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Agenda
Overview Harmonic Basics IEEE 519 Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods AccuSine PCS Applications & Installation Notes Specification Recommendations Summary
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Voltage Regulation:
Hybrid VAR Compensator Electronic Sag Fighter
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Harmonic Basics
Resultant Waveform
5thHarmonic
Fundamental
Harmonic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 : 19
Sequence + 0 0 0 0 + : +
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Multi-pulse Converters
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Hn 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49
Harmonics present by rectifier design Type of rectifier 1 phase 2 phase 3 phase 3 phase 3 phase 4-pulse 4-pulse 6-pulse 12-pulse 18-pulse x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Harmonic Basics
Nonlinear loads draw it Example: 6-Pulse VFD
Converter DC bus
Inverter
A B C
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Harmonic Basics
Why a concern?
Current distortion Added heating, reduced capacity in : Transformers Conductors and cables Heating effect proportional to harmonic order squared Nuisance tripping of electronic circuit breakers (thermal overload) Blown fuses Detrimental to generators Heating of windings Detrimental to UPS UPS cant supply the current
Ih
Loads
Vh = Ih x Zh
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Harmonic Basics
Voltage distortion
Interference with other electronic loads Faulting to destruction Creates harmonic currents in linear loads Generator regulators cant function Shut downs
Ih
Vh = Ih x Zh
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Distortion Factor =
= Cos
TPF = Total or true power factor DPF = Displacement power factor Distortion Factor = Harmonic power factor
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1 1 + .92
= .7433
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IEEE 519-1992
Defines current distortion as TDD
Total Demand Distortion Largest amplitude of harmonic current occurs at maximum load of nonlinear device if electrical system can handle this it can handle all lower amplitudes Always referenced to full load current Effective meaning of current distortion
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IEEE 519-1992
TDD and THD(I) are not the same except at 100% load As load decreases, TDD decreases while THD(I) increases. Example:
Total I, rms Full load 936.68 836.70 767.68 592.63 424.53 246.58 111.80
Measured Fund I, Harm I, rms rms 936.00 836.00 767.00 592.00 424.00 246.00 111.00 35.57 34.28 32.21 27.23 21.20 16.97 13.32
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Isc = short circuit current capacity of source Iload = demand load current (fundamental) TDD = Total Demand Distortion (TDD = Total harmonic current distortion measured against fundamental current at demand load.)
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Harmonic Standards
Most harmonic problems are not at the PCC with utility. Typically harmonic problem occur: Within a facility With generator & UPS operation Where nonlinear loads are concentrated Need to protect the user from self by moving the harmonic mitigation requirements to where harmonic loads are located
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Agenda
I. Harmonic Basics II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods III. AccuSine PCS IV. Applications V. Specification Recommendations VI. Summary
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System solution
Active harmonic filter
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Advantage
Reduces THD(V) Lower TDD Simplified design Less cost Low cost adder Simple Reduces 5th & total TDD Reduces TDD (thru 13th) Reduces TDD Reliable Reduces TDD Reliable Very good TDD Regeneration possible
Disadvantage
Increases TDD Not likely to occur** Compliance is limited Application limited Size limited Compliance difficult Does not meet harmonic levels at higher orders^ Large heat losses Application limited Large footprint/heavy Good for >100 HP Large footprint/heavy Good for >100 HP Large footprint/heavy Very high cost per unit High heat losses
Typical % TDD
Dependent upon SCR*** 30 - 50% TDD 30 - 40% TDD 18 - 22% TDD 8 - 15% TDD 8 - 15 % TDD 5 - 8% TDD
0.90 - 0.95 1.05 - 1.15 1.20 - 1.45 1.25 - 1.50 1.65 - 1.85 1.65 - 1.85
< 5% TDD
2.0 - 2.5
* Price compared to a standard 6-pulse VFD. ** Utilities and users are not likely to change their distribution systems. *** Increasing short circuit capacity (lower impedance source or larger KVA capacity) raises TDD but lowers THD(V). ^ Can be said for all methods listed.
Advantage
Reduces THD(V) Lower TDD Simplified design Less cost Low cost adder Simple Reduces 5th & total TDD Reduces TDD (thru 13th) Reduces TDD Reliable Reduces TDD Reliable Very good TDD Regeneration possible
Disadvantage
Increases TDD Not likely to occur** Compliance is limited Application limited Size limited Compliance difficult Does not meet harmonic levels at higher orders^ Large heat losses Application limited Large footprint/heavy Good for >100 HP Large footprint/heavy Good for >100 HP Large footprint/heavy Very high cost per unit High heat losses
Typical % TDD
Dependent upon SCR*** 30 - 50% TDD 30 - 40% TDD 18 - 22% TDD 8 - 15% TDD 8 - 15 % TDD 5 - 8% TDD
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1.65 - 1.85 1.65 - 1.85
AccuSine
< 5% TDD
2.0 - 2.5
* Price compared to a standard 6-pulse VFD. ** Utilities and users are not likely to change their distribution systems. *** Increasing short circuit capacity (lower impedance source or larger KVA capacity) raises TDD but lowers THD(V). ^ Can be said for all methods listed.
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Cons:
Limited reduction of TDD at equipment terminals after 1st Z Reduction dependent on source Z
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Inductor Ls required to detune filter from electrical system and other filters If Ls not present, filter is sink for all 5th harmonics in system If Ls not present, resonance with other tuned filters possible Injects leading reactive current (KVAR) at all times may not need
Vs
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Broadband Filters
L L Lp C
~
Source
Load
Mitigates up to 13th order or higher Each inductor (L) > 8% impedance V drops ~ 16% at load Trapezoidal voltage to load Can only be used on diode converters Prevents fast current changes (only good for centrifugal loads) When generators are present, re-tuning may be required Capacitor (C) designed to boost V at load to proper level (injects leading VARs) Physically large High heat losses (>5%) Series device
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Multi-Pulse Drives
Description: Drives/UPS with two (12 pulse) or three (18 pulse) input bridges fed by a transformer with two or three phase shifted output windings. Pros:
Reduces TDD to 10% (12 pulse) & 5% (18 pulse) at loads Reliable
Cons:
High installation cost with external transformer Large footprint (even w/autotransformer) Series solution with reduction in efficiency One required for each product Cannot retrofit
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12-Pulse converter
+
A
18-Pulse converter
Multipulse Transformer A Line Reactor
9 1 2
DC Bus
Load
B C
M
AC Line Delta
Wye
4 7
DC-
Transformer Tertiary
Delta
A
100 0
A
100 0
6 pulse
12 pulse
0.0s 0.02s
18 pulse
Current waveform distorted TDD 30% to 40% with 3% reactor (depending on network impedance)
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VFD
IGBT DC Bus IGBT
Filter
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Converter
Inverter
AC Motor
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AFE Converters
Significant harmonics above 50th order American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) requires examination to 100th order when AFE applied
Higher frequencies yield higher heating of current path & potential resonance with capacitors
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AFE Converters
Cons
Larger and more expensive than 6 pulse drives Approximately twice the size & price Mains voltage must be free of imbalance and voltage harmonics Generates more harmonics Without mains filter THD(V) can reach 40% Requires short circuit ratio > 40 at PCC Switched mode power supplies prohibited Capacitors prohibited on mains IGBT & SCR rectifiers prohibited on same mains No other nonlinear loads permitted
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Agenda
I. Harmonic Basics II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods III. AccuSine PCS IV. Applications V. Specification Recommendations VI. Summary
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Heat losses
AccuSine PCS+ Std VFD less than 18-P VFD Exception at single units of 50-75 HP, advantage 18-P VFD
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~
Source
AHF
Parallel connected Is + Ia = Il
AHF
Load
Pre-charge Contactor
Fuse
S1
S3
S5
AC Lines
Fuse Fuse
Line Inductor
DC Bus Capacitors
+ C
Inductor
Filter Board
S2
S4
S6
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System Solution
AccuSine PCS Sizing Example A 125 HP variable torque 6-pulse VFD with 3% LR
Required AHF filtering capability = 47.5 amperes
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AccuSine Performance
At VFD Terminals AccuSine injection
Source current
AS off AS on % I fund % I fund 100.000%100.000% 0.038% 0.478% 31.660% 0.674% 11.480% 0.679% 0.435% 0.297% 7.068% 0.710% 4.267% 0.521% 0.367% 0.052% 3.438% 0.464% 2.904% 0.639% 0.284% 0.263% 2.042% 0.409% 2.177% 0.489% 0.293% 0.170% 1.238% 0.397% 1.740% 0.243% 0.261% 0.325% 0.800% 0.279% 1.420% 0.815% 0.282% 0.240% 0.588% 0.120% 1.281% 0.337% 0.259% 0.347% 0.427% 0.769% 1.348% 0.590% 35.28% 2.67%
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Applications
Most common VFD sites
Centrifugal pumps and fans Pumping Stations Potable Wastewater Wastewater Plants Water Purification (potable)
Disinfectant Systems
UV systems (ultraviolet)
Electronic ballasts 3
Ozone generators (SCR power supplies)
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Universal Application
208 480 VAC No user action required to set Highly customized transformers for higher voltages (to 15 kV) 50 or 60 Hz
Fuse protected (200,000 AIC) UL 508 & CSA approved CE EMC - 400V Logic ride through 1 to 10 minutes
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Specification Discussion
Write a specification in Section 16 for an active harmonic filter
Specify any points of concern for insertion of AHF Size of AHF Located per electrical bus Specify total responsibility for all harmonics in facility Specify TDD levels desired at each location 5% TDD guarantees 5% THDv (caused by the loads) with any source Specify compliance tests for each location
Universal solution
Good for all nonlinear loads Apply AccuSine per electrical bus (best economics)
AccuSine Tools
Internet Tools
Active Filter Guide Spec (www.reactivar.com) Stand alone spec section (Section 16) Includes harmonic and PF correction requirements Selection Program (www.squaredleantools.com) Easy selection based upon loads not source (same selection for utility or generator) Simple tool to use We guarantee results if used properly during design/layout stage Brochure Application Notes Water/wastewater and other applications Installation Bulletin Best/total information for consultant MCC Selector
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Product Package
Standard (UL only) Enclosed NEMA 1
50 amp 48H x 21W x 19D, 250 lbs 100 amp 65H x 21W x 19D, 350 lbs Wall mounted 300 amp 75H x 32W x 20D, 775 lbs Free standing
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Product Package
International enclosures
NEMA 12, IP30, IP54 50 amp 75(1905mm) x 31.5(800mm) x 23.62(600mm) Weight 661Ib(300Kg) 100 amp 75(1905mm) x 31.5(800mm) x 23.62(600mm) Weight 771Ib(350 Kg) 300 amp 91(2300mm) x 39.37(1000mm) x 31.5(800mm) Weight 1212Ib(550 Kg) Free standing with door interlocked disconnect CE Certified, C-Tick, ABS, UL, CUL
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Product Re-packaging
Maximum ambient into air inlet 400C Must meet air flow at inlet of AccuSine
50 amp 300 CFM 100 amp 500 CFM 300 amp - 1250 CFM
Heat released
50 amp 1800 watts 100 amp 3000 watts 300 amp 9000 watts
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Product Re-packaging
MCC Packaging
50 & 100 amp models only Requires one vertical 20 x 20 section Includes circuit breaker
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Source
XFMR
Is Il
AccuSine Logic Is + Ias = Il AccuSine injects the harmonics the loads want
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Activation of Cos in the field via DIM Default to unity lagging Cos
Can enter a set point (i.e. 0.90 lagging) Can inject leading (capacitive) or lagging (inductive) reactive current
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Ias = rms output current of AccuSine Ih = rms harmonic current Ir = rms reactive current
Ias 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Examples Ih 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 95.0 Ir 99.5 98.0 95.4 91.7 86.6 80.0 71.4 60.0 43.6 31.2
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Main-tie-main
Tie
Main Right
CBml
CTml CBal
CTtl
CTtr CBar
CBmr CTmr
AccuSine L
AccuSine R
This configuration provides individual AccuSine operation per side regardless of breaker positions.
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Summary
Universal solution
Good for all nonlinear loads (3-phase) Apply AccuSine per electrical bus (best economics)
System Solution
Can attain 5% TDD per load or bus inside the plant Guarantees 5% THDv Requires 3% impedance at loads
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Thank You !
Questions?
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