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THE BLACK & white ISSUE

WARNING: THIS IS NOT A HIGH SCHOOL HISTORY LESSON! THIS IS NOT HIS-STORY. IF YOU FEEL EDUCATIONALLY DEPRIVED, THIS IS NOT WHERE YOU REQUEST A REFUND. WE ENCOURAGE YOU CHECK WITH YOUR LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICT OR CONGRESSMAN.

Here we are again, February! Black History Month 2012. I could start with the usual rant, things like why we got the shortest, harshest, month of the year. Or why in honor of Black History Month we get an extra black film on cable, or a special chicken box deal. Or better yet companies who aint hired nobody black all year, while robbing you blind monthly, profess their support of diversity. Now, for those of you who are familiar with etymology (the study of origin of words and their meaning) would know that it stems from negativity, being contrary to what is agreeable and right , oddness, wickedness a perversity or evil. Like NBC sez in its PSAs The More You Know!! Guess they dont. So much for embracing diversity huh? Now Im not the voice on whats appropriate or not but clearly there are a few things that are just not. We could show a few more but why? You get the point right?

This month Im kinda like that preacher that holds his sermon longer on big football game than on a bye week. So Im gonna add a little more than normal, and not just because its Black History Month. But because theres a little more to say! Now that we have a small idea of what Black History is not, lets talk about what it is. For most what immediately comes to mind is the Idols, Icons, Super Heroes of the Civil Rights Movement. Dr. King, Dr. Abernathy, Andy Young, Rosa Parks, John Lewis, Dr. C.T. Vivian, Hosea Williams, Malcolm X, Angela Davis, Huey P. Newton, The Freedom Riders, Black Panthers, and the countless others past and present whose names you may or may not know, that paved the way for the new school. But there were people who paved the way for them. There are many unknown, untold, unpublished and unreported stories. This is not your high school version history lesson! Matter of fact, if it was up to some historians we wouldnt even have what we have today. Slaves were forbidden to learn to read & write just so that they could not understand the impact of their predicament. Laws prohibited slaves from traveling at night without written permission for fear of escaping. Taxes were levied against owners who gave slaves freedom. In most cases costing more than it originally cost to purchase the slave.

There is an Africa Proverb that goes a lil something like this Until the story of the hunt is told by the Lion it will always glorify the hunter.
So this month we are going to glorify some real Lions!! The rebellious, the revolters, the rioters, the attempts, the advances, the achievements and yes the less than wanted results too.

And about the slave image Well lets just say. I think every Black person has felt the economic, educational and social oppression. No complaining just explaining Class has begun! Alan S Hill

National News
How bout this one A ship leaves Africa Friday at noon, with 150 Blacks and a crew of 25 whites with 30 guns, 63 whips, and a half ton of chains. Ship 2 leaves London with 193 Blacks, or try this one. Toby runs three miles at a full sprint up north, the overseer takes off on his horse a full 5 minutes later, over rugged Georgia terrain in 110 heat Does any of these questions have any educational value? According to one 3rd grade teacher and school administration in Norcross, Georgia apparently it does. Beaver Ridge Elem School in Gwinnett county an Atlanta suburb would still be giving test questions like the ones above if it had not been brought to the attention of the media. In a weak ass excuse, explaining its use of the questions. Sloan Roach a county spokesperson explained, the teachers were incorporating social studies into math problems, and attempting a cross curricular activity. Sounds more like a gateway

lesson leading up to cross burning activities.

A B Cs ( all blacks can ) learn ? through hip hop that is!

First it was hooked on phonics, then ebonics, now its Hip Hop. A 15 week lecture series at the Univ of Wisconsin-Madison focuses on how traditional spoken word and the hip hop movement is being used in the classroom to serve as and innovative approach to engaging students who have been under-served by traditional schooling. The internationally recognized First Wave Hip-Hop Theater Ensemble is in its 5th year and joins other colleges around the country in this rise of HIP HOP INITIATIVES. The jurys still out if Hip Hop Pedagogy method is or can be effective, but for now we know its at the very least entertaining. On another level, there are a number of artists of have made the jump into education on a higher level. Swizz Beats at NYU, Bun B at Rice, 9th Wonder at Duke, KRS-One at Harvard, Chuck D, John Forte, & Sis Soulja, to name a few. Whether its a class or guest lecturer, there is no doubt Hip Hop is a fabric of a people and has value and substance. Should it be used to teach little black girls and boys how to read, write and arithmetic.

Lets just say, I don't know if the Harvard interview process includes a section for Spit your best 16 Bars!

From readin, writin n rithmetic to washing, waxin n wipin!!

Newt Massa Gingrich has defended his suggestion that poor kids should work as janitors, commenting that they have "no habits of working" nor getting paid for their endeavors "unless it's illegal." Really poor children in really poor neighborhoods have no habits for working and have nobody around them who works. So they literally have no habit of showing up on Monday, Gingrich told more than 500 employees inside the Nationwide Insurance lunchroom, NBC reported. "So they literally have no habit of showing up on Monday. They have no habit of staying all day. They have no habit of I do this and you give me cash, unless it's illegal." Adding that he thought child labor laws to be "truly stupid," he continued: "And let me get into the janitor thing. What if they became assistant janitors, and their job was to mop the floor and clean the bathroom?" What about it Newt? Will they grow up to be a

member of the local SWINGERS CLUB or will they be janitors there too?

The Ohio landlord who placed a whites only sign at the entrance to the community pool, claims it was just a historical sign. After admitting earlier it was in response to a little black girls hair care products that clouded the pool. After being found guilty of violating the civil rights of the child and the Ohio Civil Rights Act. Our Jr. Klan member decided to seek an appeal, using the excuse that her property must be protected. That failed too. However, further Investigation shows her application for admission to the local chapter of everyones favorite community group the was approved!

FIGHT THE POWER

Much of the slave resistance that occurred on the plantations is unknown. The popular belief among historians was that slaves were happy and that racial violence on the plantation was an abnormality.
Wonder who gave them that idea?

There is overwhelming evidence from documents, such as planters records, petitions to county courts and state legislatures, local newspapers, and slaves narratives, that scores of slaves exhibited a desire for freedom. Slaves frequently rebelled against masters and ran away from plantations whenever they could. There were many instances of rebellion. The series of plots and rumors of plots for revolts lasted throughout the whole period of slavery in North America. Some major rebellions include the Stono rebellion, Nat Turner Rebellion, the Denmark Vesey Rebellion, the Louisiana Revolt, and the escape of 75,000 slaves in the Underground Railroad. The Stono Rebellion was one of the earliest organized acts of Black slave resistance. On September 9, 1739, 20 Black slaves in South Carolina gathered at the Stono River to plan a march to the Stono Bridge. En route, they seized weapons and ammunition from a store and killed the stores owners. They continued their journey south towards Spanish Florida, which was at that time a popular refuge for escaped slaves. More slaves joined them on the way and they burned seven plantations and killed 20 Whites. The next day, a mounted militia of slave masters and plantation owners confronted the group of Black slaves. Forty-four of the slaves were killed and the Stono Rebellion was ended.

The Nat Turner Rebellion is one of the most significant incidents of Black resistance to slavery in the South. Nat Turner was a Black slave who led an uprising in Southampton County in Virginia. Feb. 12, 1831, there was a solar eclipse and Turner saw this as a sign for a slave rebellion. Aug. 13, there was another eclipse, which Turner interpreted as the final sign. The revolt began Aug. 21 and slaves went from house to house freeing slaves and killing all white people that they encountered. At the end of the 2 day rebellion 57 whites were killed. Turner was capture by authorities on Oct. 30 and on Nov. 5, 1831, Nat was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death. He hung Nov. 11. After being executed, his corpse was beheaded and his body chopped up. Inspired by the Haitian Revolution, Denmark Vesey planned what would have been one of the largest Black slave rebellions in the U.S. Scheduled to take place on Bastille Day, July 14, 1822. Thousands of Black slaves throughout Charleston, South Carolina heard the plan. Vesey and fellow slaves planned to kill their slave masters and seize control of Charleston. Vesey and his followers planned to sail to Haiti after the rebellion. The plot, however, was leaked to authorities by two Black slaves (snitches) who disagreed with the plan. The rebellion was over before it began. One-hundred and thirty-one people were charged with conspiracy, 67 were convicted and 35 were hanged, including Vesey.

The Louisiana revolt in 1811 was led by a laborer on the Deslonde plantation, named Charles. Charles and his lieutenants, armed with cane knives, hoes, clubs and few guns, besieged their oppressors. They declared themselves free and their numbers increased as they went on their journey. The objective was to create an army of slaves, capture the city of New Orleans, and seize power in the area. Following the example of the Haitian revolution, they sought free the thousands of slaves in Louisiana, their main principle being Freedom or Death. They were attacked by a force led by Maj. Derrington, made up of elements of the U. S. militia, regular troops and mechant marine from New Orleans. Running out of ammo they were shut down and most were killed by U. S. troops. Their heads were cut off and placed on poles along the River Road and at the gates of the city of New Orleans which was meant to terrorize the other slaves into submission. There continued to be revolts in Louisiana and their sacrifices were not in vain. They extended the tradition of revolutionary struggle, which served as a premise for the abolition of slavery. There were ways in which the slaves resisted white servitude on a smaller scale than massive rebellions. There were passive acts of resistance, as well as active acts. Passive resistance was more covert, whereas active was more openly defiant. Passive revolts included refusing to go to work, working slowly, shoddy work, feigned illness, self-mutilation, sabotaging of working equipment, hiding and sneaking off, and poisoning their masters. Active acts of resistance, included arson, quarrels, killing of livestock and destroying of crops.

Even though there were many attempts of rebellion on the parts of the slaves, they were often caught and punished or even put to death and their efforts proved futile. They lived under constant threats of physical and mental violence and were conditioned to respond in kind. Additionally, there were laws implemented to maintain order among the slaves. Slave patrols that ensured that slaves did not travel at night without a written pass. This fact is a clear indication that revolts were indeed a common thing on the plantations. If this law was broken, a slave would get 39 lashes. Slaves were not allowed to read and write. This was to suppress their opportunity to gain knowledge of issues surrounding slavery. Slaves did indeed try on countless occasions to escape their bondage of white servitude. They were aware that the hard work they did was to the benefit of the planter, and much to their detriment. However, the actions of their masters and those who condoned slavery were used to further oppress them and so they remained enslaved. One of the regulations that came into being after the origin of the American Slavery System was that the basis of their status be race. Thus inferiority, based on skin color, It is apparent that racism was inherent in the American Slavery System. On the basis of race, their status would remain the same, and the children and grandchildren of the slaves would inherit their status for generations.

His-story will never highlight, portray or glorify the battle for freedom during slavery. The successful effort of downplaying the events of the slave resistance, revolts and truth will keep generations for many years to come, completely and effectively oblivious. This effort among many other systematically calculated diabolical plans to extinguish the accomplishments of a people has never been more evident than in the concealing, mis-informing and dismissive process of historical fact. We have compiled a list. Its important to realize that we could never accurately put a true number of revolts, and riots, no matter how small, large or successful. So well give you what we got.
1712 New York Slave Revolt 1733 St. John Slave Revolt 1739 Stono Rebellion (South Carolina) 1741 New York Conspiracy 1760 Tackys War (Jamaica) 1791-1804 Haitian Revolution 1800 Gabriel Prosser (Virginia) 1805 Chatham Manor (Virginia) 1811 German Coast Uprising (New Orleans Territory) 1815 George Boxley (Virginia) 1822 Denmark Vesey (Virginia) 1831 Nat Turners rebellion (Virginia) 1831-1832 Baptist War (Jamaica) 1839 Amistad (ship rebellion) 1841 Creole (ship rebellion) 1859 John Browns Raid (Virginia)

(L) Toussaint LOuvertre (Haiti)

STAFF

The Astor & Black Custom Clothing experience is one of unparalleled convenience, quality and value. To schedule an appointment at your home or office:

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Eartha

Kitt

1927-2008

Retro

Glamour Girls
Move over, Kim Kardashian. Suck face, Lady Gaga. You are the media manufactured, technology enhanced glamour girls of today. The more outrageous in behavior, the wider the audience. The more sexual and coarse, the more beloved. The longer the false hair that blows in an imaginary wind (and looks like the coif of a country singer from the 1960's), the greater the cachet. Add a dress up to your coochie and ridiculously high heels that must make feminists question if the women's movement ever happened, and there you have modern glamour. An extreme description, perhaps, but every part of the above is very much an aspect of today's media driven glamour culture. Let me introduce you to some REAL glamour girls, women with extraordinary presence, poise and personality. Women who were (and are) distinct from one another, yet had one thing in common: they were all black. From the avant-garde lesbian A'lelia Walker, daughter of Madame C.J. Walker (the first black millionaire) to Ms. Ross, Lena Horne (our own Supreme) to Betty Davis (before Madonna, there was Betty), Lena Horne, Josephine Baker and the recently late Etta James. Retro Divas have set a standard of pride and achievement that we can all be proud of and hope that the new school is taking notes.

Etta James

Dorothy Dandridge

What is a glamour girl who may have lived during the period of the twenties through the sixties? She was first considered a great beauty. In the black community, this meant a lighter skinned woman: perhaps a mulatto ( black) or octoroon (1/8th black), although there are notable exceptions. The genesis of this woman may have been in slavery, when the white master could rape without legal consequences. Sometimes, there was no rape, but a consensual relationship that ended up with the daughters of the master and slave woman being sent to some prestigious school up north or even Europe. They were often given privileges other blacks couldnt, such as land and pre-slavery manumission. It is these women who became the mothers and grandmothers of the glamour girls. Also, a glamour girl had to possess a memorable personality. She was sparkling in conversation and eye candy with her sharp clothes. As a fixture in the black media, newspapers such as the New York Amsterdam News and the Chicago Defender followed her exciting life adventures. She was probably an entertainer or a society girl, for only these types were deemed interesting to read about. Finally, she was often associated with well-to-do men of all races and probably lived in a place such as Harlem, or cities like Chicago or Washington, D.C. This was a regal, confident, self-centered and polished sophisticate --- not the mammy image that was often current during this period or the sexual, booty shaking glamour girl of today about whose lives there is no mystery or subtlety. Below are some thumbnail sketches of several glamour divas of yesterday - and in some cases, today!

A'lelia Walker (1885-1931) the daughter of Madame C.J. Walker, the first black millionaire, credited with the invention of the straightening comb. When C.J. died in 1919, her only child, A'lelia inherited a mansion, several townhouses and a lot of money which she squandered on parties and extravagant living. A'lelia was a patron of the arts during the Harlem Renaissance and her friends were multi cultural. European nobility came to New York to see her rich, titled lesbians enjoyed her solid gold bath fixtures, expensive carpets and exotic dress. Too dark to be accepted by the upper class blacks, but they too enjoyed her parties. A'lelia died from a stroke, brought on by excessive drinking. Valaida Snow (1904-1956) Born into a musical family, Valaida played every instrument in the orchestra and sang with a perfect pitch, her specialty was the trumpet. Valaida got her start in one of the first all-black Broadway musicals of the 1920's called Blackbirds. In the 30's, she joined the Earl Hines Orchestra. Known for her signature color: lavender. She wore lavender clothes to match her lavender Dusenburg, & had a chauffeur, also outfitted in lavender. Valaida, a world wide traveler during the 20's and 30's, performing in China, Japan, Middle East and Europe. They loved her. In the mid 30s, she married Ananias Berry, of the iconic tap dance group, the Berry Brothers. He was 20 years younger, causing a scandal; but none less than rumors of morphine use and orgies with European nobility. In the early 40's, Valaida was trapped in Denmark when the Nazis invaded and placed her in a concentration camp. She was never the same. Josephine Baker, another fabulous diva, responsible for her release (in a spy exchange) on the last ship that sailed from Europe during World War II. Later years, Valaida performed at various clubs on the east coast, before she suffered a brain hemorrhage.

Eartha Kitt (1927-2008) was the black sex kitten of the 50's. She danced, sang, acted (remember Boomerang? and Cat Woman) and lived the high life in Europe, away from an America that didn't appreciate her unique talents. Born to sharecropper parents, Eartha worked her way to the top, breaking hearts along the way, sometimes getting her heart broken (after hittin it, Harry Belafonte told her not to get caught up, he was going to marry white and he did!). Rejected by many black men as being too dark, she turned to famous white men, like Orson Welles (who lost his mind), & international playboy Porfirio Thought Mariaha was the first Sexy Santa Baby? Rubirosa (he married 2 of the richest women in the world), and is the father of her only child, Kitt. Eartha was whitelisted during the 60's for protesting to President Johnson's wife about the Vietnam war and was forced to live and perform in Europe. Her career revived during the 80's, and she was vibrant and sexy until her death in 2008. She is also this months RETRO FLAVA Betty Davis (1945- ), the Nasty Gal, was the second wife of jazz great Miles Davis. It was she who influenced Miles to break new ground with albums such as Bitches Brewand is seen as the muse responsible for his movement towards fusion jazz. When Betty performed on stage, she not only sang in that sexy, alto voice, she growled like an animal, opened her legs wide, and moved with great sexual intensity. A protge of Sly Stone and Jimi Hendrix, Betty was funky and uninhibited, but she is a recluse today who rarely gives interviews.
Teresa Lowery is a professor at Georgia State University in Atlanta GA
Lowery is a former Black Student Movement member, University of Michigan M.A, a National Endowment for the Humanities Scholar, 25 years of research on the topic.

we should bring him back!

Due to personal family issues Peaches & Herb RELATIONSHIPS will not be available this month. Our staff sincerely hopes Herb beats the domestic abuse charges and Peaches will once again regain the taste in her mouth. This months sub is an anger management/life coach thats doin community service here. Dr. Alaowicious Sylvester Hill, PhD (no relation to our publisher but classmate of Dr. Tiy-E Muhammad, RHOA ), the Dr. Phil, lite version will fill in. Specializing in conflict & anger mgt for socially challenged, egotistical, morally corrupt, ethically bankrupt, disgraced, politicians, clergy and athletes. Let us know if

I have been involved with a married man, for a while, who I see regularly. His wife knows about us, and has threatened to kick-my-ass! I really love and care for this man, but due to the financial business involvement with his wife, divorce is not an option at this time. Id like to know if I am considered the other woman, or just a jump off, and what is the difference between the two, if any? I need to know depending on my status, should I stay with him for the long haul or should I let him go? Changes & Choices in Cali Evelyn

Very Good Question! However I respectfully decline to comment on the divorce issue because of my current legal marital issues that may be taken out of context and used against me in court. I suggest you ponder the following statements and then decide your status.
You've only been to dinner once. You show up unannounced and he peeks through the blinds and act like hes not home. He asks your friend out to dinner, claiming he didnt know you and her were cool like that. You think hes a Jehovah's witness because you never see him on holidays. He only calls from the club before it closes. You try to take a pic and he ducks like your camera is a gun. You feel hes on a text only plan cause you never talk on the phone. He may be a vampire cause you only see him at night, and leaves before the sun comes up.You never met the family or been to church. If you answer yes, to 2 to 4 statements, youre a Classic Jump Off 5 or more, you a hoe and should seek representation by a pimp. If she wants to kick that ass, she considers you the other woman and vice versa. If she dont want him anymore, check for another Jump-off in the mix Until next month, info@blackmarketworldwide.com

This is really not funny Matter of fact its quite sad and just another chapter in the book of Americas dirty little secrets. The Tuskegee Airmen was not the first and only test project conducted in the south, in recent modern history. The Tuskegee Study of untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male 1931, intended to record the natural history of the std in hopes of justifying treatment programs for Blacks. Involving 600 men, 399 with the disease 201 without. They were told they were being treated for bad blood a local term used to describe several ailments. Including anemia and fatigue. In exchange for their participation they were offered free medical exams, free meals, and BURIAL INSURANCE! Expected to last only 6 months it lasted about 40 years!! Now once again just like Africans who sold slaves and snitches who told the white man about slave revolts. We got some House Niggas in this story too, but you will need to research that on you own. Not enough space here to call everyone out. The study /scam continues for years including local health and school officials in on operation it hurt when I pee . Treatment was denied even when in 1945 penicillin was now the drug of choice to cure it. In 1947 Black medical students are rotated through. A 1972 news story hits and the study ends In 1974 a $10 million dollar out of court settlement is reached. (One where Im sure the government agrees no fault.) It included health benefits and that much needed BURIAL INSURANCE! Wives, widows and children were later included. In 1997 President Clinton officially apologizes on behalf of the Nation. (who behalf, not mine), I didnt have shit to do with that trickery. In 09 the last surviving widow receiving benefits from the settlement dies.

Passing is a deception that enables a person to adopt certain roles or identities from which he would be barred by prevailing social standards in the absence of his misleading conduct. The classic racial passer in the United States has been the white Negro: the individual whose physical appearance allows him to present himself as white but whose black lineage (typically only a very partial black lineage) makes him a Negro according to dominant racial rules. A passer is distinguishable from the person who is merely mistakenthe person who, having been told that he is white, thinks of himself as white, and holds himself out to be white (though he and everyone else in the locale would deem him to be black were the facts of his ancestry known). While ancestry, may have different levels among black folk, white folk primarily follow this rule. Courts have called it the traceable amount rule anthropologists call it the hypodescent rule but the south through Jim Crow and the kkk popularized it as the one drop rule. Meaning a single drop of black blood makes you black. Check this out. In 1947, it was estimated that almost 12,000 white-skinned Negroes disappear into white society. Furthermore, forty to fifty thousand passed annually and there were close to five million white Negroes in the U.S.! Segregationists condemned white negro passers as an insidious danger that threatened the very foundation of the nation. It was feared passers might contaminate white bloodlines by marrying unsuspecting whites. And just how did we get these many light skinned, wavy hair, redbones. Well it wasnt them Indians most of us like to claim on their mama side of the family. It kinda goes a little something like this. Passing for white is as old as slavery and as new as the nation starting with its founding fathers.

Ghetto Pass

Not all slave masters abused their slaves, some actually treated and mis-treated just like family. Mississippi plantation owner, William Hoover had 8 children by slave Elizabeth Allen. That lineage produced one of the nations most virulent racists. Legendary cross-dressing, self-hating, white passing, director of the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover (r)- (looks kinda black) Others include whole families, like one of the 1st families. Yes, President Thomas Jefferson, The dead prez on the $2 bill. Sally Hemmings and his jungle love fever produced off-spring who effectively transformed themselves into white society. Other notables include the face of the Fascist movement of the 30s. Lawrence Dennis was not only a fan of Hitler, and an anti-semite but by technical terms he was a nigger. Remember, Sen., Strom Thurmond from South Clackalacky. That decrepit detestable old fart after years of making life pure hell for millions of Americans lived for an entire century. Apparently suffering from dissociative identity disorder, his first child was by a black girl, as Gov. of S.C. he aggressively pursued a lynch mob for the death of a Black man named Willie Earle. Of course no sane, rebel lovin white man would convict, so they walked. Strom was then considered too progressive by most whites, even though his legacy will forever be his staunch stand against civil rights and his cozy condition with fellow gang member J. Edgar Hoover. The topic of Racism in America its cause, affect, effect, and effectiveness can not be summed up in one article let alone one month. 400 years of perfecting an imperfect society will be more than just a foot note in history but an epic immortal composition of a conflicted and demented way of life.
I knew who I was. I was a Negro, a human being with an invisible pigmentation which marked me as a person to be hunted, hanged, abused, discriminated against, kept in poverty and ignorance, in order that those whose skin was white would have readily at hand a proof of their superiority so that no matter how low a white man fell, he could always hold fast to the smug conviction that he was superior to two-thirds of the worlds population. Walter Francis White .Google him!

Business in the Black

Students of the African-American experience agree there was a time when segregation may have actually benefited the community on a whole and that integration was a tragic consequence for Blacks and Black business. The term Black Wall Street was created in hoods around the country due to a cohesiveness through a FUBU attitude. And since there was no one but us we did business with us, So we were Gettin Arab Money, way back then!! Durham, North Carolina,- After the Civil War, tobacco was cash king and this resulted in a surge in Black owned business including the Mechanics & Farmers Bank, North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance, both still in operation today. This area in downtown boasted numerous successful businesses. Greenwood, Oklahoma. This Tulsa suburb once called Little Africa was where many Blacks settled after getting the hell out of southern racism and Jim Crow. During the oil boom of the 1910s the area prospered and was home to several Black prominent businessmen. Racial Segregating laws prevented Blacks from shopping elsewhere. This area consisted of Black lawyers, realtors, and over 15 well known physicians including Dr. A.C. Jackson the most able Negro surgeon in America. Two newspapers that covered not only local but state and national news. The 1921 riots cause the destruction of 35 square blocks of homes and businesses torched by white folk and members of the 3,200 strong kkk chapter. Washington D.C. has always had a significant Black population and before the civil war was home to free Blacks who worked as skilled craftsmen, businessmen, entrepreneurs and inventors. Slaves were set free here 9 months before the Emancipation Proclamation, and was home to Frederick Douglass among many many others Atlanta GA The ATL baby Sweet Auburn Ave The Black Mecca of the South. The first commercial center for Blacks was the area just outside of downtown. The first Black-owned insurance company, (Atlanta Life) the first Black daily newspaper, (Atlanta Daily World), first Black owned radio station (WERD). By 1956 Fortune Magazine named it the richest Negro street in America

There were many Black Wall Streets all over the United States. Separate but equal was of course more separate than equal, and integration allowed for the illusion of inclusion and the delusion of assimilation. Some say money is the root of all evil, if so than slavery was the seed. ECONOMICALLY, it built a nation... SOCIALLY it divided it PERSONALLY it created THE BLACK MARKET!! We know the Black culture has touched every aspect of life good or bad its a fact of economics Check These Facts Out!! Cost of a slave wholesale about $40 bucks Retail $500 to $1,500 Free labor during the life of a slave and breeding rights...PRICELESS! Since 1619 until 1860 slaves were responsible for 605 billion hours of free labor. The economic value of this free labor and contributions to work force has been tagged at about $20.3 trillion. (adjusted for
a moderate 3% inflation and under reporting due to tax liability)

Slave contributions including inventions have created and launched many of the current fortune 500 companies such as Aetna Insurance, and J.P. Morgan. (jp even loaned money to the government during the civil war). Brown University was financed by the makers of slave ships and cotton manufacturers. The 3/5ths compromise allowed southern states to count slaves as three-fifths of a person to calculate representation in congress this plan was also a tax loophole because owners didn't have to pay taxes on a full person. 1860 southerners owned close to $4 billion in slaves. Dont get it twisted. Honest Abe wasn't about freedom and he really didnt give a damn about Black people. This was about states rights. The north was industrial and factories, the need for general labor was not a concern. The Feds for various economic reasons saw no need to enforce slavery in new territories. The south didnt think so. So slavery not so popular, and being dissed in congress. The South decides to leave, Abe sez no! And the rest is HIS-STORY!

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