Filum Platyhelmintes I. Definition

ZOOLOGI INVERTEBRATA
FILUM PLATYHELMINTES
FILUM PLATYHELMINTES I. Definition Platyhelminthes come from Greek, from word platy mean flat the and helminthes mean the worm.
Platyhelmintes or flatworm represent the worm owning form flat. I. Habitat dan Distribution Platyhelminthes are free-living and parasitic. Freeliving Platyhelminthes eating animals and small plants or other organic substances like the rest of the organism. Flatworm parasites living in host tissues or body fluids. Platyhelminthes are free-living habitat is in freshwater, marine, and damp places. Platyhelminthes a parasite lives inside its host (endoparasit) on water snails, cows, pigs, or humans. These worms (Platyhelminthes) mostly live as parasites and some are found in freshwater as well as those contained in seawater. Spread in an area that is China, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, Egypt, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, America, Philippines, Africa, Portugal, and Australia. KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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II. Klasification Platyhelmintes phylum classification is as follows: 1. Class Turbellaria In this class has a characteristic that has feathers vibrate so-called fur or hair worms are also vibrating. Where there are gland cells are numerous. a. The Characteristics 1) Have the cilia in the epidermis 2) Live freely in fresh water, sea water, wetlands and ditches. 3) Solitary life. 4) Body length 5-25 cm. 5) Head triangular, with two eye spots. 6) There is a mid-body's mouth, pharynx can be extended. 7) Have auricle (ear like protrusions on the right and left side of the head) to chemical stimuli locate food. 8) Power regeneration height, body parts can form a new individual. b. Morfologi and Anatomi
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Animals of this group has a flat elongated body like ribbons or leaves. Body length varies from mm to tens of meters. The body is composed of layers of the epidermis berasilia composed by cells syncytium while for trematodes do not have a ciliated epidermis and his body covered with cuticle. Exoskeleton and the software is not available so his body. Part of his body covered by a ciliated epidermis., There are bars rhabdites, there are a lot of mucous glands, usually pigmented. Some species are white like a diamond, usually mouthed and intestinum in ventral regions, did not have straws and sometimes reproduce asexually. c. Ficiologi 1) Respiration System Flatworm does not have any tools
khusus.pengambilan breathing oxygen for the members of this phylum are free living is done through body surface diffusion. While that
endoparasit breathing anaerobic (without oxygen).
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2) Motion System Free-living worms to move on. The pattern of this movement there is a slide and crawl. On the motion of bodies crawling cacaing memnajang as a result of contraction of circular and dorsoventral muscles. The front of the body gripping the substrate and the longitudinal muscles contract, the rear body drawn toward the front. Muscle movement is once again cause the body to turn. 3) Digestive System Digestive system consists of the mouth, pharynx, intestine without anus. Digestion occurs in the extra cellular and intra-cellular. Foods that are digested circulated kecabang-branch digestion. Undigested parts are removed through the mouth 4) Excretion System Flatworm already have a simple tool that excretion of protonepridia ended the cells fire. The cells fire to collect excess water and impurities that are fluid. Inside the cavity there is a flame cell cilia that
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can move the wastes vessels that open ends on the surface of the body. The cells have a fire that led to the channels where the channels gatherer kesaluran this boils down to spending the channel located in the posterior. Cells fire to collect waste material from the cell to be channeled into the sewer. 5) Circulation System Flatworms do not have a special circulatory system. Circulation of the elements of food and other substances by diffusion takes place from cell to cell. 6) Coordination System The brain is located on the head. The brain is composed of ganglion consisting of two lobes. Of brain nerve fibers appeared in the direction toward the anterior and lateral to the auricle Kapala. There are two ventral nerve cord that extends along the body and an end to the posterior end which is connected by a rope ladder komisura forming. In the brain there is a tool statokis body equilibrium. Organs are composed of chemoreceptors, KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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aurikular, and eyes. Chemoreceptors located on the head, in the form of holes and groove cilia, each of which has a sink cell. Chemoreceptors possible to detect food. Gap aurikularia ciliated and are equipped with sensory nerve fibers that are chemoreceptors for smell and taste. 6) Reproduction System Fatworm can develop sexually and asexually. Breeding asexually mainly seen in the majority of the members turbellaria, are hermaphrodites (monoseus) and fertilization takes place internally. There are strains that are asexual and sexual. Sexual strain had no reproductive organs and multiply by dividing. Classification of turbellaria class are: a) Ordo Acoela General characteristics of this order are: 1) Body length 1-4 mm. 2) Have the mouth and pharynx but not beranus. 3) Have protonepridia. 4) Oviduct and gonad clear. KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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5) Habitat in the sea. 6) Do not have intestinum. 7) The number of species slightly Example : Convoluta
Picture. 1 Convoluta b) Ordo Rhabdocoela General characteristic : 1) Simple and straight intestinum (tubular). 2) Having a melut at the anterior end. 3) Generally is Aquatis. 4) Eat phagocytes KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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Example : Catenula, Rhycoscolex
Gambar. 2 Catenula c) Ordo Alloecoela General characteristic : 1) Intestinum has a main branch with smaller branches (ceca) collateral. Example : Prorhynchus
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Gambar. 3 Prorhynchus d) Ordo Tricladida General characteristic : 1) The size is usually small (2 mm - 500 mm). 2) Ventral mouth is located in the middle with a proboscis. 3) Gastrointestinal tract (intestinum) three-pronged. 4) Characteristically Aquatis mainly in freshwater, but have also lived in the sea and there are some species that are terrestrial. Example : Bdelloura,Ectoplana,
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Picture. 4 Bdelloura, e) Ordo Polycladida General characteristic : 1) Small, reaching a length of 150 mm, usually thin and oval. 2) Eyed a lot. 3) Gastrointestinal branched. 4) There is in the open ocean waters. Examples are species of the class turbellaria tract of food irregularly
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Planaria
Picture 5. Anatomi Planaria a. Morfologi and Anatomi Planarian body flattened, oval and soft with a body length of about 5-25 mm. The anterior part triangular blunt, pigmented dark towards the back, having two eyes in the mid-dorsal point. Eye point serves to distinguish the light intensity. There is a ventral mouth hole section of the body slightly toward the tail. Associated with the pharynx (proboscis) tubular shaped KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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with a muscular wall, can be pulled and stretched to catch food. There is a knob on the head as the ear is called auricle. Just below the narrowed part of the body there head, connecting the body and head called the neck. Body parts found along the ventral zone liak adhesive that produces mucus that serves to put / stick to the substrate. On the ventral surface is covered by planaria body hairs halusyang vibrating function in the movement. b. Fisiologi 1) Motion System Planarians move by gliding and crawling. The sliding motion with the help of cilia located at the ventral body and substance of mucus produced by mucous glands at the edge of the body. Cilia movement causes the mucus that lines touching the animal is moving. In the creeping motion, planaria body elongated as a result of circular muscle contraction and dorsoventral. The front gripping the substrate.
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2) Respiration System Planarians do not yet have specific digestion. Oxygen uptake from the environment by osmosis exothermic directly through the body surface. Given the growing body giving a smooth flat gas exchange. 3) Exretion System Excretion systems in these worms already had a special tool consisting of a branched vessel shaped sac called the cells fire. In each body the collecting vessel contained 1- 4 pieces longitudinally. 4) Nervous System Consists of two elongated longitudinal nerve trunks, the anterior cross and touch the anterior ganglion is located near the bottom of the eye. 5) Reproduction System Planarians reproduce by sexual and asexual. By means of asexual propagation by transverse fission. Cleavage occurs when the planaria reaching maximum body size. When splitting the posterior body dilatakkan on the substrate, the front of the body is pulled towards
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the front so that his body broke into two in the back its pharyngeal. The rest of the body will form the front of the tail is missing and the posterior part of the body to form the anterior. c. Habitat Planarians sensitive to light, temperature and pH. Planarians live in aquatic ecosystems such as ditches, streams, lakes, ponds or swamps. 2. Class Trematoda In this class has a characteristic that has a shape like a leaf as well as parasitic. a. The characteristics a) Have a vacuum on the front (anterior) body of the breed. b) Living parasites (ectoparasites and endoparasit). c) Body shape like a leaf. d) Attached to the host body. e) The walls of the body is composed of epidermis and cilia.
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f) Channel incomplete digestion of food without anus (in the anterior mouth, digestive tract with two main branches, sucker around the mouth hole or ventral surface, pharynx and intestine). g) Excretion organs of protonepridia. h) Are hermaphrodites, except at some family.
b.
Morphology and Anatomy Morphology and Anatomin trematode worms called
suction because the worm has a sucker on the front (anterior) body. Suction device used to menempelpada host's body. Trematode parasite is an animal, he took makananberupa body fluids or tissues of its host when he was stuck. The body is shaped like a leaf with a length up to 30 m. Body covered with a resistant cuticle (modification of the epidermis). Mouth bounded by the anterior suckers vanity yangberbentuk as a disc of musculer and equipped gear is chitin. Vanity has a ventral sucker as a ticker. There is a vanity genitalisdiantara porous anterior and
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posterior
suckers.
At
the
posterior
end
there
porusekskretorius body. Endoparasit nature.
c. Physiology 1) Digestive System Digestive system of flatworms called
gastrovaskuler system, where the circulation of blood but food through the intestines. Flatworm digestive system starts from the mouth, pharynx, and continued into the esophagus. On the back of the throat have bowel which has branches throughout the body. Thus, in addition to digesting food, the gut is also distributing food throughout the body. 2) System excretion Flatworm also disposing of leftover food by mouth because it has no flat anus.Cacing not have a transport system for the food distributed through the system gastrovaskuler. Meanwhile, O2 and CO2 gas expelled from the body through a process of diffusion.
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3) Nerve System There are several kinds of nervous system in flatworms including rope ladder nervous system is the simplest nervous system. In that system, central nervous system called the ganglion of the brain located at the head and numbered pair. From both the ganglion of the brain is coming out the side of nerve cord that extends to the left and right sides of the body associated with the transverse nerve fibers. In the flatworm that higher level, the nervous system may be composed of nerve cells (neurons) are differentiated into sensory nerve cells (the cell carrier of sensory signals to the brain), motor nerve cells (cells from the brain to the effector carrier), and cell association (intermediaries).
4) System Sense Several types of flatworms have a oseli sensing system, namely the eye that contains pigment spots sensitive to light. Eye spots are usually amounted to a pair and are located on the anterior (head). The whole KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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flatworm has a sense of touch and kemoresptor cells throughout the body. Some species also have an additional sense of aurikula (ear), statosista (pegatur balance), and reoreseptor (organ to determine the direction of flow of the river). Generally, the flatworm has a system called protonefridia osmoregulation. The system consists of channels that ends in cell berpembeluh fire. Discharge hole he had called protonefridiofor numbering pair or more. Residual metabolism is issued by diffusion through the cell wall. 5) Reproduction Flatworms can reproduce asexually by splitting and sexually by cross-breeding, although this animal is classified as hermaphrodites. Classification of trematodes class are: a. Ordo Monogenia General characteristics are: 1) suction worms that have only one host in the cycle live. 2) Characteristically ectoparasites.
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3) Living attached to the host that is in pisces, amphibians and reptiles. 4) Batil in the mouth area generally do not exist, was a vacuum in the posterior region is common. 5) Having a one-stage larvae and these larvae swim to find the host or die, and from each ovum produces only one adult form. 6) Sometimes the cause epidemics in fresh water fish and sea water. Example: Polysetomum sp. , Sp Octobothrium
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Picture. 6 Polysetomum sp. b. Ordo Digenia a. General characteristics are: 1) Characteristically endoparasit specific to various organs. 2) Living on the host body (two or more hosts) to complete its life cycle. Hospes for invertebrates and larvae are the hosts for the adult form is a vertebrate. Example: Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, Clorochis, Schistos oma
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Gambar 7. Fasciola hapatica
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Picture. 8 structure Fasiola hepatica
a.
Morphology and Anatomy Fasciola hapatica body structure that is shaped
like a leaf measuring 20-30 mm x 8-13 mm. Conus has a bulge on the anterior part. Also has a vanity and falsehood sucker mouth sucker belly. There is uterus winding and there is a highly branched testes, located in the middle of the body number two.
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b.
Physiology 1) Digestive System In these worms are a special bag with a hole
which serves as the mouth and anus. In the simplest form of intestinal unbranched, but on the other branching occurs which can penetrate the body so that all circulation systems are not in need anymore.
Gambar. 9 Sistem Pencernaan
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2) Reproductive System Are hermaphrodites, the ovaries are usually only one of two or more balls. In addition to ovivar reproductive system. How to own or cross-fertilization.
Picture 10. Reproduction System
3) Excretion System These worms have no anus. Excretion of the cell where the fire appliance. KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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c. Habitat Fasciola hapatica can usually be found in the liver of animals such as sheep.
d. Life Cycle
Gambar 9. Live Cycle Fasciola hapatica A sheep liver contains 200 tail worm or more. Where the eggs will come out of the body of cattle from the bile duct or intestinal mixed with dirt. If livestock is issued then the egg will also be out. If you're in the wet it will become a ciliated larva called mirasidium ciliated. KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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The larvae will swim and when met with snail snail will stick to the coat. In the ciliary body of the snail will not be useless and turned into sporokista. Where sporokista can produce other partogenesis larvae called cercariae redia that form. Once formed cercariae leave the snail's body and will swim so it will stick to the grass and turned into metaserkaria. At the cattle eat grass which contains metaserkaria the cyst will stick in the intestines of cattle and will break through into the heart of cattle and will develop into young worms to adulthood, and so on. 3. Ordo Aspidobotharia a. Characteristics of : 1) Do not have an oval suction tool or tools to attach. 2) In the ventral region contained a large suction device or material for straws. 3) There is one excretion hole located in the posterior, endoparasitpada one host. Example : Aspidogaster
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Gambar. 10 Aspidogaster 4. Class Cestoda Cestoda is a worm-shaped flat like a ribbon which is endoparasit and is known as tapeworms. Adult worms live in the intestine and the larvae live in Vertebrata vertebratan and invetebrata network. a. The characteristics : a) It has a segment (proglotid). b) Life prasit on the human body c) Has skoleks (the head). d) It has a sucker (4 pieces), a tool called rostelum hooks. e) Body ribbon-shaped and covered with cuticle. f) Not having vibrating bristles.
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g) Body length can reach 2.5 to 3 m by the number pr oglotid to 1000 pieces.
b. Anatomy and Morphology Cestoda members generally live as endoparasit in the intestines of vertebrates. These worms are often known generically as tapeworms. His body has no epidermis and cilia, but closed oeh kuitkula. His body was divided menjadibeberapa or many segman called proglotid, rarely not segmented. Anterior tip of the body is equipped denganalat adhesive, which is grappling tool and vacuum, except at Cestodaria. c. Physiology 1) Digestive System Do not have a complete digestive tract. Mouth and digestive tract does not exist.
2) Excretion System Excretion system consists of proto-nefridia ended the cells fire
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3) Nerve System Nervous system is limited to one pair of ganglia and two longitudinal nerve cords are located on both sides of the body.
4) Reproductive System Each body segment has one or two cells that are hermaphrodite reproductive system. Complex life cycle, usually involving two or more hosts. d. Classification Class Cestoda consists of two sub-classes and 7 orders namely: 1. Sub-class Cestodaria a. Characteristics are : a) Endoparasit in the coelom or intestinum vertebrates. b) His body is not segmented. c) Not have skoleks. d) The organs of reproduction is only one cell. e) Larvae have 10 grappling tools (hooks). a. Ordo Amohilinidea b. Ordo Grycotylidea KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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2. Sub kelas Cestoda Characteristics are : a) No segmented (proglotid). b) Usually have one or more means of reproduction. c) Onkoster has 6 hooks. d) Consists of several orders. a. Ordo Cyclophyllidea a. Characteristics are : 1) Characteristically parasites in humans. 2) Skoleks has four bowl-shaped vacuum and have rostelum. 3) No uterine Porus. 4) Ova not berkapsula and onkosfer not ciliated.
Example : Taenia sp, Echinococcus granulosus.
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Picture 11. Echinococcus granulosus
Picture 12. Struktur tubuh Taenia sp d. Anathomy and Morphology Body of adult worms have 3-4 meters long and contains more than 1000 proglotid. In the skoleks equipped with four straws and hooks. Skoleks is the head KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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which is equipped by a suction device used to immobilize prey and hooks called rostelum to attach. Have the hooks and the rear extension region skoleks there called Strobilus. c. Physiology 1) Digestive System This worm does not have a perfect digestive tract. Food directly obtained from hospes by absorbing food from its host it. 2) Reproductive System System hermaphrodite. Reproduksi worm this band varies. is a
Reproductive
organs
Each
proglotid consists of a set of complete da male female organs. Eggs are formed in one proglotid fertilized by spermatozoa from the same proglotid, despite the merger between proglotid known at the same worm and worm apada different. e. Habytat This endoparasit tapeworm and adult worms live in the digestive tract of vertebrates and the larvae live in the tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates. KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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f. Life Cycle
Picture. 13 Life Cycle Taenia sp In the human intestine that had been there proglotid menggandung namely that the fertilized egg cell. Eggs containing embryos is out with feces. When eggs are ingested through the gut of pigs and will grow and turn into larvae onkosfer. These larvae will form a cyst called cysticerus bovis (larval worms). Cyst will enlarge and form bubbles called sistiserkus. Humans will KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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be infected with this worm when eating raw meat or undercooked pork. Sistiserkus wall will be digested and skoleks dilambung while larvae attach to human intestines. Then the larvae will grow to form proglotid that can produce eggs. Next will come out with feces, and so on. b. Ordo Pseudophyllidea. Characteristics are : 1. Skoleks bothria generally have two or cracks and sometimes there are 4 proboscis with hooks. 2. Porus uterine proglotid on a flat surface. 3. The uterus has a saccule or a small bag and villateria scattered. 4. Ova Capsula and onkosfer ciliated. c. Ordo Tetraphyllidea Characteristics are : 1) Skoleks bothria had 4, 4 vacuum or proboscis, sometimes with hooks. 2) uterine Porus rare and there is diffuse villateria proglotid lateral section. 3) Ova no water onkosfer capsule and not ciliated. KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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4) Characteristically parasites in pisces, amphibians and reptiles. Example : Phyllobothorium darhni
Picture 14. Phyllobothorium darhni d. Ordo Dyphyllidea Example : Echeneibothrium sp.
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Picture 15. Echeneibothrium sp. e. Ordo Tripanoryncha.
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Bibliography Anonim. 2008. Filum Platyhelmintes Online. Tersedia di : fisiologi+filum+platyhelmintes.html. Di akses : Jumat, 15 Juli 2011 Anonim. 2009. Pengertian Platyhelmintes dan Ciri-
cirinya. Online. Tersedia di : http://911m edical.blogspot.com/2009/06/filumplatyhelmintes.html. Di akses : Jumat, 15 Juli 2011 Anonim. 2010. Pengertian Platyhelmintes dan Klasifikas Online. Tersedia di : http://www.asturna tura.com/asturnaturaDB/asturnaturaDB. php. Di akses : Jumat, 15 Juli 2011 Anonim. 2010. Filum Platyhelmintes. Online. Tersedia di : http://www.scribd.com/doc/51645171/ FILUM-PLATYHELMINTES. Di akses : Sabtu, 16 Juli 2011 Aini, Rina. 2009. Ciri Umum Filum Platyhelmintes. Online. Tersedia di : fisiologi+filum+pl atyhelmintes.html. KELOMPOK 1 & 2
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Filum Platyhelmintes I. Definition

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ZOOLOGI INVERTEBRATA

endoparasit breathing anaerobic (without oxygen).

Example : Catenula, Rhycoscolex

Morphology and Anatomy Morphology and Anatomin trematode worms called

porusekskretorius body. Endoparasit nature.

c. Physiology 1) Digestive System Digestive system of flatworms called

Gambar 7. Fasciola hapatica

Picture. 8 structure Fasiola hepatica

Morphology and Anatomy Fasciola hapatica body structure that is shaped

Gambar. 9 Sistem Pencernaan

Picture 10. Reproduction System

Example : Taenia sp, Echinococcus granulosus.

Picture 11. Echinococcus granulosus

4) Characteristically parasites in pisces, amphibians and reptiles. Example : Phyllobothorium darhni

Picture 14. Phyllobothorium darhni d. Ordo Dyphyllidea Example : Echeneibothrium sp.

Picture 15. Echeneibothrium sp. e. Ordo Tripanoryncha.

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