EDDY CURRENT

SUBMITTED TO :MISS SUMAN RANI DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS LSTS,LPU PHAGWARA

SUBMITTED BY:AMITA ROLLNO.39 REGISTER NO.10803042 SECTION:258 BATCH:2008-2009

CONTENTS 1.INDEX 2.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3.INTRODUCTION 4.REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5.MATERIALS AND THEORIES 6.APPLICATIONS 7.DISADVANTAGES 8.MINIMISATION OF LOSSES DUE TO EDDY CURRENTS 9.FUTURE SCOPE 10.WEB SITES& BOOK REFERENCES

ACKNOWLEDGE I,Amita acknowledge my respected teacher and guide MISS.SUMAN RANI who has throughtout helped me in the completion of this project. I whole heartedly thank my institute lovely school of technology which has given me the privelage to rise up and gather confidence to come up with various ideas that have made this project a success.

INTRODUCTION
As the circular plate moves down through a small region of constant magnetic field directed into the page, eddy currents are induced in the plate. The direction of those currents is given by Lenz's law. When a conductor moves relative to the field generated by a source, then electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can be generated around loops within the conductor. These EMFs acting on the resistivity of the material generate a current around the loop, in accordance with Faraday's law of induction. These currents dissipate energy, and create a magnetic field that tends to oppose the changes in the field. Eddy currents are created when a moving conductor experiences changes in the

magnetic field generated by a stationary object, as well as when a stationary conductor encounters a varying magnetic field. Both effects are present when a conductor moves through a varying magnetic field, as is the case at the top and bottom edges of the magnetized region shown in the diagram. Eddy currents will be generated wherever a conducting object experiences a change in the intensity or direction of the magnetic field at any point within it, and not just at the boundaries. The swirling current set up in the conductor is due to electrons experiencing a Lorentz force that is perpendicular to their motion. Hence, they veer to their right, or left, depending on the direction of the applied field and whether the strength of the field is increasing or declining. The resistivity of the conductor acts to damp the amplitude of the eddy currents, as well as straighten their paths. Lenz's law

encapsulates the fact that the current swirls in such a way as to create an induced magnetic field that opposes the phenomenon that created it. In the case of a varying applied field, the induced field will always be in the opposite direction to that applied. The same will be true when a varying external field is increasing in strength. However, when a varying field is falling in strength, the induced field will be in the same direction as that originally applied, in order to oppose the decline.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
An eddy current (also known as Foucault current) is an electrical phenomenon discovered by French physicist Lon Foucault in 1851. It is caused when a conductor is exposed to a changing magnetic field due to relative motion of the field source and conductor; or due to variations of the field with time. This can cause a circulating flow of electrons, or a current, within the conductor. These circulating eddies of current create electromagnets with magnetic fields that opposes the change of the magnetic field (see Lenz's law). The stronger the applied magnetic field, or the greater the electrical conductivity of the conductor, or the faster the field that the conductor is exposed to changes, then the greater the currents that are developed and the greater the opposing field.

MATERIALS THEORIES

AND

The induced circulating currents produced in a metal itself due to change in magnetic flux linked with the metal are called EDDY CURRENTS. They are also Foucault currents. known as

The direction of eddy currents is given by lenz law.

Eddy current is produced in any core material that is an electric conductor. The core does not have to be magnetic material brass will work just as easily.The core will become very hot due to eddy currents produced, as a result of hi frequency ac, in the solenoid. This heat comes from [1(square)r] power looses as the eddy currents flows through the core material[resistance to change]. A usuage for this is induction heating.The solenoid is energized with a hifrequency ac current.The work core to be heated is enclosed

inside this solenoid and it becomes very hot such as in brazing.

DEMONSTRATION OF EDDY CURRENTS

1.JUMPING DISC. An aluminium disc is placed over the core of an electromagnet. When the current

through in the circuit, the disc jumps up to a certain height. When the current through the solenoid increases, the magnetic flux along the axis of the solenoid increases. Due to the change in magnetic flux, induced currents are produced in the disc and it is slightly magnetised. If the upper face of the core of the electro magnet acquires north polarity, then acc. To the lenzs l;aw the lower face of the disc will also acquire north polarity. Due to the force of repulsion between the lower face(n-pole) of the disc and upper face(n-pole) of

the core of the electro magnet, the didc jumps upto a certain height. 2.STOPPAGE A metallic plate is made to oscillate about an axis. When this oscillationg plate is suspended b/w the two poles pieces of a strong magnet, the plate comes to rest in short interval of time. When the metallic plates oscillates in a uniform magnetic field, the magnetic Flux linked with the plate changes. Due to change in magnetic flux , induced currents. According, to

lenz law, these eddy current produce a magnetic field which opposes the motion of the plate. Thus, the motion of the plate in the uniform magnetic field is stopped.

EDDY CURRENT SEPARTOR WORK

The eddy current separator (ecs) is a conveyor tape made with a particular magnetic field in a head, which is generated by high frequency polar. Wheel:when the non ferrous metals are coming near to the magnetic field, they are lifted and expulsed to one appropriate collectiong cancel. While the insert materials freely fall down to another container. All the iron till the smallest pieces, which differently from the iron ferrous

metals, is kept by the magnetic rotor

APPLICATION OF EDDY CURRENT

1.METAL DETECTORS
Use electromagnetic induction to detect metal. Uses include demining (the detection of land mines), the detection of weapons such as knives and gums, especially at airports.

Metal detectors are used to detect foreign bodies in food, &in the construction industry to detect. Steel reinforcing bass in pipes, wires buried in walls and floors.

2.EDDY CURRENTS BRAKE

An eddy current brake, like a conventional friction brake , is responsible for slowing an object, such as train or roller coaster unlike friction brakes, which apply pressure on two separate objects, eddy currents brakes slow an object by creating eddy currents through electro magnetic induction

which create resistance, and in turn either heat and electricity.

3.MECHANICAL SPEEDOMETERS
A speedometers is a device that measures the instanteous speed of land vehicle.

4. INDUCTION
An induction cooktops has a coil wound on ferromagnetic material under it a high frequency a.c in this coil produces a rapidly changing magnetic placing a m.based leads to change in magnetic flux,because the magnetic field

b varies from the faradays law.

E=deltaq/delta t, an emf is induced from lenzs law eddy currents flow in the pan. The resistance in the pan to the oscillating.ac current results in heat being produced directly in the base of the pan. Unlike gas cooking, the ceramic cooktop is not heated directly. This makes induction cookers much more energy sufficient than traditional cookers. The direction of eddy currents is determined by lenzs law .

In addition of efficiency other benefits include safety (because the cooktop is not heated directly) and speed of cooking. 5.ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKING When a disc passes through m.f , there is a change in magnetic field from faraday law, an emf is induced. An from lenzs law this induces eddy currents whose magnetic field interacts with the external magnetic field in a way that causes in

magnetic flux in the disc. That is, the currents inside inside the magnetic field experience a force that acts in the opposite direction to the motion of the disc. Therefore, the speed of disc motion slows down.
One benefit of electromagnetic induction is that the braking is smooth. This is because the strength of the eddy current is proportional to the speed of disc. This means as the disc slows, eddy currents reduce. There is no physical contact between the disc& brake. Another benefit is that it more efficient at high speeds

because the opposing magnetic force is larger at higher speeds. There useful properties of electro magnetic brakes serve them well in many applications such as amusement park ride brakes in some types of trains.

6.ELECTRICITY METER An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to or produced by a resistance, business or machine.
The most commonly type is more properly known as kilowatt hour meter or a joule

meter when used in electricity retailing, the utitiles record the values measured by these meters to generate as in voice for electricity. They may also record other variables including the time when the electricity was used.

7.INDUCTION COOKER
AN induction cooker uses induction heating for cooking. A conducting plot is placed above an induction coil for the heating process to take place. This type of cooktop does not work with cooking vessels that are constructed from non conductive metals. Unlike

alternatives such as electric hot plates, an induction cooker creates no heat. Only the vessel used for cooking is heated. Induction cookers are faster&more energy sufficient cooktops.additionlly ,unlike traditional cooktops, the pot is heated directly to the desired tempt. Rather than heating the storetop, making the stovetop much safer from the possibility of injury. However, skin can still be burred if it comes into contact with pot, by the stovetop after a pot is immediately taken off.

Since heat is being generated from an electric current induced by an electric coil, the range can detect when cook ware is removed or its contents boil out by monitoring the voltage drop caused by resistance to the current.

DISADVANTAGES OF EDDY CURRENTS

1. The production of eddy currents in a metallic block leads to the loss of electric energy in the form of heat.

2. The heat produced due to eddy currents break the insulation used in the electrical machine or appliance. 3. Eddy currents may cause unwanted dampening effect.

MINIMISATION OF LOOSES DUE TO EDDY CURRENT

The metallic cores are used in electrical devices like transformer, dynamo, choke etc. Due to changing magnetic field, large eddy current are produced in the core which cause large amount of heat in the core. It results into loss of useful energy. To minimise losses due to eddy currents , the solid metallic core is replaced with large no. Of thin sheets. These sheets are electrically insulated from one another and are called as laminations. Such a core is called laminations core. These sheets are arranged parallel to the magnetic flux. The insulation breaks the path of eddy

current and keeps the eddy currents restricted to the individual sheets. As a result of this, eddy current produced in one sheet is not added in the current produced in the other sheet. In other words, path of eddy currents in the core as a whole are broken so the eddy current is minimised.

FUTURE SCOPE OF EDDY CURRENTS

1.RAIL INSPECTION A steps in this direction is deeper investigation of the rail by using low frequency eddy currents. 2.METAL DETECTOR Use of electromagnetic induction to induced in the metal. 3.PETROLEUM Rock oil, first used in the treatise de nature fossiluim it must be heated or diluted

before it will flow Venezuela also has large.

BIBOLOGRAPHY 1.BY WIKIPEDIA 2.DINESH 3.PRADEEP 4.HALLIDAY/RESNICK