TheContributionsofNanoparticles toChemicalEngineeringnd FoodIndustry g g y

GROUP7 GROUP 7 HildaMera Hilda Mera ChrisMendez GilbertoMcKenzie KennyMoore CHEN313Section500 CHEN 313 Section 500
http://www.australiantropicalfoods.com/wpcontent/uploads/foodprocessing.jpg

Processing

Heat/Mass Transfer Nanoscale R i E i N l Reaction Engineering i Nanobiotechnology Molecular Synthesis

Heat/MassTransfer
Heatistransferredfrom

heatingmediumtothe heating medium to the product.

Rateofincreaseofproduct

temperaturedependsonheat temperature depends on heat transfercoefficientbetween heatingmediumandthe product

Heatfromtheliquidpartof

theproductistransferredto particulates

Imagesource: http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News /2004/nanofluidsbig.html

37

Y.H. Hui,2006

Heat/MassTransfer Heat/Mass Transfer

N Nanofluidswithincreasedheat fl id i h i dh

transferratescanmakeheatexchange systems

Smaller S ll Lighter

Reducetheamountofenergy

andheattransferfluidrequired forthesystemoperation
Reducing phonon mean free math Reducingphononmeanfreemath

resultsinareductionofthermal conductivitiesfornanostructured materials

Occursduringthermaltransport

Fig. 1.Temperature variation of average phonon intrinsic mean free path

propertiesofnanostructured materials andgrainboundaryscattering g y g

37

Y.H. Hui,2006

Heat/MassTransfer
Reducedthermalconductivityof

nanostructured thin films exist for thinfilmsexistfor increasingthermaltransportratesin fluidsbysuspendingnanocrystalline particlesinthem particles in them
Nanofluids Exhibitsubstantiallyincreased y

thermalconductivities

Fig. Solids Suspension ImageSource: http://www.cbd.int/convention/convention.shtml

37

Y.H.Hui,2006

NanoscaleReactionEngineering
qualitativelybehaviorofmaterials
Sizeconstraintsareoftenresponsiblefor

currentandheattransportcanariseifthe nanoscalestructureissmallerthanthe characteristiclengthscaleforscatteringof electronsorphonons thefollowingpropertieswhenthesizeis comparabletotheparticlesize: Themodynamic properties y p p Interfacephenomena Phasetransitions
S b t ti l h Substantialchangestakeplaceandaffect t k l d ff t

Qualitativelynewmodesofelectrical

Figure: Nanoscale Structure ImageSource: http://www.gizmag.com/pictures /hero//lithium_sulfur_batteries_s tructurejpg.jpg j j

37

Y.H. Hui,2006

NanoscaleReactionEngineering

materialswithpredetermined functionalityisasequenceof f i li i f macroscale processes combinedwiththemircroscale controlandenergydelivery

Manufacturingofnano

Fig. Nanoscale Architectural Engineering for High Performance Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Imagesource: http://www.me.caltech.edu/research/index.html
5

Z.Hu,et.al,2009

NanoscaleReactionEngineering
Tominimizeelectrochemicalreaction

andfoulingoccurrenceduringfood processingusenanoscalesurfacecoating processing use nanoscale surface coating alongwithcarbonnanotubes

Carbonnanotubes L Loweffectonthesurfaceenergy ff h f Nanoscaleroughnesson

electrochemicalreactions
Nucleationoffoulants

Fig.TypesofCarbonNanotubes
Imagesource: Image source: http://coecs.ou.edu/Brian.P.Grady/images/nanotube.jpg
5

Z.Hu,et.al,2009

Nanobiotechnology
Currentnanobiotechnological

researchinvolvesnanospheres coated withfluorescentpolymers ith fl t l polymerswhosefluorescenceis polymers whose fluorescence is quenchedwhentheyencounter specificmolecules Differentpolymerswoulddetect differentmetabolites different metabolites Malignobjectscanbedetectedand removedoncedetectedfromthe foodproducts
Reaseachers areseekingtodesign

Fig.Nanobiotechnology P Fi N bi h l Processes
ImageSource:http://fctech.blogspot.com/ 2009_05_01_archive.html
25

M.Awara,2007

Nanobiotechnology
sectortargetstheselectionand improvementofmicroorganisms
The objective is improving Theobjectiveisimproving Processcontrol Yield Efficiency Safety Consistencyofbioprocessed Biotechnology in the food processing Biotechnologyinthefoodprocessing

products primarilyusedinfoodfermentation Microbialculturescanbe geneticallyimprovedusing genetically improved using molecularapproaches

Nanobiotechnology wouldbe
Fig.ApplicationofNanobiotechnology Imagesource: http://www.onlineweblibrary.com/blog/?p=288

34

Biotechnologyapplications,2004

Nanobiotechnology
Foodprocessingindustryisthelargest

consumerofindustrialenzymes
Futureapplicationofnanobiotechnology will

involveenzymeengineering
Changingtheprimarystructureofan

enzyme
Changesmayaltertargetspecificity Acidiccondition

Fig.Energyefficiencyinfood breakdownwithandwithoutenzymes

Thermostability Enzyme engineering can be used to tailor Enzymeengineeringcanbeusedtotailor

makeenzymestofunctionbestincommercial foodprocessingsystems

35

R.E.Lyng,2009

Molecular Synthesis
Nanostructured materialspromise

greatlyimprovedstructuralpropertiesin comparisonwithconventionalmetal alloys alloys Forexample Smalldiameterbundlesofsingle walledcarbonnanotubes havebeen walled carbon nanotubes have been predicatedandobserved Theyhavethelargeststrengthto weightratioofanyknownmaterial withanelasticmodulus=1Tpa Whichisabout100timesthatof steelandonly1/6theweight

Fig. Carbon Nanotube Fi 1 C b N t b Fig.Carbonnanotube ImageSource:http://static.guim.co.uk/sys images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/05/20/nanotu be.article.jpg

37

Y.H.Hui,2006

Objectives Obj ti
Identify the applications of nanotechnology in food Identifytheapplicationsofnanotechnologyinfood

industries Recognizethedifferenttypesofmaterialsusedinfood Recognize the different types of materials used in food industries Describemethodstopreparenanomaterials p p Analyzetheimpactsofnanomaterials infood nanotechnololgy gy Listsafetyissuesoftheuseofnanomaterials Findsolutionstosafetyissuesinfoodnanotechnology y gy

ApplicationsofNanotechnology inFoodIndustries
Nanotechnologycanmodifyfoodcontainersand durabilityby:
Constructingcontaminationsensors Implementingantimicrobialpackaging Improvingfoodstorage Enhancingnutrientdelivery Creatinggreenpackaging Reducingpesticides Tracking,tracing,andprotectingbrands

Improvingtexture
http://lib.bioinfo.pl/app/webroot/img/UserFiles/65944/Image/Figure% 203.%20Diverse%20application%20of%20nanotechnology.JPG
8

Modifyingflavordetection Identifyingandeliminatingbacteria

E.Nord

Co ta Contaminationsensors at o se so s
Nanosensors Allow food packaging to change color when food has Allowfoodpackagingtochangecolorwhenfoodhas expired Detectbacteriasuchassalmonellaonthesurfaceoffood atapackagingplant Reducethechanceofcontaminatedfoodreachinggrocery storeshelves Detectpesticidesonfruitandvegetables BiosensorandEfficiency Identifyspeciesanddetermineconcentrationsof multiplepathogens(E.coli&Salmonella)in twohours Timereductioninassessingthepresence ofcontamination Figure1.Nanosensor Minimizethechanceofthefinalproduct http://www.blogsforcompanies.com/TTimag es/nanosensor_for_asthma_detection.jpg beingcontaminated
8

E.Nord

Antimicrobialpackaging Antimicrobial packaging

Prevent fast food spoilage through Preventfastfoodspoilagethrough Temperatureandmoisturecontrol Addingchemicals(salt,sugar,carbon

, ) dioxide,ornaturalacids) Removingoxygen AntimicrobialPackagingMaterials Antimicrobial Packaging Materials Metaloxidesmagnesiumoxideandzincoxide Silverionsmigrateslowlyandreactwith organics SprayCoaterEquipment Spray coat antimicrobial solutions and moisture Spraycoatantimicrobialsolutionsandmoisture barriersforsafetyandshelflifeextension

http://projects.cbe.ab.ca/glendale/sh owcase/fuelingplanet/images/food_ packaging_1.jpg

27

A.L. Brody,2008

ImprovingFoodStorage p g g
Theuseofnanoclays canimprovefood y p

storage
Nanoclays Stiffen packaging and reduce gas Stiffenpackagingandreducegas

permeability Keepoxygensensitivefoodsfresher Reduce packaging costs for Reducepackagingcostsfor manufacturers Nanoparticles oflayeredmineral silicates. silicates
BayerPolymersusesnanoclay composite

Nylonfoodfilms http://www.wipak.com/food/readymeal/en _GB/lidding/_files/81216326313859034/de GB/lidding/ files/81216326313859034/de fault/food29.jpg

interiorcoatingforpaperboardcartonsto keepjuicefresher keep juice fresher

E.Nord

EnhancingNutrientDelivery
Implementnanoencapsulates
Takestheprocessofmicro

encapsulation
Improvessolubilityofvitamins,

antioxidants,healthyomegaoil fractions,andothernutrients fractions and other nutrients NutrientDelivery

Addnanonutrientparticles Fullysolubleandinvisibleinwater

andoil
Opensthedoorforpotential
www.wheeliewizzard.com/sponsors.html

nutraceutical beverages.

E.Nord

CreatingGreenPackaging g g g
*1

Greenpackagingisenvironmentallyfriendly packagingmaterialwhichis
Meetsmarketcriteriaforperformance

andcost Sourced,manufactured,transported, Sourced manufactured transported andrecycledusingrenewable energy Madefrommaterialshealthyinall probableendoflifescenarios Designedtooptimizematerialsand energy ExampleofGreenpackaging g materialsincludebiodegradable bioplastics madefromplantbased materials

Imagesource:http://popsop.ru/wp content/uploads/sainsburysnatureplus_ p preview.jpg jpg

8

*1.http://www.itwpackagingsolutions.com/ Portals/27/recycle.jpg

E.Nord

ReducingPesticides g
Agriculturebenefitsfromnanotechnologywhen Cloths saturated nano fibers are planted Clothssaturatednano fibersareplanted alongwithseeds Releasingpesticidesandherbicides sosprayingofcropsbecomes so spraying of crops becomes unnecessary Eliminatingchemicalleachinginto thewatersupply the water supply Results: Inthefigureabove,acottonthreadcoatedwith In the figure above a cotton thread coated with Di Diseaseprevention ti theNRL film(A)waswovenintoafabric(B).On Enhancingtheabilityofplantsto contactwithapesticidesolution,thefabric absorbnutrients developedayellowcolor(C)characteristicof degradation. d d ti Fi ht di Fightdiseases www.physorg.com/news4416.html Withstandenvironmentalpressuresand systemsforprocessing,storageandpackaging

E.Nord

Tracking,TracingandProtectingBrands
I Implementnanobarcodes i f d l b d infoodproducts d

orpharmaceuticalproducts Composedfromnanoparticlesthat containsilverandgoldstripes i il d ld i Varythestripesinwidth,length,and amount Formthousandsofcombinations Ensuresecurityagainstcounterfeiters Createbarcodesreadonlywitha modifiedmicroscope Readatacentrallocationandknown onlybyafewmembersofthe company
Figure.Nanobarcodes
Imagesource: g http://www.studybusiness.com/HTML/Bio/images/02008 042004BIO01K.jpg
23

R.Roberts

Improvingtexture I i t t
Improve food spreadability and stability Improvefoodspreadability andstability

withtheuseof Nanoemulsions nanocrystals lipids forbetterlowfatfoods

AdvantagesofNanoemulsions Containvarietyofrheologicalproperties (viscous,plastic,orelasticsolids) C Createdentirelyfromfoodgrade t d ti l f f d d ingredients Easytoprepare Low costs Lowcosts W/O/Wsystemsreduceoverallfatcontent (SeeFigure1).

Figure1. Schematicrepresentationofthe formationofWater/Oil/Wateremulsions. ImageSource:http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/ cgibin/fulltext/118510112/PDFSTART cgi bin/fulltext/118510112/PDFSTART

28

D.J.McClements,2007

ModifyingFlavour Modifying Flavour Detection

Nanoparticles areusedtochangea

foodscolor,flavor,smellandnutrient content.
Allowsforcompletetailoringoffood

totheconsumerspreferences
Nanocapsules containingflavorsand

colorsareaddedtocolorlessdrinks, thenmicrowaved toreleasethe h i d l h preferredflavors.

Abilitytoalsodetectwhatingredients bl l d h d
http://www.massbayguides.com/Images/foodDrink%20co py.gif if

oneisallergictoandthenblockthat ingredient.
9

G.Miller,2008

IdentifyingandEliminatingBacteria
Removecampylobacter Bacteriacommonandbenignin

poultry Affectedmanycountriesin 1990s(SeeFigure1) Enrich the chicken feed with nano Enrichthechickenfeedwithnano carbohydrateparticlesthatbinds withthebacterium'ssurfaceto removeit Combinenano particleswithsensors toidentifyandremoveother bacteria Applied to target and treat Appliedtotargetandtreat bacterialdiseaseinhumans
Figure1. ImageSource: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ eid/vol7no1/images/engbe2b.jpg
8

E.Nord

FoodProcessMaterials

Nanoparticles a opa t c es Nano-emulsions Nanocomposites

Nanoparticles p
A polymer or metal that acts as a coating for Apolymerormetalthatactsasacoatingfor

anothermaterial Toxictohumantissueandcellculturesintest tubestudies Essentialingredientsforavarietyofchemical reactions Haveeasyaccesstoourbodycells,tissues,and organs Structure Maximumfeaturesizeof100nm a u eatu e s e o 00 Largesurfaceareaandchemicalreactivity, biologicalactivity,andcatalyticbehavior18 Chemicalproperties Oftenalimitingstepinachemicalreaction Highlyreactiveheterogeneouscatalystsifsize decreasesformetallicnanoparticles 36 d f t lli ti l

Imagesource: http://www.nanogloss.com/category/nanoparticle p // g / g y/ p s/

18

G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008 36 Nanoscalematerials

SilverNanoparticles Sil N ti l
ShapeandPreparation
Preparedbyconfinedarcplasmamethodininertatmosphere Uniform particle size Uniformparticlesize Highpurity Welldispersed Q Quasispherical shape i h i l h

Structure&Size
FCC crystalline structure FCCcrystallinestructure Sizedistributionrangesfrom5to65nm Averageparticlesizeof26nm Specificsurfacearea23.81m2/g(calculatedfromtheBETadsorption f f / ( l l df h d
Image source: http://formulafunction.com/images/s ilver%20thumb.jpg

equation)

10

M.Zhou,Z.Wei,et.al,2009

ApplicationofSilverNanoparticles A li ti f Sil N ti l
Companiesapplysilvernanoparticles tofood

plasticstoragebags,refrigerators,choppingboard, teapots,andkitchenware(seeTable8.1). tea pots and kitchenware (see Table 8 1) Functions:

Eliminatebacteriafromanyfoodpreviously

storedinthebins(i.e.E.coli) t d i th bi (i E li)
Coatpackagingmaterialsandinnersurfacesof

fridgesanddishwashers
I Incorporatedintoplasticfood t d i t l ti f d Increasetheefficacyofcertainnutraceuticals or

healthagents
http://www.gizmodiva.com/entry_images/ 0608/03/samsung_fridge.jpg

18

G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008

SilicaNanoparticles p
Properties Insoluble in water slightly soluble in alkalies and Insolubleinwater,slightlysolubleinalkalies,and solubleindilutehydrofluoricacid
Puresilicaiscolorlesstowhite Doesnotabsorbinfraredandultravioletlight Maybetransportedthroughthetissuesinblood,

lymph,fatsandtransfats
Inorganicmaterialandamorphousstructure ThebondanglesaroundOSiOare109degrees Mechanically resistant & high dielectric strength 20 Mechanicallyresistant&highdielectricstrength

Applications
Usedasafoodadditive GenerallyRegardedAsSafebytheFDA(depending
Imagesource: http://www.semiconductor.net/photo/101/ 101522six0011lowk1a.gif

onwhatitismadeof)31 )

S.M.Bennet,2001 31 Silicondioxide:propertiesandapplications

20

TitaniumDioxideNanoparticles p
Properties Anatase,rutile,andbrookite formscrystalline forms Rutile isthemoststableform Derivedfromilmenite orleuxocene ores Highdensity(4g/cm^3),refractiveindex,and dielectricconstant(85)29 Applications Commonfoodwhitenerandbrighteneradditive, usedincheesesandsauces OxygenSensor:sensetheamountofreducing speciespresentinanatmosphere i ti t h AntimicrobialCoatings:itsphotocatalyticactivity resultsinthincoatingsexhibitingdisinfecting propertiesunderUVradiation Antiripeningagentinfruitsandvegetables; f breaksdownethylenegas Possiblycarcinogenictohumansifinhaled18

Imagesource: http://www.webelements.com/_media/compounds/ http://www webelements com/ media/compounds/ \Ti/O2Ti113463677.jpg

29

Titaniumdioxide,2002 18 G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008

ZincOxideNanoparticles Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

PhysicalProperties CrystalStructure:Hexagonalwurtzite Mostlystableat298K Bondingbetweenatomsislargelyionic Strongpiezoelectricity AntibacterialandUVprotectionproperties ib i l d i i Highrefractiveindex ProductionofZnO P d i fZ O Zincoresarereducedbyheatingwithacarbon additive Oxidize zinc vapor Oxidizezincvapor Applications Added into various products: Addedintovariousproducts: Plastics,ceramics,glass,cement,rubber, lubricants ProtectsrubberfromfungiandUVlight Inhibitspathogens(E.Coli)infoodpackaging

http://www.nanophase.com/UserFiles/image/Pla stics%20%20bottles.jpg

J.Byrne,2009 21 Z.L.Wang,2004

19

Iron Nanoparticles p
PhysicalProperties Highreactivitywithwaterandoxygen Hi h Highsurfaceareametalnanostructure f t l t t particle Scaletypicallyof2040nm33 Catalyst Arrangeintwostablecrystalstructures FCC(austenite):stablebetweenBCC p temperatures BCC(ferrite):stableattemperatureof 1,665Koraboveat1,184K30 Preparation Preparation Decomposingironpentacarbonyl Requireenergyintheformofheat,an appropriatesurfactantorsolventsystem, appropriate surfactant or solvent system andremovalofcarbonmonoxide26

Figure5.TEMmicrographofironnanoparticles Figure 5 TEM micrograph of iron nanoparticles producedthroughthe sonochemical decompositionofiron pentacarbonyl.
30Structuresofironandsteel 26

IronNanoparticles C.E.Marshman,K.P.Velikov,2009

33

ApplicationsofIronNanoparticles
Addedtobeveragessuchas

juices,tea,&chocolatemilk
Provides nutrients and minerals Providesnutrientsandminerals Addedtofooddirectly Disadvantages/Issues:Colorand

offflavorproductioninthe presenceofoxygen,light,and hightemperature.

http://rachelishungry.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/jamba.jpg

18

G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008

Nanoemulsions
Characteristics Groupofdispersedparticles Definedasoilinwateremulsions Averagedropletsizeisbetween100 500 nm13 Madefromsurfactants Highersurfaceareaandfreeenergythan macroemulsions Nontoxicandnonirritant Applications Formulatedasfoams,creams, liquids,and sprays
Broadspectrumactivityagainstbacteria

(e.g.Salmonella),envelopedviruses(e.g., HIV),fungi(e.g.,Dermatophytes),and spores(e.g.,anthrax). spores (e g anthrax) 22

Imagesource: Image source: http://www.pharmainfo.net/pharmastudent magazine/nanoemulsions0

13

A.K.Singh,2008 22 P.V. Kamat,2008

PreparationofNanoemulsions epa at o o a oe u s o s
Produced using highpressure equipment Producedusinghigh pressureequipment Highpressurehomogenization Producenanoemulsions ofparticlesize p

upto1nm Dispersionofoilyphaseandaqueousphase forcedthroughasmallorificeat500to5000 psi Applyintenseturbulenceandhydraulicshear togetfineparticlesofemulsion.

Microfluidization Highpressurepositivedisplacementpump

(500to20000psi) F Forcestheproductthroughmicrochannels th d t th h i h l Fineparticlesareproduced Bulkemulsiongoesthroughafilterunder g g p nitrogentoremovelargedroplets

Imagesource: http://www.drugdeliverytech.com/Media/Publication sArticle/001077.jpg

22

P.V.Kamat,2008

Nanocomposites
Multiphase solid material Multiphasesolidmaterial Itsphasesmayhaveone,two,orthree

dimensionsoflessthan100nanometers Havethreemaincomponents Matrix:supportsthereinforcementand impartsphysicalandmechanical properties Reinforcement Reinforcement Interfacialregions:communicates betweenthematrixandreinforcement withbehaviorthatcontrolsthe properties Extremelyhighsurfacetovolumeratio (750m2/g Highlyreactive g y Composedofdifferentcompositionsfor variouspurposes Usedforfoodpackagingpurposes

http://www.nrccnrc.gc.ca/obj/nrc cnrc/images/photos/200307pnc_te2_e.jpg

27

A.L.Brody,2008

Polymer ClayNanocomposites PolymerClay Nanocomposites

Plasticsthathomogenouslydisperseasmall g y p

percentageofnanoclay particles
Agglomeratedbundlesintheirnaturalstate Composed of thousands of platelets Composedofthousandsofplatelets

boundbyVander Waalsforces
Examples:Silicatesarelayeredtoathickness

ofapproximatelyonenanometer,forming stackswithinterlayergaps,knownas thegallery the gallery

Donotinterferewithtransparencyofpackaging
Figure1. Polymerfilmsfilledwithclay Figure 1 Polymer films filled with clay nanoparticles (darksheetsshownembedded inthepolymerfilm).
Imagesource: http://members.ift.org/NR/rdonlyres/F73159CB 180A http://members ift org/NR/rdonlyres/F73159CB180A 416196C2187DB0F711AD/0/1007packaging.pdf

materials Nanometerlengthscaleminimizeslight scattering

Decreaseenvironmentalwaste Naturalbiobasedpolymers

27

A.L.Brody,2008

Products

Delivery e ve y Formulation Packaging

Nanoparticle N t i t D li N ti l NutrientDelivery
Delivervitaminsandnutrientstothe

body
Encapsulates vitamins and carries them Encapsulatesvitaminsandcarriesthem

throughthestomachintothe bloodstreamviadiffusionthrough intestinalwall

Currentresearchshowspotentialfor

vitaminregulationviananosenors

Nanosensors will have the ability to willhavetheabilityto detectvitaminandnutrientlevels withinthebody.

http://www.scienceprogress.org/2008/07/time to sweat http://www scienceprogress org/2008/07/timetosweat thesmallstuff/

Releasenanocapsules withnutrients p

onlywhenthereisadeficiencyinthe body.

NanotechnologyintheFoodIndustry

Nanoparticles andAgriculture l d l
Newtechnologyenablesananosized

treatmentoffoodcrops
Nanocapsules containing pesticides containingpesticides

releasepesticideonlywheninsects digestit Prevents contamination of crops Preventscontaminationofcrops bynotbeingabsorbedbythe plant

Nanosensors relay information when relayinformationwhen

aplantisdeficientinnutrientsto dispensers
Dispensers release fertilizer water Dispensersreleasefertilizer,water,
http://lavieverte.wordpress.com/page/2/ http://lavieverte wordpress com/page/2/

andnutrientstotheindividualplant, optimizingcropgrowthonawhole.

G.Miller,2008

NanogeneticManipulation l
Newtechnologyenablesmanipulationof

thegeneticsofplantsandcropsusing nanoparticles,nanofibers and nanocapsules.

Nanoparticles deliverforeignDNAand

chemicalstotheplantcell.
Carrymoregenesandchemicalsthat

triggergeneexpressionthanprevious methodssuchasviralvectors.
Effectivelyoffersgreatercontroloverthe

releaseofDNAatatargetreleasesite.
Ultimately allows for control and Ultimatelyallowsforcontroland

optimizationofcropsforcolor,taste,and nutrients.

http://www.celsias.com/media/uploads/ad min/corn_field.jpg
9

G.Miller,2008

Flavour Detection
Identify human individual cells on a given Identifyhumanindividualcellsonagiven

tastebudthatperceiveaflavor Recognizeoneofthefivemainflavors bitter,salty,sweet,sourandumami Employnanosensors inproductstodetecta personsindividualprofile Developcompoundscalledbitterblockers S Specializedmoleculesthattrickthe i li d l l th t t i k th tongueintonottastingthebitterness naturallyinherentinfoods
UseNanospheres Hydrophobic Maskunwantedtastebypreventing
Figure1.Nanospheres (blue)containinganactiveingredient(purple)are encapsulatedwithotheringredientssuchasflavours withinamicrosphere (yellow).Uponexposuretowaterthemicrospherereleasesitscontents, andoveranextendedperiodoftimethenanospheres releasethe encapsulatedactiveingredientviamoleculardiffusion.

interactionbetweentheactivemolecule i t ti b t th ti l l andtheoralmucosalsurface

ImageSource:http://www.foodtechinternational.com/papers/ images/applicationnano/fig1lge.jpg

A.Shefer,2005

Nanoparticles in Packaging inPackaging

Greatlyimprovequality,safety,and y p q y, y,

shelflifeoffood.
Useofnanosenors infoodpackaging

canbeusedtodetectdifferent can be used to detect different organismswithinthefood.

Smalldivingboardnanocantilevers

madeofsiliconvibrateatdifferent made of silicon vibrate at different frequencieswhencontaminantsstick tothem,suchasE.Coli.

When these diving boardsbindwith Whenthese divingboards bind with

acontaminant,theybendandtheir electricalresistancechanges.
By measuring these alterations one Bymeasuringthesealterations,one

caneasilydetectthepresenceof contaminantsatamuchcheaperand moreefficientmannerthan more efficient manner than laboratorytesting.

http://www.microsystem.re.kr/data/tech/bashir nanocant.jpg
14

B.V.Goethem,2008

Nanoparticles in Packaging
Anotheruseofthenanocantilevers

arewithcalorimetricliddevices.
Flexiblelidontopoftinyboxcontains p y

markermoleculesthatproduce visiblecolors.
Anorganismbindstothelid,opensit, g , p ,

andreleasesacolorspecifictothat organism.
Allowsforeasyidentificationof o s o easy de ca o o

compositionoffoodproductandhow itchangesduringitsshelflife.
Also much more efficient and cost Alsomuchmoreefficientandcost

effectivethanlaboratorytestingsince ithastheabilitytorelayinformation onlocation.

http://nextbigfuture.com

14

B.V.Goethem,2008

Edible Nano Coatings Nano-Coatings

Artificialequivalenttoanappleswax

coating.
Invisibleandediblecoatingasthinas g

5nm.
Usedonwidevarietyoffood

includingmeats,cheeses,fruitsand g , , vegetables,bakerygoodsandfast food.

Allowsforprotectionagainst o s o p o ec o aga s

moistureandgasexchange.
Allowsfordeliveryofflavors,colors,

antioxidants,enzymesandanti antioxidants, enzymes and anti browningagents.

http://jcarrot.org/wpcontent/uploads/cheese.gif

18

G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008

Nano-tagging N t ggi g
T h l i l d Technologicaladvancementinthe i h

deliveryoffood
Nanoenabledradiofrequency

identificationtags(RFID)aresmall, flexibleandcanbeprintedonthin labels

Allowsfornearlyinvisibletagsand

thereforeloweringproductioncosts
Barcodereadbymicroscope Allowsfortrackingandcounterfeit

identification
Give each item or pallet a unique Giveeachitemorpalletaunique
https://www.llnl.gov/str/Oct06/gifs/Krishnan8.jpg https://www llnl gov/str/Oct06/gifs/Krishnan8 jpg

identitycodeallowingittotrackwhere theproducthasbeen
Made up of nanoparticles such as gold, Madeupofnanoparticles suchasgold,

silverandplatinum

24

Roleofnanotechnology,2009 18G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008

FoodSafety&Biosecurity

Nanosensors a ose so s Nanotracers

Food Safety
Nanosensors
Combinationofbiologyand gy

Nanotracers
Tracingofselectedorganisms Easiertospot

nanotechnology
Detectionoftraceamountsof

harmfulcontaminants
Greatpotential Increasedsensitivity Reduced response time Reducedresponsetime

32

A.Baeumner,2004

Nanosensors
D Detectsgasesfromspoiledfood f il d f d Producesapackingcolorchangewhen

foodbecomesexpired
Detectsbacteria Morefrequenttestingatlowercosts Reduces contaminated food reaching Reducescontaminatedfoodreaching

storeshelves
Findspesticidesinfruitandvegetables

Fig.SpoiledCheese Fi S il d Ch Imagesource: http://fc06.deviantart.com/fs49/f/2009/213/8/a/ queijo_podre___rotten_cheese___by_claudio_bo lpas.jpg l j

3

J.Byrne,2009

Nanosensors
Salmonella bacteria detection Salmonellabacteriadetection Difficultbutcrucialtodetect Toughesthurdlesindetection Speedandsensitivity d d USDepartmentofAgricultures

ResearchService(ARS)andthe UniversityofGeorgia i i fG i Highlysensitivenanorodbased biosensorenablingrapid detection d i

Fig.ImageofaSalmonellabacteria Fi I f S l ll b t i Imagesource:http://www.azonano.com/ news.asp?newsID=9169

J.Byrne,2009

Nanosensors
Biosensor

Detectpathogensatminutelevelsof 500cellspermilliliter Labequipmentcosts$12,000to Lab equipment costs $12 000 to $20,000perinstrument Estimateof$1,000to$5,000fora biosensor bi Allowforfrequenttestingatamuch lowercostthanisincurredbysending samplestoalabforanalysis
Figure1.Abiosensorthatdetectsviruses Imagesource: http://nanobugle.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/ http://nanobugle files wordpress com/2009/06/ biosensor.jpg

Timereductionincompletingassessment

E.Nord

Nanotracers
Reacttophysicalchangesinthe p y g

surroundings(e.g.temperatureorpH)
Beatracerforphysicalchangesor

releaseatracercompoundtomeasure release a tracer compound to measure otherproperties

Fluorescentorganicdyeparticles

attachingtoSalmonellaantibodies attaching to Salmonella antibodies

Dyelightsupwhenantibodiesare

attached
Consists of s rface modified Consistsofsurfacemodified

nanoparticles
Serveasacarrierforchemicaltracer

Fig.Fluorescentandradioactive nanoparticles ImageSource:Newfunctionaltracers basedonnanotechnology

compound,e.g.afluorescingdye,DNA d fl i d DNA sequenceormagneticcompound

Serveasacarrierforradioactivenuclides
4Newfunctionaltracersbasedonnanotechnology

Nanoparticles:BiologicalEffects p g

Needfullstudiesofitsshortandlong g termeffectsofinhumanhealth Nanoparticles navigatethroughthe heart,lungs,nerves,andbrain heart, lungs, nerves, and brain

Possibletoxicology Generationofreactiveoxygen speciesandinflammatory species and inflammatory response Mitochondrialperturbation Acc m lation of Accumulationof reticuloendothelial cellsinorgans causesdysfunction andproteindegradation and protein degradation Accumulationinneuronaltissue canpossiblycauseDNAdamage
18

G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008
2

R.V.Bhat,2009

Nanoparticles:BiologicalEffects Nanoparticles: Biological Effects

Potentialbiologicaltargetsofengineered P i l bi l i l f i d nanomaterials Plasmamembranes Mitochondria Nucleus Generalmethodsfordamage g DNAdamage Ionchannelblockage Lipid peroxidation Lipidperoxidation Oxidativestress Damagetomembranelipids,nucleic Image Source: acidbases,proteins acid bases proteins http://cble.chem.uu.nl/biolip/resources/E wardplaatje01.jpg Physicaldisruption Poreformation Proteinaggregation
2

R.V.Bhat,2009

Nanoparticles:BiologicalEffects Nanoparticles: Biological Effects

Accumulationofnanoparticles results ingastrointestinalinflammation (Crohn s (Crohns disease) EngineeredNanomaterials (ENM)can causeotherfoodcomponentsto affect: affect: Lectin (usedfornano encapsulate coatings)canbecomecytoxic and causeinflammation cause inflammation Carbonnanotubes havesimilar fiberlengthstoasbestoscausing Asbestos like Asbestoslike granulomatous inflammation inmiceindicatedENM morphologyaffectstoxicology morphology affects toxicology

Image source: www.bbc.co.uk/gcsebitesize

R.V.Bhat,2009

Nanofood Safety Regulations SafetyRegulations

Fulltoxicologicaleffectsareunknown Anothernewchallenge Exposure assessment Exposureassessment Previously,foodadditiveapproval systemshavenotconsiderparticlesize Expertsconcludecurrent l d regulationsarenotintendedforuse atnanoscale FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA) neglectsnanomaterial tobenew chemicals U.S.legislationdoesnotrecognize nanoparticlestoxicityrisks

Imagesource:http://www.aandl labs.com/images/lab_home_3799362.jpg l b /i /l b h 3799362 j

R.V.Bhat,2009

FoodSafetyRecommendations
R i t Register,evaluate,authorize,andrestrict l t th i d ti t

wherenanotechnologyhasbeenimplemented
Perform pre market assessments Performpremarketassessments Avoidthereleaseofmanufactured

nanoparticles and nanotubes into the andnanotubes intothe environmentuntilmoreisknownabouttheir environmentalimpacts

Treatmanufacturednanoparticles and

nanotubes asiftheywerehazardous
Usemandatorylabelinginfoodpackagesto

provideinformationrelevanttofoodsafety andpublichealth

Imagesource: Image source: http://www.nanoceo.net/files/FoE nanofood.jpg

18

G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008

TheContributionsofNanoparticles intheFoodIndustryandChemicalEngineering

GilbertMcKenzie ChrisMendez

Nanotechnologyiscurrentlyusedinfoodindustriestoenhancenutrient delivery,improvefoodpackaging,detectfoodspoilage,andprotect consumersfromcontractingdiseases.

HildaMera KennethMoore

References

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