GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

A Technical report Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of B.TECH In Computer Science and Engineering By J.KARTHEEK REDDY (08C91A0583) Under the guidance of Mr.B.UPPALAIAH
Asst. Professor

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING HOLYMARY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

BOGARAM (V), KEESARA (M), R.R DISTRICT-501301.

2010-2011

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled AUGMENTED REALITY Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree in B.TECH in Computer Science and Engineering from JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh is record of bonafide work carried out by

J.KARTHEEK (08C91A0583)

and the supervision and guidance of our respected internal guide and Head of the department

Internal guide

Head of the Department

Mr.B.UPPALAIAH

Dr.G.CHARLES BABU (HOD)

External examiner
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Acknowledgement
With great pleasure i want to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who helped in making this project work a grand success. I express My deep sense of gratitude to for those who have given constant guidance throughout My project work. I am grateful to B.UPPALAIAH for his valuable suggestions and guidance given by him during the execution of this project work. I would like to thank Dr.G.CHARLES BABU Head of the Department of computer science and Engineering, for being moral support throughout the period of our study in HITSCOLLEGE. First of all I am highly indebted to Principal DR.P.B.V.Reddi, for giving me the permission to carry out this project. I would like to thank the Teaching & Non- teaching staff of CSE Department for sharing their knowledge with me Last but not the least; I express my sincere thanks to Mrs. A.Vijaya Sarada Reddy, Secretary, HITS group of institutions, for her continuous care towards my achievements.

J.KARTHEEK REDDY 08C91A0583

INDEX
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Name
1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION 3. HISTORY OF GPS 4. Working of GPS 5. Principles 6. System Details 6.1 Space Segment (SS) 6.2 Control segment 6.3 USER segment 7. GPS Signals 7.1 SIGNAL STRUCTURE 8. Sources of errors 9. Sources of Interference 10. DIFFERENTIAL GPS 11. APPLICATIONS OF GPS 12. CONCLUSION

Page Number
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3 4 5 7 9
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12 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22

ABSTRACT
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The word "microdisplay" refers not to the size of the screen, but to the thumbnailsize semiconductors used to generate the image (which is then enlarged and projected onto the screen by means of an elaborate system of high-quality optics and mirrors). Thanks to sophisticated electronics and advances in short-focal-length projection systems, projection TVs employing microdisplay technology offer dazzling high-definition performance from enclosures that are dramatically shallower and lighter than conventional CRT projection TVs. Fifteen years ago the CRT had a virtual monopoly for displays used in televisions and computers. Today we have half a dozen competing display technologies. In spite of all of this competition, the CRT has managed to hold onto its crown title as the Reference Standard against which all of the other display technologies are measured. There are two reasons for this: each new technology had to mimic the dominant CRT in order to be accepted in the marketplace; and second, the image and picture quality delivered by the best CRTs was simply outstanding and untouchable by any of the new technologies Microdisplays are the newest form of rear projection television technology to hit the rapidly growing high definition display market offering all the advantages of CRT based rear projection TVs (RPTVs), plus a whole lot more. Microdisplays come in all the same size ranges of traditional RPTVs, but are based on digital microchips driven by light projection technology, and not CRT based technology. Microdisplay projection TVs combine the most desirable aspects of conventional projection and flat-panel TVs. This paper describes the worlds smallest SVGA(800x600) and WVGA (854x480) microdisplay thatenables high-resolution images in ultra-portableproducts. The device uses Liquid Crystal on Silicon(LCOS) technology, supports single panel field sequential color operation, has a 5.4-micron pixel pitch, and is less than 7mm tall.

Commonly Used Display Types:LED (Light Emitting Diode) Displays:

Discrete LEDs LED Bar Graphs 7-Segment LEDs Alphanumeric LEDs Multi-color LEDs

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display ):

Visible in light. Visible in dark using backlighting.
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Low cost. Available in many formats. Low current consumption. High current with backlight. Parallel Alphanumeric 4-bit mode 8-bit mode Graphical ( includes computer monitors ) Serial ( I2C, RS232, USB ) Alphanumeric Graphical

VFD (Vacuum Fluorescent Displays ):

Good visibility in the dark. No need for backlight. Suitable for cost-insensitive applications such as automobiles, media PCs. High current consumption.

OLED (Organic LED) Displays:

Organic LED. High visibility under all light conditions. No need for backlight. Requires high voltage driver. Moderate current consumption.

Matrix Orbital Serial Displays

I2C, RS232 or USB Options Software programmable contrast, backlight and fonts. Easy to use Supply Current: 10mA typical. Backlight Supply Current: 90mA typical
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Interfaces: Up to a 25-key keypad RS232 or I2C Two 100mA @ +5V General Purpose Outputs RS232 mode: 9600 baud to 115,200 baud I2C mode: Serial transfers of up to 100 Kbps

Character Display:-

Graphical Display:-

VFD Display:-

Typical Supply current: 290mA ( up to 550mA inrush )

OLED Displays
Definition of OLED:

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a special type of lightemitting diode (LED) in which the emissive layer comprises a thin-film of certain organic compounds. The emissive electroluminescent layer can include a polymeric substance that allows the deposition of very suitable organic compounds, for example, in rows and columns on a flat carrier by using a simple "printing" method to create a matrix of pixels which can emit different colour light. Matrix Orbital:

Incredible viewing angle of 160 degrees Self-luminous, no backlight required Low power c They are less expensive than a VFD and incredibly bright onsumption Fast response time and pixel refresh rate Extended temperature available from -20 to +70 C Lifespan of 10,000+ hours Excellent for LCD or VFD replacement applications

How 3LCD Technology Works

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diagram showing how a projector using 3LCD technology works Creating Colours from White Light: A projector using 3LCD technology works by first splitting the white light from the lamp into its three primary colours of red, green and blue by passing the lamp light through special dichroic filter / reflector assemblies called dichroic mirrors. Each dichroic mirror only allows specific colored wavelengths of light to pass through while reflecting the rest away. In this way, the white light is split into its three primary color beams and each is directed toward A, and subsequently through its own LCD panel. Image Generation at the LCDs: The three LCD panels of the projector are the elements that receive the electronic signals to create the image which is to be projected. Each pixel on an LCD is covered by liquid crystals. By changing the electrical charge given to the liquid crystals, each pixel on an LCD can be darkened until it is totally opaque (for full black), lightened until it is totally transparent (allowing all the lamp light to pass through for full white), or shaded in varying degrees of translucence (for different shades of gray). This is similar to how a digital watchs characters appear bold and black on its LCD when its battery is new, but start to fade gradually as its battery weakens. In this way, the brightness level on every pixel for each primary color can be very precisely controlled to produce the final pixel's specific color and brightness level required on the screen. Color Image Recombination and Projection: After each colored light is filtered through its individual LCD panel, the beams are recombined in a dichroic prism that forms the final image which is then reflected out through the lens.

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[edit] Competition
For mainstream projectors, the competitors to 3LCD technology are single-chip DLP technology (developed by Texas Instruments) and to a much lesser extent, LCOS projection technology.

[edit] Claimed Advantages

Proponents of 3LCD projection technology claim that it has the following advantages over it closest competing technologies:

3LCD projectors are supposedly able to produce brighter colors compared to those using single-chip DLP technology. This is because 3LCD projectors mix and project the light beams from all three colours to form each individual pixel's color, while single-chip DLP projectors create colors by projecting them in sequence one at a time and rely on human color perception to mix and interpret the correct colors for each pixel.

The way a single-chip DLP projector works sometimes causes viewers to see a "rainbow" or "color breakup" effect where false colors are briefly perceived when either the image or the observer's eye is in motion. As all three primary colors are displayed all the time by 3LCD projectors, they do not suffer from this effect.

3LCD projectors are able to display finer image gradations by giving each pixel on the projected image a smooth variation in brightness levels. This is because the liquid crystals for each pixel on an LCD panel can be given fine levels of opacity by varying the electrical charge. On the other hand, a single-chip DLP projector has a single mirror reflecting the lamp light to the lens on its DMD chip for each pixel. It varies the brightness of each pixel by vibrating the mirror between its on or off state in varying frequencies and relies on human perception to interpret the brightness of each pixel.

3LCD projectors typically use less power compared to a single-chip DLP projectors of the same brightness rating.

3LCD projectors are typically more affordable than those using LCOS or 3-chip DLP technologies.

[edit] Claimed Disadvantages

3LCD projectors usually have a "screen door" effect

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3LCD projectors are typically more costly than single-chip DLP ones of similar specifications. Single-chip DLP projectors typically have higher contrast ratios compared to 3LCD ones of similar price or brightness rating.

The LCD panels and dichroic mirrors in 3LCD projectors may degrade with time, causing color shifts, unevenness of illumination, and reduction of contrast. The single DMD chip in single-chip DLP projectors tend to have a longer life span.

The smallest single-chip DLP projectors are smaller than the smallest 3LCD projector models.

Current LCOS projector models typically deliver sharper images at higher resolutions that 3LCD projectors.

Hitachi CP-X10000 Projector Price in India: 79,999 INR.

/products/cpx100

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CP-X10000

Features Specifications Downloads

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Uncompromising quality, flexibility of installation and extended product life are features on offer with our Professional Series Installation Projectors. Life of the product is extended considerably with virtually maintenance free inorganic LCD panels and polarizer filters. A wide lens shift and a wide variety of optional lenses provide greater range of movement and projection distances. This series also boasts superb quality with an impressive contrast ratio of 2500:1 (with Iris), a 10-bit digital signal processor and a high quality scaler chip on board.

Brightness: 7500 ANSI Lumens Resolution: XGA Contrast ratio: 2500:1 Super Hybrid FIlter: 20,000 hour cleaning cycle Lamp life: 4000 hours (Eco Mode)*
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Wired networking feature 6 optional lenses Wide lens shift

Features at a glance

3LCD - A sophisticated, innovative technology that utilises 3 chips to deliver vibrant, true-to-life and consistent images for the most demanding audiences.

Super Hybrid Filter - The new Super Hybrid Filter is the best you'll find on the market. It lasts an exceptional 6000 hours - to make maintenance less frequent and reduce replacement costs.

Blackboard/Whiteboard Mode - Projecting onto coloured or shiny backgrounds can make images appear either dull or uncomfortably bright. This mode ensures optimal brightness whether the screen is black, green or shiny white.

Low TCO - Significantly extended maintenance intervals resulting from long-life parts reduces the total cost of ownership.

Optional Lenses - Installations are more flexible with a range of optional bayonet lenses. Choose from Fixed Short, Short, Long and Ultra Long throw lenses, designed to suit different requirements.

Wider Lens Shift - With Hitachi's lens shift technology, the image range of movement grows even wider allowing the projector to be placed freely among any number of possible locations.

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Vertical Projection - Images can be projected at 90 degrees up or down, opening up a whole new range of applications.

Advanced Networking - Manage and control multiple projectors over LAN. Turn the projector on and off, schedule email alerts and monitor projectors all via the network.

HDMI - Get the highest quality image by connecting the latest in A/V equipment to the projector with HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface).

Long Life Lamp - Using Eco Mode, lamp life is extended to more than 6,000 hours - equivalent to the projector being used for three hours a day over a period of ten years.

Template Function - This unique Hitachi feature allows you to project different patterns of lines and grids onto a whiteboard, blackboard or flip chart, making writing and drawing easier.

Virtually Maintenance Free - Hitachi projectors are designed to be easy to use and require minimal maintenance. Long-life parts significantly extend the maintenance intervals, reducing cost and any inconvenience.

Daytime Mode - It can be harder to see a projected picture when the sun is shining brightly. Projections are always vivid and colourful in a bright environment with Daytime Mode.

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Quick On/Off - Plug in, turn on and present. The Quick On/Off feature and automatic resolution equals fast set-up

Input Source Naming - Personalise devices and inputs to the projector - for example, re-name a device input to "Tom's Laptop" for easy recognition.

Ultra Quiet - With a low noise level of 29dB in our latest models, the internal fan is one of the quietest in its class. The audience will hear the presenter, not the operating noise of the projector.

My Button - Assign custom functions or common tasks to a programmable button on your remote control.

Centralised Reporting Function - Using a single PC, create HTML reports for a group of networked projectors to simplify maintenance requirements.

Audio Pass Through - When all you need is sound and not pictures, this convenient feature lets you hear the projector's speakers whilst the rest is on stand-by - helping to preserve lamplife.

Vertical Keystone Correction - Correct misaligned images automatically with vertical keystone correction.

Horizontal Keystone Correction - Correct misaligned images with horizontal keystone correction.

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Progressive Scan - Typically with moving images, each frame of video is shown in two halves - odd lines and even lines. Progressive Scan enables every line of a video frame to be displayed simultaneously resulting in crisp, smooth motion and reduced flicker and judder.

On Screen Display (OSD) - The new menu is much easier to use. Navigating through the different options is easier, whilst settings are clearly named.

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Microdisplays
For consumer applications, the manufacturing costs ofmicrodisplays and systems, as well as performance, will determinefuture developments. DMD and LCoS projectors haveboth achieved cinema-quality performance. Cost favors smallareamicrodisplays. The collimation challenges to the systemimposed by small displays are met by short-arc (less than 1mm) high-pressure lamps. Lamps producing modest poweryield the extended lifetimes required for consumer products,but to satisfy image brightness demands, they must have highthroughput efficiency. Microviewers use compactmagnification systems toprovide a virtual image ofthe microdisplays. OLED microdisplays in eithermonochrome or RGB pixelatedformat have theadvantage of Lambertianemission without the illumination source requirementsof nonemissive devices,which simplifies the designof the magnification optics.The optical system must include an area to interfacewith the viewers eyes (aneye box) that provides an output pupil of more than 7 mm and a relief distance of about 25 mm, in case the viewer wearsspectacles. Designs incorporating aspheric optics can magnify the image by about 20X; higher values require folded compoundmagnification schemes. Designers realize RGB NTE viewers using color pixels orFSC schemes rather than multiple displays, which wouldadd intolerable weight and bulk. NTE viewers deliver lightefficiently to the eye, and LED illuminators can easily providesufficient output and accommodate lower efficiency inthe microdisplay. LCoS response speed is boosted at theexpense of efficiency, while LED-pulsed FSC leaves moretime for microdisplay response, enabling nematic LCoS toremain competitive in the market. Displays that use ferroelectricliquid-crystal, pulse-width-modulated gray scale andpulsed-LED readout have achieved 24-bit FSC.Micromirrors tend not to be used for microviewers becausethe limited field-of-view and pixel size of the DMD puts thetechnology at a substantial disadvantage. As we mentioned during the discussion of projection displayscost is always a factor. For consumer applications, themanufacturing costs of microdisplays and systems, as well asperformance, will determine future developments. oe

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David Armitage is a consultant in displays and electro-optics in LoAltos, CA. Ian Underwood is a cofounder and director ofMicroEmissive Displays Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland. Shin-Tson Wu is a provost and distinguished professor ofoptics at the University of Central Florida,Orlando. For questions about this article,contact Armitage by phone at 650-9696529 or by e-mail at darmit7644@aol.com. The authors arewriting a book on microdisplays to be published in 2003 as part ofthe SID-Wiley series. Figure 2 In an LCoS display with an index-matchedindium-tin-oxide transparent electrode and field-effect transistor, the liquid crystal acts as a spatial light modulatorfor illumination passing through the cover glass and reflecting off the bottom layer.
www.displaytech.com, www.microdisplay.com, www.microemissive.com DMD

Microdispaly used in business projects :20

rear-projection TV, and the near-to-eye(NTE) viewers found in cameras and video headsets. These displays are compact picture-quality active-matrix electronic displays that presentan image that must be magnified for a viewer to appreciateits full resolution. A number of technologies can beused to create microdisplays. The three main approaches of interest to microdisplays are electroluminescent, liquidcrystal, and micro-electromechanical-systems(MEMS) technologies. Due to space constraints, were limiting this tutorial to microdisplays that use a complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) as theactive matrix substrate: the digital micromirror device (DMDs), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), and organiclight-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Active-matrix addressing is a form of multiplexingused to distribute a video signal over a high-resolutiondisplay with low cross-talk. Large-area active-matrix displays are built on glass substrates withthin-film-transistor (TFT) circuits. For very compact displays, CMOS has several advantages. The small circuit features allow for compact displays with pixel dimensions of less than 10 m, and they are more efficient and suffer less manufacturing variation than on glass. In addition, mainstream CMOS batch-processing techniques can fabricate wafers. containing many microdisplays, and designers can integrate driver circuits and data processing onto the microdisplay chip to reduce the number of connections to the display. The constraints regarding flatness and optical properties for CMOS used in microdis

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