Single Transistor Amp

Single Transistor and Multiple Transistor Amplifiers
SJSU EE223 by Koorosh Aflatooni
Overview
Introduction
Modeling
Single Transistor amplifiers

Common emitter/source Common base/gate Common collector/drain Common emitter/source with degeneration
Multiple transistor amplifiers

Common collector-common emitter Common collector-common collector Cascode Simple cascode Active cascode
Differential pairs
DC transfer of common emitter/source pairs DC transfer of common emitter/source pairs with degeneration Small signal characteristics Device mismatch
SJSU EE223 by Koorosh Aflatooni 2
Modeling
Two port modeling
Express the relation between input and output Superposition of the each source contribution
i1 v1
Two port network
i2 v2
i1 = y11v1 + y12 v2 i2 = y21v1 + y22 v2
y11
y12v2 y21v1
y22
Modeling (cont.)
Feedback
Bilateral Unilateral => y12=0
i1 v1
Zi Gmv1 Zo
i2 v2
Other terms
Short-circuit transonductance => Gm=y21 Input impedance => Zi=1/y11 Output impedance => Zo=1/y22
Norton to Thevenin
Knowing any two parameters leads to the third parameter

v av = 2 v1
i2 =0 = Gm Z o
i1 v1
+
i2
_
Zi
avv1
Zo
v2
The key is to understand the effect of loading on performance

Common Emitter
Large signal
Collector current is related to base current Output voltage is defined by considering load line
IB = V IC I S exp i = V IB F T V Vo = VCC RC I S exp i V T
Ri = r =
Small Signal
Input resistance Transconductance Output resistance Open circuit voltage gain
o
gm
Gm = g m Ro = RC || ro av = g m (ro || RC )
Common Source
Large signal
Output voltage related to input Transition from cutoff => active => triode
Vo = VDD
Cox W
2 L
RD (Vi Vt )
Small signal
Ri Gm = g m Ro = RD || ro av = g m (ro || RD )
The maximum voltage gain for CS is proportional to 1/ID, in contrast to BJT that is independent of current
Common Base
Small signal
Modifying -model to T model to decouple the dependent current source between input-output ports Input resistance Transconductance Output resistance Open circuit voltage gain Compare to common emitter, the input resistance is reduced by (1+b) as well the the current gain
Ri = re
Gm = gm r 1+ b r
Ro = RC av = g m RC
Common Gate
Large signal
Not much interesting
Small signal
Ri = 1 g m + g mb
Gm = g m + g mb Ro = RD av = ( g m + g mb )RD
Common Gate (cont.)

Considering a case with ro => bilateral because of feedback provided by output => input resistance depends on output load Small signal
Input resistance Transconductance
Ri = ro + RD || RL 1 + ( g m + g mb )ro
Ro has no effect since this is measured with output shorted
Gm = g m + g mb
Output resistance
Ro = R || (( g m + g mb )ro RS )
Common Collector
Emitter follower
Ideally base-emitter voltage remains constant, independent of collector voltage In reality it is not quite constant It is not unilateral
Small signal ( model)

Input resistance Voltage gain Output resistance
Ri = r + ( o + 1)(RL || ro )
av = 1 RS + r 1+ ( o + 1)(RL || ro ) Ro = r + RS || ro o +1
10
Example
Calculate the input resistance, output resistance, and voltage gain of the emitter follower. Assume RS=RL=1k, =100, rb=0, ro =>, Io=100A.
11
Common Drain
Source follower
Ideally, source follows gate voltage In reality, it deviates due to body effect and channel modulation effect
Small signal
Input resistance Voltage gain
Depends on body effect
av = g m ro 1 + ( g m + g mb )ro + 1 g m + g mb + 1 1 + ro RL ro RL
Ri =
Output resistance
Ro =
12
Common Emitter with Emitter Degeneration

Adding the resistance to emitter:
Reduces the transconductance, and increases output/input resistances
Small signal
R ro + C o +1 Ri = r + ( o + 1)RE ro + RC + RE
Output resistance
R 1 E o ro Gm = g m 1 + g m RE 1 + 1 + 1 g m ro o
Ro = (r || RE ) + ro [1 + g m (r || RE )]
Common Source with Source Degeneration

Small signal
Input resistance Transconductance Output resistance
Ri =
Gm = gm 1 + ( g m + g mb )RS
Ro = RS + ro [1 + ( g m + g mb )RS ]
14
Single Transistor Summary

Configuration Common Source Source-Follower Common-Gate Common-Emitter Emitter-Follower Common-Base Voltage gain Av > 1 Av ~ 1 Av > 1 Av > 1 Av > 1 Av > 1 Current gain Ai ~ 1 Ai > 1 Ai > 1 Ai ~ 1 Input resistance Low Moderate High Low Output resistance Moderate to high Low Moderate to high Moderate to high Low Moderate to high
15
Multiple Transistor Amplifiers

In many applications performance of a single stage amplifier is not sufficient to meet various requirements
Need to combine multiple transistors to achieve voltage, current, input/output impedance adjustments In general, the overall voltage/current gain is not simply the product of all the stages, but it is a function of loading (input/output resistance) of each stage => need specific analysis Stage 1 Av1
Ri1 Ro1 Ri2
Stage 2 Av2
Ro2 Rin
Stage n Avn
Ron
Some popular combinations

Common collector- common emitter & Common collector- common collector Cascode Super source follower Differential pair
Common Collector- Common Emitter

Goal:
To achieve higher input resistance and gain
Operation principle:
Ibias provides the DC biasing Q2 appears as load on emitter of Q1 => input resistance increases; also gives two stages of current gain Consider a combined transistor
Small circuit analysis

Ri = r 1 + ( o + 1)(r 2 || ro ) 1 Gm = g m 2 r 1 1+ ( + 1)r 2 o
Current gain Output resistance

c = o ( o + 1)
Ro = ro 2
17
Darlington Configuration
Similar to:
cc-cc: as discussed cc-ce: but in Darlington collector of Q1 gives feedback path=> reduction of output resistance & increase of input capacitance
BiCMOS version finds many applications

High input resistance Large transconductance
Cascode Configuration
Bipolar version
Common emitter- common base

Input resistance Transconductance Voltage gain Output resistance
Ri = r 1
Gm = g m1
Av =
g m 2 ro1 Ro = ro 2 1 + g r 1 + m 2 o1 o
19
Cascode Configuration (cont.)

MOSFET version:
Common source- common gate Output resistance can be tuned => limited by power supply voltage and signal swing

Input resistance Transconductance Output resistance
Ro = ( g m 2 + g mb 2 )ro1ro 2
Ri
Gm g m1
Cascode Configuration (cont.)

Active cascode
Using an amplifier to to provide negative feedback and increases the output resistance Only works at frequencies amplifier has gain
21
Super Source Follower

Goal:
Reduce output resistance of source follower => useful if you need to drive a resistive load
Small signal
Output resistance
Ro = 1 1 (g m1 + g mb1 ) g m 2 ro1
22
Differential Pair
Goal: to eliminate the common sources (e.g., noise sources) and amplify differential input signal Analysis
Large signal
Bipolar: Linear region 26mV around zero MOSFET:
Small signal
23
BJT Differential Pair Large Signal Analysis

Assuming
Rtrail very large and ro can be ignored
Steps:
Write KCL for input signals to emitter of transistors Relate Ic1 and Ic2 to Itrail Relate output voltages to input voltages
Highlights
Useful range ~ Linear range ~ <VT ~26mV Voltage gain
av =
f I Train RC
VT
How to increase the useful range?

Emitter degeneration
MOSFET Differential Pair Large Signal Analysis

Assuming
Steps:
Rtrail very large and ro can be ignored
Write KCL for input signals to emitter of transistors Relate Id1 and Id2 to Itrail Relate output voltages to input voltages
Highlights
Useful range ~ Linear range
1
2 I Trail W k ' L
Voltage gain
k ' I Trail RD
How to increase the useful range?

W/L Over-drive
25
Example
Compare the forward transconductance of a MOSFET differential gain against a bipolar differential gain? (assume ITrail=500A and k=100A/V2, W/L=1,F=1)
4 I Trail I k' W 2 Vid I d 1 = Trail + Vid 2 4 L k ' (W / L) g m (max) = I d 1 k ' I Trail W |Vid =0 = Vid 4 L
MOSFET
BJT
v 1 + exp i1 V T I I g m (max) = c1 |Vi1=0 = F Trail 2VT Vi1
I c1 =
F I Trail
g m (max) = 35A / V
g m (max) = 9766 A / V
26
Differential Pair Small Signal Analysis

Breaking analysis to:
Differential mode vod = Adm vid + Acm dm vic voc = Adm cm vid + Acm vic Common mode Ideally we like Adm-cm=0 and Acm-dm=0, in reality they are not A Common mode rejection CMRR = dm Acm ratios (CMRR)
Other important ratios
Adm Acm dm
Vid/2 -Vid/2 -Vic
Adm Adm cm
27
Differential Pair Small Signal Analysis (cont.)

In a balanced differential pair, increase if current in path 1, means current in path 2 decreases by same amount
Voltage across Rtrail stay constant Dropping Rtrail makes no difference
Voltage gain
Adm = g m (R ro )
The gmb has no effect since source to ground stays at a constant potential
Differential Pair Small Signal Analysis (cont.)

Due to symmetry, we could assume no current flows between two sections
Breaking the circuit into two sections
Each of these sections present a degenerate source follower configuration

Common mode gain
Degenerate Source follower
Gm =
gm 1 + ( g m + g mb )RS
Acm = Gm RD =
g m RD 1 + ( g m + g mb )2 RTrail
In case ro>0
Acm = Gm RD =
gm RD {2 RTrail + ro [1 + ( g m + g mb )2 RTrail ]} 1 + ( g m + g mb )2 RTrail
Note: increase of Rtrail leads to increase of CMRR CMRR 1 + 2( g m + g mb )RTrail

Example
Find the differential-mode gain, common-mode gain, and differential-mode input resistance for a bipolar differential pair? (assume ITrail=20A, RTrail=10M, RC=100k, VEE=VCC=5V, =150, and neglect rb, ro, and r.
20 A Adm = g m RC = V 100 K = 78 T
Acm =
gm RC = 0.005 1 1 + g m RTrail 1 + o
30
Summary
Review of various single and two state amplifiers, including differential pairs End of chapter problems: 3-2, 3-4, 3-7, 3-9, 3-14, 3-16, 3-24
31

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Single Transistor and Multiple Transistor Amplifiers

SJSU EE223 by Koorosh Aflatooni