Emission Testing

David Hambley MSc. C. Eng. MIEE

Emission Testing

Contents
!Common EMC tests
What are we testing for? What do we need to do the test? What are the important parameters? How do we do it? Which standards?

Introduction
!Electromagnetic Compatibility
Ability of equipmentto function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment.

EMC testing
Electromagnetic Compatibility Emissions Conducted Radiated Immunity Conducted Radiated

Emissions
!Why worry?
Protect the electromagnetic environment Protect radio services
Emergency services Commercial broadcasts

Prevent interference with other equipment intended to operate in the same environment

Emissions
!Standards contain:
Limit lines Test method

!Basic emission standards

EN55011 Industrial, scientific and medical EN55013 Broadcast receivers EN55014 Household appliances EN55015 Lighting apparatus EN55022 Information Technology Equipment

Conducted emissions
!AC power port
Conducted electrical noise Switched mode power supplies 150kHz-30MHz (most equipment) 9kHz-30MHz (lighting)

!Aim to protect LW/MW/SW broadcasts !Main equipment required

Spectrum analyser or receiver Line Impedance Stabilisation Network (LISN)

Conducted emissions

Conducted emissions
! LISN
Inserted into power line Allows measurement of RF voltage Provides defined impedance eg 50//50H Provides some noise isolation from mains supply EUT current Earth leakage current Filtered supply Ambient radiated signals

! Some precautions

Harmonic emissions
! AC power port
Conducted electrical noise Linear power supplies 50Hz-2kHz

! Aim to protect electrical supply quality

Prevent conductor burnout Protect supply waveform

! Main Equipment required

50Hz power amplifier Power analyser

Harmonics/flicker equipment

Harmonic emissions
!50Hz power amplifier
Powers equipment under test Removes harmonics present on incoming supply Measures the harmonics generated EN61000-3-2

!Power analyser !Standard

Flicker
! AC power port
Disturbances impressed on electrical supply Simulates effect on 60W light bulb

! Aim to protect electrical supply quality

Prevent excessive voltage deviations Protect supply waveform

! Main Equipment required

50Hz power amplifier Flicker impedance Software algorithms

Flicker
!50Hz power amplifier !Flicker impedance !Standard
Powers equipment under test Provides a stabilised voltage supply Defined impedance across which the flicker voltage is measured EN61000-3-3

Radiated emissions
! Enclosure port and associated cabling
Microprocessor frequencies Switched mode power supplies DC brushed motors 30MHz-1000MHz (most equipment) 9kHz-30MHz (additionally for lighting)

! Aim to protect
Commercial broadcasts Emergency services Mobile phone services

Radiated emissions
!Main equipment required
Spectrum analyser or receiver Antenna Open Area Test Site (OATS) 4m mast Turntable Ellipse free from reflecting objects

Radiated emissions
antenna mast EUT Non-metallic table ground plane

3m or 10m cable running underground to control room

ground plane

Antenna

x
Position of measurement equipment if not underground

10m

3m

EUT

CISPR Ellipse

Typical open area test site

Covered open area test site

Measuring detectors
!Hardware detectors contained in spectrum
analysers and receivers !4 detectors used in EMC testing
Peak Peak hold (max hold) Quasi-peak Average

!Each detector has unique characteristics

Peak detector
!Standard detector !Detects signal peak or envelope worst
case levels !Allows measurements to be made quickly !Not referenced in commercial EMC standards (except one railway standard) !Used
For pre-compliance testing In conjunction with a quasi-peak detector

Peak hold detector

!Variant of peak detector !Display updated if the amplitude
measured is greater on current sweep than on previous sweeps !Useful for measuring emissions from cyclic equipment !Not referenced in commercial EMC standards

Quasi-peak detector
!Referenced by all commercial EMC
standards !Based upon subjective human response to pulsed interference e.g. car ignition !Provides a weighted output !Weighted output based upon pulse repetition frequency (PRF) !Output up to 43.5dB less than peak detector

Quasi-peak detector
! Long charge/discharge times ! Measurements are slow ! 9k-150k
150k-30M 30-1000M RBW (kHz) 0.2 9 120 Charge Tc (ms) 45 1 1 Discharge Td (ms) 500 160 550 Conducted emission =53 minutes per phase QP detector used in conjunction with peak detector Only emissions from EUT are measured using QP detector

! ! !

Average detector
!Referenced in commercial EMC
standards for conducted emission tests !Measures the average level !Average level <QP level !Not available on a spectrum analyser !Averaging effect obtained by controlling the video bandwidth

Other emissions tests

! Conducted emissions on telecoms ports
Similar to that on ac ports using ISN

! Conducted disturbance power

Applies to household appliances mainly AC power port Emissions measured using clamp on wheels

! Discontinuous interference
Measures transient conducted emissions (spikes) AC power port Requires oscilloscope to capture spikes

Immunity Testing

Immunity
!Why worry?
Ensure adequate protection against interference
Annoyance
o Interference on radio or TV

Safety critical
o Lift electronics o Vehicle ABS systems

Immunity
! Standards contain: ! Basic immunity standards
EN61000-4-2 Immunity to ESD EN61000-4-3 Radiated immunity EN61000-4-4 Immunity to EFT/B EN61000-4-5 Immunity to surge EN61000-4-6 Conducted RF immunity EN61000-4-8 Power frequency magnetic immunity EN61000-4-11 Voltage dips and interruptions Test levels Test method

Introduction
!Emission tests have limits
Under limit = pass, over limit = fail

!How can immunity be assessed?

What parameters should be monitored? How should they be quantified? What degradation is acceptable?
To the manufacturer? To the user?

Standards contain performance criteria

Introduction
! Performance criteria B
The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended after the test. No degradation of performance or loss of function is allowed below a performance level specified by the manufacturer, where the apparatus is used as intended. The performance level may be replaced by a permissible loss of performance. During the test, degradation of performance is, however, allowed. No change of actual state or stored data is allowed. If the minimum performance level, or the permissible performance loss, is not specified by the manufacturer, then either of these may be derived from the product description and documentation and what the user may reasonably expect from the apparatus if used as intended.

Immunity to ESD
!Enclosure port !Increasing importance !More sensitive electronics !More hostile environment
Particularly the home Areas which can be touched under normal operation

!Aim to protect semiconductor devices

Temporary disturbance or destruction of components!

Immunity to ESD

Immunity to ESD

Immunity to ESD
!Main equipment required
ESD simulator (gun)

Immunity to ESD
!Standard
EN61000-4-2

!Two types of discharge

Contact (typically 4kV or 6kV)
To metallic surfaces Coupling planes

Air (typically 8kV)

Insulating surfaces

Immunity to ESD
!Two types of application
Direct
To the equipment under test Contact discharge Air discharge

Indirect
To coupling planes Contact discharge only Horizontal coupling plane (HCP) Vertical coupling plane (VCP)

Radiated immunity
! Enclosure port and associated cabling ! Electromagnetic fields from intentional
transmitters
Mobile phones Other radio communications

! 80MHz-1000MHz frequency range

>1GHz testing will be required in the future

! Analogue circuits are vulnerable

Measuring circuits eg thermometers Audio equipment

Radiated immunity
!Main equipment required
Anechoic chamber Signal generator Power amplifier Power meter Antenna Field probe

Radiated immunity

Radiated immunity
! Standard ! Requirements
0-6dB field uniformity over 1.5m x 1.5m area 80MHz-1000MHz Test level: 3V/m, 10V/m or 20V/m depending upon environment 1kHz 80% amplitude modulated field Pre-calibrated field CCTV External monitoring EN61000-4-3

! Monitoring the equipment under test

Immunity to EFT/B
!Electrical fast transient/burst
interference !Results from electrical switching
Thermostats Equipment being switched on & off

!5ns rise time and 50ns half life !Applied in bursts 15ms in duration !300ms repetition rate

Immunity to EFT/B

Immunity to EFT/B
!Standard !Requirements
Direct coupling
AC power port DC power port Typically 1kV or 2kV depending upon environment

EN61000-4-4

Indirect coupling
Signal cables Control cables Typically 1kV or 2kV depending upon environment

Immunity to EFT/B
!Main equipment required
EFT/B generator Capacitive coupling clamp

Immunity to surge
!Similar to EFT/B !Voltage & current surge
Nearby lightning strikes Switching of inductive loads

!Surge waveforms
Voltage waveform specified Current waveform specified

Immunity to surge

Immunity to surge

Immunity to surge
! Standard ! Requirements
Applied in single pulses Normally 1 minute apart At 0, 90, 180 & 270 on 50Hz waveform Line to line coupling
Surge applied between lines with respect to earth Typically 1kV

EN61000-4-5

Line to earth coupling

Surge applied between line and earth Typically 2kV

Immunity to surge
! Main equipment required
Surge generator Coupling/decoupling network

Conducted RF immunity
! Injection of RF currents into cables ! Electromagnetic fields from intentional
transmitters
Lower frequency that radiated immunity LW/MW/SW broadcasts

! 150kHz-80MHz frequency range

Overcomes antenna inefficiency

! Analogue circuits are vulnerable

Measuring circuits eg thermometers Audio equipment

Conducted RF immunity
!Main equipment required
Shielded enclosure Signal generator Power amplifier Power meter Coupling/decoupling networks (CDNs) Injection clamp

Conducted RF immunity

Conducted RF immunity
! Standard
EN61000-4-6

! Requirements
150kHz-80MHz (230MHz) Test level: 3Vrms, or 10Vrms depending upon environment 1kHz 80% amplitude modulated field Pre-calibrated injection level Use of CDNs preferred Use of ferrite clamp with feedback as an alternative

Immunity to VDI
!Voltage dips & interruptions !AC power port !Supply perturbations
Voltage dips
Deviation from nominal 230V supply Resulting from equipment being switched on

Voltage interruptions
Loss of supply Resulting from supply interruption

Immunity to VDI
! Standard ! Requirements
EN61000-4-11 Inrush capability of facility to be measured Voltage dip
Specified as a X% dip for Yms Typically 30% for 10ms & 60% for 100ms

Voltage interruptions
Specified as a X% dip for Yms Typically >95% for 5000ms Normally commencing at zero crossing point (but not always)

Immunity to VDI
!Main equipment required
VDI generator Oscilloscope

Summary
!Common EMC tests
What are we testing for? What do we need to do the test? What are the important parameters? How do we do it? Which standards?