Transient Stability

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

Topics
What is Transient Stability (TS) What Causes System Unstable Effects When System Is Instable y Transient Stability Definition Modeling and Data Preparation ETAP TS Study Outputs Power System TS Studies Solutions to Stability Problems
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 2

What is Transient Stability

TS is also called Rotor Angle Stability
Something b S hi between mechanical system and h i l d electrical system energy conversion

It is a Electromechanical Phenomenon
Time frame in milliseconds

All Synchronous Machines Must Remain in y Synchronism with One Another

Synchronous generators and motors This is what system stable or unstable means
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 3

What is Transient Stability

Torque Equation (generator case)

T = mechanical torque P = number of poles

air = air-gap flux

Fr = rotor field MMF

= rotor angle

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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What is Transient Stability

Swing Equation

M D Pmech Pelec

= = = =

inertia constant damping constant input mechanical power output electrical power

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

Slide 5

What Causes System Unstable

From Torque Equation
T (prime mover) ( i ) Rotor MMF (field winding) Air-Gap Flux (electrical system)

From Swing Equation g q

Pmech Pelec Different time constants in mechanical and electrical systems
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 6

What Causes System Unstable

In real operation
Short-circuit Sh i i Loss of excitation Prime mover failure Loss of utility connections Loss of a portion of in-plant generation Starting of a large motor g g Switching operations Impact loading on motors Sudden large change in load and generation
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 7

Effects When System Is Instable

Swing in Rotor Angle (as well as in V, I, P, Q and f)

Case 1: Steady-state stable Case 2: Transient stable g Case 3: Small-signal unstable Case 4: First swing unstable
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 8

Effects When System Is Instable

A 2-Machine Example

At = -180 180 (Out-of-Step, Slip the Pole)

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

Slide 9

Effects When System Is Instable

Synchronous machine slip poles generator tripping Power swing Misoperation of protective devices Interruption of critical loads Low-voltage conditions motor drop-offs Damage to equipment Area wide blackout
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 10

Transient Stability Definition

Examine One Generator

Power Output Capability Curve

is limited to 180
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 11

Transient Stability Definition

Transient and Dynamic Stability Limit
After a severe disturbance, the synchronous generator reaches a steady-state operating condition without a prolonged loss of synchronism Limit: < 180 during swing

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Modeling and Data Preparation

Synchronous Machine

Machine Exciter and AVR Prime Mover and Governor / Load Torque Power System Stabilizer (PSS) (Generator)
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 13

Modeling and Data Preparation

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Modeling and Data Preparation

Typical synchronous machine data

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Modeling and Data Preparation

Induction Machine
Machine Load Torque q

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Modeling and Data Preparation

Power Grid
Short-Circuit Capability Fixed internal voltage and infinite inertia g

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Modeling and Data Preparation

Load
Voltage dependency Frequency dependency q y p y

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Modeling and Data Preparation

Load

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Modeling and Data Preparation

Events and Actions

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Modeling and Data Preparation

Device Type
Bus Branch PD Generator Grid Motor M t 3-P Fault Fraction Fault Trip Droop / Isoch P Change Accelerate A l t L-G Fault Clear Fault Close Start V Change Load L d Change Delete Loss Exc. Delete Delete D l t P Change V Change Delete

Action
Clear Fault

Lumped Load Load Change g MOV Wind Turbine MG Set Start Disturbance Emergency

Gust Main

Ramp

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Power System TS Studies

Fault
3-phase and single phase fault Clear fault Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT) Critical System Separation Time (CSST)

Bus Transfer
Fast load transferring g

Load Shedding
Under-frequency Under-voltage U d lt

Motor Dynamic Acceleration

Induction motor Synchronous motor
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 22

Power System TS Studies

Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT)
Fault Clear fault Clear fault 1 cycle unstable unstable stable Clear fault Clear fault 1 cycle unstable Cycle

CFCT

Critical Separation Time (CSST)

Fault Separation Separation 1 cycle uns stable uns stable sta able Separation Separation 1 cycle uns stable Cycle

CSST

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Power System TS Studies

Fast Bus Transfer
Motor residual voltage
1 0.8 Vmotor 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Power System TS Studies

Fast Bus Transfer

ES = System equivalent per unit volts per hertz EM = Motor residual per unit per hertz ER = Resultant vectorial voltage in per unit volts per hertz

Ttransfer 10 cycles 90 degrees ER 1 33 per unit (133%) 1.33

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 25

Power System TS Studies

Load Shedding

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Power System TS Studies

Motor Dynamic Acceleration
Important for islanded system operation I t tf i l d d t ti Motor starting impact Generator AVR action Reacceleration

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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Solution to Stability Problems

Improve System Design
Increase synchronizing power I h i i

Design and Selection of Rotating Equipment

Use of induction machines Increase moment of inertia Reduce transient reactance Improve voltage regulator and exciter characteristics

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

Slide 28

Solution to Stability Problems

Application of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) Add System Protections
Fast fault clearance Load shedding System separation Out Of Step Out-Of-Step relay

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

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