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YANGON UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

STATIONARY NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS by KHIN SHWE TINT

Thesis submitted in ful lment of requirement for the degree of Master of Research in Mathematics.

M.Res. Thesis

May, 2003

STATIONARY NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS by KHIN SHWE TINT THESIS submitted in ful lment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF RESEARCH in Mathematics of the Yangon University Approved

Chairperson Dr.Kyi Kyi Aung Head & Professor Dept. of Mathematics Yangon University

External Examiner Dr.J.Nash Professor Dept. of Mathematics Prinston University

Supervisor Dr.Pyi Aye Professor Dept. of Mathematics Yangon University

Internal Examiner Dr.K.Yosida Professor Dept. of Mathematics Tokyo University


ii

Secretary Dr.Myint Zaw Professor Dept. of Mathematics Yangon University

Acknowledgements
I wish to express my thanks to Prof. Dr. Kyi Kyi Aung , Head of Mathematics Dept. and Prof. Thaung Shein, Department of Mathematics, University of Yongon, who permitted me to write this M.Res (Mathematics) thesis. At the same time, my deepest gratituide also gose to Dr.Pyi Aye, Associate Professor, department of Mathematics, University of Yongon, for his valuable supervision, collecting in literature and in preparation of this thesis. Finally, I remember to say my thanks on my adoring parents, for their warmhearted guard and guideline through my student life. Again, I thank my parents,who give me enormous fu lment with eternal kind in perparing this thesis.

May, 2003

KHIN SHWE TINT

iii

Abstract
The existence and regularity of the solution of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations are considered in IR3.

iv

Introduction

Contents
Acknowledgements Abstract Introduction 1
1.1 Preliminaries and De nition of Generalized Solutions Notations 1.1.1 Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.3 Remark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4 Remark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Existence of Generalized Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Lemma (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Uniqueness of Generalization Solution of the Interior Problem

iii iv v 1
1 2 3 5 6

. 7 . 7 . 8 . 14 . 20

3.1 Regularity of the Stationary Navier-Stokes Equations . . . . . . 22 3.1.1 Lemma (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22


vi

22

Bibliography

44

vii

Chapter 1
1.1 Preliminaries and De nition of Generalized Solutions Notations
For two points x = fx1; x2 ; x3g and y = fy1; y2; y3g in E3, jx yj means thd distance between x and y. For any point set A in E3, @A is the boundary of A. being a positive constant, the point set !( ; A) = !( ) = fx j x 2 A and dist. (x; @A) < g is the boundary strip of A with width .

Lp =

U :R !Rj
i=1

Up
1 2

dx < 1 ; juj =
i;j=1

1 0 3 1 03 X X 2A juj = @ jui j or juj = @ juij j2A ;


1 2

up

dx

u is a vector fu1g or a tensor fuij g.


Z

n Suppose C0 (Rn) is the set of functions u(x) that has n time continuous derivatives and u(x) has compact support.

(u; v)v = v uv dx ; (u; v 2 L2(v))

C n(v) = fU jv : u 2 C0n(Rn)g ; ku; C n (v)k = 0maxn sup jD u(x)j j


u2V

If n = 0, we get C 0(v) = C (v ).

C n+h(v) = fu 2 C n(v) : kukC n h < 1g ; 8 9 < D u(x) D u(y) = X X sup : kukC n h(v) = kD ukC(v) + jx y j h ; : j j=n x;y yV j j n x C0(v) = fu 2 C (v) : u has compact supportg : n+h C0 (v) = C n+h (v) \ C0(v); (n = 0; 1; ; 1; 0 h < 1):
+ +

6=

C 1(v) is the class of solenoidal vector functions u 2 C 1(v). C n+h(v ) = C n+h(v ) \ C 1(v); (n = 1; ; 1; 0 h < 1) c 1 Suppose H01 is the Hilbert space obtained by completion of C0 (v) with the c1 norm kj'kj = kr'k2;v , and H0; is the Hilbert space obtained by completion 1 of C0; (v) with the norm kj'kj = kr'k2;v .

Lemma
Let v be bounded domain. Then there exists a positive constant c1 depending on v such that
c1 for any u 2 H0 (v).

kuk2;v C1kruk2;v

Proof:

1.1.1 Lemma
Let v be bounded domain or unbounded. Then there exists an absolute constant c such that
c1 for any u 2 H0 (v). Moreover, if k is a bounded subdomain of v, then we have c1 for any u 2 H0 (v)

kuk ;v ckruk2;v

with a constant ck dependent on k. If v is bounded, we have

kuk4;k ck kruk2;v

with some constant c2 by putting k = v in (3). Proof:

c kuk4;k c2kruk2;v ; u 2 H01(v) ;

c1 The following lemmas are concerned with the behavior of a function u 2 H0 (R) near the boundary. We recall the assumption imposed on R. Take and x a component @R of @R. being a su ciently small positive number, ! ( ) means the component of !( ) adjacent to @R . Further = (x) denotes the distance between @R and the point x 2 R. Using these notation we have
2

1.1.2 Lemma
There exists positive constants

and c3 = c3( 0) such that

2;! ( )

c3kruk2;! ( )
0.

c1 holds for any u 2 H0 (R) and any in 0 <

Proof:

Deftintion of Generalized solutions


Suppose that a vector function u and a scalar function p are su ciently smooth and obey the stationary Navier-Stokes equations

u + (u r)u + rp = f in v; div u = 0 in v; u = on @v; u(x) ! u(1) jxj ! 1 in a domain V R3, where f is the external force, is the viscosity. 1 Multiplying (1) by a vector function ' in C0 (v) and the integrating over v, we
(r'; ru) + ('; (u r)u) (div '; p) = ('; f ) 1 If ' 2 C0; (v), then (5) takes a form not involving the pressure p,
obtain

Next we consider the tri-linear integral form

!('; u) = ('; f ) with !('; u) = (r'; ru) + ('; (u r)u).

where the arguments u; v; ! are required to possess the following properties: c1 1. each of them is expressible as the sum of a function in H0; (v) and a function in C 1(v). Hence any one of them, in particular, v is subjected to the condition divv = 0. c1 2. Either u or ! belongs to H0; (k), k belong a bounded subdomain of V .
3

A(u; v; !) = (u; (v r)!) = v ui vk @k !i dx;

For these u; v; ! the de nition of A(u; v; !) in (7) is signi cant. Indeed, we have kuk4;k < 1, kvk4;k < 1 by means of Lemma (2), whereas noting jui vj !i j juj jvj jr!j we obtain jA(u; v; !)j kuk4;k kvk4;k k!k2;k in virtue of H lder's inequality, Z jA(u; v; !)j = k uivj @j !i dx Z jui vj @j !i j dx Zk juj jvj jr!j dx k
c1 Moreover, if u 2 H0; (k) we have jA(u; v; !)j ckruk2;k krvk4;k kr!k4;k by virtue of (2). c1 In consideration of (8), we notice that if 'n ! ' stongly in H0; (k). jA('n '; v; !)j c kr ('n ')k2;v kvk4;k kr!k2;k = cjjj'n 'jjj2;v kvk4;k kr!k2;k n lim n!1 A(' ; v; ! ) = A(u; v; ! ) for any u; v; ! admissible as the arguments we have Z A(u; v; !) = v ui vj @j !i dx Z = ui vj @j !i j@v v !i @j (ui vj ) dx Z Z = !i ui @j vj dx + v !i vj @j ui dx Zv = v !i vj @j ui dx = A(!; v; u) and in particular, Z A(u; v; u) = v ui vj @j ui dx Z 1 = v vj @j u2 dx i Z2 = 1 v vj @j u2 dx i 2 Z 1 = vj u2 j@v v u2 @j vj dx i i 2 = 0
4

kuk4;k kvk4;k k!k2;k

which are immediately veri ed by partial integration taking account of div v = 0.

A(u; v; u) = 0

De nition (1)
Let R be bounded. Then a vector function u is called a generalized solution of the interior problem, if following conditions (1) and (2) are both satis ed: c1 1. u b belongs to H0; (R) for some b such that b 2 C 1(R); b = on @R. 2. u satis es (1) weakly in R.

1.1.3 Remark
With the aid of (9), we can show that the generalized solution u of the interior 1 problem satis es the weak equation not only for every ' in C0; (R) but also c1 for every ' in H0; (R) if f 2 (L2(R))n.

De nition (2)
Let R be unbounded. Then a vector function u is called a generalized solution of the exterior problem, if following conditions (1) and (2) are both satis ed: c1 1. u b belongs to H0; (R) for some b such that b 2 C 1(R); b = on @R.

b(x) u1 = O jxj rb(x) = O jxj


2. u satis es (1) weakly in R.

1 2

; ;

jxj ! 1

De nition (3)
Let u be a generalized solution of the Navier-Stokes boundary value problem, loc interior or exterior. Then a scalar function 2 l2 (R) is called the pressure 1 associated with u, if u and satisfy (5) for any ' 2 C0 (R). (5) is called the de ning equation of .
5

1.1.4 Remark
When a generalized solution u is given, the associated pressure is unique except an additive constant. In fact, suppose that 1 and 2 are the associated 1 pressure. Then we nd (div'; 1 2) = 0 for any ' 2 C0 (R). Substituting ' = rh, h 2 C01(R), we obtain ( h; 1 2) = 0 and note that 1 2 satis es the Laplace equation weakly. According to a theorem of H. Weyl, this implies that 1 2 is harmonic in V . In particular, from (div'; 1 2) = 0 follows ('; r( 1 2)) = 0. Thus we have r( 1 2) = 0 in R and hence 1 2 =constant in R.

De nition (4)
Concerning the interior (exterior) problem apair of a vector function u and a scalar function is called the strict solution if u 2 C 2(R) \ C 0(R), 2 C 1(R) and (1), (2), (3), (4) are satis ed. However the vector function u alone is also sometimes called the strict solution.

Chapter 2
2.1 Existence of Generalized Solutions
2.1.1 Theorem
Assume that R is bounded and f 2 fL2(R)gn. Then there exists the generalized solution of the interior problem, if one ofthe following conditions (1) and (2) ful lled: 1. is the boundary value of a function b 2 C 1(R) with small jb j or jrb j in the sense of > M0C1 to be given below. 2. is the boundary value of a funcrion b 2 C 1 (R) expressible in the form b = rot a, a 2 C 1(R) and @R is of class C 2. Proof: Firstly, we introduce the notation of Condition (B): namely, a vector function b is said to satisfy Condition (B) if

b 2 C 1(R); b = on @R
and if

(1)

(2) 1 is valid for any ! 2 C0; (R) and with some constant in 0 < . Now, suppose that we are given a b satisfying Condition (B) and then we seek a generalized solution of the form

jA(b; !; !)j kr!k2

u = v + b;

c1 v 2 H0; (R) :

1 We introduce and x a sequence f ng1 of functions in C0; (R) such that its n=1 c1 linear hull is dense in H0; (R) but for concenience we normalize it as

The lineat hull of the rst N functions of f ng is denoted by N . Referred to this base a function uN = vN + b is called on N th order approximation solution if the following two consitions are ful lled: vN = un b (4) W ('; uN ) = (r'; ruN ) + A('; uN ; uN ) = ('; f ) (5) hold for any ' 2 N , or to the same thing, W ( i ; uN ) = (r i; ruN ) + A( i; uN ; uN ) = ( i; f ); (i = 1; 2; ; N ): Concerning the existence of the approximation solutions we state

8 < 1 ; (i = j ); i; j = ij = : 0 ; (i 6= j ):

2.1.2 Lemma (1)


If b satis es Condition (B) and f 2 fL2(R)gn, then the approximation solution uN exists for each N . Proof: During the proof of this lemma, we x N and write simply u; v in place of uN and vN . We put u = b + v = b + 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N (7) with a numerical coe cient vector = f 1; 2; ; N g. W ('; b + v) = (r'; r(b + v)) + A('; b + v; b + v) = (r'; r(b + v)) + A('; b; b + v) + A('; v; b + v) = (r'; rb) + (r'; rv) + A('; b; b) + A('; b; v) +A('; v; b) + A('; v; v) Hence the substituting of (7) into (6) gives W ( i ; b + v) = (r i; rb) + (r i; rv) + A( i; b; b) + A( i; b; v) +A( i; v; b) + A( i; v; v)
8

From this we can solve, (r i; rv) = r i ; r( 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ) = r i; r 1 1 + r 2 2 + + r N N = r i; r 1 1 + r i; r 2 2 + + r i; r N N = r i; r 1 1 + r i; r 2 2 + + r i; r N N

W ( i ; b + v) = ( i ; f )

N X

j=1

r i; r
i ; v; 1

j 2 2+ N

A( i; v; v) =

+ N = ( i ; v; 1 1) + ( i; v; 2 2) + = ( i ; v; 1 ) 1 + ( i; v; 2 ) 2 + N X i = ( ; v; j ) j
j=1 N

1+

+ ( i; v; + ( i; v;

N N)

N) N

Similarly,

A( i; b; v) = X A( i; b; j ) j A( i; v; b) =
j=1 N X j=1

A( i; j ; b) j
o
j

Then we have
N Xn j=1

(r i; r j ) + A( i; b; j ) + A( i; j ; b) + A( i; v; j )

= ( i; f ) (r i; rb) A( i; b; b): In order to rewrite (8) as an equation with the unknown N -vector , we introduce an N N -matrix T ( ) = fTij ( )g, depending on , and an N -vector = f i g by N X fTij ( )g j = i; (i = 1; 2; ; N ):

Then (8) is reduced to the equation T( ) = ;


9

Tij ( ) = (r r j ) + A( i ; b; j ) + A( i ; j ; b) + A( i ; v; j ): i (r i; rb) A( i; b; b): i = ( ; f)

j=1 i;

where

0 B B B T( ) = B B B @

. .

T11( ) T12( ) T21( ) T22( )


1 C C C C; C C A 0 B B B =B B B @

T1N ( ) C T2N ( ) C C C
1 1 C C 2 C C ... C C A
N

1 C C A

0 B 1 B 2 B = B .. B. B @

TN1( ) TN2( )

TNN ( )

for the unknown . From now on we regard as an element of N -dimensional Euclidean space E = EN and use the notation

j
and

0N j = @X

i=1

11=2 2 iA
i

N X i=1

i)

to denote the norm of 2 E and the scalar product of ; 2 E . We shall show that T ( ) 1exists so that (10) is reduced to = F ( ), where F ( ) = T ( ) 1 . To this end we estimate T ( ) for arbitrary and in E . Associating the 1 vector functions v; ! 2 N C0; (R) with ; 2 E by v = 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N and ! = 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N , we observe that 0 10 1 T11( ) T12( ) T1N ( ) C B 1 C B B T21( ) T22( ) T2N ( ) C B 2 C B CB C B. CB . C T( ) = 1 2 N B. CB . C B. CB . C @ A@ A TN1( ) TN2( ) TNN ( ) N

T( ) =

0 B T11( ) 1 T12( ) 2 B T21( ) 1 T22( ) 2 B N B. B. B. @

T1N ( ) T2N ( ) TNN ( )

TN1( )

TN2( )

1 N C C N C C C C A
N

N 1

T( ) = + +

1T11 ( 1T21 (

) 1 + 2T12( ) 2 + + N T1N ( ) N ) 1 + 2T22( ) 2 + + N T2N ( ) N + 1TN1( ) 1 + 2TN2( ) 2 + + N TNN ( )


10

Since

Tij ( ) = r i ; r

+A

i ; b; j

+A

i; j ; b

+A

i ; v; j

we can solve + N T1N ( ) N = 1 T11( ) 1 + 2T12 ( ) 2 + 1; r 1 + A 1 ; b; 1 +A 1 1 1 1 r1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 ; b + A 1 ; v; 1 + r 1 1; r 2 2 + A 1 1; b; 2 2 + A 1 1; 2 2; b + A 1 1; v; 2 2 + + r 1 1; r N N + A 1 1; b; N N + A 1 1; N N ; b +A 1 1; v; N N = r 1 1; r 1 1; r 2 2; ; r N N +A 1 1; b; 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N +A 1 1; 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ; b +A 1 1; v; 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N = r 1 1; r 1 1; 2 2; ; N N + A 1 1; b; ! +A 1 1; !; b + A 1 1; v; ! = r 1 1; r! + A 1 1; b; ! + A 1 1; !; b + A 1 1; v; ! Similarly, we have + N T2N ( ) N = 1T21 ( ) 1 + 2T22 ( ) 2 + r 2 2; r! + A 2 2; b; ! + A 2 2; !; b + A 2 2; v; ! For the last term, + N TNN ( ) N = N TN1 ( ) 1 + N TN2 ( ) 2 + r N N ; r! + A N N ; b; ! + A N N ; !; b + A N N ; v; ! Combining (I1) to (IN) T( ) = r 1 1; r! + A 1 1; b; ! + A 1 1; !; b + A 1 1; v; ! r N N ; r! + A N N ; b; ! + A N N ; !; b + A N N ; v; ! r 2 2; r! + A 2 2; b; ! + A 2 2; !; b + A 2 2; v; ! + + r N N ; r! + A N N ; b; ! + A N N ; !; b + A N N ; v; ! = r 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ; r! + A 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ; b; ! +A 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ; !; b + A 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ; v; ! = (r!; r!) + A(!; b; !) + A(!; !; b) + A(!; v; !)
11

= by the vartue of (2.19) and (2.19). Hence we have by (3.4),

T( )

kr!k2 A(b; !; !)

j T ( ) j = kr!k2A(b; !; !) kr!k2 jA(b; !; !)j kr!k2 kr!k2 j T ( ) j


( )kr!k2

j jj T ( ) j

(2.1.1)

On the other hand, by means of (3.5) and Lemma (2.1), we obtain

k!k2 = (!; !)
= =
1

= = =

2 + N N; 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N 2 + 1 1 2 N + 2 1 2 N 1 ; 1 + 2 + N 2 ; 1 + 2 + N + + N N; 1 1 + 2 2 + N N 1 1 + 1 2 + + 1 1; N N + 1 ; 1 1 ; 2 2 1 + 2 2 + + 2 2; N N + + 2 ; 1 2 ; 2 1 1 + 1 2 + + 1 1; N N + 1 ; 1 1 ; 2 N 2 + N 1 + + N N; N N N ; 2 N ; 1 1; 2 1; 1 + 1 1; N N + 2+ 1+ 1 1 2; 2 2; 1 + 2 2; N N + + 2+ 1+ 2 2 N; 2 N; 1 + N N; N N 2+ 1+ N N 2 2 2 + N 1+ 2+ N X 2 i i=1

1+

k!k

0N X = @

j j = k!k C1kr!k
Combining this with (3.12) we are led to
12

= jj

i=1

11=2 2 iA

)j j2

2 C1 j jjT ( ) j 2 C1 j T ( ) j jj ( ) C12 = jT ( ) j; where = ( )

jj
1
1

jT ( )j
But

jT ( ) j jT ( )jj j jT ( )j jT ( )j T ( )
1 1 jT ( )j
1 1

T ( )T ( )

1 1 1

jT ( )j T ( )
Thus we have T ( ) 1 exists and

T( )

= = = =
1

T( )

(2.1.2)

holds, where the left hand side means the norm of the linear transformation T ( ) 1 in E . Since is the constaant vector independent on , we thus see that the inequalities

origin and radius d is mapped by F into itself.

jF ( )j = jT ( ) 1 j T ( ) 1 j j = d hold for any 2 E . In particular, the closed sphere of E with center at the

F : S (d) ! S (d): Since, the continuity of F ( ) in is obvious, j j = jT ( ) j jT ( )jj j


13

jF ( )j = T ( ) jF ( )j jj

T( ) 1 j j T ( ) 1 jT ( )jj j

we are able to apply Brouwer's theorem and conclude the existence of a solution of the equation F ( ) = . This proves the lemma. Concerning the approximating solutions obtained above we have

2.1.3 Lemma
There exists a constant K such that

krVN k K:
Proof: Making use of (2.19) and (2.19)' we have

Whence follows by virtue of (3.4) and Schwarz's inequality that

W (v; v + b) = (rv; r(v + b)) + A(v; v + b; v + b) = (rv; rv+; rb) + A(v; v; v + b) + A(v; b; v + b) = (rv; rv) + (rv; rb) + A(v; v; v) + A(v; v; b) + A(v; b; v) +A(v; b; b) = krvk2 + (rv; rb) A(v; b; b) A(b; b; v) 1 For any v 2 C0; (R). Hence setting ' = vN and uN = b + vN in (3.7) we immediately obtain W (vN ; b + vN ) = (vN ; f ). krvN k2 + (rvN ; rb) A(b; vN ; vN ) A(b; b; vN ) = (vN ; f ) krvN k2 A(b; vN ; vN ) = (vN ; f ) (rvN ; rb) + A(b; b; vN ):

krvN k2 A(b; vN ; vN ) = j(vN ; f ) (rvN ; rb) + A(b; b; vN )j j(vN ; f )j + j (rvN ; rb)j + jA(b; b; vN )j krvN k2 jA(b; vN ; vN )j kvN kkf k + j jj(rvN ; rb)j + jA(b; vN ; vN )j krvN k2 krvN k2 kvN kkf k + j jkrvN kkrbk + jA(b; vN ; vN )j
14

whereas we can estimate as Z A(b; vN ; vN ) = R fbibj g @j vNi dx; = (bibj ; rvN )

x2R

jA(b; vN ; vN )j = j (bibj ; rvN ) j kbibj kkrvN k


( ( )krvN k2

kvN kkf k + j jkrbkkrvN k + kbibj kkrvN k ckf kkrvN k + (jnujjrbj + kbibj k) krvN k = (c0 + c00 ) krvN k )krvN k2 ckrvN k krvN k ( c ) = k

with appropriate constants c0; c00 and c. Consequently we have krvN k = k: Since krvN k and therefore, kvN k are able to choose a subsequence fvN 0 g of c1 fvN g tending to a v 2 H0; (R) in the sense that vN 0 ! v strong in L2(R) and rvN 0 ! rv weakly in L2(R). We shall show that u = b + v is the desired generalized solution. 1 If ' is a xed function in C0; (R), we have (r'; rvN 0 ) ! (r'; rv ); A('; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) ! A('; v ; v ) as N ! 1 But, A('; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) A('; v ; v ) = A('; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) A('; v ; vN 0 ) + A('; v ; vN 0 ) A('; v ; v ) = A('; vN 0 v ; vN 0 ) + A('; v ; vN 0 v )

jA('; vN v ; vN )j = k'k4;RkvN v k4;RkrvN k2;R k Z 'k4;RC kr (vN v ) k2;RkrvN k2;R A('; v ; vN v ) = R('ivj )@j (vN v )idx; 8x 2 R
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

jA ('; v ; vN

= 'i vj ; @j (vN 0 v ) = ('i v ; r (vN 0 v )) v )j = j('i v ; r (vN 0 v ))j k'iv k


15

Fix an arbitrary positive integer n. Then for any N ( n; f ).

n we have W ( n; b + vN ) =
0

(r n; rb) + (r n; rvN 0 ) + A( n; b; b) + A( n; b; vN 0 ) + A( n; vN 0 ; b) + A( n; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) = ( n; f )
whence follows by making N ! 1,

(r n; rvN 0 ) ! (r n; rv ) A ( n; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) ! ( n; v ; v )

(r n; rb) + (r n; rv ) + A( n; b; b) + A ( n ; b; v ) + A( n; v ; b) + A( n; v ; v ) = ( n ; f ) (r n; rb + rv ) + A( n; b; b + v ) + A( n; v ; b + v ) = ( n; f ) (r n; r(b + v )) + A( n; b + v ; b + v ) = ( n; f ) W (r n; b + b ) = ( n; f )
Further we notice that W ('; u ) = ('; f ) is valid for any ' in . From (3.6),

vN = uN b 2 uN = vN b 2 uN = vN b 2
0 0

N N N

From (3.7),

W ('; uN ) = ('; f ) W ('; uN ) = W ('; uN + b) = ('; f )


0 0

(r'; r(vN 0 + b)) + A('; vN 0 + b; vN 0 + b = ('; f ) (r'; rvN 0 + rb)) + A('; vN 0 ; vN 0 + b) + A('; b; vN 0 + b) = ('; f ) (r'; rvN 0 ) + (r'; rb) + A('; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) + A('; vN 0 ; b) + A('; b; vN 0 ) +A('; b; b) = ('; f )
16

Whence follows by Making N ! 1

(r'; rv ) + (r'; rb) + A ('; v ; v ) + A('; v ; b) + A('; b; v ) +A('; b; b) = ('; f )

(r'; rv + rb) + A ('; v ; v + b) + A('; b; v b) = ('; f ) (r'; r(v + b)) + ('; v + b; v + b) = ('; f ) (r'; ru ) + A('; u ; u ) = ('; f ) W ('; u ) = ('; f ) c1 1 Then take an arbitrary ' in C0; (R). Since is dense in H0;sm (R), we can nd c1 a sequence f'n g wuch that 'n 2 and 'n converges to ' strongly in H0;sm(R). Taking the limit of W ('n; u ) = ('n ; f ) we arrive at W ('; u ) = ('; f ) by vartue of (2.18). W ('n ; u ) = (r'n; ru ) + A('n; u ; u ) = ('n; f )
n nlim ( ' ; u !1 n nlim ( ' ; !1

Ar ; u ) = A('; u ; u ) r ru ) = (r'; ru ) (r'; ru ) + A('; u ; u ) = ('; f )


W ('; u ) = ('; f )

At this stage it has been proved that a generalized solution exists if there exists a function b satisfying Condition (B). We shall show that the condition (1) or (2) in the theorem is su cient for the existence of such a b. Firstly we deal with (1). Let M0 and M1 be constants such that jb (x)j M0 and jrb (x)j M1 hold for any x 2 R. Then by mean of Lemma (2.1) and (2.19) we have

jA(b ; !; !)j

1 For any ! 2 C0; (R), where C1 is the domain constant in (2.1). Therefore b 2 itself satis es Condition (B) if either > M0C1 or > M1C1 . We turn to (2). We note that Lemma (2.5) is applicable to each component of boundary R and (2.11) remains valid with an appropiate constant C3 if
17

jb jk!kkr!k M0C1kr!k2 jA(b ; !; !)j = j A(!; !; b )j = k!k2jrb j M1C12kr!k2

we replace ! ( ) by !( ) = !( ; R) and (x) by (x) = dist.(x; @R). We construct the desired b in the form of b = rot(h( )a) = r (h( )a) with a scalar function h of a single variable de ned by Rt 0 h(t) = 1 R 1jj((ss))ds ; (t > 0) ds 0 where j (s) is a function with the following properties: j (s) involves two parameters r and whose values are contained in 0 < < 0 , 0 < < 1 4 and (i) j (s) 2 C 1 0; 1], (ii) 0 j (s) 1 ; (s > 0), s (iii) j (s) = 0 ; (0 s ; (1 ) s), s (1 2 ) ). (iv) j (s) = 1 ; (2 s Therefore, h 2 C 1 0; 1) and If 0 t , R j (s)ds h(t) = 1 R01 j (s)ds 0 R = 1 R01 0 ds 0 j (s)ds = 1 If (1

) < t , then t ! 1

h(t) = 1 0 j (s)ds = 1 1 = 0 8 < ; h(t) = : 1 ;; 0 t ) < t: 0 (1 Rt 0 h(t) = 1 R 1jj((ss))ds ; (t > 0) ds 0 ! 1 d Zt 0 (t) = R j (s)ds h 1 0 j (s)ds dt 0
18

R1 j (s)ds R01

If t s t + t,

t min j (s) t
Taking the limit Thus

R t+ t
t

! 0, s = t
j (t)
R t+ t
t

j (s)ds t t max j (s) t j (s)ds t

j (t)

j (t h0(t) = R t j (s)) ds 0 tj (t) t h0(t) = R R (1 2 ) 1 j (s)ds + R(1 2 ) j (s) ds 0 j (s)ds + = R (1 2 )tj (t) 1=s ds tj (t) = ln(1 2 ) ln( ) Moreover, as ! 0, t h0(t) = ln( )tj (t) ln(0) tj (t) = ln( ) ( 1) tj (t) =
= 0

Therefore by means of the well known formula rot (ha) = = = =

th0(t) tends to 0 uniformly w.r.t. and t.

r (ha) h( )(r a) + (rh( ) a) h( )(r a) (a rh( )) h( ) rot a a h0( )r


19

As If 0

! 0, h0( ) tends to 0.
rot (h( )a) = h( ) rot a , h( ) = 1.

b = rot (ha) = rot a = b = on @R !( ) = !( ; R) = fx 2 R j dist.(x; @R) < rg x 2 !( ) ) (x) = dist.(x; @R) > r = Thus (x) > > (1 ) . We have h( ) = 0, b = rot (ha) = h( ) rot a = 0 outside !( ) and b = h( ) rot a h0( )r belong to C 1(R), because is now of class C 2. Furthermore, for any " > 0, choose j (x)j < jb (x) , j (x)j j (x)jjb (x)j < valid everywhere in R by a suitable choice of . ! ; !! jA(b ; !; !)j = A b ; j b j ! kr!k! ! C3kr!k2 1 for any ! 2 C0;sm(R). Thus b satis es Condition B by a suitable choice of .
Then we have in view of Lemma (2.5)

This completes the proof of Theorem().

2.2 Uniqueness of Generalization Solution of the Interior Problem


Let u1 and u2 be two generalized solution of the interior problem. Then

W ('; u1) = = W ('; u2) = =


Then

(r'; ru1) + A('; u1 ; u1) ('; f ) (r'; ru2) + A('; u2 ; u2) ('; f )

(r'; r(u1 u2)) + A('; u1 u2; u1 u2) = 0


20

choose ' = u1 u2 then A(u1 u2; u1 u2 ; u1 u2) = 0 by virtue of ().

(r'; r(u1 u2)) = = r(u1 u2) = u1 u2 = u1 =

0 0 0 u2

(r(u1 u2 ); r(u1 u2))

Therefore the generalized solution of the interior problem is unique.

21

Chapter 3
3.1 Regularity of the Stationary Navier-Stokes Equations
1 i i We de ned the di erence operators h by hu (x) = 2 (u(x + hei) u(x)); n 6= 0: Here ei = ( i1; i2; :::; in ) is the cononical basis of Rn.

3.1.1 Lemma (1)


Suppose u 2 Hm ( ); m 1;
i h u m 1;

0
0

: Assume dist ( 0 ; @ ) > h > 0: Then kukm; : (1)

Proof: For any function f 2 C 0 (a; b + h) we have

f (x + h) f (x) =
Z x+h
x

Z x+h
x

f 0 (t)dt f 0 (t)f 0(t)dtdz

jf (x + h)

f (x) 2

j =

=h Thus

f 0 (t)f 0(z )dt

x x x h Z x+h n(f 0 (t))2 + (f 0 (z ))2o dt = h Z x+h x 2 x

Z x+h

f 0(t)dt

!2

Z x+h Z x+h

jf 0(t)j2dt

Integrating we get
Zb

jf (x + h)

f (x) 2

h
Zb

Z x+h
x

jf 0(t)j2dt

jf (x + h) f (x)j2dx a

h a dx
22

Z x+h 0 2 jf (t)j dt dx x

Therefore,

jf 0(t)j2 dt dx Za b Zx x+h h a x jf 0(t)j2 dt dx Z b+h 0 2 Z t h ! = h a jf (t)j t dx dt Z b+h = h2 a jf 0(t)j2 dt Z 2 b+h jf 0 (t)j2 dt = h a Z 2 b+h jf 0 (t)j2 dt: h a
= h
Z b f (x + h) f (x) 2
a

Z b Z x+h

h If u 2 C m ( ); u(m 1) 2 C 1( ): Then we have Z Z u(m 1) (x + h) u(m 1) (x) 2 dx ju(m) (x)j2 dx h


a
0

dx

Z b+h

jf 0(t)2 dt

Z (u(x + h) u(x))(m 1) 2
0

But Then

h (m i +h u
i u 2 +h

dx
Z
m @xj

ju(m) (x)j2 dx
@yjj 1 u
2 2

1) 2

dx
Z
0

u(m) 2 dx
j i +h

Z
0

m j @xj j @yj 1

for each j. for each j.


j @yj 1u j @yj 1 u

dx =
2

dx;

Z
0

m @xj m @xj

j i yj

dx
0

Z
0

m @xj j

@yjj 1 u
2 l2 ;

dx; ;

j i yj

for each j. If j=1, then we have Similarly, we have

2 l2 ;

m @xj

j @ yj 1 u

i k +huk2 m

1; 1;

kuk2 : m; kuk2 : m;

k i huk2 m

23

Thus we obtain Lemma (2)

k i huk2 m

1;

kuk2 : m;

Suppose has the segment property. Assume u 2 H m ( ) and that there i exists a constant c>o such that, for every 0 C ; k hukm; 0 c for all h su ciently small. Then X kDiukm; 1: m c; where m =
j j m

Proof: Assume that m=0. Fix 0 CC .By the weak compactness property of L2 we i nd a sequence hk of reals hk ! 0 and a function ui 2 L2 such that hk u ! ui: i i weakly in L2( 0): Since limk hk u 0; 0 = limk hk u 0; 0 c; kuik0; 0 c: For any ' 2 C01( ) we have

1 nu(x + hei) u(x)o '(x)dx 0 0 0 hk Let y = x + hk ei ; x = y hk ei ; dx = dy: Then Z 1 Z Z 1 ui 'dx = lim 0 h u(y)'(y hkei )dy lim 0 h u(y)'(y)dy 0 k k k Z k1 n o = lim 0 u(y) '(y hkei ) '(y) dy k Z hki Z i = lim 0 u hk 'dy = u lim hk 'dx 0 k Zk = uDi'dx: 0

ui'dx = lim k

i hk u

'dx = lim k

Therefore kDiuk0; lemma for m=0.

Then we have ui = Diu in the weak serse in 0 : Z Z Z Z 0 u 'dx = 0 uDi'dx = ju'j2 'Diudx = 0 (Diu)'dx: 0 i 0

c: Allowing
lim k
i hk ui

to vary we obtain the conclusion of the

j = lim hk ui = kuij k c; k
24

for some i,j. i By given hu m;

c: we have
0

Similarly we have for genenal m,

i hk ui 0;

j hk u 1;

c; and kDiuk1;
0 1 X C B @ 1A c
j j m

c:

kDiukm; kDiukm;
Lemma (3)
m

c; where

X
j j m

c:

Let R>0 and let GR = fjx 2 Rnjjxj < R; xn > 0g. Suppose u 2 L2(G) and i assume that there exists a number c such that, for every R0 < R; hu 0; 0 c for some i 2 1; 2; :::; n 1. Then the weak derivative Diu belongs to L2(GR) and kDiuk0;GR c: i The di erence operators act on each component. The operators h act almost like derivatives: i i i i i i i h (av ) = a h (v ) + h (a) h(v ) = h (a)v + h (a) h(v ) i Here h (a)(x) = a(x + hei) is a translation operator and, of course for small h, it is close to identity. The operator 0 1 n X @ @ @ A aij (x) is said to be uniformly elliptic in a domain G if there exists M>0 such that 1 j j2 X a (x) 2 ij i j Mj j ; for all x 2 G; 2 Rn we shall consider two kinds of domain G, balls and half balls: GR = fx 2 Rn j jxj < Rg GR = fx 2 Rn j jxj < R; xn > 0g
25

i;j=1 @xi

@xj

i;j

g We shall denote by GR the set g GR = fx 2 Rn j jxj < R; xn 0g : ~ A function whose support is compact and included in GR may not vanish for points on xn = 0

Lemma
Let 0<R'<R. Consider a weak solution v,p of the system

where

@ @a (x) @vm A + b (x) @vm + g (x) @P = f j @xi ij 2xj @xj mj @xj m @v (x) = gmk (x) m @xk aij 2 C 1(GR); gmj 2 C 2(GR); bj 2 C 0(GR); f = fm 2 L2(GR) n ; 2 H 2(GR):

m = 1; 2;

; n:

and

The principal part of (7) is assume to be uniformly elliptic, i.e,(3) holds. The 1 domain GR is either a ball (4) or a half ball (5). Suppose v 2 H0 (GR0 ) n ; P 2 L2(GR0 ): Assume that the supports of v; p are compact in (GR0 )(GR0 in case of the half balls).Then there exists a constant c depending on R; R0 and the coe cient of (7),(8) such that

kDivkH (GR) C kf kL (GR) + kvkH (GR) + k kH (GR) + kP kL (GR)


0
2

where i = 1; 2; ; n if GR; GR0 are balls and i = 1; 2; ; n if GR; GR0 are half balls. Proof: According to lemmas (2) and (3) all we need to show is that the right hand side i of (9) is an upper bound for hv H 0(G00 ) for all R0 < R00 < R and jhj < R 2R00 : R (The index i is xed and not summed below.) The sense in which (7) is satis ed is the following: for every ' 2 (c1(GR))n 0 1 one has, multiplying (7) by ' 2 (C0 (GR))n and then integrating over GR; we obtain
26

Z Z Z @ akj @vm @'m dx+ GR bj @vm 'm dx GR p @x (gmj @m) dx = GR fm 'm dx: GR @xj @xk @xj j 1 1 Clearly (10) is true, by continuity, for every ' 2 H0 (GR) n : Since C0 (GR) is 1 dense in H 1(GR); we can n a sequence @m such that ' 2 C0 (GR) and 'm nd converges to ' 2 G1(GR) : We obtain 0 Z @vm @' dx + Z b @vm ' dx Z p @ (g ') dx = Z f ' dx: a GR kj @xj @xk GR j @xj GR @xj mj GR m 1 If jhj < R 2R then if ' 2 (C0 (GR ))n we may apply (10) with ' replaced by i 'h = h': we obtain Z Z @ akj @vm @x i h'm dx bj @vm i h 'm dx GR @xj k @xj Z @ Z i ' + p gmj h m dx = fm i h 'm dx: @xj Z
00 00

But,

@ ( 1 ' (x hei) ' (x) ) m m h 'm = @x k( h ) @'m ! : 1 @'m i ) @'m (x) = i = h @x h @xk (x he @xk k Z @vm i @'m ! akj @x h @x dx j k Z @vm (x) 1 ! ( @'m (x hei ) @'m (x)) dx = akj (x) @x h @xk @xk j ! @' Z Z @vm 1 1 ! @'m m i ) dx + a (x) @vm = akj (x) @x h @x (x he kj @xj h @xk (x) dx j k ! Z i ) @vm (y + hei ) 1 @'m (y ) dy = akj (y + he @y h @yk j Z 0 @vm 1 1 @vm A (y) @akj @yj 1 h @yk (y)dy 0 1 Z 1 0 @vm @'m (y) dy int 1 @a @vm A (y) @vm (y)dy = @akj A (y + hei) h 80 @xj 1 @yk 0 h9 kj @yj @yk 1 = Z 1< @v @' @v = :@akj m A (y + hei) @akj m A (y); m (y)dy h 0 @yj1 @yj @yk Z i = h @akj @vm A @'m dx: @x @x @ @xk
i j k
27

Therefore, from (11) we have


Z

1 0 @vm A @'m dx i h @akj @x j @xk Z

fm

h @m

dx:

bj @vm @xj

@ 'm dx + p @x gmj h j

h @m

dx

we treat the three terms on the left-hand side of (12) separately. The rst one using (2) can be computed
0 1 @vm A @'m dx i I = h @akj @x @x j k !! @' Z m i @vm Z ! Z i i @vm @'m dx @xk dx + !h(akj ) h @xi @xk @v @'

@xi Z m m i v; ' + i i = a h h akj h @x @x dx i k Z i @vm ! @'m dx i i I a hv; ' = h (akj ) h @x @x i k


Z i h (akj ) Z
i h (akj ) i @vm @'m h @ @x A @x dx 0 j 1 k i @vm @'m h @ @x A @x dx j k 0

akj

In view of the fact that akj are uniformly Lipschitz we obtain.

I a

i hv; '

1 na (a + hei) a (x)o i @ @vm A @'m kj kj h @x h j L (GR00 ) @xk @'m 1 C h jx + hei xj @vm @xj L (GR00 ) @xk L (GR00 ) C jeij kV kH (GR00 ) kr'kL (GR00 ) C kV kH (GR00 ) k'kH (GR00 ) The constant C is independent of h and will change during the proof. Z a(v; !) = akj @vm @!m dx: @xj @xk We estimate the second term using Lemma (1) Z @vm Z @vm i ' dx bj @x i h 'm dx jII j = bj @x h m j j
2 2 2 1 2 1 1

L2 (GR00 )

28

bj @vm i h 'm dx @xj Z @vm jbj j @x i h 'm dx j i ' jbj j @vm i h h m @x ki kvk
L2(GR00 ) H 1(GR00 ) ' H(1GR00 ) ; j

kk

L2 (GR00 )

for some constant k1; where R000 = R+R00 : 2 In order to estimate the third term we write rst, using (2)

@ g @xj mj
@ But we have, gmj @xj

@ 'm = gmj @x h
i h 'm

'm + @gmj h @xj


and
i h (gmj ) i

h 'm

gmj
Thus,

1 1 0 0 @'m A = i @g @'m A h mj @x h @ @x j j

= gmj

@'m h @xj

1 0 @'m A : h@

@xj

@xj f 2 Now since supp is compact in GR (GR ) we can nd 2 C0 (GR ) such that p = p: Thus 0 1 1 0 @ g i ' = (x) i @g @'m A @'m A (x) (x) i h (gmj ) i h @ mj mj h m h @xj @xj @xj + (x) @ (gmj ) i h'm : @x
j
0 0 00

@ g @xj mj

0 1 @'m A i ' = i @g h mj @x h m

1 0 @'m A + @gmj i ' : i (g ) i @ h m h mj h

@xj

But

1 1 0 0 @'m A = i @ g @'m A i @g mj h h mj @x @xj 1 j 0 (x) @ gmj i h'm = i h @ gmj @'m A

@xj

1 0 @'m A i ( ) i @g h h mj @x j1 0 i ( ) i @g @'m A @xj 0 h 1 h mj @xj @g (x) i h (gmj ) i h @ @'m A + (x) mj i h'm :

@xj

@xj

29

Multiplying (14) by
p

p 1

@ g @xj mj

h 'm

p 1 i

0 1 1 0 @'m A p 1 i ( ) i @g @'m A h @ gmj @x h h mj @x j 1 j 0 p i g i @ @'m A + p @gmj i ' : mj h h h m

@xj

@xj

Z p @ gmj i h 'm dx jIII j = @xj 0 1 1 0 Z Z p 1 i @ g @'m A dx + p 1 i ( ) i @g @'m A dx mj h h h mj @x @xj 1 j 0 Z p @gmj i Z p i + gmj i h @ @'m A dx + h 'm dx : h

@xj
Z

@xj

But, we have

1 Z p 1 i 0 @'m A dx h @ gmj

@xj

1 0 @'m A dx p 1 i @ g mj h @xj 0 1 @'m A i @ g p 1 mj h L (GR00 ) @xj L (GR00 ) 1 0 j pj @'m A i @ g minj j L (GR00 ) h mj @xj L (GR00 ) 1 0 1 k pk i @ g @'m A mj h L (GR00 ) minj j @xj L (GR00 ) 0 1 @'m A k1kpkL (GR00 ) k pkL (G 00 ) i h @ gmj
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

@xj

for some constant k1.

L2 (GR00 )

30

(x) h 0 (x 1 2 Z p : i @g @'m A dx h mj @x h 0 1 j 2 i @g @' A k pkL (GR ) h mj @x h j L GR ) 2 gmj @'m h @xj L (GR ) kpkL (GR) k2kpkL (GR)k'k1 (GR ); H for some constant k2
2 2 (

0 1 @'m A dx p 1 i ( ) i @g h h mj @x 0 j 1 Z p 1 i @'m i h ( ) h @gmj @x A dx j !n Z o 1


p 1

hei)

1 0 @' A dx h @gmj

@xj

00

00

00

000

0 1 @'m A dx p i (g ) i @ h mj h @x 0j 1 Z p i i @'m h (gmj ) h @ @x A dx 0 j 1 Z i (g ) p : i @ @'m A dx h mj h @x 0 1j C kpkL (GR00 ) i h @ @'m A


2

C kpkL (GR)kr'kL (GR ) C kpkL (GR)k'kH (GR ) ; the constant C is independent of h. Z p @gmj i @xj h'm dx Z p @gmj i ' dx @xj h m @gmj Z p i ' dx h m @xj k3kpkL (GR ) i h'm L (GR )
2 2 2

@xj
000

L2(GR00 )

00

00

00

31

k3kpkL (GR) k'kH (GR ); for some constant k3 since gmj 2 C 2(GR). 1 0 @'m A + k2kpkL (GR) k'kH (GR ) jIII j k1kpkL (GR) i h @ gmj @x j L (GR ) + C kpkL (GR)k'kH (GR ) + k3kpkL (GR)k'kH (GR ) 2 3 1 0 4 5 k4kpkL (GR) 6 i h @ gmj @'m A + k'kH (GR )7 ; @xj L (GR ) for some constant k4. Z Z i ' dx fm i h'm dx fm h m kfmkL (GR ) i h'm L (GR ) kf kL (GR)k'kH (GR )
2 1

000

000

00

000

000

000

00

00

00

000

Summing up, we obtain

I = II III a + (I a) = II III fm i h'm dx; wherea = a Z a = II III fm i h'm dx (I a) Z jaj jII j + jIII j + fm i h 'm dx + j(I a)j a
i h v; '
0 00 0 00 0 00 0 0 0

Z fm i h'm dx Z

i h v; '

C kvkH (GR )k'kH (GR ) + k1kvkH (GR ) k'kH (GR ) + kf kL (GR) k'kH (GR ) + k4kpkL (GR)k'kH (GR ) 0 1 @'m A + k4kpkL (GR) i h @ gmj ) @x
000
2

00

000

L2 (GR00 )

i h v; '

k5k'kH (GR ) kv0H (GR) + k1kL (GR) + kf kL (GR) k p ; for constantk5 + k4kpkL (GR) i h @ gmj @'m A @x
0 000 0
2 2 2

L2 (GR00 )
2

i h v; '

o n kvkH 0(GR) + kf kL (GR) + kpkL2(GR) 000 ) 3 1 0 @'m A 7;; 5 for constantk6 + kpkL (GR) i h @ gmj @x

k6 k'kH (GR
0
2

L2 (GR00 )

32

1 i 1 Valid for every ' 2 (C0 (GR00 ))n. Now for each xed h ,(small) hv 2 H0 (GR00 ) n : 1 i There exists a sequence '(`) 2 (C0 (GR00 ))n converging to hv in H 1(GR00 n.But ` then gmj @'m converges in L2(GR00 ) to the corresponding expression gmj i h @vm : @xj @xj ` i i i It follows that h gmj h gmj @'m converges weakly in L2(GR000 ) to i h gmj h @vm : @xj @xj 2 (GR000 ) such that There exist ! 2 L
( ) ( )

!;

0 @!; i h gmj @ '(`) @xj m

gmj @'m @xj

( )

! !;

1 Z 0 @ iv A = ! i h @ gmj @x '(`) m h m GR00 j

gmj

i @'(`) m h @xj

1 i h vm A dx

0 @ ! i h @ gmj @x '(`) m j

But we have,

80 1 1 < 1 >@ g @ '(`) i v A i h vm A = ! (x) h > h m : mj @xj m (x hei ) 1 9 0 > = i @ gmj @ '(`) hvm A > @xj m (x) ; 8 1 0 < 1 >!(x) @ g @ '(`) i v A = mj : h> @xj m h m (x hei ) 1 9 0 > = @ i !(x) @ gmj @x '(`) hvm A > m j (x) ; 8 1 0 < 1 >!(y + hei) @ g @ '(`) i v A = mj : h> @xj m h m (y) 0 1 9 = @ '(`) i v A > !(y) @ gmj @x m h m ; > j (y) o @ (`) i 1 n i

=
Z 0 @ !; i h @ gmj @x '(`) m j 0 @!; i h gmj @ '(`) @xj m

Then we obtain

1 Z i @ (`) i v A dx = h (! ) gmj @x 'm h m j 1 0 @ '(`) i v A = @ i !; g m mj h h @xj m


33

h !(y + he ) !(y) gmj @xj 'm @ (`) i v i h (! ) gmj @x 'm h m


j i h vm

h vm

dx

1 i h vm A :

Now this last expression can be computed using (2).


0 i @ g mj h
i @vm h @x A = j =

11 0 @vm AA i i gmj f@vm @xj h ( gmj ) h @ @x 11 j 0 0 i i i @ i ( g ) i @ @vm AA mj h h h( ) h h @x 0 j1 i i @v = h i h( ) i h gmj i h h @ m A 0 i @ i h h


i @vm h h @x j i i @vm = i @vm h @xj h h @xj i i h h(

@xj

gmj )
i i

But,

1 0 @vm A = i i ( ) i @ g i mj h h h h @xj 0 0 11 @vm AA i @ g i@ mj h h

i @vm h h @xj

= @vm and @xj

:
i h i

i h h i h h( i h

gmj
2

@vm @xj

gmj
i h h

@xj

L2 (GR000 )

) L (GR000) +

@xj L (GR ) i i i h ( ) H (GR ) + h h( gmj ) kv kH (GR ) i i + h( gmj ) hv H (GR ) i k7 h( ) H (GR ) + kvkH (GR) i i +k hvkH (GR ) ;
2

gmj
1

1 0 @vm A i h@

@xj gmj @vm @xj

0 1 @vm A i h@
L2 (GR000 )

000

00

00

00

00

00

for some constant k7. Here we used the fact that gmj is C 2, Lemma (1) and the fact that supports ` of v and are actually in GR0 . Since i h gmj @' j converges weakly in @x i L2(GR000 ) as ` ! 1 to i h gmj h @vm we may assume, by passing to a @xj subsequence, if necessary, that their norm in L2(GR000 ) are uniformly bounded by the right-hand side of (16) (with a larger constant).
( )

0 1 @'(`) A m i @ g mj h @xj L (GR000) =


2

0 1 0 @'(`) A i @ g m i @ g mj mj h h @xj 0 1 i @ g i @vm A + h mj h

i @vm h @x A j

@xj

L2 (GR000 )

34

0 i @ g @ '(l) mj m h

@xj

1 i hvm A

0 1 @'(`) A m i @apg mj h @xj L (GR000 ) 1 0 @'(`) A m i @apg mj h


2

1 0 @vm A i @ g i mj h h

L2 (GR000 )

1 0 @vm A i + i h @ gmj h

@xj

L2 (GR000 )

@xj
1

L2 (GR000 )
1 1

@xj

Reading (15) for

L (GR000 ) '(`) :
2

k7
n

i n(

i ) H (GR00 ) + kvkH (GR) + k hvkH (GR00 ) :

i (`) h v; '

k6 '(`)
2

0 1 @'(`) A + kpkl (GR) i h @ gmj m @x


j

H 1 (GR00 )

kvkH (GR) + kpkL (GR) + kf kL (GR)


1 2

and passing to lim`!1 sup we obtain

l2 (GR00 )

3 7 5

i i h v; h v

i k6 hv H (GR ) kvkH (GR) + kpkL (GR) + kf kL (GR) i i +kpkL (GR) h( ) H (GR ) + kvkH (GR) + hv H (GR ) :
1

00

00

00

i i h v; h v

for some constant k8. Now from the uniform ellipticity 1 r iv 2 1 iv 2 i i a hv; h v h L (GR00 ) = h H (GR00 ) and thus with Lemma (1) 1 a i v; i v
h h i 2 h v H 1(GR00 )

i k8 hv H (GR ) kf kL (GR) + kvkH (GR) + kpkL (GR) i +kpkL (GR) kvkH (GR ) + h( ) H (GR ) ;
1

00

00

1 M

i 2 h v L2 (GR00 )

Now we use (17), (18) and Young's inequality to deduce


1 1 2 2

i 2 hv H 1(GR00 )

1 k9kvk2 (GR); k9 = M : (18) H


1

But,

Mk9kvk2 (GR) + Mk8 H n o iv kf kL (GR) + kpkL (GR) + kvkH (GR) h H (GR ) i +kpkL (GR) kvkH (GR) + h( ) H (GR )
00
1 2 1 1

00

Mk8

i hv H 1

kvkH = 2Mk8 kvk2 H h


1

35

Mk8

i h i h i i v h kpkL + kvkH kpkL = Mk8kpkL hv H + kvkH h


1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1

Mk8
i 2 h v H(GR00 ) i 2 h v H(GR00 )

for some constant k10. 2 i But, h( ) H (GR00 ) k kH (GR): Since 2 C0 (GR00 ); k kH (GR) for some constant k11: Thus
1 2 2

= Mk8 3 kpkL kvkH h 3 Mk kvk2 + kpk2 L H 2h 8 1 2 i Mk8 kvk2 + kf k2 L H h v H kf kL = h Mk8 kv kH kf kL h kvk2 R00 ) + 2Mk8 kvk2 R) + 23h Mk8 kvk2 (GR) + kpk2 (GR) H(G H L H(G h i + Mk8 kvk2 (GR) + kf k2 (GR) + Mk8 kpk2 (GR) h( ) H (GR00 ) H L L h k10 kvk2 (GR) + kpk2 (GR) + kf k2 (GR) + kpk2 (GR) ih( ) H (GR00 ) ; H L L L
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1

k11k kH (GR);
2

i kpkL (GR) h( ) H (GR )


2 1

for some constant k12.


i hv i hv 2 H 1 (GR00 ) 2 H 1 (GR00 )

i 2 h v H 1 (GR00 )

k11kpkL (GR)k kH (GR) k11 kpk2 + k k2 : H L 2 k12 kvk2 (GR) + kf k2 (GR) + kpk2 (GR) + k k2 GR) ; H L L H
00
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 (

for some constant C . By Lemma (3), we have


1

C 2 kvk2 (GR) + kf k2 (GR) + kpk2 (GR) + k k2 GR H L L H C kvk2 (GR) + kf k2 (GR) + kpk2 (GR) + k k2 GR H L L H
1 2 2 2 ( 1 2 2 2 ( )

2
)

kDivkH (GR ) C jvk2 (GR) + kf k2 (GR) + kpk2 (GR) + k k2 GR : H L L H


00
1 2 2 2 ( )

The proof of Lemma (4) is complete. A bounded open set with boundary @ : Each point y0 2 @ has a neighbourhood U equipped with a C 3 di eomorphism : U ! Rn such that
36

U T is the preimage under of the upper half plane xn > 0 and U T @ is the preimage of xn = 0: Restricting and U to the preimage of half ball in Rn containing x0 = (y0) it is easy to see that one can constant open sets Uj0 such that
r j=1

Uj0 ; U 0j Uj :

There exists j de ned in open neighborhoods of U j ; C 3 di eomorphism such that (Uj \ ) = GRj ; (Uj0 \ ) = GRj ; 0 < R0j < Rj : If u0j then GR0j and GR0j are balls. If Uj0 \ @ is not empty, then GRj and GR0j are half balls. Let us consider a partition of unity
j

2 C01(Uj0 ); 0

1;

X
j=1

= 1; sup p

Let u; p be a weak solution of the stokes system

4u + rp = F r:u = 0 1 in : We assume that u 2 H0 ( ) n and p 2 L2( ); F 2 L2( ) n : We write


u=
Let us x j 2 1; 2; for convenience. Let us de ne
r X j=1 j u; p = r X j=1 j p:

; r and consider the pair j u; j p: We drop the index j

balls). sup p(v) = sup p( ) \ sup p(u): 1 Since 2 C0 (u0j ); sup p( ) is compact.sup p(u) is closed. Then sup p(v) is compact because the intersection of closed set and compact set is compact. sup p(q) = sup p( ) \ sup p(p)
37

v(x) = ( u)( 1 (x)); q(x) = ( p)( 1(x)): The supports of v; q are included and compact in GR (GR in the case of half
0 0

1 Since 2 C0 (Uj0 ); sup p( ) is compact. sup p(p) is closed .Then sup p(q) is compact. Di erentiating the identity, if y = 1(x); then x = (y)

(y)! (y) = v( (y)) u @ui (y) = @ m (y) @vi ( (y)) @ (y)u (y) @yk @yk 1 m @x @yk i 0 2 @ @ ui A (y) + @ (y) @ui (y) 2 @yk @yk @yk @ m (y) @ m0 (y) @ 2vi ( (y)) = @yk @yk @xm@xm0 @ 2 m (y) @vi ( (y)) @ 2 m (y)u (y) @ m (y) @um (y): + 2 i 2 @yk @xm @yk @yk @yk
0 2 1 2 2 @ @ ui A (y) = @ m (y) @ m0 (y) @ vi ( (y)) + @ 2m (y) @vi ( (y)) 2

@yk

@yk @yk @xm@xm @yk 2 2 @ m (y) @ui (y) @ 2 (y)ui(y) @y @y @y


0

@xm

We are lead to de ne thus

@ gmk (x) = @y k ( 1(x)) m @ k ( 1(x)) @ k ( 1(x)) aij (x) = @y @ym m Since is a C 3 di eomorphism, gmk 2 C 2 and (gmk ) is an invertitle matrix.Then aij is an invertible matrix and aij 6= 0. But 4is elliptic, aij is @ a diagonal matrix. Then det(aij ) 6= 0: 1 ; @ ki ; @yki are continuously di eren@y
tiable with bounded derivative. Thus there exists upper and lower bound of 1 1 aij . Choose M = maxx sup; inf and M inf . Therefore aij satis es the property (3). Taking the trace in (23) we have

@ k @vm = @ u : @ym @xj @yk k


Thus,

(x) = gmk

@vm = @ ( @xk @yi


38

1 (x))u ( i

1 (x)):

We multiply (20) by we obtain for f appropriate de ned, kf k = k F k j j kF k i h kf kL (GR) k1 kpkL ( ) + kukH ( ) + kF kL ( ) ; for some constant k1: We apply (19).We use for in (19) the function e (x) = ( 1 (x): The reason we can do this is that q(x) = e (x)p( 1 (x)): Now from (27) we see that
2 2 1 2

e (x) = @ (

The need to consider e instead of arose from the fact that itself is not an expression in v. Now
i h( e i h

@yk

1 (x)): e (x)u

1 :(

1 (x)):

@ (y) (y)u (y)! ) = i @yi # 1 "@ i ) (y + hei )u (y + hei ) @ (y ) (y )u (y ) = i i h " @yi (y + he @yi 1 @ @ (y) (y + hei)u (y + hei) = (y + hei ) (y + hei)ui(y + hei) i h @yi @yi + @ (y) (y + hei)ui (y + hei) @ (y) (y)ui(y + hei ) @yi @yi @ (y) (y + hei)u (y + hei) @ (y) (y)u (y)# + i i @yi @yi
i h( e

) # 1 "( @ i ) @ (y ) ( u )(y + hei ) ) = i h "@yi (y + he @yi # n o 1 @ i) i) + (y) ui (y + he h " @yi (y) (y + he 1 @ (y) (y) nu (y + hei) u (y)o# + i i h @y! i ni i i i i o = h @ h( ui ) + @ (y) h h ui + hui @yi ! @yi i = dtih @ h( ui ) + @ ih( ui ) @yi @yi
i h i h

i h( e i h( e

) L (GR00 )
2

) H (GR00 )
1

@ ! i( u ) @yi h i L (GR ) + @ ! i( u ) @yi h i H (GR ) +


2

00

00

@ i( u ) @yi h i L (GR ) @ iv @yi h i H (GR )


2

00

00

39

Since 2 Co1(Uj0 );
i h( e i h( e

) H (GR00 )
1

for some constant k2. Using (29) we can bootstrap in (19),we obtain
i 2 h v H 1(GR00 )

) H (GR00 )
1

@ ! i (u ) @ h i H (GR ) + @y @yi i i k2 hv H (GR ) + kukH ( ) ;


i h
1

00

i h (vi ) H 1(GR00 )

00

But

k10 kvk2 (GR) + kpk2 (GR) + kf k2 (GR) H L L i +kpkL (GR) + h( e ) H (GR ) h k10 kvk2 + kf k2 + kpk2 H L L i +kpkL k2 hv H (GR ) + kukH ( )
1 2 2 2 1

00

00

k2 kpk2 + kuk2 k 2kpkL kukH ( ) L( ) H( ) 2 i k2kpkL hv H (GR ) = 2k 2kpkL kvkH ( ) k 2 kpk2 ( ) + kvk2 ( L H
2 1 2 1 2 1

00

i 2 h v H 1 (GR00 )

k3 kvkH ( ) + kP kL ( ) + kukH ( ) + kf kL ( ) ;
1 2 1 2

2 k10 4kvk2 + kf k2 + kpk2 (GR) + k2 jpk2 ( ) L L H 2 3L k + 2 kuk2 ( ) + k 2kpk2 ( ) + k 2kvk2 ( )5 L H 2 H i h 2 2 2 2


1 2 2 2 1 2 1

for some constant k2.

; n 1: Using Lemma(3). kDivkH (GR) cE; i h where we denote E = kpk2 ( ) + kuk2 ( ) + kF k2 ( ) L H L From (31) we know that DiDj v belongs to L2(GR) for all i; j except (i; j ) = (n; n).
1 2 1 2 2

for some constant c. where v = ( u)( 1 (x)) and i = 1; 2;

i 2 h v H 1(GR00 )

c kpk2 ( ) + kuk2 ( ) + kF k2 ( ) ; L H L
2 1 2

As in the case of a single elliptic equation we need to use the equation to get v information about @x@n@xn . In order to do so we rst study the pressure. We
40

shall use the expression "belongs to H 1"(resp."belongs to L2") to mean that the corresponding quantity has a norm as a linear functionl on H 1 (resp. norm p in L2) bounded by c E for an appropariate We di erentiate (7) in a tangential (k < n) direction.

@ 2q = @fm + a @ 3vm + @ a @ 2vm + @ a @ 2vm gmj @x @x @xk ij @xi @xk @xj @xi ij @xk @xj @xk ij @xi @xj k j @ b @vm @ g @q : @ 2aij @vm b @ 2vm + j j @x @x @x @x @x @x @x @x mj @x
i k j k j k j k j @ m Since k < n and @xkv@xj 2 L2; r 1 for ' 2 H0 (GR); we have
2

@ 2 vm @xk @xj

2 H 1(GR);
@ 2vm @xk @xj @ 2vm @xk @xj

0 0 2 1 1 @r @ @ v m A ; ' A =

@xk @xj

1 0 2 @ vm ; r:'A @

@xk @xj

L (GR )
2

kr:'kL (GR)
2

L2 (GR )

k'kH (GR ):
1 0

@fm 'dx GR @xk Z @' 'fm j@GR GR fm @x dx kfmkL k'kH k Z @ @q gmj @x 'dx GR @xk j 1 Z @ 0 @ @ g 'q j q @x @' @x gmj A dx @xk mj @GR j j kkqkL k'kH (GR) ; since g 2 C 2, for some constant k. We infer that gmj @x@@xj belongs to H 1(GR). k Since gmj is invertiable, we have 2 @ 2q = g 1 4 @fm + a @ 3vm + @ a @ 2vm + @ a ij mj @x @xk @x` @xi @xk @xj @xi ij @xk @xj @xk ij 3 k @ b @vm @ g @q 5 : @ 2aij @vm b @ 2vm + j @x @x @x @x @x @x j @x @x mj @x
2 1 0 2 1 0 2

@fm ; '! = @xk = 0 1 @ g @q ; 'A = @ @xk mj @xj =

41

belongs to H 1(GR) for all ` = 1; 2; ; n: @q Therefore @xk 2 L2(GR); 8k = 1; 2; ; n 1: (32) Let us take (27) and di erentiate with respect to the normal direction
2

(33) Let us now return to equation (7). Using (31)

2v X @2 @ @ m n 1 gmn @@x2 + gmk @x vm = @x ( (x)) @x gmk @vm @xk n @xk n n k=1 n vm belongs to L2(GR). From (31), DiDj v 2 L2(GR) we have gmn @@xn 2 L2(GR)
2

@ @xn :

2v n 1 n 1 X X @2 @q @2 @2 m ann @@x2 + gmj @x = aij @x vm + @ain @x vm + ani @x vm A j i @xj i=1 i @xn n @xi i;j=1 n n 1 X @q @ gmj @x @x aij (x) @vm bj @vm + fm @xj @xj j i j=1 belongs to L2(GR): @q vm Multiplying by gmn and summing in m we get anngmn @@xn + (gmn gmn) @xn vm belongs to L2(GR): Multiplying (33) by ann we get anngmn @@xn 2 L2(GR): @q Therefore (gmngmn @xn 2 L2(GR): @q Since the matrix gmn is invertible (actually gmn gmn = ann) ann @xn 2 L2(GR): @q @q It follows that @xn 2 L2(GR): Therefore @xk 2 L2(GR); 8k = 1; 2; ; n: From vm vm (34), ann @@xn 2 L2(GR) and since ann 6= 0 nally we have @@xn 2 L2(GR): (26). In order to conclude that q 2 H 1(GR). Multiply (20) by and use (24), we
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

belongs to L2(GR): Using (32)

2v n 1 n 1 X X X @2 @2 @ 2vm @q m n 1 ann @@x2 + gmj @x = aij @x vm + @ain @x @x + ani @x vm A j i @xj i=1 i n n @xi i;j=1 j=1 n n n X @ @vm X @vm aij @x bj @x + fm + @x i;j=1 i j j=1 j

2v 2 2 @v i amm @x@ @x ( (y)) @@y2m (y) @x i ( (y)) + @ 2 ui(y) @yk m m m k @ (y) @ui (y) + rp = F: +2 @yk @yk 2 vi @ 2 u (y) @ 2 m pvk + + amn @x@ @x k rpkL GR) 2 2 @yk @xm L (GR) @yk i L (GR) m m L (GR ) @ @ui +2 @yk @yk L (GR) + k F kL (GR)
0 0
2 (

have

42

@ 2 m kvk + @ 2 kuk j jkpkH (GR) jamm jkvkH + @y2 H L 2 @yk k + 2 @ kukH + j jkF kL @yk kpkH (GR) c kvkH + kukH + kF kL ] ; for some constant c and j j 6= 0: h i kpk2 (GR) c2h kvkH + kukH + kF kL ]2 c kvk2 + kuk2 + kiF k2 L H H H 2 2 2 2 + kF k 2 c kukH ( ) + kpkH ( ) + kF kL ( ) + kukH L h 2 i 2 2 c kukH ( ) + kpkH ( ) + kF kL ( ) p kpk2 (GR) c E: H
1

Similarly we have v 2 H 2(GR) and kvkH (GR) c E: From the de nitions of v and p it follows that (p u(y) 2 H 2( ) and (y)p(y) 2 H 1( ) respectively y) with norms bounded by c E:
2

43

Bibliography
1] Avner Friedman Modern Analysis, Dover Publications,Inc, New York, 1982. 2] R E Showalter Hilbert Space Methods for Partial D erential Equations, Pitman Publishtinf Limited, London, 1977. 3] Yosida, K. Functional Analysis, 6th ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1980. 4] Dunford, N and Schwartz, J, T Linear Operator Part I, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1967. 5] R.Courant and D.Hilbert Methods of Mathematical Physics I,II, Interscience, 1962.

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