Performance tuning is the improvement of system performance.

This is typically a computer application, but the same methods can be applied to economic markets, bureaucracies or other complex systems. The motivation for such activity is called a performance problem, which can be real or anticipated. Most systems will respond to increased load with some degree of decreasing performance. A system's ability to accept higher load is called scalability, and modifying a system to handle a higher load is synonymous to performance tuning. Systematic tuning follows these steps: Assess the problem and establish numeric values that categorize acceptable behavior. Measure the performance of the system before modification. Identify the part of the system that is critical for improving the performance. This is called the bottleneck. Modify that part of the system to remove the bottleneck. Measure the performance of the system after modification. This is an instance of the measure-evaluate-improve-learn cycle from quality assurance. A performance problem may be identified by slow or unresponsive systems. This usually occurs because high system loading, causing some part of the system to reach a limit in its ability to respond. This limit within the system is referred to as a bottleneck. A handful of techniques are used to improve performance. Among them are code optimization, load balancing, caching strategy, distributed computing and self-tuning. Contents [hide] 1 Performance analysis 2 Performance engineering 3 Code optimization 4 Caching strategy 5 Load balancing 6 Distributed computing 7 Self-tuning 8 Bottlenecks 9 See also 10 References 11 External links [edit]Performance analysis See the main article at Performance analysis Performance analysis, commonly known as profiling, is the investigation of a program's behavior using information gathered as the program executes. Its goal is to determine which sections of a program to optimize. A profiler is a performance analysis tool that measures the behavior of a program as it executes, particularly the frequency and duration of function calls. Performance analysis tools existed at least from the early 1970s. Profilers may be classified according to their output types, or their methods for data gathering. [edit]Performance engineering See the main article at Performance engineering Performance engineering is the discipline encompassing roles, skills, activities, practices, tools, and deliverables used to meet the non-functional requirements of a

designed system, such as increase business revenue, reduction of system failure, delayed projects, and avoidance of unnecessary usage of resources or work. Several common activities have been identified in different methodologies: Identification of critical business processes. Elaboration of the processes in use cases and system volumetrics. System construction, including performance tuning. Deployment of the constructed system. Service management, including activities performed after the system has been deployed. [edit]Code optimization See the main article at Optimization (computer science). Some optimizations include improving the code so that work is done once before a loop rather than inside a loop or replacing a call to a simple selection sort with a call to the more complicated algorithm for a quicksort. [edit]Caching strategy Main article: Cache Caching is a fundamental method of removing performance bottlenecks that are the result of slow access to data. Caching improves performance by retaining frequently used information in high speed memory, which reduces access time and thus improves performance. Caching is an effective manner of improving performance in situations where the principle of locality of reference The methods used to determine which data is stored in progressively faster storage are collectively called caching strategies. [edit]Load balancing Main article: Load balancing (computing) A system can consist of independent components, each able to service requests. If all the requests are serviced by one of these systems (or a small number) while others remain idle then time is wasted waiting for used system to be available. Arranging so all systems are used equally is referred to as load balancing and can improve over-all performance. Load balancing is often used to achieve further gains from a distributed system by intelligently selecting which machine to run an operation on based on how busy all potential candidates are, and how well suited each machine is to the type of operation that needs to be performed. [edit]Distributed computing Main article: Distributed computing Distributed computing is used to increase ng the potential for parallel execution on modern CPU architectures continues, the use of distributed systems is essential to achieve performance benefits from the available parallelism. High performance cluster computing is a well known use of distributed systems for performance improvements. Distributed computing and clustering can negatively impact latency while simultaneously increasing load on shared resources, such as database systems. To minimize latency and avoid bottlenecks, distributed computing can benefit significantly from distributed caches. [edit]Self-tuning

Main article: Self-tuning A self-tuning system is capable of optimizing its own internal running parameters in order to maximize or minimize the fulfillment of an objective function; typically the maximization of efficiency or error minimization. Self-tuning systems typically exhibit non-linear adaptive control. Self-tuning systems have been a hallmark of the aerospace industry for decades, as this sort of feedback is necessary to generate optimal multi-variable control for nonlinear processes. [edit]Bottlenecks The bottleneck is the part of a system which is at capacity. Other parts of the system will be idle waiting for it to perform its task. In the process of finding and removing bottlenecks, it is important to prove their existence, such as by sampling, before acting to remove them. There is a strong temptation to guess. Guesses are often wrong, and investing only in guesses can itself be a bottleneck