1 3 Parr A Graph Proofs Intro

Two column proofs may also be written as paragraph proofs.
All we need is to glue the statements and reasons with transition words, phrases or sentences, as may be seen in the following examples that convert two column proofs we did before to paragraph proofs.
PARAGRAPH PROOF 1
PARAGRAPH PROOF 3
STANDARDS 1,2,3
PARAGRAPH PROOF 2 PARAGRAPH PROOF 4

1
PARAGRAPH PROOF 5
END SHOW
PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
Standard 1:
Students demonstrate understanding by identifying and giving examples of undefined terms, axioms, theorems, and inductive and deductive reasoning. Standard 2:
Students write geometric proofs, including proofs by contradiction. Standard 3: Students construct and judge the validity of a logical argument and give counterexamples to disprove a statement.
2
Estndar 1:
Los estudiantes demuestran entendimiento en identificar ejemplos de trminos indefinidos, axiomas, teoremas, y razonamientos inductivos y deductivos. Standard 2:
Los estudiantes escriben pruebas geomtricas, incluyendo pruebas por contradiccin.
Standard 3:
Los estudiantes construyen y juzgan la validz de argumentos lgicos y dan contra ejemplos para desaprobar un estatuto.
3
Review the following two column proof and then convert it to paragraph proof: Given: L is midpoint of KM LM AB Prove: KL AB Two Column Proof: Statements (1) L is midpoint of KM (2) KL LM K L A M B
STANDARDS 1,2,3
Reasons (1) Given (2) Definition of Midpoint (3) Given (4) of segments is transitive.
(3) LM (4) KL
AB AB
4
STANDARDS 1,2,3 Given: L is midpoint of KM LM AB Prove: KL AB Two Column Proof: Statements (1) L is midpoint of KM (2) KL LM
L A
M B
(3) LM (4) KL
AB AB
Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF:

The given states that L is midpoint of KM
5
L A
M B
(3) LM (4) KL
AB AB
Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: The given states that L is midpoint of KM and therefore KL of midpoint.
6
LM by definition
L A
M B
(3) LM (4) KL
AB AB
Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: The given states that L is midpoint of KM and therefore KL of midpoint. We also have that the given states LM AB
7
LM by definition
L A
M B
(3) LM (4) KL
AB AB
Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: The given states that L is midpoint of KM and therefore KL of midpoint. We also have that the given states LM of segments is transitive. KL AB because LM by definition
AB . This allow us to conclude

8
STANDARDS 1,2,3 Given: L is midpoint of KM LM AB Prove: KL AB
L A
M B
PARAGRAPH PROOF:
The given states that L is midpoint of KM and therefore KL LM by definition
of midpoint. We also have that the given states LM of segments is transitive. KL AB because
AB . This allow us to conclude
9
Review the following two column proof and then convert it to paragraph proof: A B A Given: EFD is right Prove: AFB and Two Column Proof: Statements (1) EFD is right Reasons (1) Given (2) Definition of (3) E D CFB are complementary. F C E F
STANDARDS 1,2,3 B C
(2) EC AD (3) AFC is right
lines s
lines form 4 right
(4) m AFC= 90 (5) m AFB + m CFB = m

(6) m (7) AFB + m CFB = 90 AFB and CFB are complementary.
(4) Definition of right
AFC (5)
addition postulate
(6) Substitution prop. of (=) (7) Definition of complementary s

10
Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: Two Column Proof:
Given: EFD is right Prove: Reasons AFB and CFB are complementary. lines s s E D STANDARDS 1,2,3 F C A B
Statements
(1) EFD is right
(2) EC AD (3) AFC is right (4) m AFC= 90 (5) m AFB + m CFB = m (6) m (7) AFB + m CFB = 90 AFB and CFB are complementary. EFD is right
(1) Given (2) Definition of (3) AFC (5)
Lines form 4 right
addition postulate
(6) Substitution prop. of (=)

(7) Definition of complementary s
From the given
11
Statements
(1) EFD is right
(2) EC AD (3) AFC is right (4) m AFC= 90 (5) m AFB + m CFB = m (6) m (7) AFB + m CFB = 90 AFB and CFB are complementary.
Lines form 4 right
addition postulate

From the given
EFD is right and thus EC
AD by definition of
lines
12
Statements
(1) EFD is right
Lines form 4 right
addition postulate

From the given EFD is right and thus EC AD by definition of observe that AFC is right because lines form 4 right s
lines. We can also
13
Statements
(1) EFD is right
Lines form 4 right
addition postulate

From the given EFD is right and thus EC AD by definition of lines. We can also observe that AFC is right because lines form 4 right s and m AFC= 90 by definition of right s .
14
Statements
(1) EFD is right
Lines form 4 right
addition postulate

From the given EFD is right and thus EC AD by definition of lines. We can also observe that AFC is right because lines form 4 right s and m AFC= 90 by definition of right s . Now by addition postulate, it is that m AFB + m CFB = m AFC
15
Statements
(1) EFD is right
Lines form 4 right
addition postulate

From the given EFD is right and thus EC AD by definition of lines. We can also observe that AFC is right because lines form 4 right s and m AFC= 90 by definition of right s . Now by addition postulate, it is that m AFB + m CFB = m AFC, where by substitution prop. of (=) results: m AFB + m CFB = 90,
Statements
(1) EFD is right
Lines form 4 right
addition postulate

From the given EFD is right and thus EC AD by definition of lines. We can also observe that AFC is right because lines form 4 right s and m AFC= 90 by definition of right s . Now by addition postulate, it is that m AFB + m CFB = m AFC, where by substitution prop. of (=) results: m AFB + m CFB = 90, and this last statement allow us to prove that AFB and CFB are complementary, by definition of complementary PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
s.
STANDARDS 1,2,3 A Given: EFD is right Prove: AFB and E D CFB are complementary. F B C
PARAGRAPH PROOF: From the given EFD is right and thus EC AD by definition of lines. We can also observe that AFC is right because lines form 4 right s and m AFC= 90 by definition of right s . Now by addition postulate, it is that m AFB + m CFB = m AFC, where by substitution prop. of (=) results: m AFB + m CFB = 90, and this last statement allow us to prove that
AFB and CFB are complementary, by definition of complementary s.
18
Review the following two column proof and then convert it to paragraph proof: Given: B B F CE bisects BCA E E H C A C A FGH ECA D D G Prove: 2( m FGH) + m Two Column Proof: Statements Reasons (1) Given (2) Definition of (3) Definition of (4) Given (5) Definition of (6) BCD = 180 BCD = 180 of s s is transitive BCD = 180
(1) CE bisects
(2)
BCA
BCE ECA (3) m BCE= m ECA (4) (5) m (6) m (7) m (8) m (9) 2( m FGH ECA ECA FGH BCE + m FGH + m FGH=m BCE= m ECA + m FGH + m
bisector
addition postulate (7) (8) Substitution prop. of (=) (9) Adding like terms
19
FGH) + m
BCD = 180
STANDARDS 1,2,3

Statements (1) CE bisects BCA (2) BCE ECA (3) m BCE= m ECA (4) FGH ECA (5) m
Given: CE bisects BCA FGH ECA Reasons Prove: (1) Given 2( m FGH) + m BCD = 180 (2) Definition of bisector B (3) Definition of E s C A D (4) Given (5) Definition of (6) of s F H
(6) m
(7) m (8) m (9) 2( m
FGH=m BCE= m ECA + m FGH + m
ECA FGH
s is transitive
BCE + m FGH + m
BCD = 180 (7)
addition postulate
G
STANDARDS
BCD = 180 (8) Substitution prop. of (=) (9) Adding like terms BCA,
FGH) + m
BCD = 180
As stated in the given CE bisects

(6) m
(7) m (8) m (9) 2( m
ECA FGH
s is transitive
BCE + m FGH + m
BCD = 180 (7)
addition postulate
G
STANDARDS ECA by
BCD = 180 (8) Substitution prop. of (=) (9) Adding like terms BCA, and as consequence BCE
FGH) + m
BCD = 180
As stated in the given CE bisects definition of bisector,

(6) m
(7) m (8) m (9) 2( m
ECA FGH
s is transitive
BCE + m FGH + m
BCD = 180 (7)
addition postulate
G
STANDARDS ECA by s.
BCD = 180 (8) Substitution prop. of (=) (9) Adding like terms
FGH) + m
BCD = 180
As stated in the given CE bisects BCA, and as consequence BCE definition of bisector, so that m BCE= m ECA by definition of

(6) m
(7) m (8) m (9) 2( m
ECA FGH
s is transitive
BCE + m FGH + m
BCD = 180 (7)
addition postulate
G
STANDARDS ECA by s. Now
FGH) + m
BCD = 180
As stated in the given CE bisects BCA, and as consequence BCE definition of bisector, so that m BCE= m ECA by definition of also from the given, we have that FGH ECA,

(6) m
(7) m (8) m (9) 2( m
ECA FGH
s is transitive
BCE + m FGH + m
BCD = 180 (7)
addition postulate
G
STANDARDS ECA by s. Now FGH=m ECA
FGH) + m
BCD = 180
As stated in the given CE bisects BCA, and as consequence BCE definition of bisector, so that m BCE= m ECA by definition of also from the given, we have that by definition of s. FGH ECA, which implies m

(6) m
(7) m (8) m (9) 2( m
ECA FGH
s is transitive
BCE + m FGH + m
BCD = 180 (7)
addition postulate
G
FGH) + m
BCD = 180
As stated in the given CE bisects BCA, and as consequence BCE definition of bisector, so that m BCE= m ECA by definition of also from the given, we have that by definition of to state that m FGH ECA, which implies m of s. This last statement allow us then by BCE= m FGH.
s is transitive,

(6) m
(7) m (8) m (9) 2( m
ECA FGH
s is transitive
BCE + m FGH + m
BCD = 180 (7)
addition postulate
G
FGH) + m
BCD = 180
As stated in the given CE bisects BCA, and as consequence BCE definition of bisector, so that m BCE= m ECA by definition of also from the given, we have that by definition of FGH ECA, which implies m s. This last statement allow us then by to state that m BCE= m FGH. Now from the figure by m ECA + m BCE + m BCD = 180,
of s is transitive, addition postulate, we have

(6) m
(7) m (8) m (9) 2( m
ECA FGH
s is transitive
BCE + m FGH + m
BCD = 180 (7)
addition postulate
G
FGH) + m
BCD = 180
As stated in the given CE bisects BCA, and as consequence BCE definition of bisector, so that m BCE= m ECA by definition of also from the given, we have that by definition of FGH ECA, which implies m
s. This last statement allow us then by of s is transitive, to state that m BCE= m FGH. Now from the figure by addition postulate, we have m ECA + m BCE + m BCD = 180, and this is m FGH + m FGH + m BCD = 180 by substitution prop. of (=). PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved

(6) m
(7) m (8) m (9) 2( m
ECA FGH
s is transitive
BCE + m FGH + m
BCD = 180 (7)
addition postulate
G
FGH) + m
BCD = 180
As stated in the given CE bisects BCA, and as consequence BCE definition of bisector, so that m BCE= m ECA by definition of also from the given, we have that by definition of FGH ECA, which implies m
s. This last statement allow us then by of s is transitive, to state that m BCE= m FGH. Now from the figure by addition postulate, we have m ECA + m BCE + m BCD = 180, and this is m FGH + m FGH + m BCD = 180 FGH) + m BCD = 180. by substitution prop. of (=). Adding like terms results 2( m PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved
STANDARDS 1,2,3
Given: CE bisects BCA FGH ECA

Prove: 2( m FGH) + m PARAGRAPH PROOF:
F H G D
B E C A
BCD = 180
As stated in the given CE bisects BCA, and as consequence BCE definition of bisector, so that m BCE= m ECA by definition of also from the given, we have that FGH ECA, which implies m by definition of
ECA by s. Now FGH=m ECA
s. This last statement allow us then by of s is transitive, to state that m BCE= m FGH. Now from the figure by addition postulate, we have m ECA + m BCE + m BCD = 180, and this is m FGH + m FGH + m BCD = 180 by substitution prop. of (=). Adding like terms results 2( m FGH) + m BCD = 180.
29
STANDARDS 1,2,3 Review the following two column proof and then convert it to paragraph proof: A F A F Given: B B FBD is right E E C D C D Prove: ABF and Two Column Proof: Statements FBD is right (2) m FBD= 90 (3) m ABF + m FBD + m (1) (4) m (5) m (6) ABF + 90 + m ABF + m CBD = 90 CBD are complementary. Reasons (1) Given (2) Definition of right s CBD = 180 (3) addition postulate CBD = 180 (4) Substitution prop. of (=) CBD are complementary.
(5) Subtraction prop. of (=) (6) Definition of complementary

s
ABF and
30

Statements FBD is right (2) m FBD= 90 (1) (3) m (4) m (5) m Reasons (1) Given (2) Definition of right FBD + m 90 + m CBD = 90 CBD = 180 (3) addition postulate s
Given: FBD is right Prove: ABF and CBD are complementary. A B C D F E
ABF + m
ABF + ABF + m
CBD = 180 (4) Substitution prop. of (=)
(6) ABF and
(5) Subtraction prop. of (=) STANDARDS 1,2,3 CBD are complementary. (6) Definition of s complementary
The given is telling us that
FBD is right,
31

ABF + m
ABF + ABF + m
(6) ABF and
The given is telling us that
FBD is right, then m
FBD= 90 by definition of right
s,
32

ABF + m
ABF + ABF + m
(6) ABF and
The given is telling us that FBD is right, then m FBD= 90 by definition of right s, and from the figure: m ABF + m FBD + m CBD = 180 by addition postulate.
33

ABF + m
ABF + ABF + m
(6) ABF and
The given is telling us that FBD is right, then m FBD= 90 by definition of right s, and from the figure: m ABF + m FBD + m CBD = 180 by addition postulate. We can then have m ABF + 90 + m CBD = 180 using substitution prop. of (=).
34

ABF + m
ABF + ABF + m
(6) ABF and
The given is telling us that FBD is right, then m FBD= 90 by definition of right s, and from the figure: m ABF + m FBD + m CBD = 180 by addition postulate. We can then have m ABF + 90 + m CBD = 180 using substitution prop. of (=). Now, if we subtract 90 from both sides applying subtraction prop. of (=), this results in m ABF + m CBD = 90 which is what we intended to prove, and that enable us to state that
35

ABF + m
ABF + ABF + m
(6) ABF and
The given is telling us that FBD is right, then m FBD= 90 by definition of right s, and from the figure: m ABF + m FBD + m CBD = 180 by addition postulate. We can then have m ABF + 90 + m CBD = 180 using substitution prop. of (=). Now, if we subtract 90 from both sides applying subtraction prop. of (=), this results in m ABF + m CBD = 90 which is what we intended to prove, and that enable us to state s. that ABF and CBD are complementary, by definition of complementary
36
STANDARDS 1,2,3 A Given: FBD is right Prove: ABF and B C D CBD are complementary. F E
PARAGRAPH PROOF:
The given is telling us that FBD is right, then m FBD= 90 by definition of right s, and from the figure: m ABF + m FBD + m CBD = 180 by addition postulate. We can then have m ABF + 90 + m CBD = 180 using substitution prop. of (=).
Now, if we subtract 90 from both sides applying subtraction prop. of (=), this results in m ABF + m CBD = 90 which is what we intended to prove, and that enable us to state s. that ABF and CBD are complementary, by definition of complementary
37
Review the following two column proof and then convert it to paragraph proof: Given: G G C A A AC and DF are B B GE is a transversal D E D E F H H Prove: GBC and FEH are supplementary. Two Column Proof: Statements (1) Reasons (1) Given (2) Definition of linear pair (3) s in a linear pair are supplementary (4) In lines cut by a transversal CORRESPONDING s are (5) Definition of s (6) Substitution prop. of (=) (7) Definition of supplementary s
C F
AC and DF are GE is a transversal (2) GBC and CBE are a linear pair
(3) m GBC + m CBE = 180 (4) CBE FEH (5) m (6) m (7) CBE= m FEH
GBC + m
FEH = 180
GBC and FEH are supplementary.
38 STANDARDS 1,2,3
G A B Statements D H E
C F
Reasons
(1) Given (1) AC and DF are GE is a transversal (2) GBC and CBE are a linear pair (2) Definition of linear pair (3) s in a linear pair are supplementary (3) m GBC + m CBE = 180 (4) CBE FEH (4) In lines cut by a transversal CORRESPONDING s are (5) Definition of s
Given: AC and DF are GE is a transversal Prove: GBC and FEH are supplementary.
(5) m (6) m (7)
CBE= m GBC + m
FEH
FEH = 180

(7) Definition of s supplementary and GE is a transversal, STANDARDS 1,2,3
GBC and FEH are supplementary. The given states that AC and DF are
39
C F
Reasons
(5) m (6) m (7)
CBE= m GBC + m
FEH
FEH = 180
(7) Definition of GBC and FEH are STANDARDS 1,2,3 supplementary. s supplementary The given states that AC and DF are and GE is a transversal, therefore we have that CBE FEH because in lines cut by a transversal CORRESPONDING s are ;
40
C F
Reasons
(5) m (6) m (7)
CBE= m GBC + m
FEH
FEH = 180
(7) Definition of GBC and FEH are STANDARDS 1,2,3 supplementary. s supplementary The given states that AC and DF are and GE is a transversal, therefore we have that CBE FEH because in lines cut by a transversal CORRESPONDING s are ; and this implies m CBE= m FEH by definition of s.
41
C F
Reasons
(5) m (6) m (7)
CBE= m GBC + m
FEH
FEH = 180
(7) Definition of GBC and FEH are STANDARDS 1,2,3 supplementary. s supplementary The given states that AC and DF are and GE is a transversal, therefore we have that CBE FEH because in lines cut by a transversal CORRESPONDING s are ; and this implies m CBE= m FEH by definition of s. Now, we also have that GBC and CBE are a linear pair by def. of linear pair;
42
C F
Reasons
(5) m (6) m (7)
CBE= m GBC + m
FEH
FEH = 180
(7) Definition of GBC and FEH are STANDARDS 1,2,3 supplementary. s supplementary The given states that AC and DF are and GE is a transversal, therefore we have that CBE FEH because in lines cut by a transversal CORRESPONDING s are ; and this implies m CBE= m FEH by definition of s. Now, we also have that GBC and CBE are a linear pair by def. of linear pair; so m GBC + m CBE = 180 because s in a linear pair are supplementary;
43
C F
Reasons
(5) m (6) m (7)
CBE= m GBC + m
FEH
FEH = 180
(7) Definition of GBC and FEH are STANDARDS 1,2,3 supplementary. s supplementary The given states that AC and DF are and GE is a transversal, therefore we have that CBE FEH because in lines cut by a transversal CORRESPONDING s are ; and this implies m CBE= m FEH by definition of s. Now, we also have that GBC and CBE are a linear pair by def. of linear pair; so m GBC + m CBE = 180 because s in a linear pair are supplementary; this becomes m by substitution prop. of (=).
GBC + m
FEH = 180
44
C F
Reasons
(5) m (6) m (7)
CBE= m GBC + m
FEH
FEH = 180
(7) Definition of GBC and FEH are STANDARDS 1,2,3 supplementary. s supplementary The given states that AC and DF are and GE is a transversal, therefore we have that CBE FEH because in lines cut by a transversal CORRESPONDING s are ; and this implies m CBE= m FEH by definition of s. Now, we also have that GBC and CBE are a linear pair by def. of linear pair; so m GBC + m CBE = 180 s in a linear pair are supplementary; this becomes m GBC + m FEH = 180 by substitution prop. of (=). We can conclude GBC and FEH are supplementary, 45 s. since they comply with definition of supplementary PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved because
Given: AC and DF are GE is a transversal Prove: GBC and A B D H E
C F
FEH are supplementary.
PARAGRAPH PROOF: The given states that AC and DF are and GE is a transversal, therefore we have that CBE FEH because in lines cut by a transversal CORRESPONDING s are ; and this implies m CBE= m FEH by definition of s. Now, we also have that GBC and CBE are a linear pair by def. of linear pair; so m GBC + m CBE = 180 because s in a linear pair are supplementary; this becomes m GBC + m FEH = 180
by substitution prop. of (=). We can conclude GBC and s. since they comply with definition of supplementary
FEH are supplementary,
46 STANDARDS 1,2,3

1 3 Parr A Graph Proofs Intro

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1 3 Parr A Graph Proofs Intro

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Two column proofs may also be written as paragraph proofs.

PARAGRAPH PROOF 2 PARAGRAPH PROOF 4

Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF:

AB . This allow us to conclude

PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved

STANDARDS 1,2,3 Given: L is midpoint of KM LM AB Prove: KL AB

AB . This allow us to conclude

(2) EC AD (3) AFC is right

lines form 4 right

(4) m AFC= 90 (5) m AFB + m CFB = m

(4) Definition of right

(6) Substitution prop. of (=) (7) Definition of complementary s

PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved

Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: Two Column Proof:

(1) Given (2) Definition of (3) AFC (5)

Lines form 4 right

(4) Definition of right

(6) Substitution prop. of (=)

From the given

Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: Two Column Proof:

(1) Given (2) Definition of (3) AFC (5)

Lines form 4 right

(4) Definition of right

(6) Substitution prop. of (=)

From the given

EFD is right and thus EC

Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: Two Column Proof:

(1) Given (2) Definition of (3) AFC (5)

Lines form 4 right

(4) Definition of right

(6) Substitution prop. of (=)

lines. We can also

Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: Two Column Proof:

(1) Given (2) Definition of (3) AFC (5)

Lines form 4 right

(4) Definition of right

(6) Substitution prop. of (=)

Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: Two Column Proof:

(1) Given (2) Definition of (3) AFC (5)

Lines form 4 right

(4) Definition of right

(6) Substitution prop. of (=)

Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: Two Column Proof:

(1) Given (2) Definition of (3) AFC (5)

Lines form 4 right

(4) Definition of right

(6) Substitution prop. of (=)

PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved

Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF: Two Column Proof:

(1) Given (2) Definition of (3) AFC (5)

Lines form 4 right

(4) Definition of right

(6) Substitution prop. of (=)

PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved

Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF:

FGH=m BCE= m ECA + m FGH + m

BCD = 180 (7)

As stated in the given CE bisects

PRESENTATION CREATED BY SIMON PEREZ. All rights reserved

Convert to PARAGRAPH PROOF:

FGH=m BCE= m ECA + m FGH + m

BCD = 180 (7)