Investopedia explains 'Disinvestment'

1. A company or government organization will divest an asset or subsidiary as a strategic move for the company, planning to put the proceeds from the divestiture to better use that garners a higher return on investment. 2. A company will likely not replace capital goods or continue to invest in certain assets unless it feels it is receiving a return that justifies the investment. If there is a better place to invest, they may deplete certain capital goods and invest in other more profitable assets. Alternatively a company may have to divest unwillingly if it needs cash to sustain operations. Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/disinvestment.asp#ixzz1n8D4jjzH

Definition of 'Disinvestment'
1. The action of an organization or government selling or liquidating an asset or subsidiary. Also known as "divestiture". 2. A reduction in capital expenditure, or the decision of a company not to replenish depleted capital goods. Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/disinvestment.asp#ixzz1n8DY6zmu Benefits of Disinvestment Some overall benefits of Disinvestment, irrespective of the approach used are as follows: For the Government 1. Raising valuable resources for the government, which could be used to bridge the fiscal deficit for one, but also for various developmental projects in key areas such as infrastructure. The Financial Times (20th May 2009) quotes a report brought out by the French securities firm CLSA to state: A reduction in shareholding to hypothetically 51% across all the state-owned entities could bring in USD 62 bn (Rs. 2.9 lakh crore approximately) at current market prices (thus valuing the government holdings in listed state-owned companies at Rs 8.8 lakh crore). Even a 10% stake sale in the ten large public state undertakings that are likely disinvestment candidates can bring in USD 17 bn (Rs. 80000 crore approximately)". Another such estimate by Delhi-based PRIME Database suggests that if the Government follows up on its promise of bringing down its equity stake in listed CPSEs to 66%, it can mobilise Rs. 11986 crore going by the current market valuations. 2. Apart from generating a one-time sale amount, a lot of these stake sales would also result in annual revenues for the government, as has been shown in the past.

3. The government can focus more on core activities such as infrastructure, defense, education, healthcare, and law and order. 4. A leaner government with reduction in the number of ministries and bureaucrats. For the Markets and Economy 1. Brings about greater efficiencies for the economy and markets as a whole For the Taxpayers 1. Letting go of these assets is best in the long term interest of the tax payers as the current yield on these investments in abysmally low. Even if the funds from the sale are not utilised for bridging fiscal deficit, a much better utilisation of these stuck funds would be into critical sectors such as healthcare, education and infrastructure 2. Unlocking of shareholder (in this case the citizens of India) value For the Employees 1. Monetary gains through ESOPs and preferential issue of shares 2. Pay rises, as has been seen in past divestments 3. Greater opportunities and avenues for career growth- further employment generation For the PSUs 1. Greater autonomy leading to higher efficiencies

Benefits specific to each approach used for Disinvestment Complete Privatisation In most parts of the world, it has been proven that Privatisation brings the maximum returns to the tax payer, thus making it the best form of Disinvestment. Since complete control is given off by the government, the reforms are immediate, and the results start showing soon. Majority Sale A majority stake sale to a strategic buyer has its positives in getting a superior valuation (though sometimes not as good as an outright sale) for the government purely due to market dynamics. With some of the PSUs being virtual monopolies, private players have a lot of interest in acquiring stakes in them. It was because of this reason that this became the chosen vehicle for Disinvestment in the early 2000's. Minority Sale Given the current political and social compulsions, complete privatisation may not be a solution in the Indian context. Even a majority stake sale would be met with opposition.

Offloading a part of the governments equity by way of a minority stake sale is the only workable option, as in this case, the control would still be with the government. Minority stakes can be sold either to selected private players, or to the public by way of a Public Offer or auctioned off to financial institutions. Offloading minority stakes to private players does not make sense for the government since valuations would be driven down by the fact that the government still retains control/ decision making of the company. This has been proven in transactions in the past wherein the P-E ratios typically accompanying such a sale were found to be low. On the other hand, a minority stake sale via a Public Offer has several benefits. For the Government
1. Minority Stake sales via Public Offers provide benefits of long term capital

appreciation- Disinvestment done in a staggered manner can help the government realize the real value of these PSUs, as has been shown by recent PSU IPOs wherein the valuation that the market has given to the PSUs is far higher than the original offer price. For example, in the case of NTPC, the Government sold each share at Rs. 62 in its IPO in October 2004. In its FPO in February 2010, the Government was able to realise Rs. 201 for the same share! For the PSU 1. Listing leads to better and timely disclosures, bringing in greater transparency and professionalism, thus protecting the interest of the investors

2. Greater efficiency by way of being accountable to thousands of shareholders 3. Listing provides an opportunity to raise capital to fund new projects/undertake expansions/diversifications and for acquisitions. An initial listing increases a company's ability to raise further capital through various routes like preferential issue, rights issue, Qualified Institutional Placements and ADRs/GDRs/FCCBs, and in the process attract a wide and varied body of institutional and professional investors. 4. Listing raises a company's public profile with customers, suppliers, investors, financial institutions and the media. A listed company is typically covered in analyst reports and may also be included in one or more of indices of the stock exchanges. For the Employees
1. Though there could be opposition from employees of some PSUs, this can be countered

and also turned into a favourable situation by offering ESOPs/preferential issue of shares to them. This would provide tangible monetary benefits to them, and also make them an interested party in better performance of their companies. For the Markets and Economy 1. These PSU IPOs present the best opportunity of widening the equity investing retail base by providing greater and safer investment opportunities. Curbs and measures, however, would need to be put in place to ensure that institutional investors do not run away with the bulk of this sale and only retail participation is allowed in these issues. Public offers have been one of the frequently used techniques in the UK to transfer state assets and businesses to private ownership. The method has been fairly successful, having increased the shareholding population from 4% to 25%. For example, British

Telecom alone created 2.1 million shareholders in the UK, when privatized.
2. Listed PSUs already form about 30% of the total market capitalisation. With more PSUs

being listed, this would provide a greater depth and width to our capital market A minority stake sale via Auctioning to financial institutions also has certain benefits: 1. Bidding by a group of large, informed investors would provide the highest likelihood of the assets receiving the best valuation 2. The process takes relatively little time as the modalities are less demanding than those for a full-scale public offer process that can take many months. 3. This will provide a direct conduit for interested foreign investors 4. Retail participation can come in through the mutual funds, Provident Funds and the NPS.

Need for larger FDI

The need for larger FDI is because India is at a stage whrere it needs US investments, technology, and management policies to sustain and enhance its economic growth. In 2006, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India amounted to US$37 billion, out of which only $5 billion was from the US. This was not a very encouraging figure in 36%. Therefore, there is a need for larger view of the goal of increasing the GDP by 34FDIs.

India still requires an FDI component equal to 4% of the GDP. The US needs to invest more in various sectors of the Indian economy. There is a potential to attract more FDIs in areas like infrastructure, IT hardware, automobiles, leather, textiles, gems, jewelery, and the financial sector. As such, India is rated as the 2nd best economy to invest in, after China. Surprisingly, the US is rated 3rd in this domain! Focus is on the insurance and banking sector, in context with Foreign Direct Investments. Only 10% of the insurance sector has been tapped for foreign investment. Foreign companies need to persuade the parliament for increasing Foreign Direct Investment capital. The banking sector is in the process of liberalization which will continue till 2009. The insurance sector is looking forward to increase in the capital as more and more FDIs happen. So the insurance sector is also planning on liberalization, taking a cue from the banking sector. The need for larger FDI calls for major issues and areas to be taken into consideration, such as: Market potential and accessibility Political stability Market infrastructure Easy currency conversion

India is the ideal country to make Foreign Direct investments in because of its features like :

Developing economy Low salaried employess Low wage workers Abundant human resources Big private economy

India is looking forward to a high growth rate of almost 16% double that of the current 8%. Hence, there is a distinct need for larger FDI. Further, FDI prospects are expected to be bright if liberalization is initiated in the telecom sector as well. Already, brands like Hutchison,Vodafone, and Singtel are in the Indian market and thanks to these investors, the FDI capital in this sector has been raised to 74%. There are others necessities which a larger FDI will cater to viz., employment generation, income generation, technology transfer, and economic stability. Hence, the need for larger FDI is a pressing situation these days in India. Foreign countries are well aware of this, and many of them are taking extra initiative to invest in the Indian economy <a href='http://advert.actionforex.net/www/delivery/ck.php? n=a657f2a5&amp;cb=INSERT_RANDOM_NUMBER_HERE' target='_blank'><img src='http://advert.actionforex.net/www/delivery/avw.php? zoneid=1&amp;cb=INSERT_RANDOM_NUMBER_HERE&amp;n=a657f2a5&amp;ct0=INSE RT_CLICKURL_HERE' border='0' alt='' /></a>

Understanding the Basics of Fundamental Analysis in the Forex Market

Traders typically approach financial markets in one of two ways: either through technical analysis or fundamental analysis. The reality is that history is full of traders who have had very successful careers as traders that employed both of these types of analyses. In fact, in Jack Schwager's best-selling classic, Market Wizards, two of the traders interviewed are Ed Seykota and Jim Rogers. Rogers is quite adamant in his statement that he believes it is impossible to make a living as a technical trader. He goes so far as to say he has never met a rich technician. Seykota actually shares the exact opposite story. According to Seykota's own interview, he was a struggling trader when he traded according to fundamental analysis. It was not until he became a technician that he started to make a living trading financial markets. As stated, successful traders throughout history have employed both technical and fundamental analysis. In this article we are going to break down the basic principles of fundamental analysis in the forex market. Fundamental Analysis is commonly defined as a method of evaluating a specific security in order to determine its intrinsic value by analyzing a host of economic and financial data. In the foreign-exchange market, a security would be a currency. Market participants are continually analyzing the emerging fundamental from a country in order to determine the intrinsic value of

the country's currency. There are several key economic indicators that every trader should understand on a basic level. Fluctuations in the data of these key indicators will generally cause the value of a currency to rise and fall. Interest Rates These are the single greatest driver of currency value over the long-term. Most Central Banks announce interest rates each month, and these decisions are watched very scrupulously by market participants. Interest rates are manipulated by Central Banks in order to control the money supply in an economy. If a Central Bank wants to increase the money supply, it lowers interest rates, and if it wants to decrease money supply it raises interest rates. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP is the most important indicator of economic health in a country. A country's Central Bank has expected growth outlooks each year that determine how fast a country should grow as measured by GDP. When GDP falls below market expectations, currency values tend to fall and when GDP beats market expectations, currency values tend to rise. Inflation Inflation destroys the real purchasing power of a currency, and, therefore, inflation is very bad for the economy in most circumstances. Each year a normal rate of inflation between 2-3% is expected, but if inflation begins moving beyond the upward targets set by the Central Bank, a currency value will actually rise due to expectation of an imminent rate hike. Higher interest rates tend to fight off inflation. Unemployment We will discuss consumer demand in a moment, but people are basically what drive economic growth; therefore, unemployment is the backbone of economic growth. When unemployment levels increase, it has a devastating effect on economic growth; consequently, when the labor market contracts and unemployment increases, interest rates are often cut in an attempt to increase the money supply in the economy and stimulate economic growth. Consumer Demand As stated in the previous point, people are what drive economic growth; as a result, healthy consumer demand is essential to the normal, healthy functioning of an economy. When consumers are demanding goods and services, the economy tends to move forward, but when consumers are not demanding goods and services, the economy falters. Even if you are a technical trader, it can still be very helpful to understand these basic elements of fundamental analysis. The best forex course will oftentimes offer further insight into how the emerging fundamentals drive price behavior.

factors affecting share prices:

Certainly, there are just so many factors affecting share prices. For example, high oil prices, interest rates, GDP and CPI to name few. However, many beginners are focusing too much on the external factors than what can happen from the accounting perspective. They can easily get frustrated from their own ignorance. Therefore, before you think of getting cheated next time, spend time to read this article very carefully.

Dividend Effect

I love dividend as much as you do, but apparently, it does not comes for free. Simply because, the share price drops in the same value as the dividend paid after the ex-date. For instance, if Wal-Mart Stores Inc. decided to distribute $1 per share as dividend to its shareholders, its share price will generally drops from $49 to $48 per share after the ex-date. So, do not comment so much in the future if the stock price drops after the dividend payout, because you took the money away already.

Bonus share issues

Bonus issue is additional shares given by the company to its existing shareholders. By doing so, the company is able to reinvest the dividend cash for better earnings growth. In fact, this is another way for the company to maintain its share price at cheaper rate without splitting the stocks. Bonus issue is also a good way to rewards long term stock investors. Ideally, the share price drops the same ratio of bonus issued. For instance, if the company is giving one new share for each four shares own by the shareholders, the share price will drop by 20%.

Warrants exercise
With warrants, you have the right to buy shares from a company after the exercise date at specified price. As a result, its earnings will be diluted as more shares are sharing the same earnings pie. In general, the share price drops the same proportion of the number of exercised shares. For example, if the exercised share is 10% of the existing number of shares, the stock price will normally drops by 10% as well. Unfortunately, unlike stock split, these factors are diluting the earnings per share (EPS) of the stock, which in turn will adjust the share price accordingly. That is why, the stock price will get affected if any of the events happen. Although long term investors do not care much about it, stock traders (esp. swing traders, day trader, position traders) should consider these factors seriously.

Technical analysis
In finance, technical analysis is security analysis discipline for forecasting the direction of prices through the study of past market data, primarily price and volume.[1] The efficacy and basis of technical analysis is disputed and is in runs contrary to other market prediction methodologies such as fundamental analysis or the efficient-market hypothesis which states that stock market prices are essentially unpredictable.[2]

HistoryThe principles of technical analysis are derived from hundreds of years of

financial market data.[3] Some aspects of technical analysis began to appear in Joseph de la Vega's accounts of the Dutch markets in the 17th century. In Asia, technical analysis is said to be a method developed by Homma Munehisa during early 18th century which evolved into the use of candlestick techniques, and is today a technical analysis charting tool.[4][5] In the 1920s and 1930s Richard W. Schabacker published several books which continued the work of Charles Dow and William Peter Hamilton in their books Stock Market Theory and Practice and Technical Market Analysis. In 1948 Robert D. Edwards and John Magee published

Technical Analysis of Stock Trends which is widely considered to be one of the seminal works of the discipline. It is exclusively concerned with trend analysis and chart patterns and remains in use to the present. As is obvious, early technical analysis was almost exclusively the analysis of charts, because the processing power of computers was not available for statistical analysis. Charles Dow reportedly originated a form of point and figure chart analysis.

Dow Theory is based on the collected writings of Dow Jones co-founder and editor Charles Dow, and inspired the use and development of modern technical analysis at the end of the 19th century. Other pioneers of analysis techniques include Ralph Nelson Elliott, William Delbert Gann and Richard Wyckoff who developed their respective techniques in the early 20th century. More technical tools and theories have been developed and enhanced in recent decades, with an increasing emphasis on computer-assisted techniques using specially designed computer software.

General description
While fundamental analysts examine earnings, dividends, new products, research and the like, technical analysts examine what investors fear or think about those developments and whether or not investors have the wherewithal to back up their opinions; these two concepts are called psych (psychology) and supply/demand. Technicians employ many techniques, one of which is the use of charts. Using charts, technical analysts seek to identify price patterns and market trends in financial markets and attempt to exploit those patterns.[6] Technicians use various methods and tools, the study of price charts is but one. Technicians using charts search for archetypal price chart patterns, such as the well-known head and shoulders or double top/bottom reversal patterns, study technical indicators, moving averages, and look for forms such as lines of support, resistance, channels, and more obscure formations such as flags, pennants, balance days and cup and handle patterns. Technical analysts also widely use market indicators of many sorts, some of which are mathematical transformations of price, often including up and down volume, advance/decline data and other inputs. These indicators are used to help assess whether an asset is trending, and if it is, the probability of its direction and of continuation. Technicians also look for relationships between price/volume indices and market indicators. Examples include the relative strength index, and MACD. Other avenues of study include correlations between changes in options (implied volatility) and put/call ratios with price. Also important are sentiment indicators such as Put/Call ratios, bull/bear ratios, short interest, Implied Volatility, etc. There are many techniques in technical analysis. Adherents of different techniques (for example, candlestick charting, Dow Theory, and Elliott wave theory) may ignore the other approaches, yet many traders combine elements from more than one technique. Some technical analysts use subjective judgment to decide which pattern(s) a particular instrument reflects at a given time and what the interpretation of that pattern should be. Others employ a strictly mechanical or systematic approach to pattern identification and interpretation. Technical analysis is frequently contrasted with fundamental analysis, the study of economic factors that influence the way investors price financial markets. Technical analysis holds that prices already reflect all such trends before investors are aware of them. Uncovering those trends is what technical indicators are designed to do, imperfect as they may be. Fundamental indicators are subject to the same limitations, naturally. Some traders use technical or fundamental analysis exclusively, while others use both types to make trading decisions.

[edit] Characteristics
Technical analysis employs models and trading rules based on price and volume transformations, such as the relative strength index, moving averages, regressions, inter-market and intra-market price correlations, business cycles, stock market cycles or, classically, through recognition of chart patterns. Technical analysis stands in contrast to the fundamental analysis approach to security and stock analysis. Technical analysis analyzes price, volume and other market information, whereas fundamental analysis looks at the facts of the company, market, currency or commodity. Most large brokerage, trading group, or financial institutions will typically have both a technical analysis and fundamental analysis team. Technical analysis is widely used among traders and financial professionals and is very often used by active day traders, market makers and pit traders. In the 1960s and 1970s it was widely dismissed by academics. In a recent review, Irwin and Park[7] reported that 56 of 95 modern studies found that it produces positive results but noted that many of the positive results were rendered dubious by issues such as data snooping, so that the evidence in support of technical analysis was inconclusive; it is still considered by many academics to be pseudoscience.[8] Academics such as Eugene Fama say the evidence for technical analysis is sparse and is inconsistent with the weak form of the efficient-market hypothesis.[9][10] Users hold that even if technical analysis cannot predict the future, it helps to identify trading opportunities.[11] In the foreign exchange markets, its use may be more widespread than fundamental analysis.[12] [13] This does not mean technical analysis is more applicable to foreign markets, but that technical analysis is more recognized as to its efficacy there than elsewhere. While some isolated studies have indicated that technical trading rules might lead to consistent returns in the period prior to 1987,[14][15][16][17] most academic work has focused on the nature of the anomalous position of the foreign exchange market.[18] It is speculated that this anomaly is due to central bank intervention, which obviously technical analysis is not designed to predict.[19] Recent research suggests that combining various trading signals into a Combined Signal Approach may be able to increase profitability and reduce dependence on any single rule.[20]

[edit] Principles

Stock chart showing levels of support (4,5,6, 7, and 8) and resistance (1, 2, and 3); levels of resistance tend to become levels of support and vice versa. A fundamental principle of technical analysis is that a market's price reflects all relevant information, so their analysis looks at the history of a security's trading pattern rather than external drivers such as economic, fundamental and news events. Price action also tends to repeat itself because investors collectively tend toward patterned behavior hence technicians' focus on identifiable trends and conditions.[citation needed]

[edit] Market action discounts everything

Based on the premise that all relevant information is already reflected by prices, technical analysts believe it is important to understand what investors think of that information, known and perceived.

[edit] Prices move in trends

See also: Market trend Technical analysts believe that prices trend directionally, i.e., up, down, or sideways (flat) or some combination. The basic definition of a price trend was originally put forward by Dow Theory.[6] An example of a security that had an apparent trend is AOL from November 2001 through August 2002. A technical analyst or trend follower recognizing this trend would look for opportunities to sell this security. AOL consistently moves downward in price. Each time the stock rose, sellers would enter the market and sell the stock; hence the "zig-zag" movement in the price. The series of "lower highs" and "lower lows" is a tell tale sign of a stock in a down trend.[21] In other words, each time the stock moved lower, it fell below its previous relative low price. Each time the stock moved higher, it could not reach the level of its previous relative high price. Note that the sequence of lower lows and lower highs did not begin until August. Then AOL makes a low price that does not pierce the relative low set earlier in the month. Later in the same month, the stock makes a relative high equal to the most recent relative high. In this a technician sees strong indications that the down trend is at least pausing and possibly ending, and would likely stop actively selling the stock at that point.

[edit] History tends to repeat itself

Technical analysts believe that investors collectively repeat the behavior of the investors that preceded them. To a technician, the emotions in the market may be irrational, but they exist. Because investor behavior repeats itself so often, technicians believe that recognizable (and predictable) price patterns will develop on a chart.[6] Technical analysis is not limited to charting, but it always considers price trends.[1] For example, many technicians monitor surveys of investor sentiment. These surveys gauge the attitude of market participants, specifically whether they are bearish or bullish. Technicians use these surveys to help determine whether a trend will continue or if a reversal could develop; they are most likely to anticipate a change when the surveys report extreme investor sentiment[22] Surveys that show overwhelming bullishness, for example, are evidence that an uptrend may reverse; the premise being that if most investors are bullish they have already bought the market (anticipating higher prices). And because most investors are bullish and invested, one assumes that few buyers remain. This leaves more potential sellers than buyers, despite the bullish sentiment. This suggests that prices will trend down, and is an example of contrarian trading.[23] Recently, Kim Man Lui, Lun Hu, and Keith C.C. Chan have suggested that there is statistical evidence of association relationships between some of the index composite stocks whereas there is no evidence for such a relationship between some index composite others. They show that the price behavior of these Hang Seng index composite stocks is easier to understand than that of the index.[24]

[edit] Industry

The industry is globally represented by the International Federation of Technical Analysts (IFTA), which is a Federation of regional and national organizations. In the United States, the industry is represented by both the Market Technicians Association (MTA) and the American Association of Professional Technical Analysts (AAPTA). The United States is also represented by the Technical Security Analysts Association of San Francisco (TSAASF). In the United Kingdom, the industry is represented by the Society of Technical Analysts (STA). In Canada the industry is represented by the Canadian Society of Technical Analysts.[25] In Australia, the industry is represented by the Australian Professional Technical Analysts (APTA) Inc [26] and the Australian Technical Analysts Association (ATAA). Professional technical analysis societies have worked on creating a body of knowledge that describes the field of Technical Analysis. A body of knowledge is central to the field as a way of defining how and why technical analysis may work. It can then be used by academia, as well as regulatory bodies, in developing proper research and standards for the field.[27] The Market Technicians Association (MTA) has published a body of knowledge, which is the structure for the MTA's Chartered Market Technician (CMT) exam.[28]

[edit] Systematic trading

[edit] Neural networks
Since the early 1990s when the first practically usable types emerged, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have rapidly grown in popularity. They are artificial intelligence adaptive software systems that have been inspired by how biological neural networks work. They are used because they can learn to detect complex patterns in data. In mathematical terms, they are universal function approximators,[29][30] meaning that given the right data and configured correctly, they can capture and model any input-output relationships. This not only removes the need for human interpretation of charts or the series of rules for generating entry/exit signals, but also provides a bridge to fundamental analysis, as the variables used in fundamental analysis can be used as input. As ANNs are essentially non-linear statistical models, their accuracy and prediction capabilities can be both mathematically and empirically tested. In various studies, authors have claimed that neural networks used for generating trading signals given various technical and fundamental inputs have significantly outperformed buy-hold strategies as well as traditional linear technical analysis methods when combined with rule-based expert systems.[31][32][33] While the advanced mathematical nature of such adaptive systems has kept neural networks for financial analysis mostly within academic research circles, in recent years more user friendly neural network software has made the technology more accessible to traders. However, largescale application is problematic because of the problem of matching the correct neural topology to the market being studied.

[edit] Combination with other market forecast methods

John Murphy states that the principal sources of information available to technicians are price, volume and open interest.[6] Other data, such as indicators and sentiment analysis, are considered secondary. However, many technical analysts reach outside pure technical analysis, combining other market forecast methods with their technical work. One advocate for this approach is John Bollinger, who coined the term rational analysis in the middle 1980s for the intersection of technical

analysis and fundamental analysis.[34] Another such approach, fusion analysis,[35] overlays fundamental analysis with technical, in an attempt to improve portfolio manager performance. Technical analysis is also often combined with quantitative analysis and economics. For example, neural networks may be used to help identify intermarket relationships.[36] A few market forecasters combine financial astrology with technical analysis. Chris Carolan's article "Autumn Panics and Calendar Phenomenon", which won the Market Technicians Association Dow Award for best technical analysis paper in 1998, demonstrates how technical analysis and lunar cycles can be combined.[37] Calendar phenomena, such as the January effect in the stock market, are generally believed to be caused by tax and accounting related transactions, and are not related to the subject of financial astrology. Investor and newsletter polls, and magazine cover sentiment indicators, are also used by technical analysts.[38]

[edit] Empirical evidence

Whether technical analysis actually works is a matter of controversy. Methods vary greatly, and different technical analysts can sometimes make contradictory predictions from the same data. Many investors claim that they experience positive returns, but academic appraisals often find that it has little predictive power.[39] Of 95 modern studies, 56 concluded that technical analysis had positive results, although data-snooping bias and other problems make the analysis difficult. [7] Nonlinear prediction using neural networks occasionally produces statistically significant prediction results.[40] A Federal Reserve working paper[15] regarding support and resistance levels in short-term foreign exchange rates "offers strong evidence that the levels help to predict intraday trend interruptions," although the "predictive power" of those levels was "found to vary across the exchange rates and firms examined". Technical trading strategies were found to be effective in the Chinese marketplace by a recent study that states, "Finally, we find significant positive returns on buy trades generated by the contrarian version of the moving-average crossover rule, the channel breakout rule, and the Bollinger band trading rule, after accounting for transaction costs of 0.50 percent."[41] An influential 1992 study by Brock et al. which appeared to find support for technical trading rules was tested for data snooping and other problems in 1999;[42] the sample covered by Brock et al. was robust to data snooping. Subsequently, a comprehensive study of the question by Amsterdam economist Gerwin Griffioen concludes that: "for the U.S., Japanese and most Western European stock market indices the recursive out-of-sample forecasting procedure does not show to be profitable, after implementing little transaction costs. Moreover, for sufficiently high transaction costs it is found, by estimating CAPMs, that technical trading shows no statistically significant risk-corrected out-of-sample forecasting power for almost all of the stock market indices."[10] Transaction costs are particularly applicable to "momentum strategies"; a comprehensive 1996 review of the data and studies concluded that even small transaction costs would lead to an inability to capture any excess from such strategies.[43] In a paper published in the Journal of Finance, Dr. Andrew W. Lo, director MIT Laboratory for Financial Engineering, working with Harry Mamaysky and Jiang Wang found that " Technical analysis, also known as "charting," has been a part of financial practice for many decades, but this discipline has not received the same level of academic scrutiny and acceptance as more traditional approaches such as fundamental analysis. One of the main obstacles is the

highly subjective nature of technical analysisthe presence of geometric shapes in historical price charts is often in the eyes of the beholder. In this paper, we propose a systematic and automatic approach to technical pattern recognition using nonparametric kernel regression, and apply this method to a large number of U.S. stocks from 1962 to 1996 to evaluate the effectiveness of technical analysis. By comparing the unconditional empirical distribution of daily stock returns to the conditional distributionconditioned on specific technical indicators such as head-and-shoulders or double-bottomswe find that over the 31-year sample period, several technical indicators do provide incremental information and may have some practical value.[44] In that same paper Dr. Lo wrote that "several academic studies suggest that ... technical analysis may well be an effective means for extracting useful information from market prices."[45] Some techniques such as Drummond Geometry attempt to overcome the past data bias by projecting support and resistance levels from differing time frames into the near-term future and combining that with reversion to the mean techniques.[46]

[edit] Efficient market hypothesis

The efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) contradicts the basic tenets of technical analysis by stating that past prices cannot be used to profitably predict future prices. Thus it holds that technical analysis cannot be effective. Economist Eugene Fama published the seminal paper on the EMH in the Journal of Finance in 1970, and said "In short, the evidence in support of the efficient markets model is extensive, and (somewhat uniquely in economics) contradictory evidence is sparse."[47] Technicians say[who?] that EMH ignores the way markets work, in that many investors base their expectations on past earnings or track record, for example. Because future stock prices can be strongly influenced by investor expectations, technicians claim it only follows that past prices influence future prices.[48] They also point to research in the field of behavioral finance, specifically that people are not the rational participants EMH makes them out to be. Technicians have long said that irrational human behavior influences stock prices, and that this behavior leads to predictable outcomes.[49] Author David Aronson says that the theory of behavioral finance blends with the practice of technical analysis: By considering the impact of emotions, cognitive errors, irrational preferences, and the dynamics of group behavior, behavioral finance offers succinct explanations of excess market volatility as well as the excess returns earned by stale information strategies.... cognitive errors may also explain the existence of market inefficiencies that spawn the systematic price movements that allow objective TA [technical analysis] methods to work.[48] EMH advocates reply that while individual market participants do not always act rationally (or have complete information), their aggregate decisions balance each other, resulting in a rational outcome (optimists who buy stock and bid the price higher are countered by pessimists who sell their stock, which keeps the price in equilibrium).[50] Likewise, complete information is reflected in the price because all market participants bring their own individual, but incomplete, knowledge together in the market.[50] [edit] Random walk hypothesis The random walk hypothesis may be derived from the weak-form efficient markets hypothesis, which is based on the assumption that market participants take full account of any information contained in past price movements (but not necessarily other public information). In his book A Random Walk Down Wall Street, Princeton economist Burton Malkiel said that technical

forecasting tools such as pattern analysis must ultimately be self-defeating: "The problem is that once such a regularity is known to market participants, people will act in such a way that prevents it from happening in the future."[51] Malkiel has stated that while momentum may explain some stock price movements, there is not enough momentum to make excess profits. Malkiel has compared technical analysis to "astrology".[52] In the late 1980s, professors Andrew Lo and Craig McKinlay published a paper which cast doubt on the random walk hypothesis. In a 1999 response to Malkiel, Lo and McKinlay collected empirical papers that questioned the hypothesis' applicability[53] that suggested a non-random and possibly predictive component to stock price movement, though they were careful to point out that rejecting random walk does not necessarily invalidate EMH, which is an entirely separate concept from RWH. In a 2000 paper, Andrew Lo back-analyzed data from U.S. from 1962 to 1996 and found that "several technical indicators do provide incremental information and may have some practical value".[45] Burton Malkiel dismissed the irregularities mentioned by Lo and McKinlay as being too small to profit from.[52] Technicians say[who?] that the EMH and random walk theories both ignore the realities of markets, in that participants are not completely rational and that current price moves are not independent of previous moves.[21][54] Some signal processing researchers negate the random walk hypothesis that stock market prices resemble Wiener processes, because the statistical moments of such processes and real stock data vary significantly with respect window size and similarity measure. [55] They argue that feature transformations used for the description of audio and biosignals can also be used to predict stock market prices successfully which would contradict the random walk hypothesis. The random walk index (RWI) is a technical indicator that attempts to determine if a stocks price movement is random or nature or a result of a statistically significant trend. The random walk index attempts to determine when the market is in a strong uptrend or downtrend by measuring price ranges over N and how it differs from what would be expected by a random walk (randomly going up or down). The greater the range suggests a stronger trend.[56] A chart pattern is a distinct formation on a stock chart that creates a trading signal, or a sign of future price movements. Chartists use these patterns to identify current trends and trend reversals and to trigger buy and sell signals. In the first section of this tutorial, we talked about the three assumptions of technical analysis, the third of which was that in technical analysis, history repeats itself. The theory behind chart patters is based on this assumption. The idea is that certain patterns are seen many times, and that these patterns signal a certain high probability move in a stock. Based on the historic trend of a chart pattern setting up a certain price movement, chartists look for these patterns to identify trading opportunities. While there are general ideas and components to every chart pattern, there is no chart pattern that will tell you with 100% certainty where a security is headed. This creates some leeway and debate as to what a good pattern looks like, and is a major reason why charting is often seen as more of an art than a science. (For more insight, see Is finance an art or a science?) There are two types of patterns within this area of technical analysis, reversal and continuation. A reversal pattern signals that a prior trend will reverse upon completion of the pattern. A continuation pattern, on the other hand, signals that a trend will continue once the pattern is complete. These patterns can be found over charts of any timeframe. In this section, we will

review some of the more popular chart patterns. (To learn more, check out Continuation Patterns - Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 and Part 4.) Head and Shoulders This is one of the most popular and reliable chart patterns in technical analysis. Head and shoulders is a reversal chart pattern that when formed, signals that the security is likely to move against the previous trend. As you can see in Figure 1, there are two versions of the head and shoulders chart pattern. Head and shoulders top (shown on the left) is a chart pattern that is formed at the high of an upward movement and signals that the upward trend is about to end. Head and shoulders bottom, also known as inverse head and shoulders (shown on the right) is the lesser known of the two, but is used to signal a reversal in a downtrend.

Figure 1: Head and shoulders top is shown on the left. Head and shoulders bottom, or inverse head and shoulders, is on the right. Both of these head and shoulders patterns are similar in that there are four main parts: two shoulders, a head and a neckline. Also, each individual head and shoulder is comprised of a high and a low. For example, in the head and shoulders top image shown on the left side in Figure 1, the left shoulder is made up of a high followed by a low. In this pattern, the neckline is a level of support or resistance. Remember that an upward trend is a period of successive rising highs and rising lows. The head and shoulders chart pattern, therefore, illustrates a weakening in a trend by showing the deterioration in the successive movements of the highs and lows. (To learn more, see Price Patterns - Part 2.) Cup and Handle A cup and handle chart is a bullish continuation pattern in which the upward trend has paused but will continue in an upward direction once the pattern is confirmed.

Figure 2 As you can see in Figure 2, this price pattern forms what looks like a cup, which is preceded by an upward trend. The handle follows the cup formation and is formed by a generally downward/sideways movement in the security's price. Once the price movement pushes above the resistance lines formed in the handle, the upward trend can continue. There is a wide ranging time frame for this type of pattern, with the span ranging from several months to more than a year. Double Tops and Bottoms This chart pattern is another well-known pattern that signals a trend reversal - it is considered to be one of the most reliable and is commonly used. These patterns are formed after a sustained trend and signal to chartists that the trend is about to reverse. The pattern is created when a price movement tests support or resistance levels twice and is unable to break through. This pattern is often used to signal intermediate and long-term trend reversals.

Figure 3: A double top pattern is shown on the left, while a double bottom pattern is shown on the right. In the case of the double top pattern in Figure 3, the price movement has twice tried to move above a certain price level. After two unsuccessful attempts at pushing the price higher, the trend reverses and the price heads lower. In the case of a double bottom (shown on the right), the price movement has tried to go lower twice, but has found support each time. After the second bounce off of the support, the security enters a new trend and heads upward. (For more in-depth reading, see The Memory Of Price and Price Patterns - Part 4.) Triangles Triangles are some of the most well-known chart patterns used in technical analysis. The three types of triangles, which vary in construct and implication, are the symmetrical triangle, ascending and descending triangle. These chart patterns are considered to last anywhere from a couple of weeks to several months.

Figure 4 The symmetrical triangle in Figure 4 is a pattern in which two trendlines converge toward each other. This pattern is neutral in that a breakout to the upside or downside is a confirmation of a trend in that direction. In an ascending triangle, the upper trendline is flat, while the bottom trendline is upward sloping. This is generally thought of as a bullish pattern in which chartists

look for an upside breakout. In a descending triangle, the lower trendline is flat and the upper trendline is descending. This is generally seen as a bearish pattern where chartists look for a downside breakout. Flag and Pennant These two short-term chart patterns are continuation patterns that are formed when there is a sharp price movement followed by a generally sideways price movement. This pattern is then completed upon another sharp price movement in the same direction as the move that started the trend. The patterns are generally thought to last from one to three weeks.

Figure 5 As you can see in Figure 5, there is little difference between a pennant and a flag. The main difference between these price movements can be seen in the middle section of the chart pattern. In a pennant, the middle section is characterized by converging trendlines, much like what is seen in a symmetrical triangle. The middle section on the flag pattern, on the other hand, shows a channel pattern, with no convergence between the trendlines. In both cases, the trend is expected to continue when the price moves above the upper trendline. Wedge The wedge chart pattern can be either a continuation or reversal pattern. It is similar to a symmetrical triangle except that the wedge pattern slants in an upward or downward direction, while the symmetrical triangle generally shows a sideways movement. The other difference is that wedges tend to form over longer periods, usually between three and six months.

Figure 6 The fact that wedges are classified as both continuation and reversal patterns can make reading signals confusing. However, at the most basic level, a falling wedge is bullish and a rising wedge is bearish. In Figure 6, we have a falling wedge in which two trendlines are converging in a downward direction. If the price was to rise above the upper trendline, it would form a continuation pattern, while a move below the lower trendline would signal a reversal pattern. Gaps A gap in a chart is an empty space between a trading period and the following trading period. This occurs when there is a large difference in prices between two sequential trading periods. For example, if the trading range in one period is between $25 and $30 and the next trading period opens at $40, there will be a large gap on the chart between these two periods. Gap price movements can be found on bar charts and candlestick charts but will not be found on point and figure or basic line charts. Gaps generally show that something of significance has happened in the security, such as a better-than-expected earnings announcement. There are three main types of gaps, breakaway, runaway (measuring) and exhaustion. A breakaway gap forms at the start of a trend, a runaway gap forms during the middle of a trend and an exhaustion gap forms near the end of a trend. (For more insight, read Playing The Gap.) Triple Tops and Bottoms Triple tops and triple bottoms are another type of reversal chart pattern in chart analysis. These are not as prevalent in charts as head and shoulders and double tops and bottoms, but they act in a similar fashion. These two chart patterns are formed when the price movement tests a level of support or resistance three times and is unable to break through; this signals a reversal of the prior trend.

Figure 7 Confusion can form with triple tops and bottoms during the formation of the pattern because they can look similar to other chart patterns. After the first two support/resistance tests are formed in the price movement, the pattern will look like a double top or bottom, which could lead a chartist to enter a reversal position too soon.

Rounding Bottom A rounding bottom, also referred to as a saucer bottom, is a long-term reversal pattern that signals a shift from a downward trend to an upward trend. This pattern is traditionally thought to last anywhere from several months to several years.

Figure 8 A rounding bottom chart pattern looks similar to a cup and handle pattern but without the handle. The long-term nature of this pattern and the lack of a confirmation trigger, such as the handle in

the cup and handle, makes it a difficult pattern to trade. We have finished our look at some of the more popular chart patterns. You should now be able to recognize each chart pattern as well the signal it can form for chartists. We will now move on to other technical techniques and examine how they are used by technical traders to gauge price movements. Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/university/technical/techanalysis8.asp#ixzz1n8PF3XFM What is the role of stock broker in the stock market? You have always heard about stock brokers, right? What is the role of stock broker? Well, they are professionals who buy and sell stocks as well as other securities in the stock market. If you wish to be a stock broker then you need to pass the General Securities Representative Examination which is rather a very difficult test. Stock brokers offer different types of services to different clients. Role of a stock broker Stock broker knows how to the trends of the Indian stock market. He keeps up to date knowledge of the stock market. He also keeps information on all the financial developments made by the brokerage firm. So, it is very important that you always seek the advice of a good professional stock broker so that you can keep yourself safe. Stock broker and stock analyst Stock analyst can give you good share tips which would help you in your investment process. You will find most of the brokers who have got a background in finance or business with either a Bachelors degree or more than that. Often people confuse between a stock broker and a stock market analyst. You should keep in mind that stock brokers only sell or buys stocks but they never analyze stocks. On the other hand, stock analyst analyzes the stock markets and he might predict what the market will look like in the coming days. Also he predicts how specific stocks might perform in the near future or in a day trade. So, you have come to know the difference between them. You will find many brokers who earn their income from commissions on sales of the stocks. They charge a certain percentage of the transaction when you tell your broker to buy or sell your stocks. There are two types of brokers Discount brokers and Full service brokers. Discount service does not make any research neither they also offer any advice. On the other hand, full service brokers actually help you in providing you advice and they charge commissions. So, it is up to you whether to choose a discount broker or full service broker and so you need to know what is the role of a stock broker in order to get the required information of the stock broker and their responsibilities. Retail Investor
An investor who invests small amounts of money for himself/herself rather than on behalf of anyone else. Retail investors are the polar opposite of institutional investors, which are large firms who invest on behalf of clients. Some investment vehicles require minimum investments so as to discourage retail investors

from them. Retail investors are thought to be risk-averse and poorly informed compared to other investors, though there is disagreement.

Foreign direct investment

Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor.[1] It is the sum of equity capital, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. It usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment, resulting in a net FDI inflow (positive or negative) and "stock of foreign direct investment", which is the cumulative number for a given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares.[2] FDI is one example of international factor movements.

History
FDI is a measure of the ownership of productive assets, such as factories, mines and land and water. Increasing foreign investment can be used as the measure of growing economic globalization. The figure below shows net inflows of foreign direct investment in the United States. The largest flows of foreign investment occur between the industrialized countries (North America, Western Europe and Japan). US International Direct Investment Flows:[3] Period FDI Inflow FDI Outflow Net Inflow

196069 $ 42.18 bn

$ 5.13 bn

+ $ 37.04 bn

197079 $ 122.72 bn

$ 40.79 bn

+ $ 81.93 bn

198089 $ 206.27 bn

$ 329.23 bn

$ 122.96 bn

199099 $ 950.47 bn

$ 907.34 bn

+ $ 43.13 bn

200007 $ 1,629.05 bn $ 1,421.31 bn + $ 207.74 bn

Total

$ 2,950.72 bn $ 2,703.81 bn + $ 246.88 bn

[edit]Types [edit]Methods

The foreign direct investor may acquire voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods: by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise...

Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms:[citation needed]

low corporate tax and individual income tax rates tax holidays other types of tax concessions preferential tariffs special economic zones EPZ Export Processing Zones Bonded Warehouses Maquiladoras investment financial subsidies soft loan or loan guarantees free land or land subsidies relocation & expatriation subsidies job training & employment subsidies infrastructure subsidies R&D support derogation from regulations (usually for very large projects)

[edit]Global

foreign direct investment

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development said that there was no significant growth of Global FDI in 2010. In 2010 was $1,122 billion and in 2009 was $1,114 billion. The figure was 25 percent below the pre-crisis average between 2005 to 2007.[4] [edit]Foreign

direct investment in the United States

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011)

The United States is the worlds largest recipient of FDI. U.S. FDI totaled $194 billion in 2010. 84% of FDI in the U.S. in 2010 came from or through eight countries: Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Canada.[5] The $2.1 trillion stock of FDI in the

United States at the end of 2008 is the equivalent of approximately 16 percent of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). Benefits of FDI in America: In the last 6 years, over 4000 new projects and 630,000 new jobs have been created by foreign companies, resulting in close to $314 billion in investment.[citation needed] US affiliates of foreign companies have a history of paying higher wages than US corporations.[citation needed] Foreign companies have in the past supported an annual US payroll of $364 billion with an average annual compensation of $68,000 per employee.[citation needed] Increased US exports through the use of multinational distribution networks. FDI has resulted in 30% of jobs for Americans in the manufacturing sector, which accounts for 12% of all manufacturing jobs in the US. Affiliates of foreign corporations spent more than $34 billion on research and development in 2006 and continue to support many national projects. Inward FDI has led to higher productivity through increased capital, which in turn has led to high living standards.[6][dead link] [edit]Foreign

direct investment in China

FDI in China, also known as RFDI (Renminbi foreign direct investment), has increased considerably in the last decade reaching $185 billion in 2010.[7] China is the second largest recipient of FDI globally. FDI into China fell by over one-third in 2009 due the Global Financial Crisis (global macroeconomic factors) but rebounded in 2010.[8] [edit]Foreign

direct investment in India

Starting from a baseline of less than $1 billion in 1990, a recent UNCTAD survey projected India as the second most important FDI destination (after China) for transnational corporations during 20102012. As per the data, the sectors which attracted higher inflows were services, telecommunication, construction activities and computer software and hardware. Mauritius, Singapore, the US and the UK were among the leading sources of FDI. FDI in 2010 was $24.2 billion, a significant decrease from both 2008 and 2009.[9] Foreign direct investment in August 2010 dipped by about 60% to aprox. $34 billion, the lowest in 2010 fiscal, industry department data released showed.[10] In the first two months of 201011 fiscal, FDI inflow into India was at an all-time high of $7.78 billion up 77% from $4.4 billion during the corresponding period in the previous year. The worlds largest retailer WalMart has termed Indias decision to allow 51% FDI in multi-brand retail as a first important step and said it will study the finer details of the new policy to determine the impact on its ability to do business in India.However this decision of the government is currently under suspension due to opposition from multiple political quarters. [edit]Foreign

direct investment and the developing world

FDI provides an inflow of foreign capital and funds,investment in addition to an increase in the transfer of skills, technology, and job opportunities.[citation needed] Many of the Four Asian Tigers benefited from investment abroad.[citation needed] A recent meta-analysis of the effects of foreign direct investment on local firms in developing and transition countries suggest that foreign investment robustly increases local

productivity growth.[11] The Commitment to Development Index ranks the "development-friendliness" of rich country investment policies Earnings per share (EPS) is the amount of earnings per each outstanding share of a company's stock. In the United States, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) requires companies' income statements to report EPS for each of the major categories of the income statement: continuing operations, discontinued operations, extraordinary items, and net income. [edit]Calculating

EPS

The EPS formula does not include preferred dividends for categories outside of continued operations and net income. Earnings per share for continuing operations and net income are more complicated in that any preferred dividends are removed from net income before calculating EPS. This is becausepreferred stock rights have precedence over common stock. If preferred dividends total $100,000, then that is money not available to distribute to each share of common stock. Earnings Per Share (Basic Formula)

Earnings Per Share (Net Income Formula)

Earnings Per Share (Continuing Operations Formula)

Only preferred dividends actually declared in the current year are subtracted. The exception is when preferred shares are cumulative, in which case annual dividends are deducted regardless of whether they have been declared or not. Dividends in arrears are not relevant when calculating EPS.

Online Share Trading India

In Online share trading the trading is done by using computer and internet connection. In other words trading done through computer having internet connection is called online share trading. Instead of going to any share broker you can do trading yourself using online share trading method. In this method you must have a computer and internet connection or else you can make use of internet cafe. Nowadays due to internet facility lots of things have become easier as compared to earlier days. So making use of the great internet facility you can start your own online share trading. What is offline share trading - Trading done through share broker is called offline share trading method. Just to brief you about offline trading.If you need any more advice about

offline share trading then please drop a line tosupport@daytradingshares.com and we will get back to you within 24 hours As this section is only dedicated to online share trading so lets proceed. So till now you would have been understood about online share trading. Now lets go to next chapter.

Online share trading services in India

There are three primary things required to start online share trading. Demat account (Trading account), a computer and internet connection or else you can go to internet cafe.
Online Demat Account -

You have to open online trading account that is also called as demat account. If you are interested to open the trading account then please write to us and we will guide you further Contact us Points to remember while opening your trading account Enquire about brokerage rates and taxes you have to pay for your trading account. You have to open the trading account with the agent who is offering you the lowest brokerage rates. Different brokerage rates are available for different trading methods like delivery trading and intraday (day trading) trading. Before opening your account try to insist the agent to get demo of there online trading software or terminal and check your reliability and Speed. Also confirm about there charges and any hidden charges if you have to pay. Please properly verify above points and then decide with whom you would like to open the trading account. Now you have your on online trading account, lets go for another most important requirement needed for you to start your online trading account.

Role of SEBI in Indian Capital Market

SEBI is regulator to control Indian capital market. Since its establishment in 1992, it is doing hard work for protecting the interests of Indian investors. SEBI gets education from past cheating with naive investors of India. Now, SEBI is more strict with those who commit frauds in capital market. The role of security exchange board of India (SEBI) in regulating Indian capital market is very important because government of India can only open or take decision to open new stock exchange in India after getting advice from SEBI. If SEBI thinks that it will be against its rules and regulations, SEBI can ban on any stock exchange to trade in shares and stocks. Now, we explain role of SEBI in regulating Indian Capital Market more deeply with following points: 1. Power to make rules for controlling stock exchange : SEBI has power to make new rules for controlling stock exchange in India. For example, SEBI fixed the time of trading 9 AM and 5 PM in stock market. 2. To provide license to dealers and brokers :

SEBI has power to provide license to dealers and brokers of capital market. If SEBI sees that any financial product is of capital nature, then SEBI can also control to that product and its dealers. One of main example is ULIPs case. SEBI said, " It is just like mutual fundsand all banks and financial and insurance companies who want to issue it, must take permission from SEBI." 3. To Stop fraud in Capital Market : SEBI has many powers for stopping fraud in capital market.

It can ban on the trading of those brokers who are involved in fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to stock market.

It can impose the penalties on capital market intermediaries if they involve in insider trading. 4. To Control the Merge, Acquisition and Takeover the companies : Many big companies in India want to create monopoly in capital market. So, these companies buy all other companies or deal of merging. SEBI sees whether this merge or acquisition is for development of business or to harm capital market. 5. To audit the performance of stock market : SEBI uses his powers to audit the performance of different Indian stock exchange for bringing transparency in the working of stock exchanges. 6. To make new rules on carry - forward transactions :

Share trading transactions carry forward can not exceed 25% of broker's total transactions.

90 day limit for carry forward.

7. To create relationship with ICAI : ICAI is the authority for making new auditors of companies. SEBI creates good relationship with ICAI for bringing more transparency in the auditing work of company accounts because audited financial statements are mirror to see the real face of company and after this investors can decide to invest or not to invest. Moreover, investors of India can easily trust on audited financial reports. After Satyam Scam, SEBI is investigating with ICAI, whether CAs are doing their duty by ethical way or not. 8. Introduction of derivative contracts on Volatility Index : For reducing the risk of investors, SEBI has now been decided to permit Stock Exchanges to introduce derivative contracts on Volatility Index, subject to the condition that;

a. The underlying Volatility Index has a track record of at least one year. b. The Exchange has in place the appropriate risk management framework for such derivative contracts. 2. Before introduction of such contracts, the Stock Exchanges shall submit the following: i. Contract specifications ii. Position and Exercise Limits iii. Margins iv. The economic purpose it is intended to serve v. Likely contribution to market development vi. The safeguards and the risk protection mechanism adopted by the exchange to ensure market integrity, protection of investors and smooth and orderly trading. vii. The infrastructure of the exchange and the surveillance system to effectively monitor trading in such contracts, and viii. Details of settlement procedures & systems ix. Details of back testing of the margin calculation for a period of one year considering a call and a put option on the underlying with a delta of 0.25 & -0.25 respectively and actual value of the underlying. Link 9. To Require report of Portfolio Management Activities : SEBI has also power to require report of portfolio management to check the capital market performance. Recently, SEBI sent the letter to all Registered Portfolio Managers of India for demanding report. 10. To educate the investors : Time to time, SEBI arranges scheduled workshops to educate the investors. On 22 may 2010 SEBI imposed workshop. If you are investor, you can get education through SEBI leaders by getting update information on this page