chi ph v cung cp vt liu chn lt (ch tu hay ngi thu tu) 5. Cng xp d: C th l mt hay nhiu cng hoc mt khu vc hay mt nhm cng. - Cng xp phi l cng an ton v hng hi v chnh tr tc l phi su tu lun ni hoc nu chm bn vn m bo an ton cho tu v khng c chin tranh, nh cng, bo lon. 6. Chi ph xp d hng: Bn cch ch yu quy nh ai phi chu chi ph xp d: - Theo iu kin tu ch (Liner Terms): ngi vn chuyn phi chu trch nhim v chi ph xp d hng. Cc chi ph xp d c tnh gp trong gi cc thu tu. Theo cch ny, mc xp d c quy nh theo tp qun ca cng (ngi ta ghi According to customs of port hoc With all despatch hoc customary quick despatch ch khng quy nh tin thng pht xp d nhanh hay chm nh thu tu chuyn - Theo iu kin min xp (Free In: FI): Ch tu c min ph xp xung tu, nhng phi chu ph d hng ti cng n. - Theo iu kin min d (Free Out: FO): ch tu c min ph d hng khi tu ti cng n nhng phi chu chi ph xp hng xung tu ti cng xp. - Theo iu kin min xp. d (Free In and Out: FIO): Ngi thu tu phi chu cc ph chi ph xp hng xung tu ti cng xp cng nh ph d hng khi tu ti cng d.. Ngoi ra cn quy nh chi ph san hng (Trimming) i vi hng ri v xp t (Stowage) i vi hng c bao b hm tu do ai chu. Nu ch tu c min ph xp d, san xp th ghi FIOST sau gi cc. Th d: Freight: USD 15/MT, FIOST 7. Cc ph v thanh ton: - Gi cc: Trong hp ng cn ghi r gi cc, loi tin thanh ton; ng thi n v tnh cc l theo trng lng hay th tch u c th dng chung mt n v l tn cc (Freight Ton).

Khi n nh gi cc, cn xc nh ai chu ph xp, d v chi ph xp hng di tu. Th d : Freight: USD 30 FIO and Stowed Per Metric Ton (Gi cc l 30 la M mt tn mt, ch tu c min ph xp d v xp hng di tu) hoc USD 30 M3 FIO (30 la M mt mt khi , min ph xp d). Nu tnh cc theo trng lng, cng cn ghi r trng lng tnh cc ph theo s lng hng xp ln tu cng xp hay theo s lng hng giao cng n. - Thanh ton tin cc: + Cc ph tr trc (Freight Prepaid): ngi thu phi tr ton b tin cc cho ch tu sau khi xp xong hng hoc sau khi k B/L mt s ngy do hai bn quy nh nu bn theo CIF, CF. Th d: Cc ph phi tr trong vng 04 ngy k t ngy k B/L , khng c khu tr v khng hon li d tu v/hoc hng mt hay khng mt (freight to be paid in four days after signing B/L, discountless and not returnable, ship and/or cargo lost or not lost) + Cc ph tr sau (Freight to collect): Thi im tr c th n nh: Tr tin trc khi m hm tu d hng (freight payable before breaking bulk- b.b.b) Tr ng thi vi vic d hng (freight payable concurent ith discharge) Tr sau khi d xong hng (freight payable after completion of discharge) + Tr trc mt phn v tr sau mt phn (advance freight): Th d: tr 80% tin cc ti cng xp sau khi k B/L, s tin cn li tr t trong vng 5 ngy sau khi d hng xong. Vic gi li mt phn tin cc nhm gip ngi thu gy p lc nu c tranh chp, thng pht vi hng tu. Hp ng cng phi quy nh tin cc c thanh ton ti ngn hng no, cch thc tr tin 8. Thng bo sn sng NOR (Notice of Readiness): C hai loi thng bo: - Thng bo ngy d kin tu n cng Vic thng bo ngy d kin tu n cng trong mt khong thi gian ngn (7,5,3 ngy) trc khi tu n cng xp d l rt cn cho c thi gian lm th tc cho tu ra vo cng v chun b xp d hng theo ng lch trnh quy nh gia hai bn ch tu v ngi thu tu. - Thng bo sn sng xp d hng. Thi gian c php a thng bo sn sng xp d l thi gian tu n bn, tu sn sng nhn hoc giao hng. i vi cc mt hng ng cc, theo tp qun vn chuyn sn phm ny, bn thng bo sn sng xp hng thng phi km theo mt bin bn gim nh cc khoang hm sch s c th nhn hng c. Thi gian a thng bo sn sng xp d cn tu thuc vo iu khon v tu n bn. + Nu hp ng thu tu quy nh Tu n lt (In turn hay In regular turn) khi c nhiu tu phi ch i, bao gi tu ch hng n lt mnh cp cu, lc y thuyn trng mi c a thng bo sn sng xp d cho ngi thu tu, cng ging nh iu khon v tr (berth clause). Nu thu tu nn chn cch ny. + Nu hp ng quy nh Min n lt tc l khng cn tu cp cu (Free turn) hay Thi gian ch cu cng tnh (time waiting for berth to count), khi tu sn sng l c th a thng bo sn sng xp d v ngi thu tu phi chu trch nhim v thi gian tu ch cu cp cu. + Nu hp ng quy nh n lt khng qu 48 gi tc l n lt cp cu nhng 48 ting ri m vn cha cp cu, tu c a NOR (In turn not exceding 48 hours), tu ch ch ti a

48 gi ng h sau nu cn phi ch na, ngi thu tu phi chu trch nhim. 9. Mc xp d (Loading/ Discharging Rate): l s lng n v, trng lng hoc th tch hng phi xp hoc d trong vng 01 gi hay 01 ngy . C hai cch tho thun v mc xp d. - Quy nh mc xp d trung bnh cho c tu l bao nhiu tn/ ngy - Quy nh mc xp d trung bnh cho tng khong hm l bao nhiu tn / ngy 10. Thi gian xp d (Laytime hay Layday): C hai cch quy nh v thi hn xp d (Loading/Discharging Laytime): - Phn chia thi hn xp d lm 2 giai on: Thi hn xp v d hng Cargo to be loaded at the rate of 3000 MT and discharge at the rate of 900 MT per weather working day of 24 hours, sunday and holiday excepted both and even if used (hng c xp vi mc 3000 tn v d vi mc 900 tn ngy lm vic ngh, c lm cng khng tnh (S.H.E.X.E.U) - Gp thi gian xp d hng lm mt tnh: gi l thi hn xp d b tr (reversible laydays) 2000 MT per weather working day of 24 consecutive hours, sundays and holidays excepted unless used (SHEXUU). Nh vy nu tu ch 10 000 MT thi hn xp d s l: 10 000 MT/ 2000 MT = 5 ngy quy nh (5 WWDSHEX UU- Working days sundays holidays excepted, unless used) c ngha l 5 ngy lm vic, ch nht, ngy l c ngh nhng nu c lm th tnh) Ngoi ra, cn quy nh thi hn xp d c tnh t thi im no: Th d: Theo mu hp ng thu tu GENCON, thi hn xp d bt u tnh t 1 gi chiu nu thng bo sn sng xp d c trao v chp nhn trc 12 gi tra; bt u tnh t 6 gi sng ngy lm vic hm sau, nu NOR xp d c trao trong gi lm vic bui chiu ngy hm trc.11. Thng pht v xp d (Demurage/ Despatch money: DEM/DES): mc tin bi thng hoc pht thng c quy nh theo ngy hoc tn dung tch ng k ton phn ca tu mi ngy Th d: quy nh mc pht USD 2000/ngy hoc USD 0,3/GRT/ngy Nguyn tc ca pht l : Khi pht l lun b pht ,tc cc ngy sau d l ngy ch nht, ngy l, xu hay tt tri u b pht. Mc thng thng ch bng 1/ 2 mc pht. Tin thng thng c tnh theo ngy hoc theo t l mt phn ca ngy( Pro-rata), khng hn ngy chn m cn tnh thm gi pht. Lu : tu ch khng c tin thng pht v xp d nhanh chm, ch c trong tu chuyn. 12. iu khon cm gi hng ( Lien clause): Ch tu s cm gi hng thay cho cc ph, cc khng tin pht. Ngi thu vn cn trch nhim v cc khng v tin pht do mnh gy ra cng xp v trch nhim v cc ph v tin pht cng d hng nu ch tu khng thu c tin thanh ton do vic cm gi hng.13. iu khon trng ti ( arbitration clause): Bt k tranh chp no ny sinh ngoi hp ng hin ti s c chuyn cho trng ti thuc : Phng Trng ti Hng hi( Chambre arbitral marinetime) Paris chng hn. Quyt nh a ra theo quy tc ca Phng trng ti s l phn quyt cui cng rng buc hai bn.14. Trch nhim v min trch ca ngi vn chuyn. Ni chung cc hp ng u quy nh ch tu phi chu trch nhim nh Cng c Brussels 1924 ni : Tn tht h hng ca hng ho do xp khng cn thn, do chn lt khng tt, do hun khi, do thiu cn mn thch ng nn tu khng kh nng i bin Cc trng hp min trch nhim (exemption from liability) gm: thin tai, tai ho ngoi bin, thu th ph hoi, chy, cp bin, n t ca v tu v my mc, do bn cht hng, s st ca thuyn trng, b cm gi do vua cha v chnh ph, i lch hng( deviation). Ngoi ra, ch tu c min trch do tr hon lc khi hnh v trong chuyn hi trnh bi nh cng , thiu thu th hoc nhng ngi nh hng n hi trnh.15. Cc iu khon khc: Hp ng thu tu cn c cc iu khon tn tht chung( General average), 2 tu m nhau cng c li ( Both to blame collion clause), chin tranh, nh cng( Strike), bng gi( ice).

Khi k hp ng, nu thy iu khon no khng thch hp hai bn c th loi b. Ngoi ra, cn xc nh r ch tu hay ngi cho thu chu cc chi ph sau: - Chi ph cung cp vt liu chn lt, cung cp cn trc, dy buc - Chi ph thu ngi iu khin cn trc, di chuyn cn trc, ng m hm tu - Chi ph lm ngoi gi, kim m thu m, cng ph Cch thc thu tu chuyn Thu tu chuyn phc tp hn cng vic thu tu ch, i hi ngi thu tu phi am hiu tuyn, lung vn ti; am hiu c im kinh doanh ca tng hng tu; am hiu v gi cc ph Nhng cng vic chnh khi thu tu chuyn: - Xc nh loi hnh tu chuyn s thu phc v cho kinh doanh: + Thu chuyn mt (Single voyage) + Thu kh hi (Round voyage) + Thu nhiu chuyn lin tc (Consecutive voyage) + Thu bao c tu trong mt thi gian (Lumpsum) - U thc cho cng ty giao nhn hoc trc tip ng ra m phn k Hp ng thu tu (Voyage charter party) vi hng tu - Tp kt hng giao ln tu (khi xut khu theo iu kin nhm C, D) ly Bin lai thuyn ph (Mates receipt), sau i ly Vn n sch xp hng (B/L clean on board) Lu : Nu thu tu ch nh chuyn ch trong trng hp mua hng theo iu kin FOB th ngi thu phi kp thi thng bo cho nh xut khu cc thng tin v ngy gi con tu s vo ly hng ngi xut khu chun b hng tp kt ln tu. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ly B/L khng phi l ngi thu tu m l ngi xut khu. - Thanh ton cc ph, tin bc d, tin thng pht xp d Theo K thut kinh doanh XNK (PGS.TS V Thanh Thu) Th thc lp vn n - Lp mt t khai vn chuyn ghi r: tn tu, tn ngi gi hng, tn ngi nhn hng, ni n, s, k m hiu, kin hng, tnh cht hng, trng lng hay khi lng, tr gi hng nu cn. Sau ngi gi hng k tn vo t khai . - Giao t khai cho nhn vin tu tnh tin cc v chi ph ph - Nhn li mt phiu xp hng xp hng xung tu ch nh. - Nhn vin nhn hng ca tu k xc nhn vo phiu xp hng sau chuyn cho b phn chuyn trch - B phn chuyn trch cp chnh thc mt vn n hp l cho ngi gi hng, c ch k ca thuyn trng hay i l. Theo Nghip v vn ti v bo him trong ngoi thng ( Dng Hu Hnh) Cch thc thu tu ch

Bc 1: Tp trung s lng hng quy nh Bc 2: Nghin cu lch trnh tu chy. Lch ny thng c ng trn cc bo Si Gn gii phng, bo Nhn Dn. T chn hng tu c uy tn v cc ph thp. Hin ti, gia cc hng tu c s cnh tranh ln nn ngi thu tu thng c hng mt khon hoa hng nht nh. Bc 3: Ch hng lp Bng k khai hng (Cargo list) v u thc cho cng ty i l vn ti gi ch trn tu. Ch hng k n xin lu khoang (booking note) vi i l sau khi hng tu ng nhn chuyn ch, ng thi ng cc ph vn chuyn. Bc 4: Giao hng cho tu. Nu l hng nguyn container th lm th tc mn container cht xp hng, sau giao container cho bi hoc trm containerBc 5: Ly Vn n (Bill of Lading) Bc 6: Thng bo cho ngi mua v kt qu giao hng Theo K thut kinh doanh XNK (PGS.TS V Thanh Thu AIR TRANSPORTATION Thng bo tn tht v khiu ni i vi ngi chuyn ch hng khng Thi hn khiu ni: - i vi h hng d thy ca hng ho : ngay sau khi pht hin h hng v mun nht l sau 14 ngy k t ngy nhn hng; - Cc trng hp h hng khc: trong vng 14 ngy k t ngy nhn hng; - i vi chm tr: trong vng 21 ngy k t ngy hng ho c t di s nh ot ca ngi nhn ; - i vi trng hp khng giao hng; trong vng 120 ngy k t ngy pht hnh vn n hng khng; - Khiu ni tin cc lm thu: trong vng 180 ngy k t ngy pht hnh vn n hng khng; - i vi h hng hnh l: trong vng 7 ngy k t ngy nhn hng. Thng bo tn tht v khiu ni c th gi cho:+ Ngi chuyn ch c vn n ang s dng, + Ngi chuyn ch th nht, + Ngi chuyn ch cui cng, + Ngi chuyn ch thc t gy ra mt mt, h hng trn chng ng anh ta chuyn ch. Nu ngi chuyn ch hng khng khng gii quyt khiu ni hoc gii quyt khng tho ng th ch hng c quyn kin ra to. Thi gian i kin l 2 nm, k t: - Ngy my bay n, hoc ngy ng l my bay n, - Ngy m vic vn chuyn chm dt. Theo Vn ti v giao nhn hng ho XNK (PGS.TS Hong Vn Chu) Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng

Ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi trong trng hp hng ho, hnh l b ph hu, mt mt hoc h hng vi iu kin l s c gy ra thit hi xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng khng. Vn chuyn hng khng bao gm thi gian m hng ho nm trong s trng nom, qun l ca ngi chuyn ch, d sn bay, trong my bay hoc trong trng hp phi h cnh ngoi sn bay th bt k ni no. Ngi chuyn ch hng khng s khng chu trch nhim nu anh ta chng minh c rng s ph hu, mt mt hoc h hng l do cc nguyn nhn sau y gy ra: - Tnh cht hoc khuyt tt vn c ca hng ho - Khuyt im v bao b ca hng ho do mt ngi khng phi l ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ca h gy ra; - Hnh ng chin tranh hoc xung t v trang ; - Hnh ng ca nh cm quyn lin quan n vic vo, ra hay qu cnh ca hng ho. Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng i vi hng ha v hnh l k gi l 250 Fr ( tng ng vi 17 SDR hay 20 USD) cho mi kg hng ha b mt, tr trng hp ngi gi hng k khai gi tr hng ho khi giao hng cho ngi chuyn ch. Trong trng hp ny, ngi chuyn ch s bi thng theo gi tr k khai, nu gi tr k khai l chnh xc. Ngi chuyn ch hng khng s mt quyn hng gii hn trch nhim ni trn, nu ngi chuyn ch hng khng phm li c hoc cu th, mc d bit rng tn tht c th xy ra.Ngoi ra, ngi chuyn ch cn phi chu trch nhim v thit hi do chm tr trong vic vn chuyn hnh khch, hnh l v hng ho. Tuy vy, ngi chuyn ch khng chu trch nhim v chm tr nu ngi chuyn ch chng minh c anh ta v ngi lm cng hay i l ca anh ta p dng mi bin php cn thit trnh thit hi hoc khng th p dng c nhng bin php nh vy. Theo Vn ti v giao nhn hng ho XNK (PGS.TS Hong Vn Chu) Cc loi cc hng khng Cc hng bch ho (General Cargo Rates- GCR) L loi cc p dng cho nhng hng ho thng thng vn chuyn gia hai sn bay m khng p dng bt k mt loi cc c bit no. Cc ny cao hay thp ph thuc vo trng lng ca hng ho, khi lng hng: cng nhiu th gi cc cng h. Cc ti thiu ( Minimum Charges- M) L gi cc thp nht m mt hng hng khng c th vn chuyn mt l hng, c tnh n cc chi ph c nh m hng hng khng phi chi ra vn chuyn. Cc c bit ( Specific Commodity Rates- SCR) L loi cc p dng cho nhng hng ho c bit xut pht t mt a im t c th n mt ni n c th. Cc ny thng thp hn cc hng bch ho v c cng b cho nhng hng c bit hay hng ho chuyn ch trn nhng tuyn ng c bit. Mc ch ca cc ny l dnh cho ch hng mt gi cc cnh tranh nhm khuyn khch h gi hng bng my bay tn dng kh nng chuyn ch ca hng hng khng. Cc phn loi hng ( Class Rates/ Commodity Classification Rates) Cc ny thng c th hin bng s phn trm ca cc bch ho hoc mt khon ph

thm vo cc bch ho v c p dng cho mt s t mt hng trong hoc gia cc khu vc quy nh. Cc ny c p dng khi khng c cc c bit cho hng ho no . Cc mt hng thng c p dng loi cc ny l: ng vt sng (150% GCR); hng gi tr cao; vng bc, qu( 200% GCR); sch bo, tp ch, catal. sch cho ngi m( 50%), hi ct Cc p dng cho tt c mt hng ( Freight All Kinds- FAK) Gi cc loi ny tnh theo khi lng v p dng cho tt c cc mt hng trong mt container khng phn bit l hng g. Cc ny khng p dng cho cc mt hng nh hng d h hng, ng vt sng, hng gi tr cao Cc container ( Container Rates) Nu hng c ng trong container thch hp vi vic vn chuyn bng my bay th hng hng khng s p dng mt gi cc h hn. Cc gi tr L cc heo gi tr hng ho k khai. V d, nu hng c gi tr trn 20 USD/kg th cc l 5% gi tr k khai. Theo Vn ti v giao nhn hng ho XNK (PGS.TS Hong Vn Chu) Cc loi cc hng khng Cc hng bch ho (General Cargo Rates- GCR) L loi cc p dng cho nhng hng ho thng thng vn chuyn gia hai sn bay m khng p dng bt k mt loi cc c bit no. Cc ny cao hay thp ph thuc vo trng lng ca hng ho, khi lng hng: cng nhiu th gi cc cng h. Cc ti thiu ( Minimum Charges- M) L gi cc thp nht m mt hng hng khng c th vn chuyn mt l hng, c tnh n cc chi ph c nh m hng hng khng phi chi ra vn chuyn. Cc c bit ( Specific Commodity Rates- SCR) L loi cc p dng cho nhng hng ho c bit xut pht t mt a im t c th n mt ni n c th. Cc ny thng thp hn cc hng bch ho v c cng b cho nhng hng c bit hay hng ho chuyn ch trn nhng tuyn ng c bit. Mc ch ca cc ny l dnh cho ch hng mt gi cc cnh tranh nhm khuyn khch h gi hng bng my bay tn dng kh nng chuyn ch ca hng hng khng. Cc phn loi hng ( Class Rates/ Commodity Classification Rates) Cc ny thng c th hin bng s phn trm ca cc bch ho hoc mt khon ph thm vo cc bch ho v c p dng cho mt s t mt hng trong hoc gia cc khu vc quy nh. Cc ny c p dng khi khng c cc c bit cho hng ho no . Cc mt hng thng c p dng loi cc ny l: ng vt sng (150% GCR); hng gi tr cao; vng bc, qu( 200% GCR); sch bo, tp ch, catal. sch cho ngi m( 50%), hi ct Cc p dng cho tt c mt hng ( Freight All Kinds- FAK) Gi cc loi ny tnh theo khi lng v p dng cho tt c cc mt hng trong mt container khng phn bit l hng g. Cc ny khng p dng cho cc mt hng nh hng d h hng, ng vt sng, hng gi tr cao

Cc container ( Container Rates) Nu hng c ng trong container thch hp vi vic vn chuyn bng my bay th hng hng khng s p dng mt gi cc h hn. Cc gi tr L cc heo gi tr hng ho k khai. V d, nu hng c gi tr trn 20 USD/kg th cc l 5% gi tr k khai. Theo Vn ti v giao nhn hng ho XNK (PGS.TS Hong Vn Chu) Trnh t giao hng xut khu Ngi xut khu tin hnh giao hng vn chuyn bng ng hng khng theo cc bc sau:1. Lu cc vi hng hng khng hoc vi ngi giao nhn: Ngi gi hng phi in vo Booking Note theo mu ca hng hng khng vi cc ni dung nh: tn ngi gi, ngi nhn, bn thng bo; m t hng ho: loi hng, trng lng, s lng, th tch; tn sn bay i, tn sn bay n; cc ph v thanh ton2.Vn chuyn, ng hng v giao hng cho ngi chuyn ch: - Chun b mi giy t cn thit cho l hng; - Lp phiu cn hng ( Scaling Report); - ng gi, ghi k m hiu, dn nhn hiu; - Lm th tc hi quan; - Giao hng cho hng hng khng.3. Lp Airway Bill (AWB) Sau khi hng c xp vo pallet, igloo hay container, cn b giao nhn lin h vi hng hng khng nhn AWB v in cc chi tit vo AWB. Nu gi hng qua ngi giao nhn s c hai loi AWB c s dng l Master AWB (MAWB) do hng hng khng cp cho ngi giao nhn v House AWB (HAWB) do ngi giao nhn cp khi ngi ny lm dch v gom hng. 4. Thng bo cho ngi nhn v vic gi hng Ni dung ca thng bo gm: s HAWB/MAWB; ngi gi, ngi nhn, tn hng, s lng, trng lng, th tch, tn sn bay i, tn sn bay n, ngy khi hnh( ETD), ngy d kin n(ETA) 5. Lp b chng t thanh ton v thanh ton cc khon cn thit. Theo Vn ti v giao nhn hng ho XNK (PGS.TS Hong Vn Chu) Trnh t nhn hng nhp khu Ngi nhp khu tin hnh nhn hng vn chuyn bng ng hng khng theo cc bc sau: 1. Nhn cc giy t, chng t: Sau khi nhn c giy bo hng n, ngi nhn phi n hng hng khng nhn c cc giy t, chng t lin quan. 2. Nhn hng ti sn bay: Ngi nhn hng mang chng minh th v giy gii thiu nhn hng ti sn bay. Khi nhn phi kim tra hng ho, nu c h hng, v phi lp bin bn gim nh, c xc nhn ca kho khiu ni sau ny.

3. Lm th tc hi quan: Trc khi lm th tc, phi ng k t khai. H s ng k lm th tc hi quan bao gm ( thng ng k trc mt bui): - Vn n hng khng (AWB) bn gc 2; - Phiu ng gi (Packing List) - Ho n thng mi (Commercial invoice) Sau khi xem xt h s, hi quan tin hnh kim v k thng bo thu. 4.Thanh ton cc khon lin quan v a hng ra khi sn bayTheo Vn ti v giao nhn hng ho XNK (PGS.TS Hong Vn Chu) TRANSPORTATION BY CONTAINERS Phng thc gi hng l Phng thc gi hng l c s dng khi ngi gi hng khng lng hng xp y mt container. Quy trnh - Ngi gom hng ng nhiu l hng l ca cc ch hng khc nhau vo cng mt container bng chi ph ca mnh. - Ngi vn chuyn xp container ln tu. - Ti cng n, i l giao nhn nhn container c d t tu xung, vn chuyn v trm lm hng l rt hng. - Cc l hng c tch ra ring bit v giao cho ngi nhn ( ngi NK)Trch nhim ca cc bn: * Ngi gi hng: - Vn chuyn hng t kho hay ni cha hng ca mnh n trm lm hng l ca cng gi giao cho ngi gom hng v phi chu chi ph vn chuyn ny. - Chuyn cc chng t cn thit lin quan n thng mi, vn ti, th tc xut khu cho ngi gom hng. - Nhn vn n v tr cc hng l. * Ngi nhn hng: - Xin giy php nhp khu v lm th tc hi quan cho l hng. - Xut trnh vn n hp l cho ngi nhn hng. - Nhanh chng nhn hng ti trm CFS.* Ngi vn chuyn hng l: C th l ngi vn chuyn thc s ( effective carrier) tc hng tu hoc c th l ngi thu vn chuyn hng l nhng li khng c tu ( NVOCC: Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier). - Ngi vn chuyn thc s ( hng tu) vn chuyn hng l vi t cch ngi gom hng, k pht vn n thc ( Master B/L) cho ngi gi hng, xp hng ln tu, chuyn ch n cng ch v d hng xung cng, giao hng cho ngi nhn ti trm CFS cng n. - Ngi thu vn chuyn hng l ( NVOCC) thng do cng ty giao nhn m trch vi t cch ngi gom hng, l ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng vn chuyn ( Contracting Carrier) ch khng phi l i l ( agent). Ngi thu vn chuyn hng l chu trch nhim sut qu trnh vn chuyn hng t khi nhn hng ti cng gi n khi giao tr hng xong ti cng ch. Vn n h k pht cho ngi gi hng c th l vn n tp th ( House Bill of Lading) hoc vn n do Hip hi nhng

ngi giao nhn quc t son tho ( FIATA Bill of Lading) nu h l thnh vin ca hi ny.Theo Nghip v vn ti v bo him trong ngoi thng (Dng Hu Hnh) Phng thc gi hng y container Phng thc gi hng y container c s dng khi ngi gi hng c lng hng cha y mt hay nhiu container hoc hng ho c tnh cht i hi phi cha trong mt container, nn thu c mt hay nhiu container gi hng. Quy trnh - Ch hng ng hng vo container ti kho ring hoc ti bi. Sau khi lm th tc hi quan kim ho, container c nim phong kp ch. - Ch hng hay cng ty giao nhn vn chuyn container n bi cha container (C/Y) ch xp ln tu. - Ti cng n, ngi vn ti sp xp v chu chi ph vn chuyn container vo bi cha ca mnh. - T bi cha container, ngi nhn hng hoc cng ty giao nhn sp xp v lm th tc hi quan, vn chuyn v kho ring v rt hngTrch nhim ca cc bn: * Ngi gi hng( Shipper) - Vn ti hng t kho hay ni cha hng trong nc n bi cha container ca cng gi hng. - ng hng vo container, k c cht xp v chn lt. - Ghi k m hiu ( markings) v du hiu chuyn ch. - Nim phong v cp ch container theo quy ch xut khu v lm th tc hi quan. - Chu mi chi ph lin quan. Vic ng hng vo container c th thc hin ti bi cha container hoc ti kho ring ca ngi gi hng nu c yu cu, nhng ngi gi hng phi m bo an ton v chu chi ph iu vn container i v v bi cha. * Ngi nhn hng ( Consignee) - Xin giy php nhp khu v lm th tc hi quan cho l hng. - Xut trnh B/L hp l cho ngi vn chuyn nhn hng. - Rt hng ti bi cha hoc ti kho ca mnh hon tr container rng cho ngi chuyn ch kp thi, trnh b pht. * Ngi vn chuyn ( Carrier) - Chm sc, gi gn, bo qun hng xp trong container k t khi nhn t ngi gi ti bi cha ca cng gi cho n khi giao tr hng cho ngi nhn ti bi cha cng n. - Xp hng t bi cha cng gi ln tu k c vic xp hng trn tu. - D hng t tu xung bi cha cng n. - Giao hng cho ngi nhn c vn n hp php. - Chu mi chi ph xp d container ln xung tu. Theo Nghip v vn ti v bo him trong ngoi thng (Dng Hu Hnh) Cc loi hp ng thu container Hp ng thu chuyn ( Trip Leasing) Hp ng thu tu chuyn c s dng khi ngi thu c nhu cu s dng ngay container. Gi tin thu chuyn c tnh theo n v container/ngy hoc container/thng, bin ng theo th trng v thng cao hn gi cho thu cc loi hp ng khc. Ni chung, ngi

cho thu container khng thch cch cho thu ny v n c tnh tm thi, thiu n nh v nu khng c cc bin php hu hiu s c th dn n s o ln k hoch b tr khai thc, to ra s tn ng container mt a im no .Hp ng khng thu quy nh s lng container bt buc (Rate agreement) Hp ng ny ch yu quy nh gi tin thu container khng thay i trong sut thi gian hiu lc ca hp ng, bt k container nm a im no min l thuc phm vi qun l quy nh ca ngi cho thu. Hp ng khng quy nh s lng container bt buc hai bn phi thc hin. Ngi thu tu theo nhu cu tng chuyn m ngh s lng v ngi cho thu tu theo kh nng ca mnh vo lc y m p ng. Hp ng quy nh a im hon tr container, s lng hon tr trong mi thng v ph hon tr container ( nu c). Hp ng cho thu c quy nh s lng container ti thiu bt buc ( Master lease) Hp ng ny quy nh ngi thu s dng mt s lng container ti thiu trong sut thi gian hiu lc ca hp ng v phi tr s tin thu quy nh, mc d c khi ngi thu khng s dng ht. Mt khc, ngi thu c th thu vt qu s lng quy nh nu c nhu cu. Hp ng cn quy nh iu kin hon i, c ngha l trong thi gian thu, ngi thu c quyn hon tr mt s lng container ni ny v nhn mt s lng tng ng trong khu vc m hai bn tho thun. Cch thu ny c li cho ngi thu v n cho php ngi thu iu chnh s lng container khp vi nhu cu thc t nhng li i hi ngi cho thu phi b tr mng li container rng khp v do chi ph qun l hnh chnh s tng ln.Hp ng thu di hn ( Long term lease) Hp ng ny quy nh ngi thu s dng mt s lng container trong sut thi gian thu m khng c s hon i v ch hon tr container khi ht hn hp ng. Nu ngi thu vi phm s phi np tin pht. Cc cng ty vn chuyn container thng s dng cch ny. i khi hp ng thu container di hn c th bin dng thnh hp ng thu mua ( purchase- lease contract), ngha l ngi thu s dng di hn, tr tin thu cho n ht hn quy nh trong hp ng th quyn s hu container chuyn sang lun cho ngi thu. Ngi thu s dng lun cch thu mua v h khng mun hoc khng c kh nng chi tr ngay mt ln tin mua container. Trong cc hp ng thu container ni trn, gi tin thu, ph bo him, iu kin thu, vic nhn, hon tr container l cc iu khon ch yu cn lu . Theo Nghip v vn ti v bo him trong ngoi thng (Dng Hu Hnh)