Tong Hop Bai Tap Giai Tich A2

1
I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA TON-TIN HC

Nguyn Mnh Tin Nguyn nh Thi Trn Hng Ti
Nguyn Ngc Pht o Mnh Khang H Tn Phong

Tiu lun mn Gii Tch A2

2

I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA TON- TIN HC

Tng hp bi tp
GII TCH A2

Nguyn Mnh Tin Nguyn nh Thi Trn Hng Ti
Nguyn Ngc Pht o Mnh Khang H Tn Phong

Sinh vin lp C nhn Ti nng kha 2010

Ngy 25 thng 6 nm 2011

Tiu lun mn Gii Tch A2

3

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4

SUY NGH CA CC THNH VIN

Ln u tin lm vic nhm thc s
Nguyn nh Thi

y l ln u tin ti tham gia mt cng vic nhm c tnh nghim tc cao vi s phn
cng, iu phi cng vic linh hot v em ci tin cht lng ln hng u
Nguyn Ngc Pht

Khang hc c thm rt nhiu iu, t nhng kin thc ton hc n nhng bi
hc trong cuc sng nh tinh thn ng i, lm vic theo k hoch, lun lun np bi
ng thi hn
o Mnh Khang

C l i vi bn, y ch l mt cun sch, nhng i vi chng ti, y khng ch l
mt cun sch, y l vt ghi du cho mt thi im trong cuc i chng ti, l kt
tinh ca nhng ngy thng lm vic nhm nghim tc
H Tn Phong

Qua ln lm vic nhm ny mi thnh vin u hc thm c nhiu bi hc b
ch, khng ch v ton m cn v cch phn chia cng vic cng nh cch lm vic nhm
hiu qu...
Trn Hng Ti

gn 4 thng lm vic, khong 175 email trao i nh km ti liu, hn 600 trang bn
tho v mt lng khng m c nhng n lc ca c 6 thnh vin
Nguyn Mnh Tin

5

Li cm n

Xin c dnh nhng cu u tin trong bi vit ny by t lng bit n ca
ton th nhm bin son n cc thy c ca Khoa Ton-Tin hc, trng H Khoa hc
T nhin TP.HCM, c bit l thy ng c Trng, ngi to rt nhiu iu kin
nhm c th hon thnh bi vit ny, v thy Tr Quc Khanh, ngi thy (v cng l
ngi anh ) lun tn tnh hng dn lp C nhn Ti nng kha 2010 trong b mn
Gii Tch.
Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngy 25 thng 6 nm 2011
Nhm bin son

6

Bng mc lc

Li cm n ................................................................................................................ 5
Bng mc lc............................................................................................................. 6
M u ...................................................................................................................... 8
Chng A L thuyt .............................................................................................. 9
Phn A.I Cc b c bn v lc lng tp hp ................................................ 10
Phn A.II M t c th cc khi nim tp ng, tp m v compact trn
1
...... 13
Phn A.III Mt s nh l ph bin .................................................................... 17
nh l ph m Linderlf v Lindelf m rng ............................................. 17
nh l Baire ................................................................................................. 18
nh l Ascoli ................................................................................................ 20
nh l xp x Weierstrass v Stone Weierstrass ......................................... 24
nh l Banach Steinhaus ........................................................................... 32
nh l nh x m ........................................................................................ 33
nh l th ng ........................................................................................ 35
nh l Hahn Banach .................................................................................. 35
nh l Banach Alaoglu .............................................................................. 38
Phn A.IV Cc b nh c s dng nhiu trong ti liu .............................. 41
Chng B Bi tp ................................................................................................ 52
Phn B.I Gio trnh Gii Tch A2....................................................................... 53
Chng 1 Khng gian metric ...................................................................... 54
Chng 2 nh x lin tc, tp compact, tp lin thng ng .................... 65
Chng 3 Khng gian metric y v khng gian Banach ....................... 80
Chng 4 Vi phn hm nhiu bin ............................................................. 97

7

Chng 5 Cng thc Taylor, hm n, hm ngc, cc tr ......................... 143
Chng 6 Chui trong khng gian Banach ................................................ 184
Chng 7 Dy hm v chui hm ............................................................. 228
Phn B.II Nhp mn Gii Tch......................................................................... 281
Phn B.III Gii Tch hm ................................................................................. 409
Phn B.IV Mathematical Analysis ................................................................... 435
Phn B.V Bi tp Gii Tch A2 ........................................................................ 449
Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................ 460

8

M u

-Qu dy!
-ng vy.
-S rt nhm chn khi c mt ti liu di 450 trang m ni dung thun ty ch l
li gii chi tit ca cc bi tp c hng dn trong nhiu gio trnh.
-Cha hn. Xin hy c qua Bi 99 Phn B.II nh mt v d.
Tht vy, mc d mc ch chnh ca bi vit ny l trnh by chi tit li gii cho cc bi
tp trong cc gio trnh nhng nhm bin son lun c gng tm nhng cch tip cn
vn khc vi cc li gii trong sch. Vic ny khng nhm mc ch phi by cc k
thut c nhn trong gii ton m, theo quan im ca nhm, l a ra cc cch tip cn
gn gi v t nhin hn vi sinh vin.
Vi s tn trng cc ti liu tham kho, nhm bin son lun trnh by bi gii theo
gi ca cc sch ny nh Li gii th nht. Cc li gii th hai tr i l nhng cch tip
cn mi theo hng ca nhm bin son m i lc cho ta nhng kt qu mnh hn yu
cu ca bi. thy r iu ny, xin hy xem Bi 6.14 Phn B.I hoc Bi 1.4.12 Phn
B.III (v cn rt nhiu trng hp nh th na ).
V b cc, ti liu ny c chia lm hai chng. Chng A trnh by mt s kin thc
b sung v cc nh l, b c s dng nhiu ln trong ti liu. Chng B bao gm
li gii chi tit ca cc bi tp t 5 cun sch khc nhau bao gm:
Gio trnh Gii Tch A2 (Khoa Ton- Tin hc, H KHTN TP.HCM)
Nhp mn Gii Tch (ng nh ng)
Gii Tch hm (Dng Minh c)
Mathematical Analysis (Tom M. Apostol)
Bi tp Gii Tch A2 (Khoa Ton- Tin hc, H KHTN TP.HCM)
D c kim tra rt nhiu ln mt cch c lp bi cc thnh vin khc nhau trong
nhm bin son, tuy nhin vi kh nng v thi gian lm vic c hn, chc chn ti liu
vn cn mt s sai st nht nh. Nhm bin son vn lun c gng chnh sa ti liu
ngy cng c hon thin hn.
Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngy 25 thng 6 nm 2011
Trng nhm bin son
Nguyn Mnh Tin

9

Chng A
L thuyt

Mc ch ca chng ny l h thng li cc B v nh l c s dng trong
ti liu nhm mc ch chun b trc cho nhng phn sau. Chng ny gm 4 phn nh
sau:
Phn A.I : Cc b c bn v lc lng tp hp
Phn A.II : M t c th cc khi nim tp ng, tp m v compact trn
1

Phn A.III : Mt s nh l ph bin
Phn A.IV : Cc b nh c s dng nhiu trong ti liu

10

Phn A.I
Mt s b c bn v lc lng tp hp

u tin, chng ta s chng minh li cc nh l quen thuc v tp hp v lc
lng ca tp hp nhm mc ch phc v cho cc phn sau ca bi vit.
B A.I.1 l tp m c, ngha l tn ti n nh t vo .
Chng minh :
Do mi phn t ca u vit c di dng phn s ti gin
m
n
vi m v n
nn ta xt n nh sau:

m
n
2
u
m
. 3
b
m
. 5
n

Trong ( o
m
, b
m
) = ( m, 0) nu m 0 v ( o
m
, b
m
) = ( 0, m) nu m < 0.
Xt 2 phn t ca :
m
n
v
m
|
n
|
sao cho [
m
n
= [
m
|
n
|
, ta c o
m
= o
m
|, b
m
= b
m
|, n = n
i

suy ra o
m
b
m
= o
m
| b
m
|, ngha l m = m
i
. Vy
m
n
=
m
|
n
|
nn l n nh.
Ta c iu phi chng minh.

B A.I.2 Tp con B ca mt tp hp A m c th l m c.
Chng minh :
Xt mt tp con B bt l ca A. V A m c nn tn ti n nh t A n . Mt
khc B A nn xt |
B
l thu hp ca nh x trn A, ta c |
B
cng l n nh t B
vo N. Vy B l tp m c.

B A.I.3 Hi ca mt h m c cc tp m dc cng l mt tp m c. Ni
cch khc vi I v A
l cc tp m c th tp B xc nh nh sau

11

B = _A
I

Cng l mt tp hp m c.
Chng minh :
V I m c nn tn ti n nh : I . Mt khc, cc tp A
cng m c nn ta
gi
l n nh t A
n . Ta s tm mt n nh g t B n . Tht vy, vi mt
t B, tn ti ch s i
t
I sao cho t A
t
. Ta t g( t) = 2
]
i
t
( t)
. 3
](
t
)
v chng minh g
l mt n nh.
Gi s c u, : B sao cho g( u) = g( :) , ngha l 2
]
i
u
( u)
. 3
](
u
)
= 2
]
i
( )
. 3
](
)
. Suy ra
i
u
= i
= ] v
]
( u) =
]
( :) . V
]
l n nh nn ta phi c u = :. Vy g l n nh v
do ta c B l tp m c.

B A.I.4 Nu A, B l cc tp m c th tch Descartes A B ca chng cng l tp
m c.
Chng minh :
V A, B l cc tp m c nn tn ti cc n nh , g t A, B vo . Ta xt nh x t
A B vo nh sau:
: A B
( o, b) 2
]( u)
. 3
g( b)

Ta chng minh l n nh. Tht vy, gi s (( o, b) ) = (( c, J) ), ta suy ra
2
]( u)
3
g( b)
= 2
]( c)
3
g( d)

Suy ra ( o) = ( c) v g( b) = g( J) . V , g l cc song nh nn ta c ( o, b) = ( c, J)
Vy l n nh v b c chng minh.

B A.I.5 Tp hp J gm cc s nguyn t l v hn, ni cch khc v J nn ta
cng c J khng b chn trn.
Chng minh :
Cch 1:

12

Gi s J l hu hn, ta c th nh s J = { p
1
, p
2
, , p
n
} . Xt p = p
1
p
2
p
n
+ 1 , gi s
p khng l s nguyn t, ngha l p chia ht cho mt s nguyn t p
vi 1 i n, suy
ra p
1 (v l). Vy J c v hn phn t.
Cch 2:
Xt chui iu ha
1
i
+
=1
= + ( )
Theo nh l c bn ca s hc, mi s nguyn ln hn 1 u vit c thnh tch ca
hu hn ly tha cc s nguyn t. Nn ta c:
1
i
+
=1
= __1 +
1
p
+
1
p
2
+ ]
pJ
= _
p
p 1
pJ

Nu J ch c hu hn phn t, th v phi ca ng thc trn l mt s thc. iu ny
mu thun vi ( ) . Vy J c v hn phn t.

13

Phn A.II
M t c th cc khi nim tp ng, tp m v
compact trn
1

Ta bit cc khi nim tp ng, tp m v compact trn khng gian metric tng
qut, phn sau y s cp n cu trc c th ca cc i tng ny trn
1
.
Ta hy bt u vi khi nim n gin nht: tp m trong
1

nh l A.II.1 : Mi tp m khc trng trong
1
u l hi ca mt h m c cc
khong m ri nhau.
Ni cch khc, mi tp m A trong
1
u c dng:
A = _( o
, b
)
I

Vi o
c th l , b
c th l + , ( o
, b
) v (o
]
, b
]
) ri nhau i ] I, I l tp hp
m c. chng minh nh l trn, ta dng b sau y :
B A.II.1 : Vi mi im x trong tp m A, u tn ti duy nht khong m ( o
x
, b
x
)
trong A ln nht cha x, ngha l x ( o
x
, b
x
) A v vi mi khong m ( o, b) con A
cha x th ( o, b) ( o
x
, b
x
) .
Ghi ch : Vi o
x
, o, c th l v b
x
, b c th l + .
Chng minh :
Do x A v A l khong m nn tn ti e > 0 sao cho ( x e, x + e) A. Xt tp
S nh sau:
S = { t A: [ x, t) A}
Nu S khng b chn trn th ta ly b
x
= + . Nu S b chn trn th s c b
x
= sup S. Ta
chng minh b
x
S. Tht vy, xt im x
i
[ x, b
x
) , do x
i
< b
x
= sup S nn tn ti
z S sao cho x
i
< z b
x
. Suy ra x
i
[ x, z) A, ngha l [ x, b
x
) A, hay b
x
S.
Bng cch tng t, ta xc nh c o
x
.

14

By gi ta chng minh khong m( o
x
, b
x
) tm c l nh nht. Tht vy, vi khong
m ( o, b) A bt k cha x, ta c [ x, b) S, suy ra b b
x
(iu ny hin nhin khi
b
x
= + ). Tng t ta cng c o o
x
. Vy ( o, b) ( o
x
, b
x
) .
Cui cng, khong m tha mn iu kin ca b phi duy nht v vi mt khong m
( o, b) khc, ta c ( o, b) ( o
x
, b
x
) v ( o
x
, b
x
) ( o, b) nn ( o
x
, b
x
) = ( o, b) .
B c chng minh.
Cc khong m ln nht c cp trong b trn c gi l khong m
thnh phn ca A. Sau y, ta s chng minh 2 khong m thnh phn bt k th ri nhau
hoc trng nhau.
B A.II.2 : Vi mi im x, y trong tp m A, cc khong m thnh phn ( o
x
, b
x
)
cha x v ( o
, b
) cha y hoc ri nhau hoc trng nhau.

Chng minh :
Gi s ( o
x
, b
x
) (o
, b
) cha im z, ta s chng minh chng trng nhau. Tht

vy, gi ( o
z
, b
z
) l khong m thnh phn cha z . V z ( o
x
, b
x
) nn ( o
x
, b
x
)
( o
z
, b
z
) . Mt khc ta cng c x ( o
x
, b
x
) ( o
z
, b
z
) nn ( o
z
, b
z
) ( o
x
, b
x
) .
Vy ta c ( o
x
, b
x
) ( o
z
, b
z
) .
Chng minh tng t ta cng c (o
, b
) ( o
z
, b
z
) ( o
x
, b
x
) . Vy b c chng
minh.
V ta c cng c chng minh nh l A.III.1 :
Gi B
x
l khong m thnh phn cha x, ta chng minh s cc khong m thnh phn l
m c. V mi khong m B
x
u cha s hu t q
x
nn ta c nh x sau:
: E = { B
x
: x A}
B
x
q
x

Nu ( B
x
) = (B
) = q th ta c q B
x
B
, theo B A.III.2, suy ra B

x
B
.
Vy l n nh nn E l m c. Ta vit :
A = _ B
x
B
x
E

V kt thc chng minh.
Tip theo, s dng phn b, ta tm c dng ca mt tp ng trong
1
nh sau:

15

nh l A.II.2 : Mi tp ng trong
1
l hi ca mt h m c cc tp m.
Ni cch khc, mi tp ng B trong
1
u c dng:
B = _w
I

Trong w
l cc tp m ( c m t trong nh l A.III.1) v I m c.
Chng minh :
Xt A = B l mt tp m, theo nh l A.III.1, ta c
A = _( o
, b
)
I

Vi ( o
, b
) v (o
]
, b
]
) ri nhau i ] I, I l tp hp m c. Suy ra:
B = A = _( o
, b
)
I
= _( ( o
, b
) )
I
= _I
I

Vi I
= ( , o
] [ b
, + ) . Ta chng minh c th vit I
thnh hi ca mt h m
c cc tp m. Tht vy, t E( i, ]) = [, o
+
1
]
[b

1
]
, + i I, ]
V o
+
1
]
o
v b

1
]
b
khi ] + nn ta suy ra c :
_E( i, ])
]
= __, o
+
1
]
] _b

1
]
, + ]
]
= ( , o
] [ b
, + ) = I

Suy ra
B = __E( i, ])
] I
= _ E( i, ])
( ,]) I

V I m c nn B l giao ca mt h m c cc tp m.
Ta tip tc kho st cc tp compact trong
1
v c kt qu sau:
nh l A.II.3 : Mi compact S trong
1
hoc l mt khong ng hoc l mt khong
ng nhng b i mt h m c cc khong m ri nhau c bin nm trong S.
Chng minh:
V S ng v b chn nn ta c th t o = mi n S v b = max S. Do S l tp m cha
( , o) , ( b, + ) v khng cha o, b nn nu t I = ( S) ( o, b) th I m v

16

S = ( , o) ( b, + ) I
Do I m nn nu I th
I = _( o
, b
)
I

Vi ( o
, b
) v (o
]
, b
]
) l cc khong m con ca ( o, b) ri nhau i ] I, I l tp hp
m c. Suy ra:
S = (( , o) ( b, + ) I) = [ o, b] ( I) = [ o, b] _( ( o
, b
) )
I
= _([ o, b] ( o
, b
) )
I
= [ o, b] _( o
, b
)
I

Vy S l khong ng [ o, b] nhng b i mt h m c cc khong m ri nhau c
bin nm trong S.
Trng hp I = (cng c th coi l trng hp I = ) th S = [ o, b] l mt khong
ng.
nh l c chng minh.
Vy cc khi nim tp ng, tp m v compact c ta m t hon ton trong
1
.

17

Phn A.III
Mt s nh l ph bin

Phn ny ca ti liu s ni v mt s nh l ph bin nhng nm ngoi chng
trnh Gii Tch A2 nhm mc ch cung cp thm cng c v cc hng tip cn cho
nhiu bi tp sau ny. V s lng cc nh l ny kh nhiu nn trong ti liu ny, nhm
bin son ch h thng li cc nh l c s dng c bit nhiu hoc cha c chng
minh chi tit trong cc gio trnh mc Ti liu tham kho.
A.III.1 nh l ph m Lindelf v Lindelf m rng
Nu nh ta bit rng mi h ph m ca mt tp compact u c mt ph m con hu
hn th nh l Lindelf sau y cho ta mt ci nhn khc vi h ph m ca mt tp hp
trong
n
.
nh l ph m Lindelf Cho A l mt tp con ca
n
. Chng minh rng mi h ph
m { w
}
I
ca A u c ph m con m c.
Chng minh :
Xt E = { B( x, r) : x
n
, r } , ta chng minh E l m c. Tht vy, ta xt n
nh g nh sau t E n
n+1
:
g : E
n+1

B( x, r) ( x, r)
Mt khc,
n+1
l m c nn ta cng c E l m c.
Ta chng minh x E, r > 0, B( o, r) B sao cho x B( o, r) B( x, r) ( )
t x = ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) vi x
. V tr mt trong nn tn ti r [0,
2
v
cc s o
sao cho | o
| <
1
n
r
i
. Ta suy ra
o( o, x) = _( o
)
2
n
=1
| o
|
n
=1
< r
Vi mi t B( o, r) th o( t, x) o( x, o) + o( t, o) < r + r < r, suy ra B( o, r) cha
trong B( x, r) . Mt khc v o( o, x) < r nn x B( o, r
i
) . Vy ( ) c chng minh.

18

Ta chng minh tn ti tp con [ m c ca I sao cho A w
]

Vi mi x A, tn ti i( x) I sao cho x w
( x)
. V w
( x)
m nn tn ti e( x) sao cho
B(x, e( x) ) w
( x)
. Theo nhn nh trn, c B( o
x
, r
x
) E sao cho
x B( o
x
, r
x
) B(x, e( x) ) w
( x)

Xt E
i
= { B( o
x
, r
x
) : x A} th E l tp con ca E nn m c. Ta xt nh x sau:
E
i
I
B( o
x
, r
x
) i( x)
t [ = ( E
i
) th [ I v [ m c do c ton nh t E
i
vo [. Mt khc vi mi
x A, ta c x B( o
x
, r
x
) w
( x)
nn suy ra
A _w
]

Vy ta ch ra c mt ph m con m c v nh l c chng minh hon ton.
Ngoi ra, ta cng c kt qu tng qut hn cho cc khng gian kh ly sau y. V kt qu
ny ch s dng cc ton v k thut tng t nn phn chng minh s c coi nh bi
tp Phn B
nh l ph m Lindelf m rng Cho ( E, o) l mt khng gian metric kh ly v A l
mt tp con ca E. Chng minh rng mi ph m F ca A u c ph m con m c.
Chng minh :
Xem Bi 3.34 Phn B.IV

A.III.2 nh l Baire
Trong ton t hp ta c Nguyn l Dirichlet ni ting pht biu nh sau:
Nguyn l Dirichlet Nu nht m con th vo n ci chung th s c t nht 1 ci chung
cha t
m
n
[ con th tr ln.
Ta c th hnh dung c iu ny mt cch kh hin nhin rng nu s th qu nhiu v
s chung qu t th s c mt chung no y rt ng th.
Mt iu kh th v l nu nguyn l Dirichlet ch pht biu i vi s th v s chung
hu hn th nh l Baire phn sau y dng nh cho ta kt qu vi hnh dung tng
t nhng mc tru tng cao hn: Mt khng gian metric y (tnh y ging

19

vic c rt nhiu con th) khng th c ph bi mt h m c cc tp ng (tnh
m c ging vic c kh t chung) khng u tr mt (no-where dense). Ngha l:
nh l BaireCho E l khng gian metric y . Gi s
E = _E
n
n=1

vi E
n
l tp ng ca En .
Th cn
0
1 sao choE
n
0
cha mt tp m khc trng.
Chng minh :
u tin ta c B sau:
B Cho ( E, o) l khng gian metric y v { K
n
} l mt dy gim cc tp con ng
khc trng ca E sao cho d i am K
n
0. Th K
n
n=1
= { x} vi mt x E.
Chng minh :
Ly dy { x
n
} trong E sao cho { x
n
} K
n
th { x
n
} l dy Cauchy v
o( x
m
, x
n
) di amK
n
m > n
v di am K
n
0 . Do E y nn c x E sao cho { x
n
} hi t v x.
Ta chng minh x K
m
m . Tht vy, v vi m th { x
n
}
n>m
l mt dy hi t v
x trong tp ng K
m
nn ta c x K
m
. Vy x K
n
n=1
.
Mt khc, gi s c phn t y x trong K
n
n=1
, v d i am K
n
0 nn tn ti N ln
sao cho o( x, y) > di amK
N
. iu ny v l v x, y K
n
n=1
K
N
. Vy b c
chng minh hon ton.
Ta p dng b trn chng minh nh l:
Gi s vi mi E
n
u khng cha tp m khc trng no, ta s tm ra mt iu mu
thun.
u tin, nu A l tp con ng khc trng ca E sao cho A khng cha tp m no th
vi w l tp con m khc trng ca E, ta c w ( E A) l tp m khc trng trong E
do w khng cha trong A.
Tp m khc trng E E
1
cha mt qu cu ng B
i
( x
1
, r
1
) vi bn knh r
1
< 1. Li c
theo nhn xt trn, B( x
1
, r
1
) ( E E
2
) l tp m khc trng ca E nn cha mt qu cu
ng B
i
( x
2
, r
2
) vi bn knh r
2
<
1
2
.

20

Bng quy np, ta nhn c mt dy gim cc qu cu ng B
n
i
= B
i
( x
n
, r
n
) vi bn knh
r
n
<
1
n
tha B
n
i
E
n
= . V E l y nn theo B trn, ta c:
_B
n
i

n=1

Ly x B
n
n=1
th x E
n
, n 1. iu ny mu thun v E = E
n
n=1
. Vy nh l
c chng minh.
Ngoi ra ta cn c cc dng khc ca nh l Baire, chng hn nu ta ly phn b li th
s c kt qu nh sau:
nh l Baire(dng phn b) Cho { 0
n
}
n
l dy cc tp m trong khng gian Banach
E sao cho 0
n
= E vi mi n . t 0 = 0
n
n=1
. Chng minh 0 = E.
Chng minh c th ca nh l ny c xem nh bi tp (Bi 1.3.15 Phn B.III).
Tuy c pht biu n gin nhng nh l Baire t ra kh hu hiu khi ta gp kh khn
vi cc tp khng u tr mt. Chnh v th nh l ny c s dng kh nhiu trong ti
liu, c th cc nh l nh x m, nh l th ng (Phn A) v cc bi tp 62, 98,
103, 106, 107, 120 (Phn B.II).

A.III.3 nh l Ascoli
Nu nh l Bolzano Weierstrasss ni rng mi dy s thc b chn u c dy con hi t
th i vi dy cc hm s, nh l Ascoli cho ta kt qu tng t. Hy bt u bng ni
dung nh l c pht biu nh sau:
nh l Ascoli Cho X l mt tp compact trong mt khng gian nh chun ( E, . ) v
A l mt tp hp con ca C( X, ) . Lc A l mt tp compact trong khng gian
( C( X, ) , .
) nu v ch nu A c 2 tnh cht sau:

(i) A b chn tng im, ngha l vi mi x trong X ta c A( x) { ( x) : A} b
chn trong
(ii) A ng lin tc
Chng minh :
Ta chng minh nu A l compact th (i),(ii) c tha mn:
Tht vy, gi s (i) sai, ngha l c mt im x
0
A m A( x
0
) khng b chn. Suy ra tn
ti dy hm
n
trong A sao cho
n
( x
0
) > n vi mi n . Xt {
n
} nh mt dy trong A,

21

v A l compact nn tn ti A sao cho
n
khi n . Suy ra
n
( x
0
) ( x
0
) nn
dy {
n
( x
0
) } b chn v cho ta mt mu thun. Vy (i) ng.
Gi s (ii) sai, ngha l tn ti e > 0 sao cho:
o > 0 , x
6
, y
6
X,
6
A tha x
6
y
6
< o v|
6
( x
6
)
6
( y
6
) | > e
t g
n
=
1 n
, u
n
= x
1 n
, :
n
= y
1 n
ta c u
n
:
n
<
1
n
v | g
n
( u
n
) g
n
( :
n
) | > e. V
{ u
n
} l mt dy trong compact X nn tn ti dy con |u
n
k
| hi t ti u X. Mt khc, do
[u
n
k
:
n
k
[ <
1
n
k
<
1
k
nn ta cng c |:
n
k
| hi t ti u.
V |g
n
k
| l mt dy trong A nn cng c dy con ]g
n
k
i
hi t ti g A. Theo Bi 1.5.5,
g lin tc trn X. Mt khc, ta c g
n
k
i
[u
n
k
i
g
n
k
i
[:
n
k
i
> e i nn
e < g
n
k
i
[u
n
k
i
g
n
k
i
[:
n
k
i

< g
n
k
i
[u
n
k
i
g[u
n
k
i
+ g [u
n
k
i
g [:
n
k
i
+ g [:
n
k
i
g
n
k
i
[:
n
k
i

2. _g
n
k
i
g_
+ g[u
n
k
i
g[:
n
k
i

Cho i , ta c 0 = | g( x) g( x) | e > 0 . iu ny gy mu thun v chng t (ii)
ng.
Vy nu A l compact th (i) v (ii) c tha mn.
Ta chng minh nu (i) v (ii) ng th A l compact. y l phn kh nht ca nh l v
c tip cn bng 2 hng nh sau:
Cch 1:
Gi s A khng compact, ngha c mt dy {
n
} trong A sao cho n khng c dy con no
hi t. Theo Bi 1.4.12, ta trch c mt dy con |
n
k
| ca {
n
} sao cho tn ti s thc
dng e _
n
k

n
k
|
_ > 3e vi mi k k
i
. Mt khc, v vi mi k ,
n
k
l mt
im dnh ca A nn tn ti g
k
A sao cho [g
k

n
k
[ < e. Ta suy ra
e < _
n
k

n
k
|
_ [
n
k
g
k
[ + g
k
g
k
| + _g
k
|
n
k
|
_ < 2 e + g
k
g
k
|
Vy g
k
g
k
| > e k k
i
( 1) .

22

Xt mt im x X, v g
n
( x) A( x) n v A( x) l mt tp con b chn ca nn
ta trch c mt dy con |g
n
k
( x) | ca { g
n
( x) } hi t. Ta suy ra |g
n
k
( x) | cng l dy
Cauchy, ngha l tn ti H
s
sao cho |g
n
h
( x) g
n
k
( x) | < e vi mi , k > H
s
( 2) .
( 2) mu thun vi ( 1) v kt thc chng minh.
Cch 2:
Theo B A.IV.3, ta ch cn chng minh mi dy trong A u c dy con hi t trong
C( X, ) . Tht vy, xt {
n
} l mt dy trong A. V X l compact nn X c th ph c
bi hu hn qu cu m bn knh 1, ngha l
X = _B
X
( x
1
, 1)
N
1
=1

Do {
n
( x
11
) }
n
l mt dy trong A( x
11
) nn hin nhin b chn. Ta suy ra c dy con
|
q
1
( n)
( x
11
) | ca {
n
( x
11
) } hi t ti ( x
11
) .
Li xt dy |
q
1
( n)
( x
12
) |
n
l mt dy trong A( x
12
) nn b chn. Ta suy ra c dy con
]
q
1
(q
2
( n) )
( x
12
) ca |
q
1
( n)
( x
12
) | hi t ti ( x
12
) .
Gi s c dy con _
q
1
[(q
k
( n) )
( x
1k
) _
n
ca _
q
1
[(q
k-1
( n) )
( x
1k
) _
n
hi t ti
( x
1k
) , ta li xt _
q
1
[(q
k
( n) )
(x
1( k+1)
)_
n
nh mt dy trong A(x
1( k+1)
) nn b chn
v c dy con _
q
1
_q
k
[(q
k+1
( n) )]
(x
1( k+1)
)_
n
hi t ti (x
1( k+1)
).
Theo nguyn l quy np, ta xy dng c cc hm trch
k
vi k = 1, N
1
sao cho
_
q
1
_[q
N
1
( n) ]
( x
1
) _ ( x
1
) khi n . t o
1
=
N
1

2

1
th o cng l
mt hm trch v o
1
tha mn |
c
1
( n)
( x
1
) |
n
( x
1
) khi n .
Mt khc X cng l hi ca hu hn cc qu cu bn knh
1
2
:
X = _B
X
_x
2
,
1
2
]
N
2
=1

23

Xt cc dy |
c
1
( n)
( x
2
) |
n
, lp lun tng t bn trn, ta xy dng dc hm trch o
2

sao cho dy ]
c
1
(c
2
( n) )
( x
2
)
n
hi t ti ( x
2
) . Gii hn (nu tn ti) ca mt dy l
duy nht, do nu x
2
= x
1]
th ta cng c ( x
2
) = (x
1]
) nn vn l mt nh x.
Tng t, ta xy dng dy cc hm trch { o
k
: k } v cc im |x
k
: i = 1, N
k
| sao cho
l i m
n
c
1
[(c
k
( n) )
( x
k
) = ( x
k
) i = 1, N
k
v k
Do vi mi k , tn ti H
k
sao cho
_
c
1
[(c
k
( n) )
( x
k
) ( x
k
) _ <
1
k
n > H
k

Ta xy dng hm trch ( n) bng quy np nh sau:
( 1) = o
1
( H
1
)
( 2) = o
1
(o
2
( H
1
+ H
2
) ) o
1
( H
1
+ H
2
) > ( 1)

( n) = o
1
[(o
n
( H
1
+ + H
n
) )
( n + 1 ) = o
1
[(o
n+1
( H
1
+ + H
n+1
) ) > o
1
[(o
n
( H
1
+ + H
n
) ) = ( n)
Hin nhin ( n) l mt hm trch. Mt khc, v ( n) c dng o
1
[(o
k
( o) ) vi
o = o
k-1
(o
n
( H
1
+ + H
n
) ) > H
k

nn ta cng c
|
:( n)
( x
k
) ( x
k
) | <
1
k
i = 1, N
k
v k n ( )
Ta s chng minh dy |
:( n)
| l mt dy Cauchy khng gian Banach ( C( X, ) , .
) nn
hi t.
Tht vy, v A gm cc nh x lin tc ng bc nn vi mi e > 0, tn ti o sao cho
x, y X, A: x y < o ( x) ( y) <
e
3

Ta chn I sao cho

24

1
I
< mi n ]
e
6
, o
Vi mi m, n > I, theo ( ) , ta c
|
:( m)
( x
1
)
:( n)
( x
1
) | < |
:( m)
( x
1
) ( x
1
) | + |( x
1
)
:( n)
( x
1
) | <
2
I

V
X = _B
X
_x
1
,
1
I
]
N
T
=1

nn vi mi x X, tn ti i [ 1, N
1
] sao cho
o( x, x
1
) <
1
I
< o
Nn ta c
|
:( m)
( x)
:( n)
( x) | <
e
3
+ |
:( m)
( x
1
)
:( n)
( x
1
) | +
e
3
<
2
3
e +
2
I
< e
Vy |
:( m)
( x)
:( n)
( x) | < e x X nn ta c
[
:( m)
( x)
:( n)
( x) [
= su p
xX
|
:( m)
( x)
:( n)
( x) | < e
Ta suy ra |
:( n)
| l dy con Cauchy ca {
n
} trong khng gian Banach ( C( X, ) , .
)
nn hi t.
Vy A l tp compact v ta c iu phi chng minh.

A.III.4 nh l xp x Weierstrass v Stone Weierstrass
Do cc a thc l mt trong s nhng hm n gin nht ca Ton hc, d kho st nn
vic quy cc hm s v a thc c nhng ngha nht nh v mt l thuyt. Ngoi ra,
cc a thc xut hin nhiu ngoi i sng v do ch c to thnh bi php nhn v
php cng nn a thc c th c my tnh c lng nhanh chng v chnh xc.
Vy nn vic xp x mt hm s lin tc bt k bng cc a thc c rt nhiu ng dng
trong cc ngnh k thut, kinh t,v nh l Weierstrass sau y l mt trong s nhng
nh l mang nhiu ngha v c l thuyt v thc tin.
nh l xp x Weierstrass Nu l mt hm s lien tc trn [ o, b] th c mt dy cc
a thc P
n
hi t u v trn [ o, b] .

25

Nu i su vo chng minh ca nh l, r rng nu kh vi v hn ln th ta c th chn
dy cc a thc trong khai trin Taylor ca v t kt thc chng minh. Tuy nhin
vn tr nn kh khn hn khi ch lin tc m khng kh vi. Chnh v vy, ta c cc
hng tip cn vn sau:
Hng 1: c lng bng cc loi a thc c bit.
Hng 2: c lng bng cc loi hm kh vi (trong bi vit ny l hm m),
sau li tip tc dng a thc Taylor c lng cc hm ny.
Hng 3: c lng bng cc ng gp khc, sau tip tc c lng cc
ng gp khc ny bng a thc.
Mi hng tip cn c u im v kh khn ring: Hng 1 kh vic tm ra cc a
thc, Hng 2 c th tm c cc a thc d dng nhng phi chn loi hm kh vi
thch hp. Cn Hng 3, c 2 vic l thit lp cc ng gp khc v vic c lng n
bng a thc u mc trung bnh.
Vi 3 hng tip cn trn, ta c 3 hng gii quyt nh sau:
u tin ta c b sau:
B 1 Cho l mt hm s lin tc u v b chn trn . Cho { g
n
} l dy cc hm
lin tc, khng m trn tha mn
_ g
n
( t) Jt
+
-
= 1 n v l i m
n+
( _ + _ ) g
n
( t) Jt
+
6
-6
-
= 0, o > 0.
Khi vi mi e > 0, tn ti N sao cho vi mi n N
_( x) _ ( x t) g
n
( t) Jt
+
-
_ e x
Chng minh :
Do l hm s lin tc u nn c o > 0 sao cho sup
0<| t| <6
| ( x) ( x t) | <
e
2
x .
Mt khc l i m
n+
( _ + _ ) g
n
( t) Jt
+
6
-6
-
= 0 nn c N sao cho
( _ + _ ) g
n
( t) Jt
+
6
-6
-
<
e
2
.

26

Khi , vi n N ta c
_( x) _ ( x t) g
n
( t) Jt
+
-
_ _ | ( x) ( x t) | g
n
( t) Jt
+
-
= _| ( x) ( x t) | g
n
( t) Jt
6
-6
+ ( _ + _ ) | ( x) ( x t) | g
n
( t) Jt
+
6
-6
-
sup
0<| t| <6
| ( x) ( x t) | +
e
2
. su p
6<| t| <+
| ( x) ( x t) |
<
e
2
+
e
2
2 = e x
B c chng minh.
i theo hng tip cn th 2, ta thu c kt qu sau:
Cch 1:
Ta c th gi s rng ( o) = ( b) = 0 m khng lm gim tnh tng qut ca mnh .
Tht vy, nu mnh c chng minh cho trng hp ny th ta xt
g( x) = ( b o) (( x) ( o) ) ( x o) (( b) ( o) )
v v g( o) = g( b) = 0 nn g l gii hn u ca mt dy cc a thc. Do , cng l
gii hn u ca mt dy cc a thc v
= [
g
b o
+
g
b o

v
g
b-u
l mt a thc.
Ta nh ngha hm s
( x) = _
( x) x [ o, b]
0 x [ o, b]

Ta d dng chng minh c
lin tc u trn v trit tiu bn ngoi [ o, b] .

Mt khc, v chui
c
-n
2
+
n=1
< c
-n
+
n=1
=
c
c 1

hi t nn ta cng c tch phn

27

_ c
-z
2
Jz
+
-

hi t v . Ta suy ra i bin s z = yn, ta c
n _ c
-n
2
Jy
+
-
=
Ly C =
1
th
Cn _ c
-n
2
Jy
+
-
= 1
Ngoi ra
l i m
n+
( _ + _ ) Cn. c
-n
2
Jy
+
6
-6
-
= 2 l i m
n+
_ c
-z
2
Jz
+
6n
= 0 o > 0
Theo B 1, khi n th
sup
x[ u,b]
_
( x) Cn _
( x t) c
-nt
2
Jt
+
-
_ 0
Hay nu i bin y = x t, ta c
sup
x[ u,b]
_
( x) Cn _
( y) c
-n( x-)
2
Jy
+
-
_ 0 ( 1)
Mt khc, theo khai trin Taylor, dy hm hai bin
m
( x, y) =
( n( x y)
2
)
k
k!
m
k=0

Hi t u v c
-n( x-)
2
vi x, y [ o, b] khi m + .
Chn m
n
sao cho vi mi x [ o, b] , ta c
|
m
n
( x, y) c
-n( x-)
2
| <
1
Cnn( b o)

vi = sup{ | ( x) | : x [ o, b] } . Th vi mi x [ o, b] , ta cng c

28

_Cn _
( y) c
-n( x-)
2
Jy
+
-
Cn _
( y)
m
n
( x, y) Jy
+
-
_
= _Cn _
( y) (c
-n( x-)
2
m
n
( x, y) Jy)Jy
b
u
_ <
1
n

Vy khi n + th
sup
x[ u,b]
_Cn _
( y) c
-n( x-)
2
Jy
+
-
Cn _
( y)
m
n
( x, y) Jy
+
-
_ 0 ( 2 )
T ( 1) , ( 2 ) ta c
su p
x[ u,b]
_
( x) Cn _
( y)
m
n
( x, y) Jy
b
u
_ 0 khin +
Nhng do
m
n
( x, y) = I
( y) . x
m
n
=0
l a thc theo x nn
P
n
( x) = Cn _
( y)
m
n
( x, y) Jy
b
u

= Cn _
( y) I
( y) . x
m
n
=0
Jy
b
u
= Cn x
.
m
n
=0
_
( y) . I
( y) Jy
b
u

l a thc v do nh l c chng minh.

Mt khc, nu tip cn trc tip nh l bng a thc nh hng 1, ta c kt qu sau:
Cch 2:
u tin ta chng minh b sau v mt h a thc c tnh cht kh c bit m ta s s
dng.
B 2 Vi n l mt s nguyn dng. Ta c
i) 1 nx
2
( 1 x
2
)
n
vi mi x [ 1,1] .
ii)
( 1 x
2
)
n
Jx
1
-1
>
1
n
.
iii) ( 1 x
2
)
n
( 1 p
2
)
n
nu 0 < p | x| 1.

29

Chng minh :
i) Xt hm ( x) = ( 1 x
2
)
n
1 + nx
2
, x [ 1 ,1]
Ta c
i
( x) = 2nx( 1 x
2
)
n-1
+ 2nx = 2 nx( 1 ( 1 x
2
)
n-1
)
i
( x) = 0 _
x = 0
( 1 x
2
)
n-1
= 1
]
x = 0
1 x
2
= 1
x = 0
(v 0 1 x
2
)
Ta c ( 1) = ( 1) = n 1 v ( 0) = 0 .
Nn vi n 1 th ( x) t gi tr nh nht l 0.
Vy ( x) 0 hay ( 1 x
2
)
n
1 nx
2
.
ii) Ta c
_ ( 1 x
2
)
n
Jx
1
-1
_ ( 1 x
2
)
n
Jx
1
n
-
1
n
_ ( 1 nx
2
) Jx
1
n
-
1
n
=
4
3n
>
1
n

Vy ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
iii) vi 0 < p | x| 1 th p
2
x
2
, nn 0 1 x
2
1 p
2
. Do , vi mi s
nguyn dng n th
( 1 x
2
)
n
( 1 p
2
)
n

Vy b c chng minh.
Ta chng minh nh l:
Ta c th gi s rng [ o, b] = [ 0,1] v ( 0) = ( 1) = 0 m khng lm gim tnh tng
qut ca mnh .Tht vy, nu mnh c chng minh cho trng hp nh cch
pha trn th mnh cng ng cho hm lin tc trn [ 0,1] bt k. Tng qut, xt
g( x) = (o + x( b o) ) x [ 0,1] c dy a thc S
n
hi t u v g trn [ 0 ,1] . Do
( x) = g(
x-u
b-u
) x [ o, b] nn l gii hn u ca dy a thc P
n
( x) = S
n
[
x-u
b-u
.
Ta nh ngha hm s
( x) = _
( x) x [ 0 ,1]
0 x [ 0,1]

Ta c
lin tc u trn v trit tiu bn ngoi [ 0,1] .

Xy dng dy hm { g
n
} nh sau: t

30

c
n
= _ _( 1 x
2
)
n
Jx
1
-1
_
-1
, g
n
( x) = _
n
( x) = c
n
( 1 x
2
)
n
x [ 1,1]
0 x [ 1,1]

u tin ta c
_ g
n
( t) Jt
+
-
= c
n
. _( 1 t
2
)
n
Jt
+1
-1
= 1 n
Nu o 1 th
( _ + _ ) g
n
( t)
+
6
-6
-
= 0 n
Khi 0 < o < 1 , theo B 2 ta c
0 ( _ + _ ) g
n
( t)
+
6
-6
-
= 2c
n
_( 1 t
2
)
n
Jt
1
6
2n( 1 o) ( 1 o
2
)
n

Suy ra
l i m
n+
( _ + _ ) g
n
( t) Jt
+
6
-6
-
= 0, o > 0
Ta ch cn chng minh _
( x t) g
n
( t) Jt
+
-
l cc a thc theoxtrn[ 0,1] :
Vi x [ 0 ,1] ta c
_
( x t) g
n
( t) Jt
+
-
= _
( x t) g
n
( t) Jt
1
-1
= _
( y) g
n
( x y) Jy
x+1
x-1
= _
( y) g
n
( x y) Jy
1
0

t
P
n
( x) = _( y) g
n
( x y) Jy
1
0

31

do x y [ x 1, x] [ 1,1] v trn min ny g l a thc nn ta c
P
n
= _
( y) o
( y) x
2n
=1
Jy
1
0
= o
( y) I
( y) Jy
1
0
2n
=1

Vi I
l mt hm s (tht ra l mt a thc) theo y. Vy { P

n
} l dy a thc hi t u
v
trn [ 0,1] v nh l c chng minh.

Khi tip cn bi ton theo hng c lng hm s bng cc ng gp khc (thc cht
l hm tr tuyt i), ta c cc kt qu tng qut hn:
nh l Stone-Weierstrass Cho ( X, v) l mt khng gian metric compact v A l mt
tp hp con ca khng gian C( X, ) c cc tnh cht
(i) Vi mi hm v g trong A v vi mi s thc o th cc hm s sau y thuc A:
+ g, o, g.
(ii) A cha cc nh x hng.
(iii) A tch im trong X, ngha l vi mi x, y khc nhau trong X c A sao cho
( x) ( y) .
Th ta c A tr mt trong C( X, ) .
Chng minh :
Xem chng minh chi tit Bi 1.7.7 Phn B.III

nh l Stone-Weierstrass phc Cho A l mt tp hp con ca C( X, ) . Gi s:
(i) Vi mi v g trong A v vi mi s phc o th cc hm s sau y thuc A:
+ g, o v g.
(ii) A cha nh x hng.
(iii) A tch cc im trong X
(iv) Vi mi = g + i trong A sao cho g v thuc C( X, ) , ta c
= g i
trong A.
Chng minh A tr mt trong C( X, ) .

32

Chng minh :
Xem chng minh chi tit Bi 1.7.8 Phn B.III

Phn sau y trnh by chng minh chi tit ca mt s nh l ni ting cho cc
nh x tuyn tnh lin tc c pht biu Chng 2 sch Gii Tch Hm ca tc gi
Dng Minh c.
A.III.5 nh l Banach Steinhaus
nh l pht biu nh sau:
nh l Banach Steinhaus Cho E v F l hai khng gian nh chun v { I
}
I
l h
cc phn t trong I( E, F) . Th hoc ta c { I
}
I
b chn trong hoc ta c mt dy
tp m tr mt { 0
m
} trong E sao cho { I
( x) }
I
khng b chn vi mi x trong
0 _ 0
m
m

Chng minh :
Ta chng minh nu { I
}
I
khng b chn trong th tn ti dy { 0
m
} theo yu cu:
Xt 0
m
= { x E: i I: I
( x) > m} , ta chng minh cc tp 0

m
ny l tp m. Tht
vy, xt x 0
m
, ta suy ra tn ti i I sao cho I
( x) > m. V I
lin tc nn tn ti
ln cn B( x, e) ca x sao cho I
( y) > m y B( x, e) , ngha l y 0
m
y B( x, e) .
Vy 0
m
l tp m vi mi m .
Ta chng minh cc tp 0
m
tr mt trong E. Tht vy, gi s tn ti m sao cho 0
m

khng tr mt trong E, ngha l tn ti x E 0
m
v e > 0 sao cho B( x, e) 0
m
= .
Ta suy ra I
( y) m i I, y B( x. e) . Vy nn ta c
I
( y x) = I
( y) I
( x) m + I
( x) y B( x, e)
Mt khc ta c B( x, e) { x} = B( 0 , e) nn ta suy ra
I
( t) 2m t B( 0, e) , i I
Ngha l { I
}
I
b chn trn bi
2m
s
. Vy ta c 0
m
tr mt trong E vi mi m .
Ta chng minh { I
( x) }
I
khng b chn vi mi x trong 0 0
m m
. Tht vy, xt
phn t x 0
m m
, vi mi N , ta c x 0
N
, suy ra tn ti i I sao cho
I
( x) > N

33

Vy { I
( x) }
I
khng b chn v nh l c chng minh.

A.III.6 nh l nh x m
nh l nh x m Cho E v F l 2 khng gian Banach v I trong I( E, F) . Gi s
I( E) = F. Lc I l mt nh x m, ngha l I( 0) m trong F nu 0 m trong E.
Chng minh :
Xt dy cc tp ng ](B( 0 , n) )
n
trong F. V ( E) = F v E = B( 0, n)
n
nn ta
c
F = _(B( 0, n) )
n

Theo nh l Baire, ta tn ti n sao cho (B( 0 , n) ) cha mt qu cu m B( s, 2r) .
Ta chng minh s (B( 0, n) ). Tht vy, ta c
B( s, 2r) = B( s, 2r) (B( 0 , n) ) = (B( 0, n) ) = (B( 0, n) ) = (B( 0 , n) )
Suy ra s (B( 0 , n) ).
Mt khc, ta chng minh (B( 0, n) ) l tp li :
Xt o, b (B( 0 , n) ), ngha l c cc dy { x
m
} , { y
m
} trong B( 0, n) sao cho khi m ,
ta c ( x
m
) o, ( y
m
) b. Suy ra
( tx
m
+ ( 1 t) y
m
) = t( x
m
) + ( 1 t) ( y
m
) to + ( 1 t) b t [ 0,1]
Nn to + ( 1 t) b l im dnh ca (B( 0 , n) ). Vy ta c (B( 0 , n) ) l tp li, suy ra
(B( 0, n) )
1
2
( s) +
1
2
B( s, 2 r) = B( 0, r)
Ta chng minh (B( 0,3n) ) cha B( 0 , r) :
-V (B( 0 , n) ) tr mt trong B( 0, r) nn vi mi y B( 0 , r) , tn ti x
1
B( 0, n) sao
cho y ( x
1
) <

2
, ngha l y ( x
1
) B[0,
2
.

34

-V _B[0 ,
n
2
] =
1
2
(B( 0, n) ) tr mt trong B[0,
2
nn tn ti x
2
B [0,
n
2
sao cho
y ( x
1
) ( x
2
) <

4
, ngha l y ( x
1
) ( x
2
) B [0,
4

-
-V _B[0 ,
n
2
k
] =
1
2
_B[0,
n
2
k-1
] tr mt trong B [0,

2
k
nn tn ti x
k+1
B[0,
n
2
k

sao cho
y ( x
1
) ( x
k+1
) <
r
2
k+1
, ngha ly ( x
1
) ( x
k+1
) B [0,
r
2
k+1

-
Vy dy { x
m
} c xy dng bng quy np nh trn tha cc tnh cht
x
m
<
n
2
m-1
m , y ( x
)
m
=1
<
r
2
m

Do cc chui
x
=1
= u B
i
( 0,2 n) , ( x
=1
= y
V lin tc v tuyn tnh nn ta c
( u) = _x
=1
_ = ( x
=1
= y
Vy ta suy ra ( B( 0,3n) (B
i
( 0,2n) ) cha B( 0, r) .
Ta chng minh l nh x m :
Xt 0 l mt tp m trong E, vi mi y ( 0) , gi s y = ( x) vi x 0. V 0 l tp
m nn tn ti e > 0 sao cho B( x, e) 0.
Ta c (B( 0 ,3n) ) cha B( 0 , r) nn ({ x} + B( 0 ,3n) ) cha { ( x) } + B( 0 , r) . Vy ta c
(B( x, 3n) ) B( ( x) , r)
Suy ra
(B( x, e) ) =
e
3n
(B( x, 3n) )
e
3n
B( ( x) , r) = B[( x) ,
re
3n

35

Nn B[y,
s
3n
cha trong (B( x, e) ) nn cng cha trong ( 0) . Vy nh l c chng
minh hon ton.

A.III.7 nh l th ng
nh l th ng Cho E v F l 2 khng gian Banach v I l mt nh x tuyn tnh
t E vo F. Gi
= { ( x, Ix) : x E}
l th ca I. Chng minh rng I lin tc trn E nu v ch nu ng trong E F.
Chng minh :
Nu I lin tc, theo Bi 2.7, ta c ngay l tp ng. Ta ch phi chng minh chiu
ngc li.
V I l nh x tuyn tnh nn l mt khng gian vector con ca E F. Mt khc, do
l tp ng trong E F nn ta cng c l khng gian Banach. Xt nh x pr
1
nh sau:
pr
1
: E
( x, Ix) x
Th pr
1
l mt song nh, tuyn tnh v lin tc trn . Theo nh l nh x m, suy ra
pr
1
( 0) l tp m vi mi tp m 0 trong E F. Vy nn nh x = pr
1
-1
l mt nh x
tuyn tnh v lin tc trn v to nh qua ca mi tp m u l tp m. Xt nh x
pr
2
: F
( x, Ix) Ix
Ta c pr
2
l mt nh x tuyn tnh v lin tc. Mt khc I = p r
2
pr
1
-1
nn ta suy ra I
l mt nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t E vo F. nh l c chng minh hon ton.

A.III.8 nh l Hahn Banach
Nu nh l m rng Tietze (xem ti [2]) cho php ta m rng mt nh x trn tp ng
m vn gi nguyn chun v tnh lin tc th nh l sau y cho php ta m rng mt
nh x tuyn tnh lin tc trn khng gian vector con sao cho nh x m rng vn l tuyn
tnh lin tc.

36

nh l Hahn Banach Cho E l mt khng gian nh chun trn , H l mt khng
gian vector con ca E v I( H, ) . Khi c g I( E, ) sao cho g|
M
= v
g = .
Chng minh :
Trong bi vit ny, chng ta ch chng minh nh l trong trng hp = .
Gi J l h cc cp ( , I) vi l khng gian vector con ca E cha H v I I( E, )
tha tnh cht I = . Trn J ta xt quan h nh sau:
( A, I
1
) ( B, I
2
) _
A B
I
1
= I
2
|
A

Nhn thy l mt quan h th t, theo nguyn l cc a Hausdorff, tn ti h ti i
xp th t ton phn { ( A
, I
) }
I
. Gi A = A
I
th A l mt khng gian vector con ca
E (do l ton phn) cha H v xt nh x I I( A, ) xc nh nh sau:
I( x) = I
( x) nu x A

Ta chng minh I l nh x tuyn tnh :
Gi s x A
v x A
]
, v l quan h th t ton phn nn khng mt tnh tng qut,
ta gi s ( A
, I
) (A
]
, I
]
). Ta suy ra
I( x) = I
]
( x) = I
]
|
A
i
( x) = I
( x)
Vy I l mt nh x t A vo .
Mt khc, vi mi x, y A, gi s I( x) = I
( x) = I
]
( y) v ( A
, I
) (A
]
, I
]
), suy ra ta
cng c I( x) = I
]
( x) nn ta suy ra I( x + oy) = I( x) + oI( y) . Vy I l nh x tuyn
tnh.
Ta chng minh I lin tc trn A :
Xt x A, tn ti i I sao cho
I( x)
x
=
I
( x)
x
I
=
Nn ta suy ra I lin tc v I . Mt khc, ta c
I = sup
xA
I( x)
x
sup
xA
i
I( x)
x
= su p
xA
i
I
( x)
x
= I
=
Vy ta c I = nn suy ra ( A, I) J.

37

Ta chng minh A E :
Gi s A l khng gian con tht s ca E, ngha l tn ti c sao cho c E A. Xt khng
gian B = A c = { o + tc: o A, t } th B A, ta xy dng E I( B, ) sao cho b
( B, E) thuc h J.
t E( o + tc) = I( o) + kt th ta c E l nh x tuyn tnh. Ta xc nh gi tr ca k sao
cho E = = I. Thc cht ta ch cn tm k sao cho E I l c v nu
u ny xy ra, ta s c E l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc v do
E = sup
xB
E( x)
x
sup
xA
E( x)
x
= su p
xA
I( x)
x
= I
Vy ta tm s k ph hp vi yu cu
E( o + tc)
o + tc
I
Khi t = 0 th hin nhin bt ng thc trn ng. Khi t 0 th bt ng thc ny tng
ng vi | I( o) + kt| I. o + tc hay ni cch khc
I. _
o
t
+ c_ I [
o
t
k I. _
o
t
+ c_ I [
o
t
o A, t 0
Vy ta cn c I. x + c I( x) k I. x + c I( x) vi mi x A( ) .
Ta chng minh b sau:
B Cho A l khng gian vector con ca khng gian nh chun thc B, c l mt
vector trong B v I I( A, ) . Lc ta c
sup
xA
(I. x + c I( x) ) i nf
xA
(I. x + c I( x) )
Chng minh :
Ta chng minh I. x + c I( x) I. y + c I( y) x, y A. Tht vy, do
ta c
I( y) I( x) I. y x I. ( x + c + y + c)
Nn ta suy ra I. x + c I( x) I. y + c I( y) x, y A.
Vy su p
xA
(I. x + c I( x) ) i nf
xA
(I. x + c I( x) ) v B c
chng minh.
p dng b , ta chn k l s thc bt k trong on

38

_sup
xA
(I. x + c I( x) ) , i nf
xA
(I. x + c I( x) )_
Th hin nhin ( ) c tha mn v do ( B, E) ( A, I) . Vy A E v do nh l
c chng minh trong trng hp = .

A.III.9 nh l Banach Alaoglu
nh l Banach Alaoglu Cho E l mt khng gian nh chun trn sao cho c mt
tp m c A tr mt trong E. Cho { I
n
} l mt dy trong I( E, ) sao cho { I
n
} b
chn trong . Lc c nh x I I( E, ) v mt dy con |I
n
k
| ca { I
n
} sao cho |I
n
k
|
hi t tng im v I.
Chng minh :
Gi A = { o
n
: n } l tp con tr mt trong E.
Ta xy dng dy con |I
c( n)
| sao cho |I
c( n)
( o
m
) |
n
hi t vi mi m :
Ta xy dng dy cc hm trch {
} bng quy np nh sau:

-V { I
n
( o
1
) } b chn trong nn c dy con |I
q
1
( n)
( o
1
) | hi t ti I( o
1
) v
|I
q
1
( n)
( o
1
) I( o
1
) | <
1
n
n
-V |I
q
1
( n)
( o
2
) | b chn trong nn c dy con ]I
q
1
(q
2
( n) )
( o
2
) hi t ti I( o
2
) v
I
q
1
(q
2
( n) )
( o
2
) I( o
2
) <
1
n
n
-.
- V |I
q
1
q
k
( n)
( o
k+1
) | b chn trong nn c dy con |I
q
1
q
k+1
( n)
( o
k+1
) | hi t ti
I( o
k+1
) v
|I
q
1
q
k+1
( n)
( o
k+1
) I( o
k+1
) | <
1
n
n
-
Dy hm trch {
} c xc nh hon ton theo nguyn l quy np. t

o( n) =
1

n
( n)
Th

39

o( n + 1) =
1

n

n+1
( n + 1)
1

n
( n + 1) >
1

n
( n) = o( n)
nn o( n) l mt hm trch.
Ta chng minh |I
c( n)
( o
m
) |
n
hi t vi mi m . Tht vy, vi m c nh, ta
c:
o( n) =
1

m

m+1

n
( n) n > m
vi
m+1

n
( n) n nn theo cch xy dng ca
m
, ta c
|I
c( n)
( o
m
) |
n>m
hi t ti I( o
m
)
Vy
l i m
n
I
c( n)
( o
m
) = I( o
m
) m
Ta chng minh dy |I
c( n)
|hi t im v mt hm I:
Gi C l mt chn trn ca { I
n
} . Xt x E, v A tr mt trong E nn vi mi e > 0 ,
tn ti i sao cho
x o
<
e
3C

Ta c
|I
c( m)
( x) I
c( n)
( x) |
|I
c( m)
( x) I
c( m)
( o
) | + |I
c( m)
( o
) I
c( n)
( o
) | + |I
c( n)
( o
) I
c( n)
( x) |
2Cx o
m
+ |I
c( m)
( o
) I
c( n)
( o
) | <
2
3
e + |I
c( m)
( o
) I
c( n)
( o
) |
Vi m, n > i, ta c
|I
c( m)
( o
) I
c( n)
( o
) | |I
c( m)
( o
) I( o
) | + |I( o
) I
c( n)
( o
) | <
1
m
+
1
n

Nn nu t H = max ]i,
6
s
, th vi mi m, n > H, ta c
|I
c( m)
( x) I
c( n)
( x) | <
2
3
e +
1
m
+
1
n

2
3
e +
2
H
e
Vy ta c |I
c( n)
( x) | l dy Cauchy nn hi t ti I( x) .
Ta chng minh I I( E, ) :

40

Vi mi x, y E, ta c
I( x + oy) = l i m
n
I
c( n)
( x + oy) = l i m
n
[I
c( n)
( x) + oI
c( n)
( y) = I( x) + oI( y)
Mt khc ta c
|I
c( n)
( x) |
( x)
C x E
Nn khi n , ta c
| I( x) |
( x)
C x E
Vy I l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc v c chun b chn trn bi C.
Ghi ch: Do nu { I
n
} b chn th { I
n
} l mt dy hm lin tc ng bc/ng lin tc
nn cch tip cn nh l ny kh ging vi cch tip cn nh l Ascoli.

41

Chng B
Bi tp

y l phn chnh ca bi vit. Phn ny trnh by li gii chi tit ca tt c cc
bi tp trong cc sch Gio trnh Gii Tch A2 (ng c Trng- inh Ngc Thanh-
Phm Hong Qun), Nhp mn Gii Tch (ng nh ng), chng I Gii Tch hm
(Dng Minh c), Mathematical Analysis (Tom M. Apostol), Bi tp Gii Tch A2
(ng c Trng- inh Ngc Thanh- Phm Hong Qun- Trn Anh Hong- Trn Vnh
Hng) vi th t nh sau:
Phn B.I : Gio trnh Gii Tch A2
Phn B.II : Nhp mn Gii Tch
Phn B.III : Gii Tch hm
Phn B.IV : Mathematical Analysis
Phn B.V : Bi tp Gii Tch A2
Ring cc phn B.III v B.V, trnh cho ti liu tr nn qu di, mt s bi tp tht s
n gin hoc b trng lp trong phn B.I hoc B.II c nhm bin son b qua.

42

43

Chng 1
Khng gian
metric

Phn ny bao gm cc ni dung sau :
Ch 1.1 : Khng gian metric
Ch 1.2 : Khng gian nh chun
Ch 1.3 : Tp ng tp m
Ch 1.4 : nh x lin tc nh x lin tc u
Ch 1.5 : Tnh compact
Ch 1.6 : Tnh lin thng
Ch 1.7 : Gii hn
Ch 1.8 : Khng gian y - khng gian Banach
Ch 1.9 : nh x tuyn tnh lin tc
Bi tp tng hp
Bi tp nng cao

44

Ch 1.1
Khng gian metric

I. L thuyt
Phng php chng minh mt khng gian metric
Cho E l tp hp khc trng. chng minh nh x
o: E E
l mt metric trn E, ta cn kim tra cc tnh cht sau
(i) Phn bit dng: o( x, y) 0 x, y E
o( x, y) = 0 x = y
(ii) i xng: o( x, y) = o( y, x) x, y E
(iii) Bt ng thc tam gic: o( x, y) o( x, z) + o( z, y) x, y, z E
Thng thng, cc tnh cht (i) v (ii) tng i d chng minh. Tuy nhin, bt ng thc
(iii) i lc gy cho ta mt s kh khn nht nh. gii quyt iu ny, ta s dng cc
cng c nh sau
Bt ng thc Cauchy
o
n
=1
n __o
n
=1
n
n , o

0
+
.
Bt ng thc Minskowki
Cho cc s o
]

0
+
vi i = 1, n, ] = 1, m, v p > 1. Ta c
_o
]
p
m
]=1
_
1
p
n
=1
__o
]
n
=1
_
p
m
]=1
_
1
p

Ta thng s dng bt ng thc ny trong trng hp p = 2 nh sau
_o
1
2
+ + o
n
2
+ _b
1
2
+ + b
n
2
( o
1
+ b
1
)
2
+ + ( o
n
+ b
n
)
2

45

Bt ng thc Holder
Vi p, q > 1 v
1
p
+
1
q
= 1 th
_x
n
=1
_ _| x
|
p
n
=1
_
1
p
_| y
|
q
n
=1
_
1
q

Thng thng, ta ch s dng dng c bit vi p = q = 2. Khi , bt ng thc Holder
tr thnh bt ng thc Bunhyakowski Cauchy Schwarz nh sau:
Bt ng thc Bunhyakowski Cauchy Schwarz
_x
n
=1
_
2
_x
2
n
=1
__y
2
n
=1
_

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 1_Extra
Cho E l mt tp hp khc rng. Xt nh nh x J nh sau:
J: E E { 0 ,1}
J( x, y) = _
1 nu x = y
0 nu x y

Chng minh rng ( E, J) l mt khng gian metric.
Gii :
Ta kim tra c cc tnh cht phn bit dng v i xng. Ta chng minh rng J cng
tha mn bt ng thc tam gic. Tht vy, gi s tn ti x, y, z sao cho
J( x, z) > J( x, y) + J( y, z) .
Ta suy ra J( x, z) > 0 nn J( x, z) = 1. Mt khc J( x, y) , J( y, z) l s t nhin nh hn 1
nn ta suy ra J( x, y) = J( y, z) = 0 . Vy x = y = z nn J( x, z) = 0. iu ny sinh ra
mu thun v kt thc chng minh.

Bi 12

46

Cho ( E, o) l mt khng gian metric v ta nh ngha
J E E [ 0 , + )
J( x, y) =
o( x, y)
1 + o( x, y)

Chng minh ( E, J) l khng gian metric.
Gii :
Ta cn chng minh ( E, J) tha cc tnh cht :
J( x, y) 0 x, y E
Ta c
J( x, y) =
o( x, y)
1 + o( x, y)
0 ( doo( x, y) 0x, y E) .
Nn J( x, y) 0 x, y E.
J( x, y) = 0 x = y
J( x, y) = 0
o( x, y)
1 + o( x, y)
= 0 o( x, y) = 0 x = y.
J( x, y) = J( y, x) x, y E
J( x, y) =
o( x, y)
1 + o( x, y)
=
o( y, x)
1 + o( y, x)
= J( y, x) .
Vy J( x, y) = J( y, x) x, y E.
J( x, y) J( x, z) + J( z, y) x, y, z E
Ta c :
1 + o( x, y)
o( x, y)
= 1 +
1
o( x, y)
1 +
1
o( x, z) + o( z, y)
=
o( x, z) + o( z, y) + 1
o( x, z) + o( z, y)
.
Do
o( x, y)
1 + o( x, y)

o( x, z) + o( z, y)
o( x, z) + o( z, y) + 1
=
o( x, z)
o( x, z) + o( z, y) + 1
+
o( z, y)
o( x, z) + o( z, y) + 1
o( x, z)
1 + o( x, z)
+
o( z, y)
1 + o( z, y)
.

47

Vy J( x, y) J( x, z) + J( z, y) x, y, z E nn ta kt lun( E, J) l khng gian metric.

Bi 13
Cho E l tp hp khc trng v o E E tha cc tnh cht :
o( x, y) 0 x, y E.
o( x, y) = 0 x = y.
o( x, y) o( x, z) + o( y, z) x, y, z E.
Chng minh rng o l mt metric trn E.
Gii :
Ta chng minh o( x, y) = o( y, x) .
Tht vy, ta c
o( x, y) o( x, z) + o( y, z) x, y, z E.
Chn z = xc:
o( x, y) o( x, x) + o( y, x) x, y E hay o( x, y) o( y, x) x, y E.
Chn z = yc :
o( y, x) o( y, y) + o( x, y) x, y E hay o( y, x) o( x, y) x, y E.
T hai iu trn, kt lun c o( x, y) = o( y, x) x, y E.
Kt hp vi o( x, y) o( x, z) + o( y, z) x, y, z E ta cng c:
o( x, y) o( x, z) + o( z, y) x, y, z E.
T nhng g chng minh, kt hp vi gi thit bi, ta co l mt metric trn E.

Bi 14
Cho ( E
, o
) vi ( i = 1,2, , n) l n khng gian metric.

(i). t
J E
1
E
1

J( x, y) = mi n { 1, o
1
( x, y) }

48

Chng minh rng J l mt metric trn E
1
.
(ii). t E = E
1
E
2
E
n
v J
E E , vi :
J
1
( X, ) = _o
1
2
( x
1
, y
1
) + o
2
2
( x
2
, y
2
) + + o
n
2
( x
n
, y
n
)
J
2
( X, ) = max{ o
1
( x
1
, y
1
) , o
2
( x
2
, y
2
) , , o
n
( x
n
, y
n
) }
J
3
( X, ) = o
1
( x
1
, y
1
) + o
2
( x
2
, y
2
) + + o
n
( x
n
, y
n
)
Vi X = ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) , = ( y
1
, y
2
, , y
n
)
Chng minh rng ( E, J
) , i = 1,2 ,3 l khng gian metric.

Gii :
(i). Jl mt mtric trnE
1
, cn chng minh nhng iu sau:
J( x, y) 0 x, y E
1

Ta c o
1
( x, y) 0 v 1 > 0, suy ra mi n{ 1, o
1
( x, y) } = J( x, y) 0x, y E
1
.
J( x, y) = 0 x = y
Ta c :
J( x, y) = 0 mi n { 1, o
1
( x, y) } = 0 mi n{ 1, o
1
( x, y) } = o
1
( x, y) = 0 x = y.
J( x, y) = J( y, x) x, y E
1

Ta c J( x, y) = mi n { 1 , o
1
( x, y) } = mi n{ 1, o
1
( y, x) } = J( y, x) .
Vy J( x, y) = J( y, x) x, y E
1
.
J( x, y) J( x, z) + J( z, y) x, y, z E
1

Ta c : J( x, y) = mi n { 1, o
1
( x, y) } mi n{ 1, o
1
( x, z) + o
1
( z, y) } .
*Trng hp 1 : 1 > o
1
( x, z) + o
1
( z, y) o
1
( x, y) .
Suy ra
J( x, y) = o
1
( x, y) o
1
( x, z) + o
1
( z, y) = J( x, z) + J( z, y)
( Do 1 > o
1
( x, z) + o
1
( z, y) nn 1 > o
1
( x, z) v 1 > o
1
( z, y) ).
*Trng hp 2 : 1 o
1
( x, z) + o
1
( z, y) .
a) Nu o
1
( x, z) hoc o
1
( z, y) 1 th:

49

J( x, z) + J( z, y) 1 = mi n { 1, o
1
( x, z) + o
1
( z, y) } J( x, y) .
b) Nu o
1
( x, z) v o
1
( z, y) < 1 th:
J( x, z) + J( z, y) = o
1
( x, z) + o
1
( z, y) mi n{ 1, o
1
( x, z) + o
1
( z, y) } .
T ta c J( x, z) + J( z, y) J( x, y) .
T 2 trng hp trn suy ra
o
1
( x, z) + o
1
( z, y) J( x, y) .
Nn Jl mt metric trn E
1
.

(ii). Chng minh rng ( E, J
) , i = 1,2,3 l khng gian metric.

Chng minh( E, J
1
) l khng gian metric.
J
1
( X, ) 0 X, E
Ta c :
J
1
( X, ) = _o
1
2
( x
1
, y
1
) + o
2
2
( x
2
, y
2
) + + o
n
2
( x
n
, y
n
) 0 X, E.
J
1
( X, ) = 0 X =
J
1
( X, ) = 0 o
1
2
( x
1
, y
1
) + o
2
2
( x
2
, y
2
) + + o
n
2
( x
n
, y
n
) = 0
o
I
( x
I
, y
I
) = o
j
(x
j
, y
j
) = 0(i, ] 1, n)
x
= y
( i )
X =
J
1
( X, ) = J
1
( , X) X, E
Ta c :
_o
1
2
( x
1
, y
1
) + + o
n
2
( x
n
, y
n
) = _o
1
2
( y
1
, x
1
) + + o
n
2
( y
n
, x
n
) .
Nn suy ra J
1
( X, ) = J
1
( , X) X, E.
J
1
( X, ) J
1
( X, Z) + J
1
( Z, ) vi Z = ( z
1
, z
2
, , z
3
)
Ta c :

50

o
( x
, y
) o
( x
, z
) + o
( z
, y
) i 1 , n.
Suy ra o
2
( x
, y
) (o
( x
, z
) + o
( z
, y
) )
2
i 1 , n.
Do ta c:
_o
2
( x
, y
)
n
=1
_(o
I
( x
I
, z
I
) + o
I
( z
I
, y
I
) )
2
n
=1
_o
2
( x
, z
)
n
=1
+ _o
2
( z
, y
)
n
=1

(Bt ng thc Minkowski)
Hay J
1
( X, ) J
1
( X, Z) + J
1
( Z, ) X, , Z E.
Vy ( E, J
1

Chng minh ( E, J
2
Tng t, cn chng minh:
J
2
( X, ) 0 X, E
Ta c :
J
2
( X, ) = max{ o
1
( x
1
, y
1
) , o
2
( x
2
, y
2
) , , o
n
( x
n
, y
n
) }
1
( x
1
, y
1
) 0.
J
2
( X, ) = 0 X =
J
2
( X, ) = 0 max{ o
1
( x
1
, y
1
) , , o
n
( x
n
, y
n
) } = 0 o
( x
, y
) = 0 i 1, n.
x
= y
i 1, n X =
J
2
( X, ) = J
2
( , X) X, E
Ta c :
J
2
( X, ) = max{ o
1
( x
1
, y
1
) , o
2
( x
2
, y
2
) , , o
n
( x
n
, y
n
) }
= max{ o
1
( y
1
, x
1
) , o
2
( y
2
, x
2
) , , o
n
( y
n
, x
n
) }
= J
2
( , X)

51

J
2
( X, ) J
2
( X, Z) + J
2
( Z, ) vi Z = ( z
1
, z
2
, , z
3
)
Cho J
2
( X, ) = max{ o
1
( x
1
, y
1
) , o
2
( x
2
, y
2
) , , o
n
( x
n
, y
n
) }
Ta c :
o
( x
, y
) o
( x
, z
) + o
( z
, y
)
max{ o
1
( x
1
, z
1
) , o
2
( x
2
, z
2
) , , o
n
( x
n
, z
n
) } + max{ o
1
( z
1
, y
1
) , o
2
( z
2
, y
2
) , , o
n
( z
n
, y
n
) }
J
2
( X, ) J
2
( X, Z) + J
2
( Z, ) X, , Z E
Vy ( E, J
2

Chng minh ( E, J
3
Tng t, cn chng minh nhng iu sau :
J
3
( X, ) 0 X, E
Ta c :
J
3
( X, ) = o
1
( x
1
, y
1
) + o
2
( x
2
, y
2
) + + o
n
( x
n
, y
n
) 0.
J
3
( X, ) = 0 X =
J
3
( X, ) = 0 o
1
( x
1
, y
1
) + + o
n
( x
n
, y
n
) = 0 o
1
( x
1
, y
1
) = = o
n
( x
n
, y
n
) = 0
x
1
= y
1
vx
2
= y
2
vvx
n
= y
n

X = .
J
3
( X, ) = J
3
( , X) X, E
Ta c :
J
3
( X, ) = o
1
( x
1
, y
1
) + o
2
( x
2
, y
2
) + + o
n
( x
n
, y
n
)
= o
1
( y
1
, x
1
) + o
2
( y
2
, x
2
) + + o
n
( y
n
, x
n
)
= J
3
( , X) .

J
3
( X, ) J
3
( X, Z) + J
3
( Z, ) vi Z = ( z
1
, z
2
, , z
3
)
Ta c :

52

o
( x
, y
) o
( x
, z
) + o
( z
, y
) i 1, n
Cng v theo v suy raJ
3
( X, ) J
3
( X, Z) + J
3
( Z, ) X, , Z E
Vy ( E, J
3

53

Ch 1.2
Khng gian nh chun

I. L thuyt
Phng php chng minh mt khng gian nh chun
Cho E l mt tp hp. chng minh ( E, . ) l mt khng gian nh chun, ta thc
hin cc bc sau
Bc 1: Kim tra E l mt khng gian vector, ngha l kim tra E bo ton i vi php
ton cng v php ton nhn v hng.
Bc 2: Kim tra . l mt chun trn E. Ta kim tra cc tnh cht sau y
(i) Tnh phn bit dng: x 0 x E; x = 0 nu v ch nu x = 0.
(ii) Tnh chun vector bi: kx = | k| . x x E, k .
(iii) Bt ng thc tam gic: x + y x + y x, y E.
Cc khng gian nh chun thng dng
(i) Trn
n
, vi vector x = ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)
n
, ta c cc chun:

x
= max
1<<n
| x
|

x
p
= _| x
|
p
n
=1
_
1
p
, 1 p < +

(ii) Trn C[ o, b] , khng gian cc hm thc lin tc trn [ o, b] , ta c chun sau:
x = max
u<t<b
| x( t) | x C[ o, b] .
(iii) Trn C
1
( [ o, b] ) , khng gian cc hm thc kh vi lin tc trn [ o, b] , ta c
chun sau:
x = max
u<t<b
| x( t) | + max
u<t<b
| x( t) | x C
1
( [ o, b] ) .
(iv) Trn l
p
, khng gian cc dy s thc x = { x
n
} sao cho chui s | x
|
p
=1
hi
t, ta c chun sau:

54

x
I
p = _| x
|
p
n
=1
_
1
p
, 1 p < + .
(v) Trn l
, khng gian cc dy s thc b chn, ta c chun sau:

x = sup
n>1
| x
n
| x = { x
n
} l
.

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 1
t l
p
l tp hp tt c cc dy x = { x
n
} trong sao cho chui s | x
|
p
=1
hi t. Vi
mi x = { x
n
} v y = { y
n
} trong X v o trong , ta t
x + y = { z
n
} viz
n
= x
n
+ y
n
n ,
ox = { :
n
} vi:
n
= ox
n
n ,
x
I
p = _| x
|
p
n
=1
_
1
p
, 1 p < + .
Chng minh ( l
p
, .
I
p) l cc khng gian nh chun.
Gii :
Ta kim tra c ( l
p
, .
I
p) l cc khng gian vector v .
I
p tha mn cc tnh phn
bit dng v tnh chun vector bi vi p [ 1, + ) . Ta s chng minh cc .
cng
tha bt ng thc tam gic.
Vi mi k , theo bt ng thc Minskowki, ta c
_| x
n
+ y
n
|
p
k
n=1
_
1
p
_| x
n
|
p
k
n=1
_
1
p
+ _| y
n
|
p
k
n=1
_
1
p
.
Cho k ta c x + y
I
p x
I
p + y
I
p. Vy bt ng thc tam gic c tha
mn v do ta suy ra ( l
p
, .
I
p) l cc khng gian nh chun vi mi p [ 1, + ) .

Bi 2

55

t l
l tp hp tt c cc dy x = { x
n
} trong sao cho chui s | x
|
p
=1
hi t. Vi
mi x = { x
n
} v y = { y
n
} trong X v o trong , ta nh ngha php cng v nhn v
hng nh Bi 1
x = sup
n
| x
n
| x = { x
n
} l
.
Chng minh ( l
, . ) l khng gian nh chun.

Gii :
Ta kim tra c ( l
, . ) l khng gian vector v . tha mn cc tnh phn bit

dng v tnh chun vector bi. Ta s chng minh . cng tha bt ng thc tam gic.
Tht vy, ta c
sup
n
{ | x
n
+ y
n
| } sup
n
{ | x
n
| + | y
n
| } su p
n
{ | x
n
| } + sup
n
{ | y
n
| } = x
+ y
.
Suy ra x + y
+ y
. Vy bt ng thc tam gic c tha mn v do

ta suy ra ( l
, . ) l khng gian nh chun.

56

Ch 1.3
Tp ng tp m

I. L thuyt
Cho ( X, J) l mt khng gian metric v A l mt tp con ca X.
Phng php chng minh mt tp m
chng minh A l tp m trong X th ta c th thc hin cc cch nh sau:
Cch 1: Cho bt k x A, chng minh c r
x
> 0 sao cho B( x, r
x
) cha trong A.
Cch 2: Ta tm mt hm lin tc : X vi l khng gian metric bt k sao cho tn
ti tp con m B ca v A =
-1
( B) .
Phng php chng minh mt tp ng
chng minh A l tp ng trong X, ta c th thc hin cc cch nh sau:
Cch 1: Chng minh X A l mt tp m trong X.
Cch 2: Gi s { x
n
} l mt dy bt k trong A sao cho { x
n
} hi t v x X, ta chng
minh x A.
Cch 3: Gi s x l mt im dnh ca A, ta chng minh x A.
Cch 4: Ta tm mt hm lin tc : X vi l khng gian metric bt k sao cho tn
ti tp con ng B ca v A =
-1
( B) .
Phng php chng minh mt tp khng ng
chng minh A l tp khng ng trong X, ta tm mt dy { x
n
} trong A sao cho { x
n
}
hi t v x X A.

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 1.2
Cho o
1
, o
2
, , o
n
l n s thc, chng minh rng:

57

A = { o
1
, o
2
, , o
n
}
l tp ng trong v khng c tp m no cha trong A.
Gii :
Chng minh A l tp ng:
Vi mi x A, t mi n{ | x o
1
| , | x o
2
| , , | x o
n
| } = r > 0 . Ta suy ra c qu
cu B( x, r) A nn A l tp m. Do A l tp ng trong .
Chng minh khng c tp m no cha trong A:
Ta c nhn xt rng: Nu u l tp m khc rng trong th u cha v hn phn t. Tht
vy, v u khc rng nn tn ti x u. Theo nh ngha ca tp m, tn ti e > 0 sao cho
khong ( x e, x + e) u. Suy ra dy ]x +
s
2n
n
gm v hn phn t phn bit cha
trong u nn suy ra u cha v hn phn t.
Quay tr li bi ton, do A c n phn t nn mi tp con khc rng ca A u c hu hn
phn t ( n phn t) nn khng th l tp m theo nhn xt trn.

Bi 2.3
Cho E l mt khng gian metric v E E l mt nh x lin tc. Chng minh rng
tp hp cc im bt ng ca
A = { x E ( x) = x}
l mt tp ng trong E.
Gii :
Cch 1:
Xt dy bt k { x
n
} trong A hi t v x trong E. Ta s chng minh x A.
Tht vy, do ( x
n
) = x
n
n v l nh x lin tc trn E nn { ( x
n
) } hi t
v ( x) . Theo tnh cht duy nht ca gii hn dy, ta suy ra ( x) = x hay x A.
Vy A ng trong E.

Cch 2:
Xt g( x) = o( ( x) , x) l mt nh x t E vo . Theo bt ng thc tam gic, ta c

58

| g( y) g( x) | = | o( ( y) , y) o( ( x) , x) | o(( y) , ( x) ) + o( y, x)
Nn | g( y) g( x) | 0 khi o( y, x) 0, ngha l g lin tc. Ta suy ra
g
-1
( { 0} ) = { x E: ( x) = x} = A
l tp ng.
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 2.7
Cho l mt nh x lin tc t khng gian metric X vo khng gian metric .
Gi = |(x, ( x) ) X x X| l th ca . Chng minh rng th ca l
tp ng trong X .
Gii :
Ly dy { ( x
n
, y
n
) } sao cho ( x
n
, y
n
) hi t v ( x, y) trong X . Ta c { x
n
} hi t
v x trong X v{ y
n
} hi t v y trong . V lin tc trn X nn { ( x
n
) } hi t v ( x) .
Mt khc, ( x
n
) = y
n
, nn { ( x
n
) } hi t v y.
Nn theo tnh cht duy nht ca gii hn th y = ( x) . Do ( x, y) I. Vy l tp
ng trong X .
Ghi ch: theo Bi 46, chiu ngc li cng ng khi l khng gian metric compact.

Bi 2.15
Cho hm lin tc
2
. Chng minh rng
a) Nu l mt tp m th vi mi k , tp u = { ( x, y) ( x, y) < k} l tp
m.
b) Nu l mt tp ng th vi mi k , cc tp K = { ( x, y) ( x, y) = k}
v C = { ( x, y) ( x, y) k} l cc tp ng.
Gii :
Cch 1:
a) Ly z u . Do m nn tn ti s > 0 sao cho B( z, s) .

59

Ta c ( z) < k. t e = k ( z) > 0 . V lin tc ti z nn tn ti o > 0 sao cho
| ( t) ( z) | < e t B( z, o)
Do suy ra ( t) < ( z) + e = k t B( z, o) .
Chn r = mi n ( o, s) , ta c r o v B( z, r) B( z, s) .
Nn suy ra( t) < k t B( z, r) hay ni cch khc B( z, r) u.

b) Vi mi dy{ z
n
} trong C hi t v z trong
2
, vC nn suy ra{ z
n
} l mt dy
trong hi t v z trong
2
. M theo gi thit, l tp ng nn suy ra z .
V lin tc trn nn
( z) = l i m
n
( z
n
) k
Do z C. Vy C l tp ng trong
2
. p dng kt qu ny cho hmg v tp
C
i
= { ( x, y) g( x, y) k} = { ( x, y) ( x, y) k}
Ta c C
i
l tp ng trong
2
. M K = C C
i
l giao ca 2 tp ng nn cng l tp
ng trong
2

Cch 2:
V u =
-1
(( , k) ) v l hm lin tc nn u l tp m trong . Mt khc li l
tp m trong
2
nn ta cng c u l tp m trong
2

Mt cch tng t, ta c K =
-1
( { k} ) v C =
-1
(( , k] ) nn K, C cng l nhng
tp ng trong . M li l tp ng trong
2
nn ta suy ra K, C cng l nhng tp
ng trong
2
.

Bi 45
Cho X l mt khng gian metric compact v l mt khng gian metric. Xt A l mt tp
con ng ca X . Chng minh rng pr
2
( A) l mt tp ng trong , trong pr
2
l
php chiu trn :
pr
2
X

60

( x, y) y
Gii :
Cch 1:
Xt mt y pr
2
( A) , ta s chng minh pr
2
( A) ng bng cch ch ra mt tp m I cha
y m khng c phn chung vi A. Tht vy, v y pr
2
( A) nn vi mi x trong X, ta c
( x, y) A. V ( X ) A m nn tn ti e > 0 sao cho B
X
(( x, y) , e) ( X ) A.
Mt khc, do B
X
[x,
s
2
B
[y,
s
2
B
X
(( x, y) , e) nn nu t
w
x
= B
X
[x,
e
2
, I
x
= B
[y,
e
2

th ta c w
x
, I
x
ln lt l cc tp m cha x, y v w
x
I
x
A = .
Do { w
x
}
xX
l mt h ph m ca compact X nn n c ph m con hu hn |w
x
i
|
=1,n
.
t
I = _I
x
i
n
=1

Th I giao ca hu hn tp m nn cng l mt tp m cha y. Ta s chng minh I ri
pr
2
( A) . Tht vy, gi s tn ti q I p r
2
( A) , suy ra c p X sao cho ( p, q) A ( 1) .
V p X nn tn ti ch s k n sao cho p w
x
k
. Ta c
( p, q) w
x
k
I w
x
k
I
x
k
( X ) A ( 2)
( 1) , ( 2) mu thun vi nhau v kt thc nhau.

Cch 2 :
Xt { y
n
} l mt dy trong pr
2
( A) hi t ti y , ta chng minh y p r
2
( A) . Tht vy,
v y
n
pr
2
( A) n nn tn ti { x
n
} trong X sao cho ( x
n
, y
n
) A. V X l compact
nn ta trch c dy con |x
n
k
| hi t ti x X, suy ra (x
n
k
, y
n
k
) ( x, y) khi k .
Mt khc, |(x
n
k
, y
n
k
)|
k
l mt dy trong A hi t ti ( x, y) v A l tp ng nn ta
cng c ( x, y) A. Vy y pr
2
( A) v ta c iu phi chng minh.

61

Ch 1.4
nh x lin tc nh x lin tc u

I. L thuyt
Phng php chng minh mt nh x lin tc
Cho l mt nh x t khng gian metric ( X, J
X
) vo khng gian metric ( , J
) .
chng minh lin tc ti x
0
X th ta c th chn mt trong cc cch sau y:
Cch 1: Cho trc e > 0, chng minh c mt o = o( x
0
, e) > 0 sao cho vi mi x X
m J
X
( x, x
0
) < o th J
X
(( x) , ( x
0
) ) < e.
Cch 2: Gi s dy { x
n
} l dy bt k trong X hi t v x
0
, ta chng minh ( x
n
) hi t v
( x
0
) trong .
X
) .
chng minh lin tc trn X th ta c th chn mt trong cc cch sau y:
Cch 1: Chng minh lin tc ti mt im bt k x
0
X bng cch s dng cc cng
c trn.
Cch 2: Gi s 0 l mt tp m bt k trong , chng minh
-1
( 0) l tp m trong X.
Cch 3: Gi s F l mt tp m bt k trong , chng minh
-1
( F) l tp ng trong X.
Phng php chng minh mt nh x lin tc u
X
) .
chng minh lin tc u trn X th ta lm nh sau: cho trc e > 0, chng minh c mt
o = o( e) > 0 sao cho vi mi x X m J
X
( x, x
0
) < o th J
X
(( x) , ( x
0
) ) < e.

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 23
Cho E F l mt nh x t khng gian metric E vo khng gian metric F v A l
mt tp m trong E. Chng minh rng |
A
lin tc ti x A nu v ch nu lin tc ti
x. Hn na, chng t rng iu kin A l tp m khng th b c.

62

Gii:
Chng minh lin tc ti x Ath|
A
lin tc ti x A.
Hin nhin do ly{ x
n
} trongAhi t vx A, thdy { |
A
( x
n
) } cng chnh l dy
{ ( x
n
) } hi t v( x) = |
A
( x) dolin tc tix A. T suy ra |
A
lin tc ti x A.
Chng minh |
A
lin tc ti x A th lin tc ti x A.
DoA l tp m nn ta c x A, r > 0 sao choB( x, r) A.
Ly mt dy { x
n
} trong E hi t v x th c n
0
sao cho vi mi n > n
0
th x
n

B( x , r) A.
t dy { y
m
} vi y
m
= x
m+n
0
, th ta c c dy { y
m
} cha trong A v { y
m
} hi t v x
trong A.
Do |
A
l lin tc ti x nn { |
A
( y
m
) } hi t v |
A
( x) ngha l { ( y
m
) } hi t v ( x) .
Nhng do cch t dy { y
m
} nn ta cng suy ra { ( x
n
) } hi t v ( x) .
Vy lin tc ti x.
Chng minh iu kin A m l khng th thiu.
Ta chn E = F = v ( x) = _
1 nu x = 0
0 nu x 0
l hm i t E vo F.
Ta c { 0} khng l tp m trong . Vy nn tuy |
{ 0}
l hin nhin lin tc nhng
khng lin tc ti 0.
Vy iu kin A m trong El khng th bc.

Bi 39
Cho X v l hai khng gian metric v l mt nh x t X vo sao cho |
K
lin tc
vi mi compactK X. Chng minh lin tc trn E.
Gii :
Ly dy { x
n
} bt k trong X, hi t v x X.
p dng kt qu chng minh Bi 38, ta c K = { x
n
| n } { x} l tp compact. V |
K

lin tc trn K nn ta c:
( |
K
) ( x
n
) ( |
K
) ( x) , do ta c: ( x
n
) ( x)

63

Vi mi dy { x
n
} trong X, hi t v x X th ( x
n
) hi t v ( x) nn l hm lin tc
trn E.

Bi 2.13
Cho
2
l hm lin tc v
1
. Chng minh rng hm
1

1
xc
nh bi
1
( x) = ( x) vi mi x
1
cng l hm lin tc trn
1
(
1
c gi l hm
thu hp ca trn
1
).
Gii :
Vi mi dy { x
n
} trong
1
hi t v x trong
1
. V lin tc trn v
1
nn { x
n
}
l mt dy trong trong hi t v x, suy ra dy { ( x
n
) } hi t v ( x) .
Ta c
1
|
1
nn
1
( x
n
) hi t v
1
( x) .Vy
1
lin tc trn
1
v ta c iu phi
chng minh.

Bi 24
Cho A v B l hai tp con ng trong khng gian metric E sao cho E = A B. Gi s
l nh x t khng gian metric E vo khng gian metric F. Chng minh rng nu
|
A
v|
B
lin tc th lin tc.
Gii :
Cho C l mt tp ng trong F. Ta c:
-1
( C) = ( |
A
)
-1
( C) ( |
B
)
-1
( C)
Do C l tp ng v |
A
lin tc trn A nn ( |
A
)
-1
( C) ng trong A, tng t ta cng c
( |
B
)
-1
( C) ng trong B.
M A v B li ng trong E, nn suy ra ( |
A
)
-1
( C) v ( |
B
)
-1
( C) cng ng trong E.
Vy
-1
( C) = ( |
A
)
-1
( C) ( |
B
)
-1
( C) cng l tp ng trong E
Vy l hm lin tc.

Bi 26
Cho v g l cc hm s lin tc trn khng gian metric E. Chng minh rng cc hm s
sup( , g) v i nf ( , g) lin tc. Suy ra cc hm s
+
v
-
cng lin tc.

64

Gii :
Trong E cho dy { x
n
} x E
Do v g l hai hm lin tc nn ta c:
( x
n
) ( x) v g( x
n
) g( x)
Ta c ng thc:
sup ( , g) ( x) =
( x) + g( x) + | ( x) g( x) |
2

Khi x
n
x ta c
( x
n
) + g( x
n
) + | ( x
n
) g( x
n
) |
2

( x) + g( x) + | ( x) g( x) |
2

Ngha l khi x
n
x th sup( , g) ( x
n
) sup ( , g) ( x)
Vy su p( , g) lin tc.
Tng t
i nf ( , g) ( x) =
( x) + g( x) | ( x) g( x) |
2

Khi x
n
x ta c
( x
n
) + g( x
n
) | ( x
n
) g( x
n
) |
2

( x) + g( x) | ( x) g( x) |
2

ngha l khi x
n
x th i nf ( , g) ( x
n
) i nf ( , g) ( x)
Vy i nf ( , g) lin tc.
Suy ra:
+
= sup( , 0) =
+ 0 + | 0|
2
=
+ | |
2

v
-
= i nf ( , 0) =
| |
2

cng lin tc.

65

Bi 33
Chng minh rng nu l khng gian metric vi metric o( m, n) = | m n| v X l
khng gian metric bt k th mi nh x t v X u lin tc.
Tng qut, cho X l mt khng gian metric ri rc, ngha l X l khng gian metric sao
cho mi im x X u l im c lp. Chng minh rng nu l khng gian metric bt
k th mi nh x t X vo u lin tc.
Gii :
Chng minh mi nh x t n khng gian metric X bt k u lin tc.
Cho x
0
v e > 0, chn p =
1
2
ta c:
x tha mno( x, x
0
) = | x x
0
| < p th x = x
0
. Khi ( x) = ( x
0
) ngha l
o(( x) , ( x
0
) ) = 0 < e
Vy lin tc trn .
Tng qut, cho X l khng gian metric ri rc, chng minh mi nh x t X n
khng gian metric bt k u lin tc.
Nu X l mt khng gian metric ri rc th mi im x X u l im c lp ngha l
tn ti r
x
sao cho B( x, r
x
) = { x} .
Cho A = { x} l tp hp gm 1 phn t thuc X,tn ti r
x
sao cho B( x, r
x
) = A suy ra mi
im ca A u l im trong. Vy A l tp m.
Mt cch tng qut, vi B X bt k, ta c B =
{ x}
xB
l hi ca mt h tp m nn
B cng l tp m. Nn vi ( , o
) l khng gian metric bt k v mt nh x X ,

ta u c
-1
( I) l tp m vi mi tp I m trong . Suy ra l nh x lin tc.

Bi 34
Chng minh rng mi nh x t khng gian metric vo khng gian metric l lin tc
u. iu ny cn ng khi thay bng mt khng gian metric ri rc khng?
Gii :
Chng minh mi nh x t khng gian metric vo khng gian metric l lin tc
u.

66

Cho ( , o
) l khng gian metric v mt nh x .

Cho e > 0, chn p =
1
2
, ta c vi mi m, n tha o
( m, n) = | m n| < p th m = n,
suy ra o
(( m) , ( n) ) = 0 < e.
Vy mi nh x l lin tc u.
iu ny cn ng khi thay bng mt khng gian metric ri rc khng?
iu khng cn ng khi thay bng mt khng gian metric ri rc khc.
Ta s cho phn v d, ly:
X = _
1
n
n
_
vi metric thng thng trn , ta s chng minh X ri rc.
Tht vy, cho u =
1
m
X (m
), t r =
1
m
1
m+1
=
1
m( m+1)
, Vi mi n m, ta c:
_
1
n

1
m
_ mi n _
1
m
1
m+ 1
,
1
m 1

1
m
_ =
1
m( m + 1)
num 2
V _
1
n
1
m
_
1
2
=
1
m( m+ 1)
num = 1
Nn B
X
( u, r) = { u} , suy ra u l im c lp ca Xu X.
Vy X l tp ri rc.
Ta xt hm s:
: X
_
1
n
] = n
Do dy l i m
n+
n( n + 1) = + nn J > 0, n n( n + 1) >
1
d
, t suy ra c
n J >
1
n
1
n+1
.
Vy vi miJ > 0 tn ti u
d
=
1
n
, :
d
=
1
n+1
X sao cho:
| u
d
:
d
| < J nhng| ( u
d
) ( :
d
) | = 1nn khng phi hm s lin tc u.

Bi 40

67

Chng minh rng hm s phn nguyn
:
( x) = [ x]
trong , [ x] l s nguyn tha [ x] x < [ x] + 1 l hm lin tc trn nhng
khng lin tc trn .
Gii :
Ta chng minh lin tc trn .
Tht vy ly t th ta c [ t] < t < [ t] + 1
Ly e =
mIn{ t-[ t] ,[ t] +1-t}
2
, suy ra ( t e, t + e) ( [ t] , [ t] + 1)
V |
( t+s,t-s)
l hm hng v lun nhn gi tr bng [ t] nn lin tc. Suy ra cng lin tc
ti t. Vy lin tc trn .
Ta chng minh ( x) gin on trn .
Tht vy ly t th ta c ( x) = t 1 x ( t 1, t) v ( x) = t x [ t, t + 1) .
T suy ra:
l i m
xt
-
( x) = t 1 < t = ( t) nnkhng lin tc trn
Vy ta kt lun lin tc trn nhng khng lin tc trn .

Bi 46
Cho l mt nh x t khng gian metric X vo khng gian metric compact . Chng
minh rng nu th ca l tp ng trong X th lin tc trn X, trong th
ca c xc nh l:
= |(x, ( x) ) X : x X|
Gii :
Cch 1 :
Vi B l tp ng trong , ta s chng minh
-1
( B) l tp ng trong X. Ta t:
I
B
= ( X B) = |(x, ( x) ) X x X, ( x) B|

68

th v X B u l tp ng trong X nn phn giao I
B
ca chng cng l tp ng
trong X .
Xt php chiu ln X:
pr
1
X X
( x, y) x
p dng kt qu Bi 45, I
B
l tp ng trong X v l compact nn pr
1
( I
B
) l tp
ng trong X.
Nhng pr
1
( I
B
) = { x X: ( x) B} =
-1
( B) nn
-1
( B) l tp ng trong X. Vy ta
c lin tc trn X.

Cch 2:
Xt dy { x
n
}
n
trong X hi t v x, ta chng minh { ( x
n
) }
n
l mt dy trong hi t
v ( x) . Tht vy, gi s dy { ( x
n
) } khng hi t v ( x) , ngha l ta trch c mt
dy con |(x
n
k
)| ca n sao cho tn ti e > 0
[(x
n
k
) ( x) [ > e k ( 1)
Mt khc, do |(x
n
k
)| l dy trong compact nn ta cng trch c dy con ] [x
n
k
i

ca n hi t ti y( 2) . Ta c
_x
n
k
i
, [x
n
k
i
] ( x, y) khi i
Mt khc, do l mt tp ng trong X nn ta c ( x, y) , ngha l y = ( x) ( 3) .
( 1) , ( 2) , ( 3 ) mu thun vi nhau v kt thc chng minh.

Cch 3:
Ly B l mt tp ng bt k trong , ta chng minh
-1
( B) ng trong X. Tht vy, ly
{ x
n
}
-1
( B) v gi s { x
n
} hi t v x X, ta chng minh x
-1
( B) . Ta c
( x
n
) v l compact nn tn ti dy con |(x
n
k
)| hi t v y B.
Vy dy [x
n
k
, (x
n
k
) hi t v ( x, y) . Theo tnh ng ca , ta c ( x) = y B. Ngha
l x
-1
( B) , suy ra
-1
( B) l tp ng vi mi tp con ng B ca . Vy l nh x
lin tc.

69

Bi 1.5.5
Cho A l mt tp con ca khng gian nh chun ( E, .
L
) , l mt nh x t A vo
khng gian nh chun ( F, .
P
) . Gi s vi mi s thc s thc dng p c mt nh x
g
q
lin tc t A vo F sao cho:
[( x) g
q
( x) [
P
p x A
Chng minh lin tc trn A.
Gii :
Xt mt phn t x A, ta chng minh mnh :
e > 0, o
s
> 0 y A, y x < o
s
( y) ( x) < e
Tht vy, do g
s 3
( x) lin tc nn tn ti o
s
> 0 sao cho [g
s 3
( x) g
s 3
( y) [ <
s
3
vi
mi y A tha y x < o
s
. Nn ta c vi mi y A tha y x < o
s
, ta c
( y) ( x) [( y) g
s 3
( y) [ + [g
s 3
( y) g
s 3
( x) [ + [g
s 3
( x) ( x) [ < e
Vy lin tc trn A.

70

Ch 1.5
Tnh compact

I. L thuyt
Phng php chng minh mt tp compact
Cho X l mt khng gian metric v A l mt tp con ca X. chng minh A l tp
compact ca X, ta c th chn mt trong cc cch sau y:
Cch 1: Cho { x
n
} l mt dy bt k trong A, ta chng minh c mt dy con |x
n
k
| ca
{ x
n
} sao cho x
n
k
x A khi k + .
Cch 2: Cho { 0
}
I
l mt bao ph m bt k ca A, ngha l mi 0
m trong A v A
cha trong 0
I
, ta chng minh tn ti ph m con hu hn |0
1
, 0
2
, , 0
n
| sao cho
A _0
k
n
k=1

Cch 3: Chng minh A l tp con ng trong mt tp compact.
Cch 4: Chng minh A l tp ng v bi chn trong X trong trng hp X =
n
.

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 2.18
Kim tra tnh compact ca cc tp sau trong
2

a) A = { ( x, y) | 2x
2
+ 3y
2
1 }
b) B = { ( x, y) | 2x
2
+ 3y
2
< 1}
c) C = { ( x, y) | 2x
2
+ 3y 1}
Gii :
a) chng minh tp A = { ( x, y) | 2x
2
+ 3y
2
1} l tp compact. Ta s chng
minh A ng v b chn.

71

Chng minh A ng :
Xt ( x, y) = 2x
2
+ 3y
2
l hm lin tc trn
2
. Ta c A =
-1
(( , 1] ) nn A l tp
ng trong
2
.
Chng minh A b chn :
Vi mi ( x, y) trong A,ta c: x
2
+ y
2
2 x
2
+ 3 y
2
1 , suy ra ( x, y) B
i
( 0 ,1) . Nn ta
cA B
i
( 0 ,1) v A b chn.
Vy A l tp compact.

b) chng minh B = { ( x, y) | 2x
2
+ 3y
2
< 1} khng l tp compact, ta s chng
minh B khng ng.
Tht vy, xt dy ( x
n
, y
n
) = [0,
1
3
1
3n
, ta c
2 x
n
2
+ 3 y
n
2
= 3 _
1
3

1
3n
]
2
< 3 _
1
3
]
2
= 1
Do { ( x
n
, y
n
) } Bn .
Cho n , ta c( x
n
, y
n
) [0,
1
3
B. iu ny chng t B khng phi l tp ng
nn khng compact.

c) chng minh C = { ( x, y) | 2x
2
+ 3y 1} khng l tp compact, ta s chng
minh C khng b chn.
Tht vy, xt dy ( x
n
, y
n
) = ( 0, n) .
Vi n , ta c 2x
n
2
+ 3y
n
= 3 n < 1 . Do ( x
n
, y
n
) C n
Cho n , ta c ( x
n
, y
n
) = n , do C cha mt dy khng b chn nn cng
khng b chn v khng compact.

Bi 38
Cho { x
n
} l dy hi t v x
0
trong khng gian metric E. Chng minh rng tp hp
{ x
n
n } { x
0
} l mt tp compact.
Gii :

72

Cch 1: Dng nh ngha ph m ca compact.
Ly ph m:
w = _w
I

ca A = { x
n
n } { x
o
}
Ta c x
0
A nn suy ra tn ti t I sao cho x
o
w
t
. M w
t
l tp m nn tn ti
e > 0 sao cho qu cu m B( x
0
, e) w
t
.
Mt khc, { x
n
} l dy hi t v x
0
nn tn ti N
s
sao cho: n > N
s
, o( x
n
, x) < e.
Ngha l x
n
B( x
0
, e) n > N
s
.
Do x
1
, x
2
, x
N
s
wnn ] { 1,2 , N
s
} , i
]
I x
]
w
]

Vy ta c w
1
w
2
w
Ns
w
t
A hay ni cch khc cho h ph m bt k ca A
th u cha h ph con hu hn. Suy ra A l tp compact.

Cch 2: Dng nh ngha dy s ca compact
Xt mt dy { b
k
} l mt dy thuc A, xt B = { b
k
: k } . Ta chng minh c th trch
c mt dy con |b
k
m
| hi t. Xt 2 trng hp:
Trng hp 1: B c hu hn phn t
V B c hu hn phn t { t
1
, t
2
, , t
| B|
} nn suy ra tn ti k sao cho tp I
k
= { n
: b
n
= t
k
} c v hn phn t. Vy ta trch c dy k
m
sao b
k
m
= t
k
. Suy ra
l i m
m
b
k
m
= t
k
.
Trng hp 2: B c v hn phn t
- Kh nng 1: o B
Mi s b
k
u vit c di dng o
q( k)
vi : l hm khng b chn (v gi s
nu b chn th B hu hn.
Ta xy dng dy k
m
nh sau:
k
1
= 1
k
2
sao cho k
2
> k
1
v ( k
2
) > ( k
1
) v khng b chn trn [ 0 , k
1
] .

73

k
3
sao cho k
3
> k
2
v ( k
3
) > ( k
2
) v khng b chn trn [ 0, k
2
] .

k
m+1
sao cho k
m+1
> k
m
v ( k
m+1
) > ( k
m
) v khng b chn trn [ 0, k
m
] .
Vy ta trch c dy k
m
tng sao cho ( k
m
) l dy tng. Vy { b
k
m
} l dy con ca { b
k
}
v { o
q( k
m
)
} l dy con ca { o
n
} nn hi t ti o. Suy ra |b
k
m
| hi t ti o.
- Kh nng 2: o B
XtX = { k : b
k
= o}
Nu X c v hn phn t, ta lun trch c mt dy con hng (bng b) ca b
k
.
Nu X c hu hn phn t th s c phn t ln nht l N th ta xt dy c
k
= b
k+N
th
bi ton c a v Kh nng 1.
Vy tp A xc nh nh trn l mt compact.

Bi 2_Extra
Cho X l mt khng gian metric v A
1
, A
2
, , A
n
, l mt dy cc tp compact ca X.
Chng minh A = A
n
+
n=1
l tp compact ca X.
Gii :
Do ( A
n
) l dy cc tp compact ca X nn ( A
n
) cng l dy tp ng trong X, suy ra
A = A
n
+
n=1
ng trong X. Mt khc, A = A
n
+
n=1
A
1
compact. V vy A = A
n
+
n=1

cng l tp compact ca X.

Bi 44
Cho { K
n
} l dy gim cc tp con compact khc trng ca khng gian metric X. Chng
minh rng
_K
n
n=1
l tp con compact khc trng ca X.
Gii :
Do giao ca mt h khc rng cc compact { K
}
I
l cng mt compact nn ta ch cn
chng minh:

74

0 = _K
n
n=1

V K
n
vi mi n nn tn ti dy { x
n
} trong X sao cho x
n
K
n
n . Mt
khc, do K
n
K
m
n m nn ta c x
n
K
m
n m. V { x
n
} l mt dy trong tp
compact K
1
nn tn ti dy con |x
n
k
| ca n hi t ti x.
Vi mi m , |x
n
k
|
k>m
l mt dy trong tp ng K
m
hi t ti x nn suy ra x K
m
.
Vy x K
m
m v 0 cha t nht mt phn t l x. Ta c iu phi chng minh.

75

Ch 1.6
Tnh lin thng

I. L thuyt
Cho khng gian metric ( X, o) v tp con ca X.
Phng php chng minh tnh lin thng
Ta thng phn chng bng cch gi s = A B vi A, B l cc tp con ng (m)
khc trng ca v t kt hp vi cc gi thit ca bi tm ra mt iu v l.
Ngoi ra, ta cng c th chng minh l lin thng ng suy ra lin thng.
Phng php chng minh tnh lin thng ng
chng minh lin thng ng, vi mi u, : ca , ta tm mt nh x lin tc
C: [ 0 ,1] sao cho C( 0) = u v C( 1) = :.

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 2.9
Cho ( E, o
L
) v ( F, o
P
) l cc khng gian metric v l mt nh x t E vo F. Bit rng
l mt ng phi ngha l l song nh, lin tc v
-1
lin tc. Chng minh:
a) E compact nu v ch nu F compact.
b) E lin thng ng nu v ch nu F lin thng ng.
Gii :
Do l song nh t E vo F nn ( E) = F (*).
a) Gi s E compact, do lin tc trn Enn nh ca c bo ton tnh compact. Vy
nn t (*) ta c F = ( E) compact. p dng kt qu tng t cho nh x lin tc
-1
t
F vo E, ta thu c chiu cn li ca kt lun.
Vy E compact nu v ch nu F compact.

76

b) Tng t vi cu a), do nh ca nh x lin tc bo ton tnh lin thng ng nn ta
c F = ( E) l lin thng ng nu E lin thng ng. p dng kt qu ny cho nh
x lin tc
-1
t F vo E, ta c kt qu:
E lin thng ng nu v ch nu F lin thng ng.

Bi 81
Chng minh rng th ca hm s lin tc trn mt khong ca l tp hp lin thng
ca
2
.
Gii :
Gi tp hp A l mt khong ca nn A .
Ta xt nh x
A
2

x ( x, ( x) )
Vi lin tc trn A.
Ta c mt khong ca l mt tp hp lin thng.
Gi s ( A) khng lin thng.
Ngha l c 2 tp ng B v C trong
2
khc rng sao cho B C = v B C = ( A)
t
P =
-1
( B) , =
-1
( C)
Ta c B, C ng m lin tc nn P, ng trong A.
Li c B C = v B C = ( A) .
Vy P = v P = A.
Vi P, ng trong trong A.
Dn n tp A khng lin thng (v l ).
Vy ( A) lin thng.

Bi 82

77

Cho X l mt khng gian metric .Chng minh:
(i) Nu X ch gm mt phn t th X lin thng.
(ii) Nu X ri rc th mi tp con ca X cha nhiu hn mt phn t u khng
lin thng.
(iii) Mi tp con ca tp hp cc s hu t cha nhiu hn mt phn t th khng
lin thng.
Gii :
(i). Ta c tp X ch gm mt phn t.
Gi s X khng lin thng.
Ngha l c 2 tp ng A, B trong X khc rng sao cho A B = v A B = X.
X l tp c mt phn t m AB = nn ta c A = hoc B = (mu thun)
Suy ra X lin thng

(ii). Ta chng minh kt qu mnh hn nh sau:
Mi khng gian T nhiu hn 1 phn t v c im c lp u khng lin thng(*)
Tht vy, do T c im c lp t T nn tn ti r > 0 sao cho B( t, r) = { t} . Suy ra
B[t,
2
= B
i
[t,
2
= { t} . Vy B[t,
2
l mt tp va ng va m trong T v khng tm
thng (khc v cha t v khc T v ch cha 1 phn t).
Nn T khng lin thng.

R rng bi ton l mt trng hp c bit ca kt qu trn v mi im trong X u c
lp. Vy X cng khng lin thng.

(iii).
Cch 1 :
Ta c l tp hp cc s hu t.
t A vi A c nhiu hn mt phn t nn A c t nht 2 phn t.
Gi x, y l 2 s hu t thuc A v r l s v t tha x < r < y.
Do r nn ta xt tp X nh sau
X = A_( r, + ) = A_[ r, + )
Vy X l tp con khng tm thng va m va ng trong A (Do y X v x X) v X.
Suy ra A khng lin thng.

Cch 2 :
S dng mt kt qu trong li gii ca Bi 74:
Nu mt tp con ca lin thng th n l mt khong.

78

Xt mt tp con lin thng A ca cha x, y sao cho x < y th s cha [ x, y] . M trong
[ x, y] lun tn ti mt s v t nn chc chn A khng phi l con ca (Mu thun).
Mu thun ny kt thc chng minh.

79

Ch 1.7
Gii hn

I. L thuyt
Cho ( E, o
L
) v ( F, o
P
) l 2 khng gian metric, E. Xt nh x
: F
u ( u)
Phng php tnh gii hn
Vi u
0
E l mt im t ca , w
0
F, chng minh
l i m
uu
0
( u) = w
0
,
Ta c th lm theo nhng cch sau:
Cch 1: ng vi mi e > 0, ta tm mt o > 0 sao cho
o
P
( ( u) , w
0
) < e
vi mi u tha mn 0 < o
L
( u, u
0
) < o.
Cch 2: S dng cc quy tc th, cng, tr, nhn, chia gii hn, tnh cht sandwich
chng minh o( ( u) , w
0
) 0 khi u u
0
.
Cch 3: Trong trng hp E l khng gian tch ca cc khng gian E
1
, E
2
, , E
k
, gi s
( u) = (
1
( u) ,
2
( u) , ,
k
( u) )
v ta tnh c cc gii hn l i m
uu
0

( u) = l
vi i = 1 , k. Khi y
l i m
uu
0
( u) = ( l
1
, l
2
, l
k
) .
Phng php chng minh gii hn khng tn ti
chng minh gii hn ti u
0
(u
0
hoc u
0
= ) ca hm l khng tn ti, ta c
th thc hin cc cch sau:

80

Cch 1: Ch ra mt dy { x
n
} trong hi t v u
0
sao cho gii hn ca dy { ( x
n
) } khng
tn ti
Cch 2: Ch ra 2 dy { x
n
} , { y
n
} trong cng hi t v u
0
sao cho
l i m
n
( x
n
) l i m
n
( y
n
)

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 2.11
Tm cc gii hn:
a) l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
2x
2 + 3x
2
+ y
2

b) l i m
( x,) ( 1,1)
l n( 1 + x
2
y
2
)
c) l i m
( x,) ( 3,5)
x
2
+ y
2
1
d) l i m
( x,) ( 1,-2)
1
x
2
+ y
2

e) l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
c
sin x
x

f) l i m
( x,) ( 1,1)
| xy| 1
3

g) l i m
( x,) ( n,0)
x cos
x y
4

h) l i m
( x,) ( ,)
x + y
x
2
xy + y
2

i) l i m
( x,) ( ,)
( x
2
+ y
2
) c
-( x+)

Gii :
a)
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
2x
2 + 3x
2
+ y
2
=
2.0
2 + 3.0 + 0
= 0

81

b)
l i m
( x,) ( 1,1)
l n( 1 + x
2
y
2
) = l n( 1 + 1) = l n 2

c)
l i m
( x,) ( 3,5)
x
2
+ y
2
1 = 3
2
+ 5
2
1 = 33

d)
l i m
( x,) ( 1,-2)
1
x
2
+ y
2
=
1
1
2
+ ( 2)
2
=
1
5

e)
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
c
si n x
x
= l i m
0
c
. l i m
x0
si n x
x
= c
0
. 1 = 1

f)
l i m
( x,) ( 1,1)
| xy| 1
3
= 1 1
3
= 0

g)
l i m
( x,) ( ,0)
x cos
x y
4
= n cos
n 0
4
=
n
2

h)
l i m
( x,) ( ,)
x + y
x
2
xy + y
2

Ta c
| x + y| 2( x
2
+ y
2
) ,

82

x
2
xy + y
2
x
2
+ y
2

1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
) =
1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
)
Suy ra
0
| x + y|
x
2
xy + y
2

2 2( x
2
+ y
2
)
x
2
+ y
2
=
2 2
x
2
+ y
2

M
l i m
( x,) ( ,)
2 2
x
2
+ y
2
= 0
Vy nn
l i m
( x,y) ( ,)
x + y
x
2
xy + y
2
= 0

i)
l i m
( x,) ( +,+)
( x
2
+ y
2
) c
-( x+)
= l i m
( x,) ( +,+)
x
2
+ y
2
c
x+

Khi ( x, y) ( + , + ) , ta c:

0
x
2
+ y
2
c
x+
=
( x + y)
2
2xy
c
x+

( x + y)
2
c
x+

t t = x + y + . Ta c
l i m
t+
t
2
c
t
= l i m
t+
( t
2
)
i
( c
t
)
i
= l i m
t+
2t
c
t
= l i m
t+
( 2t)
i
( c
t
)
i
= l i m
t+
2
c
t
= 0
Vy
l i m
( x,) ( +,+)
( x
2
+ y
2
) c
-( x+)
= 0 .

Bi 2.12
Cc hm s sau c gii hn ti ( 0 ,0) khng?

83

a)
x
2
y
2
x
2
+ y
2

b)
x
x
2
+ y
2

c)
x
4
y
2
x
4
+ y
2

d)
x y
x + y

e)
x
2
x
2
y

f )
xy
2
( x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2

g) ( x
2
+ y
2
) si n
1
x
2
+ y
2

h)
3xy
2
x
2
+ y
2

i ) _
x
2
y
2
x
2
+ y
2
_
2

j )
x
2
x
2
+ y
2

k )
xy
x
2
+ y
2

l )
x
2
y
2
x
2
y
2
+ ( x y)
2

84

Gii :
Khng tn ti gii hn ti ( 0 ,0) cc cu a), b), c), d), e), f), i), j), l).
Tht vy, vi mi n , xt 2 dy o
n
v b
n
cng hi t v ( 0,0 ) :
a) Vi o
n
= [
1
n
,
1
n
v b
n
= [0 ,
1
n
th ( o
n
) = 0 ( b
n
) = 1 n .
b) Vi o
n
= [
1
n
,
1
n
v b
n
= [0,
1
n
th ( o
n
) =
1
2
( b
n
) = 0 n .
c) Vi o
n
= [
1
n
,
1
n
2
v b
n
= [0 ,
1
n
th ( o
n
) = 0 ( b
n
) = 1 n .
d) Vi o
n
= [
1
n
,
1
n
v b
n
= [0,
1
n
th ( o
n
) = 0 ( b
n
) = 1 n .
e) Vi o
n
= [
1
n
, 0 v b
n
= [0 ,
1
n
th ( o
n
) = 1 ( b
n
) = 0 n .
f) Vi o
n
= [
1
n
,
1
n
v b
n
= [0,
1
n
th ( o
n
) = 2
-3 2
( b
n
) = 0 n .
i) Vi o
n
= [
1
n
,
1
n
v b
n
= [0,
1
n
th( o
n
) = 0 ( b
n
) = 1 n .
j) Vi o
n
= [
1
n
,
1
n
v b
n
= [0,
1
n
th ( o
n
) =
1
2
( b
n
) = 1 n .
l) Vi o
n
= [
1
n
,
1
n
v b
n
= [0,
1
n
th ( o
n
) = 1 ( b
n
) = 0 n .

Xt cc cu g), h), k):
g) Ta c
_( x
2
+ y
2
) si n
1
x
2
+ y
2
_ x
2
+ y
2

M
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
( x
2
+ y
2
) = 0
Nn
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
( x
2
+ y
2
) si n
1
x
2
+ y
2
= 0

85

h) Ta c
_
3xy
2
x
2
+ y
2
_ =
3| x| y
2
x
2
+ y
2
3| x|
M
l i m
x0
| x| = 0
Nn
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
3 xy
2
x
2
+ y
2
= 0

k) Ta c
_
xy
x
2
+ y
2
_ =
| xy|
x
2
+ y
2

1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
)
x
2
+ y
2
=
1
2
x
2
+ y
2

M
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
1
2
x
2
+ y
2
= 0
Nn
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
xy
x
2
+ y
2
= 0 .

86

Ch 1.8
Khng gian y , khng gian Banach

I. L thuyt
Xt khng gian metric ( X, o) .
Phng php chng minh khng gian y
chng minh X y ta lm nh sau: Xt { x
n
} l mt dy Cauchy bt k trong X,
ta tm phn t x
0
X sao cho
l i m
n
x
n
= x
0

Phng php chng minh khng gian Banach
chng minh X l khng gian Banach. Ta chng minh X l khng gian nh chun
v X y .
Mt s khng gian Banach
1.
n
vi chun bt k.
2. C( S) vi S l mt compact v chun x = sup
tS
| x( t) | .
3. C
1
( [ o, b] ) vi x = sup
t[ u,b]
| x( t) | + sup
t[ u,b]
| x
i
( t) | .
Phng php chng minh khng gian khng y
chng minh X khng y , ta tm mt dy { x
n
} Cauchy trong X sao cho { x
n
} sao
cho { x
n
} khng hi t trong X. Thng thng, ta chn dy { x
n
} sao cho dy ny hi t
ti im x
0
trong khng gian m X v x
0
X.
Mt s khng gian khng y
1. C( [ o, b] ) , khng gian cc hm thc lin tc trn [ o, b] vi chun
x = _| x( t) | Jt
b
u
x C( [ o, b] ) .
2. Khng gian cc s thc trong khong m ( o, b) khc trng vi metric Euclid
thng thng.

87

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 3.3
Cho ( E, o
L
) v ( F, o
P
) l cc khng gian metric v l mt song nh t E vo F. Cho
l mt ng phi, ngha l v
-1
lin tc trn E v F. Nu E y th F c y
khng?
Gii :
t E = , v F = [
n
2
,
n
2
.
Xt nh x:
E F
x ar ct an( x)
Vi nh x ny l song nh v l hm lin tc trn E, c nh x ngc l
-1
: F E
x t an ( x)
lin tc trn F.
Vy l mt ng phi.
Ta c E l y nhng F khng y . Tht vy, xt dy { x
n
} xc nh bi
cng thc x
n
=
n
2

1
n
, ta c { x
n
} cha trong [
n
2
,
n
2
. V { x
n
} l dy s thc hi t ti
n
2
nn hin nhin l dy Cauchy trong F.
Tuy nhin { x
n
}
n
2
[
n
2
,
n
2
khi n nn ta c F = [
n
2
,
n
2
khng y .
Vy khng nh ca bi khng hon ton ng.

Bi 53
Chng minh rng khng gian metric X y nu v ch nu X v l cc khng
gian metric y .
Gii :
Chng minh nu X Y y th X, Y cng y .

88

Xt { x
n
} , { y
n
} l cc dy Cauchy trong X, , vi mi e > 0 , tn ti I ln
o
X
( x
m
, x
n
) , o
( y
m
, y
n
) <
s
2
vi mi m, n > I. Suy ra
o(( x
n
, y
n
) , ( x
m
, y
m
) ) = o
2
( x
m
, x
n
) + o
2
( y
m
, y
n
) o( x
m
, x
n
) + o( y
m
, y
n
) < e
Vy { ( x
n
, y
n
) } l dy Cauchy trong X nn hi t v ( x, y) trong X . Ta suy ra
{ x
n
} hi t v x X, { y
n
} hi t v y .
Vy X, l nhng khng gian metric y .
Chng minh nu X, Y y th X Y cng y .
Ly { ( x
n
, y
n
) } l dy Cauchy trong X . Vi mi e > 0 , tn ti N sao cho
o(( x
n
, y
n
) , ( x
m
, y
m
) ) < e vi mi m, n > N, suy ra
o( y
m
, y
n
) , o( x
m
, x
n
)
_
(o
X
( x
m
, x
n
) )
2
+ (o
( y
m
, y
n
) )
2
= o(( x
n
, y
n
) , ( x
m
, y
m
) )
< e
Suy ra { x
n
} , { y
n
} cng l nhng dy Cauchy trong X, v do ln lt hi t v
x X v y . Vy nn ta cng c { ( x
n
, y
n
) } hi t v ( x, y) X .
Vy X l khng gian metric y .

Bi 91
Cho l mt ng c t khng gian metricE vo khng gian metricF. Chng minh
rng nu E y th (E) cng y .
Gii :
Cho { y
n
} l mt dy Cauchy trong ( E) ta cn chng minh { y
n
} hi t.
Tht vy ly dy { x
n
} trong E sao cho ( x
n
) = y
n
.
Do { y
n
} l mt dy Cauchy nn ta c:
o
P
(y
p
, y
q
) 0 khi p, q + .
Do ng c nn ta c:
o
P
(y
p
, y
q
) = o
L
(x
p
, x
q
).
Vy ta c o
L
(x
p
, x
q
) 0 khip, q + nn { x
n
} l dy Cauchy trong E. M E y
nn ta c th suy ra { x
n
} hi t v x trong A.

89

Mt khc v l ng c nn lin tc u. Suy ra ( x
n
) ( x) khi n + , ngha
l y
n
( x) khi n + . Vy ( E) cng y .

Bi 113
Cho ( X, o) v ( X
i
, o) l hai khng gian metric ng c vi nhau. Chng t rng X
y nu v ch nu X y .
Gii :
Ta gi song nh X X l php ng c gia ( X, o) v ( X
i
, o) .
Gi s X y , ta s chng minh X y :
Cho { x
n
} l mt dy Cauchy trong X, ngha l o
X
( x
m
, x
n
) 0 khi m, n nn
o
Xi
(( x
m
) , ( x
n
) ) = o
X
( x
m
, x
n
) cng tin v 0 khi m, n . Vy { ( x
n
) } l dy
Cauchy nn hi t v mt t = ( x) trong X
i
.
Do ta c o
X
( x
n
, x) = o
X
|( ( x
n
) , t) 0 khi n nn dy { x
n
} hi t v x. Vy
ta suy ra X l khng gian metric y .
Gi s X y , ta chng minh X
i
y :
p dng kt qu trn cho php ng c
-1
X X ta c iu phi chng minh.

90

Ch 1.9
nh x tuyn tnh lin tc

I. L thuyt
Phng php chng minh nh x tuyn tnh lin tc
chng minh mt nh x I tuyn tnh lin tc, ta ln lt thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Chng minh I l nh x tuyn tnh bng cch kim tra ng thc
I( u + k:) = I( u) + kI( :) u, : u, k
Bc 2: Chng minh I l nh x lin tc bng cc cch sau
Cch 2.1: Chng minh I lin tc ti 0 : l i m
x0
I( x) = 0
Cch 2.2: Tm mt C > 0 sao cho Ix Cx x u: S dng cc bt
ng thc Cauchy, Minskowki, Bunyakovski, Holder Ch 1
Phng php tm chun ca mt nh x tuyn tnh lin tc
tm chun ca mt nh x tuyn tnh lin tc I, ta ln lt thc hin cc bc sau
Bc 1: S dng cc bt ng thc Ch 1, tm mt s thc C > 0 sao cho
Ix Cx x u
Bc 2: Ch ra mt x
0
u sao cho Ix
0
= Cx
0
. i khi vic ny l khng th v
do ta thay n bng vic ch ra mt dy { x
n
} u sao cho
1x
n
x
n
C khi n + .

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 3.7
Chng minh cc ton t tuyn tnh sau lin tc v tnh chun ca n :
o) A: C[ 0 ,1] C[ 0,1] ; Ax( t) = _ x( s) Js
t
0

91

b) A: C[ 1,1] C[ 0,1 ] ; Ax( t) = _ x( s) Js
t
0

c) A: C[ 1 ,1] C[ 0,1] ; Ax( t) = x( t)
J) A: C[ 0,1] C[ 0,1] ; Ax( t) = t
2
x( 0)
c) A: C[ 0,1] C[ 0 ,1] ; Ax( t) = x( t
2
)
) A: C
1
[ 0,1] C[ 0,1 ] ; Ax( t) = x( t)
g) A: C
1
[ 0,1 ] C[ 0,1] ; Ax( t) = x
,
( t)
Gii :
o) A: C[ 0 ,1] C[ 0,1] ; Ax( t) = _ x( s) Js
t
0

Chng minh A( x) l nh x lin tc:
Vix C[ 0,1] , ta c
| Ax( :) Ax( u) | = __ x( s) Js
u
_ __ xJs
u
_ = x. | u :|
nn Ax l hm lin tc u. Vy Ax C[ 0 ,1] .
Chng minh A l nh x tuyn tnh:
Vi x
1
, x
2
C[ 0,1 ] , o , t [ 0,1] , ta c
A( ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t) ) = _ [ ox
1
( s) + x
2
( s) ]
t
0
Js = _ ox
1
( s)
t
0
Js + _ x
2
( s)
t
0
Js
= o _ x
1
( s)
t
0
Js + _ x
2
( s)
t
0
Js = oAx
1
( t) + Ax
2
( t)
Suy ra A l nh xtuyn tnh
Chng minh A lin tc:
Ta c
Ax = sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax( t) | = su p
t[ 0,1]
__ x( s) Js
t
0
_ sup
t[ 0,1]
_ | x( s) |
t
0
Js = _ | x( s) | Js
1
0
_ x
1
0
Js = x

92

Suy ra Ax x, x C[ 0,1 ] . Vy A l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc.
Tnh chun A:
A = sup
x=0
Ax
x

Ta c
Ax
x
1, x 0 nn A 1.
ng thi
A = sup
x=0
Ax
x

Ax
0
x
0
, x
0
C[ 0,1 ] , x
0
0
Chn x
0
( t) = 1, t [ 0 ,1] , ta c
Ax
0
= sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax
0
( t) | = sup
t[ 0,1]
__ x( s) Js
t
0
_ = sup
t[ 0,1]
__ Js
t
0
_ = sup
t[ 0,1]
t = 1
x
0
= sup
t[ 0,1]
| x( t) | = 1
Suy raA
Ax
0
x
0
= 1. Vy ta c A = 1 .

b) A: C[ 1,1] C[ 0,1 ] ; Ax( t) = _ x( s) Js
t
0

Tng t a), ta c A( x) l nh x lin tc.
Chng minhA l nh x tuyn tnh :
Vix
1
, x
2
C[ 1,1] , , t [ 1 ,1] , ta c
A(ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t) ) = _ [ ox
1
( s) + x
2
( s) ]
t
0
Js = _ ox
1
( t)
t
0
Js + _ x
2
( t)
t
0
Js
= o _ x
1
( t)
t
0
Js + _ x
2
( t)
t
0
Js = oAx
1
( t) + Ax
2
( t)
Suy ra A l nh x tuyn tnh.
Chng minh A lin tc:
Ta c

93

Ax = sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax( t) | = su p
t[ 0,1]
__ x( s) Js
t
0
_ sup
t[ 0,1]
_ | x( s) |
t
0
Js _ | x( s) | Js
1
0
_ x
1
0
Js = x
Suy raAx x, x C[ 1,1] . Vy Al nh x tuyn tnh lin tc.
Tnh chun A:
Ta c
A = sup
x=0
Ax
x
1
ng thi
A = su p
x=0
Ax
x

Ax
0
x
0
, x
0
C[ 1,1] , x
0
0
Chn x
0
( t) = 1, t [ 1,1 ] , suy ra
Ax
0
= sup
t[ 0,1]
__ x
0
( s) Js
t
0
_ = sup
t[ 0,1]
__ Js
t
0
_ = sup
t[ 0,1]
t = 1
x
0
= sup
t[ -1,1]
| x
0
( t ) | = 1
Suy raA
Ax
0
x
0
= 1. Vy ta c A = 1 .

c) A: C[ 1 ,1] C[ 0,1] ; Ax( t) = x( t)
Vi x C[ 1,1 ] , ta c Ax = x|
[ 0,1]
nn Ax C[ 0,1 ] .
Vix
1
, x
2
C[ 1,1] o , t [ 0,1] , ta c
A(ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t) ) = ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t) = oAx
1
( t) + Ax
2
( t)
Suy ra A l nh x tuyn tnh .
Chng minh A lin tc:
Ta c

94

Ax = sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax( t) | = su p
t[ 0,1]
| x( t) | su p
t[ -1,1]
| x( t) | = x
Suy ra Ax x, x C[ 1 ,1] .Vy A l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc .
Tnh chun A:
Ta c
Ax
x
1 , x C[ 1,1] , x 0 . Suy ra A 1.
ng thi
A = sup
x=0
Ax
0
x
0

Ax
0
x
0
, x
0
C[ 1,1 ] , x
0
0
Chn x
0
( t) = 1, t [ 1,1 ] , suy ra
Ax
0
= sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax
0
( t) | = 1
x
0
= sup
t[ 0,1]
| x
0
( t) | = 1
Suy raA
Ax
0
x
0
= 1. VyA = 1 .

J) A: C[ 0,1] C[ 0,1] ; Ax( t) = t
2
x( 0)
Ta c Ax( t) = t
2
x( 0) lin tc trn [ 0,1] nn Ax C[ 0,1] .
Vix
1
, x
2
C[ 0,1] , o , t [ 0,1] , ta c
A( ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t) ) = t
2
( ox
1
( 0) + x
2
( 0 ) ) = oAx
1
( t) + Ax
2
( t)
Chng minh A lin tc:
Ta c
Ax = sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax( t) | = sup
t[ 0,1]
| t
2
x( 0) | | x( 0 ) | su p
t[ 0,1]
t
2
= | x( 0) | x
Suy ra Ax x, x C[ 0,1 ] .
Vy nh x A lin tc.

95

Tnh chun A:
Ta c
A = sup
x=0
Ax
x
1
ng thi
A = sup
x=0
Ax
x

Ax
0
x
0
, x
0
C[ 0,1 ] , x
0
0
Chn x
0
( t) = cos t , t [ 0,1]
Suy ra
x
0
= sup
t[ 0,1]
| x
0
( t) | = sup
t[ 0,1]
| cos t| = cos 0 = 1,
Ax
0
= sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax
0
( t) | = sup
t[ 0,1]
| t
2
cos 0| = su p
t[ 0,1]
| t
2
| = 1.
Suy raA
Ax
0
x
0
= 1. Vy ta c A = 1 .

c) A: C[ 0,1] C[ 0 ,1] ; Ax( t) = x( t
2
)
t u = t
2
, u C[ 0,1] , ta c x( t
2
) = x u( t) l hm hp ca hai hm lin tc nn
x( t
2
) l hm lin tc trn [ 0,1] , hay Ax [ 0 ,1] .
Chng minh A l nh x tuyn tnh :
Vix
1
, x
2
C[ 0,1] , o , t [ 0,1] , ta c
A( ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t) ) = ox
1
( t
2
) + x
2
( t
2
) = oAx
1
( t) + Ax
2
( t)
Suy ra A l nh x tuyn tnh
Chng minh A lin tc:
Ta c
Ax = sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax( t) | = sup
t[ 0,1]
| x( t
2
) | = sup
u[ 0,1]
| x( o) | = x
Vy A l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc.

96

Tnh chun A:
A = sup
x=0
Ax
x
= 1

) A: C
1
[ 0,1] C[ 0,1 ] ; Ax( t) = x( t)
V Ax = x nn ta c Ax C
1
[ 0 ,1] C[ 0 ,1]
Vix
1
, x
2
C
1
[ 0,1] , o , t [ 0,1] , ta c
A( ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t) ) = ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t) = oAx
1
( t) + Ax
2
( t)
Chng minh A lin tc:
Ta c
Ax = sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax( t) | = sup
t[ 0,1]
| x( t) |
x
C
1 = sup
t[ 0,1]
| x( t) | + sup
t[ 0,1]
| x
i
( t) | su p
t[ 0,1]
| x( t) | = Ax
Suy ra Ax x, x C
1
[ 0 ,1] . Vy nh x A tuyn tnh lin tc.
Tnh chun A:
Ta c
A = sup
x=0
Ax
x
1
ng thi
A = sup
x=0
Ax
x

Ax
0
x
0
, x
0
C
1
[ 0,1] , x
0
0
Chn x
0
( t) = 1, t [ 0 ,1] , ta c
x
0
= 1, Ax
0
= 1
Suy raA
Ax
0
x
0
= 1. Vy ta c A = 1 .

97

g) A: C
1
[ 0,1 ] C[ 0,1] ; Ax( t) = x
i
( t)
V x C
1
[ 0,1] nn Ax = x
i
C[ 0,1 ]
Chng minh A l nh x tuyn tnh :
Cho x
1
, x
2
C
1
[ 0,1 ] , o , t [ 0 ,1] , ta c
A(ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t) ) = (ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t) ) = ox
1
( t) + x
2
( t)
= oAx
1
( t) + Ax
2
( t)
Chng minh A lin tc:
Ta c
Ax = sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax( t) | = sup
t[ 0,1]
| x
i
( t) |
x = sup
t[ 0,1]
| x( t) | + sup
t[ 0,1]
| x
i
( t) | sup
t[ 0,1]
| x
i
( t) | = Ax
Suy ra Ax x, x C
1
[ 0 ,1] . Vy nh x A tuyn tnh lin tc .
Tnh chun A:
Ta c
A = sup
x=0
Ax
x
1
ng thi
A = sup
x=0
Ax
x

Ax
0
x
0
, x
0
C
1
[ 0 ,1] , x
0
0
Ta xt dyx
n
( t) = t
n
, t [ 0,1] vi n 1 . Suy ra
x
n
= sup
t[ 0,1]
| x
n
( t) | + sup
t[ 0,1]
| x
n
i
( t) | = su p
t[ 0,1]
| t
n
| + sup
t[ 0,1]
| nt
n-1
| = 1 + n
Ax
n
= sup
t[ 0,1]
| Ax
n
( t) | = sup
t[ 0,1]
| x
n
i
( t) | = sup
t[ 0,1]
| nt
n-1
| = n
Nn

98

A = sup
t[ 0,1]
Ax
x

Ax
n
x
n
=
n
1 + n
= 1
1
n + 1
n
Chon th ta c A 1. VyA = 1.

B A.IV.5Trn
n
trang b .
p
vi p 1.Cho nh x I:
n
xc nh bi
I( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) = o
n
=1

Chng minhI l nh x tuyn tnh, tm I.
Chng minh :
Chng minh nh x tuyn tnh:
Xt x = ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) , y = ( y
1
, y
2
, , y
n
)
n
v 0 bt k, ta c
I( x + 0y) = I( x
1
+ 0y
1
, x
2
+ 0y
2
, , x
n
+ 0y
n
)
= o
1
( x
1
+ 0y
1
) + o
2
( x
2
+ 0y
2
) + + o
n
( x
n
+ 0y
n
)
= ( o
1
x
1
+ o
2
x
2
+ + o
n
x
n
) + 0( o
1
y
1
+ o
2
y
2
+ + o
n
y
n
)
= I( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) + 0 I( y
1
, y
2
, , y
n
) = I( x) + 0I( y)
Vy I l nh x tuyn tnh.
Tnh chun I:
- Xt trng hpp = 1
Ta c
I( x) = _o
n
=1
_ | o
| . | x
|
n
=1
max|| o
| : i = 1, n| | x
|
n
=1

Nn
I( x) max|| o
| : i = 1, n| x
1

Do
I = sup
x=0
I( x)
x
1
max|| o
| : i = 1, n|

99

V || o
| : i = 1, n| l tp hu hn nn tn ti ch s t sao cho | o
t
| = max|| o
| : i =
1, n
|
. Ta xt c
t
= ( 0 , ,0,1,0 , ,0) (s 1 xut hin thnh phn th t) l vector n
v th t ca
n
. Ta c c
t
1
= 1 v
I( c
t
) = _o
o
t
n
=1
_ = | o
t
|
Nn I
1( c
t
)
c
t
1
= | o
t
| = max|| o
| : i = 1, n|. Vy ta kt lun:
I = max|| o
| : i = 1 , n|
- Xt trng hp p > 1
Theo bt ng thc Holder: vi mi p, q > 1 tha
1
p
+
1
q
= 1, ta c
_| x
|
p
n
=1
_
1
p
_| o
|
q
n
=1
_
1
q
_o
n
=1
_
Nn
I( x) _| o
|
q
n
=1
_
1
q
x
p

Do
I = sup
x=0
I( x)
x
p
_| o
|
p
p-1
n
=1
_
p-1
p

Xt y
0
= ( y
)
=1,n
vi y
= | o
|
q
p
. si gn ( o
) vi si gn( t) = _
1 nu t 0
1 nu t < 0
l hm du.
Ta suy ra:
| y
|
p
= | o
|
q
, y
0
Vy nn
| y
|
p
= | y
| . | y
|
p-1
= | y
| . ( | y
|
p
)
p-1
p
= | y
| . ( | o
|
q
)
1-
1
p
= | y
| . ( | o
|
q
)
1
q
= | y
|
= y

Ta c

100

_| y
|
p
n
=1
_
1
p
_| o
|
q
n
=1
_
1
q
= _y
n
=1
_
1
p
_y
n
=1
_
1
q
= _y
n
=1
_ = I( y
0
)
Suy ra
I
I( y
0
)
y
0
p
= _| o
|
p
p-1
n
=1
_
p-1
p

Vy ta c
I = _| o
|
p
p-1
n
=1
_
p-1
p

- Xt trng hp p =
Ta c
I( x) = _o
n
=1
_ | o
| . | x
|
n
=1
max|| x
| : i = 1, n| | o
|
n
=1

Nn
I( x) x
| o
|
n
=1

Do
I = sup
x=0
I( x)
x
| o
|
n
=1

Mt khc, xt y
0
= ( y
)
1,n
, vi y
= si gn ( o
) , ta c y
= | o
| i = 1, n. Nn suy
ra c y
0
= max|| y
| : i = 1, n| = 1 v
I( y
0
) = _o
n
=1
_ = _| o
|
n
=1
_ = | o
|
n
=1
= y
0
| o
|
n
=1

Vy
I
I( y
0
)
y
0
p
= | o
|
n
=1

101

Nn ta kt lun
I = | o
|
n
=1

Vy ta c c cng thc ca I theo p nh sau:
-I = max|| o
| : i = 1, n| nup = 1
-I = _| o
|
p
p-1
n
=1
_
p-1
p
nup > 1
-I = | o
|
n
=1
nup = +

Bi 3.8
Cho cc nh x T :
n
( n = 1,2,3,4) . Trn
n
trang b .
p
. Chng minh I l
nh x tuyn tnh, tm I.
o) I( x
1
, x
2
) = 2 x
1
+ x
2
; p = 2 .
b) I( x
1
, x
2
) = 2x
1
+ x
2
; p = 1 .
c) I( x
1
, x
2
) = 2x
1
+ x
2
; p = .
J) I( x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = x
1
2 x
2
+ x
3
; p = 2 .
c) I( x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = 5x
1
+ x
2
+ 4x
3
; p = 1.
) I( x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = 2 x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 4x
3
; p = .
g) I( x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) = x
1
+ 2x
2
x
3
+ 5 x
4
; p = 2.
Gii :
Theo B A.IV.5, ta c ngay cc kt qu sau :
a) I = ( 2
2
+ 1
2
)
1
2
= 5
b) I = max{ | 2| , | 1| } = 2
c) I = | 2| + | 1| = 3

102

d) I = ( 1
2
+ ( 2)
2
+ 1
2
)
1
2
= 6
e) I = max{ | 5| , | 1| , | 4| } = 5
f) I = | 2 | + | 3| + | 4| = 9
g) I = ( 1
2
+ 2
2
+ ( 1)
2
+ 5
2
)
1
2
= 31

Bi 3.9
Chng minh cc phim hm thuc ( C[ 1 ,1] )
= ( C[ 1,1] , ) , tm chun ca n
a) ( x) =
1
3
[ x( 1) + x( 1) ]
b) ( x) = 2[ x( 1) x( 0) ]
c) ( x) =
1
2 e
[ x( e) + x( e) 2x( 0) ] , e [ 1,1] { 0}
d) ( x) = _ x( t) Jt
1
0

e) ( x) = x( 0) + _ x( t)
1
-1
Jt
f) ( x) = _ x( t) Jt
0
-1
_ x( t) Jt
1
0

Gii :
a) ( x) =
1
3
[ x( 1) + x( 1) ]
-Chng minh ( x) l nh x tuyn tnh:
x, y C[ 1,1 ] 0
( x + 0y) =
1
3
[ ( x + 0y) ( 1 ) + ( x + 0y) ( 1 ) ]
=
1
3
[ x( 1) + 0y( 1) + x( 1) + 0y( 1) ]
=
1
3
[ x( 1) + x( 1) ] +
1
3
0[ y( 1) + y( 1) ] = ( x) + 0( y) .

103

Suy ra ( x) tuyn tnh
-Chng minh ( x) lin tc:
Vi mi x C[ 1,1] , ta c
| ( x) |
1
3
( | x( 1) | + | x( 1 ) | )
2
3
_ sup
t[ -1,1]
| x( t) | _
2
3
x.
Nn ( x) lin tc trn C[ 1,1] . Vy ( x) ( C[ 1,1] )
.
-Tm chun :
Ta c( x)
2
3
x, x C[ 1,1 ] nn
2
3
.
Chn x
0
( t) = 1 , t [ 1,1] , suy ra x
0
= 1 , ( x
0
) =
2
3

.
Do
]( x
0
)
x
0
=
2
3
. Ta suy ra =
2
3
.

b) ( x) = 2[ x( 1) x( 0) ]
Chng minh ( x) tuyn tnh:
Vi mi x, y C[ 1,1] , 0 , ta c:
( x + 0y) = 2[ ( x + 0y) ( 1) ( x + 0y) ( 0 ) ] = 2 |x( 1) x( 0) + 0(y( 1) y( 0) )]
= 2[ x( 1) x( 0) ] + 20[ y( 1) y( 0) ] = ( x) + 0( y)
Suy ra( x) tuyn tnh.
Chng minh ( x) lin tc:
Vi mi x C[ 1,1] th
| ( x) | = 2 | x( 1 ) x( 0) | 2( | x( 1 ) | + | x( 0) | ) 4 sup
t[ -1,1]
| x( t) | = 4x
Nn( x) lin tc.Vy ( x) ( C[ 1 ,1] )
.
Tm chun :
Ta c ( x) 4x x C[ 1,1] suy ra 4.

104

Chn x
0
( t) = 2| t| 1 t [ 1,1] . Ta c
x
0
= sup
t[ -1,1]
| 2 | t| 1| = 1
M
( x
0
) = 2 | x
0
( 1) x
0
( 0) | = 4
Do
]( x
0
)
x
0
= 4. Vy ta c = 4.

c) ( x) =
1
2 e
[ x( e) + x( e) 2x( 0) ] , e [ 1,1] { 0}
Chng minh ( x) tuyn tnh :
Vi mi x, y C[ 1,1] , 0 , ta c:
( x + 0y) =
1
2e
[ ( x + 0y) ( e) + ( x + 0y) ( e) 2 ( x + 0y) ( 0) ]
=
1
2e
|(x( e) + x( e) 2x( 0) ) + 0(y( e) + y( e) 2y( 0) )]
=
1
2e
[ x( e) + x( e) 2x( 0) ] +
1
2e
0[ y( e) + y( e) 2y( 0) ]
= ( x) + 0( y)
Suy ra( x) tuyn tnh .
Vi mi x C[ 1,1] th
| ( x) | =
1
2e
| x( e) + x( e) 2x( 0) |
1
2e
( | x( e) | | x( e) | + 2 | x( 0 ) | )
2
e
su p
t[ -1,1]
| x( t) | =
2
e
x
Nn ( x) lin tc.Vy ( x) ( C[ 1,1] )
.
Tm chun :
Ta c
2
s
x, x C[ 1,1] nn
2
s

Chn

105

x
0
( t) = _
1 trn[ 1, e] [ e, 1]
2
e
| t| 1 trn( e, e)

th
l i m
t-s
-
x
0
( t) = l i m
t-s
+
x
0
( t) = l i m
ts
-
x
0
( t) = l i m
t-s
+
x
0
( t) = 1
nn x
0
C( [ 1,1] ) . Mt khc, ta c
x
0
= su p
t[ -1,1]
| x
0
( t) | = 1
v
( x
0
) = _
1
2e
[ x
0
( e) + x
0
( e) 2x
0
( 0) ] _ =
2
e

Vy
]( x
0
)
x
0
=
2
s
nn suy ra | | | | =
2
s
.

d) ( x) = _ x( t) Jt
1
0

Vi mi x, y C[ 1,1] , 0 , ta c:
( x + 0y) = _ ( x + 0y) ( t) Jt
1
0
= _ x( t) Jt + 0 _ y( t) Jt
1
0
1
0
= ( x) + 0( y)
Suy ra( x) tuyn tnh.
Ta c
| ( x) | = __ x( t) Jt
1
0
_ _ | x( t) | Jt
1
0
x_ Jt
1
0
= x
Suy ra ( x) x, x C[ 1,1] nn ( x) lin tc.Vy ( x) ( C[ 1,1] )
.
Tm chun :
Ta c ( x) x x C[ 1,1 ] , suy ra 1.
Chn x
0
( t) = 1 t [ 1,1]

106

x
0
= 1 , ( x
0
) = 1
Ta c
]( x
0
)
x
0
= 1 nn suy ra = 1.

e) ( x) = x( 0) + _ x( t)
1
-1
Jt
Vi mi x, y C[ 1,1] , 0 , ta c:
( x + 0y) = ( x + 0y) ( 0 ) + _ ( x + 0y) ( t) Jt
1
-1
= x( 0 ) + _ x( t) Jt
1
-1
+ 0 _y( 0) + _ y( t) Jt
1
-1
_ = ( x) + 0( y) .
Suy ra ( x) tuyn tnh.
| ( x) | = _x( 0) + _ x( t)
1
-1
Jt_ | x( 0) | + __ x( t)
1
-1
Jt_ | x( 0) | + _ | x( t) |
1
-1
Jt
x + x( 1 + 1) = 3x
Suy ra( x) 3x x C[ 1 ,1] nn ( x) lin tc. Vy ( x) ( C[ 1,1] )
.
Tm chun :
Ta c ( x) 3x x C[ 1,1] , suy ra 3.
Chn dy hm
x
n
( t) = _
1 trn _1,
1
n
_ _
1
n
, 1_
2n| t| 1 trn _
1
n
,
1
n
]

th
l i m
t-
1
n
-
x
n
( t) = l i m
t-
1
n
+
x
n
( t) = l i m
t
1
n
-
x
n
( t) = l i m
t
1
n
+
x
n
( t) = 1
nn x
n
C( [ 1 ,1] ) .

107

Mt khc, ta c x
n
= 1 , x
n
( 0) = 1 n v
( x
n
) = x
n
( 0) + _ x
n
( t) Jt
1
-1
= 1 + _ 1Jt + _ ( 2nt 1) Jt + _ ( 2nt 1) Jt + _ 1Jt
1
1
n
1
n
0
0
-
1
n
-
1
n
-1
= 1 + _
1
n
+ 1] + _
1
n
1
n
] + _
1
n
1
n
] + _1
1
n
] = 3
2
n

Suy ra
n
( x) = 3
2
n
.Khi n th ( x
n
) 3 .
Vy l i m
n
]( x
n
)
x
n
= 3 nn ta c = 3.

f) ( x) = _ x( t) Jt
0
-1
_ x( t) Jt
1
0

Vi mi x, y C[ 1,1] , 0 , ta c:
( x + 0y) = _ ( x + 0y) ( t) Jt
0
-1
_ ( x + 0y) ( t) Jt
1
0
= _ x( t) Jt
0
-1
_ x( t) Jt + 0(
1
0
_ y( t) Jt
0
-1
_ y( t) Jt)
1
0
= ( x) + 0( y) .
Suy ra ( x) tuyn tnh.
( x) = __ x( t) Jt
0
-1
_ x( t) Jt
1
0
_ __ x( t)
0
-1
Jt_ + __ x( t)
1
0
Jt_
_ | x( t) | Jt
0
-1
+ _ | x( t) | Jt
1
0
x _ Jt
0
-1
+ x _ Jt
1
0
= 2x
Suy ra ( x) 2x x C[ 1,1 ] nn ( x) lin tc. Vy ( x) ( C[ 1,1] )
.
Tm chun I:
Ta c( x) 2x x C[ 1 ,1] , suy ra 2 .

108

Chn
x
n
( t) =
1 trn _1,
1
n
_
nt trn _
1
n
,
1
n
]
1 trn _
1
n
, 1_

th
l i m
t-
1
n
-
x
n
( t) = l i m
t-
1
n
+
x
n
( t) = 1, l i m
t
1
n
-
x
n
( t) = l i m
t
1
n
+
x
n
( t) = 1
nn x
n
C( [ 1 ,1] ) . Mt khc, ta c x
n
= 1 n v
( x
n
) = _ x
n
( t) Jt
0
-1
_ x
n
( t) Jt
1
0
= __ x
n
( t) Jt
-
1
n
-1
+ _ x
n
( t) Jt
0
-
1
n
_ __ ( nt) Jt
1
n
0
+ _ ( 1) Jt
1
1
n
_
= _ 1Jt
-
1
n
-1
+ _ ntJt
0
-
1
n
_ ( nt) Jt
1
n
0
_ ( 1 ) Jt
1
1
n
=
1
n
+ 1 +
1
2n
+
1
2n
+ 1
1
n
= 2
1
n

Suy ra( x
n
) = 2
1
n
n . Nn khi n th ( x
n
) = | ( x
n
) | 2.
Vy 2 nn ta c = 2 .

Bi 88
Chng minh rng mi nh x tuyn tnh t
n
vo
m
u lin tc.
Gii :
Gi s I l nh x tuyn tnh t
n
vo
m
.
Ta c th phn tch I thnh cc nh x thnh phn t
n
vo l I = ( I
1
, I
2
, , I
m
) .
Lc nh x I
cng l nh x tuyn tnh. Tht vy, vi mi x, y

n
v o ta
c
(I
1
( x + oy) , I
2
( x + oy) , , I
m
( x + oy) ) = I( x + oy) = I( x) + oI( y)

109

= (I
1
( x) + oI
1
( y) , I
2
( x) + oI
2
( y) , , I
m
( x) + oI
m
( y) )
nn I
( x + oy) = I
( x) + oI
( y) vi mi x, y
n
v o .
Mi nh x I
lin tc v l mt t hp ca cc nh x tuyn tnh tin tc:

I
= I
( c
]
)
n
]=1
n
]

Do mi nh x thnh phn lin tc nn ta c I lin tc.

110

Bi tp tng hp

Bi 1
Chng minh rng mi khong m trong u cha mt s v t. T suy ra :
(i) Nu x l mt s v t th c dy s hu t { x
n
} hi t v x.
(ii) Nu x l mt s hu t th c dy s v t { x
n
} hi t v x.
Gii :
Chng minh mi khong m trong u cha mt s v t :
Ta c:
Nu o, b l cc s thc sao cho o < b th o 2 < b 2
Ta suy ra c mt s hu t y trong khong m ( o 2, b 2) (Tnh tr mt ca
trong ). Ngha l c y sao cho o 2 < y < b 2. Suy ra:
o < y + 2 < b
M y + 2 l s v t, vy nn ta c iu cn chng minh.
(i) Chng minh rng nu x l s v t th c dy s hu t { x
n
} hi t v x.
Cho x l s v t th do tnh tr mt ca tp trong , vi mi n 1 , ta ly x
n
l s
hu t nm trong khong [x
1
n
, x +
1
n
, Ngha l x
1
n
< x
n
< x +
1
n
.
M v
1
n
0 khi n nn
x
1
n
xvx +
1
n
xkhin
Suy ra x
n
x khi n . Vy c dy { x
n
} hu t hi t v x.
(ii) Chng minh rng nu y l s hu t th c dy s v t { y
n
} hi t v y.
Nu y l s hu t th theo chng minh trn, vi mi m 1 , ta ly y
m
l s v t nm
trong khong [y
1
m
, y +
1
m
, tc l y
1
m
< y
m
< y +
1
m
.
V
1
m
0 khi m nn

111

y
1
m
yvy +
1
m
ykhim
Suy ra y
m
y khi m . Vy c dy { y
m
} v t hi t v y.

Bi 2
Chng minh rng ta c th vit tp hp cc s hu t thnh dy

x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
,
nhng khng th vit thnh dy tng, ngha l
x
1
< x
2
< < x
n
<
Gii :

(i) Chng minh rng c th vit tp hp cc s hu t thnh dy
x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
,
V tn ti 1 song nh t (ni cch khc l m c) nn c th vit
thnh dy.

(ii) Chng minh khng th vit thnh dy tng, ngha l
x
1
< x
2
< < x
n
<
Gi s vit c thnh dy tng, ngha l c :
x
1
< x
2
< < x
n
<
nn y sao cho x
< y < x
+1
i
Xt
o =
x
1
+ x
2
2

M x
1
, x
2
l s hu t nn o cng l s hu t tha mn
x
1
<
x
1
+ x
2
2
< x
2
(V l)

112

Vy khng th vit thnh dy tng.

Bi 4
Cho x l mt s thc, chng minh rng c duy nht mt s nguynm sao cho:
m < x m+ 1
v c duy nht mt s nguyn n sao cho :
n x < n + 1
Gii :
(i) Chng minh rng c duy nht mt s nguynm sao cho m < x m +
1.
Xt tp hp I
x
= ( , x) l tp con b chn trn ca nn c phn t ln nht
m. Suy ra m < x v m I
x
v m+ 1 x v m+ 1 I
x
. Vy nn ta c m < x
m+ 1
Gi s c 2 s nguyn m
1
, m
2
vi m
1
m
2
sao cho:
m
1
< x m
1
+ 1
m
2
< x m
2
+ 1
T ta c : m
1
< m
2
+ 1 v m
2
< m
1
+ 1 . Suy ra m
1
m
2
( 1,1) =
{ 0} , ngha l m
1
= m
2
.
Vy ch c duy nht mt s nguyn m sao cho :
m < x m+ 1

(ii) Chng minh c duy nht mt s nguyn n sao cho n x < n + 1.
Xt tp hp S
x
= ( , x] l tp con b chn trn ca nn c phn t ln nht n.
Suy ra n x v n S
x
v n + 1 > x v n + 1 S
x
. Vy nn ta c n x < n + 1
Gi s c 2 s nguyn n
1
, n
2
vi n
1
n
2
sao cho:
n
1
x < n
1
+ 1
n
2
x < n
2
+ 1

113

T ta c : n
1
< n
2
+ 1 v n
2
< n
1
+ 1 . Suy ra n
1
n
2
( 1 ,1) = { 0} ,
ngha l n
1
= n
2
.
Vy ch c duy nht mt s nguyn n sao cho n x < n + 1

Bi 11
Cho ( E, o) l mt khng gian metric v A E. Chng minh rng:
(i). A
= A A, vi A l tp hp cc im t ca A.
(ii). A
l tp ng trong E v l tp ng nh nht trong E cha A.

(iii). i nt A l tp m trong E v l tp m ln nht trong E cha trong A.
(iv). oA = o( E A) , oA = A
( E A)
vE = i nt A oA i nt ( E A) .
(v). oA l tp ng trong E v A ng nu v ch nu oA A.
Gii :
(i). Chng minh A
= A A
i
.
A A
i
A

A
i
l imt(mtloi imdnhcaA) A
i
A
mt khc li cA A

Suy ra A A
i
A
.

A
A A
i

Ly x A
, c 2 trng hp c th xy ra
Trng hp 1 : x Ann x A A
i
.
Trng hp 2 : x A
Do x A nn vi mi r > 0 , ta c B( x, r) A
M x Ann
Vi mi r > 0,tac ( B( x, r) { x} ) A .
Vy x A
i
.

114

T 2 trng hp ta c A
A A
i
nn c th kt lun
A
= A A
i
.

(ii). Chng minh A
l tp ng trong E.
Ly dy { x
n
} A
sao chox
n
x E.
Do x
n
A
nn ta c n
, B[x
n
,
1
n
A haynicchkhc n
, y
n

Asao choo( x
n
, y
n
) <
1
n
.
T ta c | o( x
n
, x) o( x, y
n
) | <
1
n
.
Suy ra o( x, y
n
) < o( x
n
, x) +
1
n
, ngha l y
n
x khi n .
Do x A
.
Vy ly dy { x
n
} A
sao chox
n
x E th x A
nn A
ng trongE.
Chng minh A
l tp ng nh nht trongEchaA.
Gi s A B vi Bng trongE
Ta chng minh A
B.
Lyx A
th c dy{ x
n
} Av{ x
n
} hi t v x
M A B nn { x
n
} B
Bng trong E, do vi dy{ x
n
} Bm{ x
n
} hi t v x E x B
Vy A
B nn A
l tp ng nh nht trong EchaA.

(iii). Chng minh i nt Al tp m trongE.
Cn chng minh i nt A = i nt ( i n t A) .
Ta c i nt ( i nt A) i n t A (do x i nt ( i nt A) , r > 0 B( x, r) i nt A suy rax
i nt A).
Vy ch cn chng minh i n t A i n t ( i nt A) .
t i nt A = B, ta cn chng minh i nt A i nt B.

115

Cho o i nt A, ta c r > 0 B( o, r) A.
Ta s chng minh B[o,
2
A
.
Cho x B[o,
2
, tho( o, x)

2
, ta s chng minh x A
.
Tht vy, xt B[x,
2
. y B [x,
2
,taco( x, y) <

2
.
Suy ra o( o, y) o( o, x) + o( x, y) < rnn y B( o, r) A.
Ni cch khc ta c B[x,
2
A hay x A
, t ta suy ra B[o,
2
A
.
Vy o i nt B nn i nt A i nt B.
Vy i nt A = i nt ( i nt A) .
Chng minh i nt Al tp m ln nht trong E cha trong A.
Gi s A vi m.
Cn chng minh i nt A.
Tht vy, cho o v m, suy ra c r > 0 sao choB( o, r) A.
Suy ra o A
.
Vy A
.
T chng minh trn ta kt lun A
l tp m ln nht trongEcha trong A.

(iv). Chng minh oA = o( E A) .
oA : tp hp cc im u sao cho u va l im dnh ca A, va l im dnh ca
E A.
o( E A) :tp hp cc im : sao cho : va l im dnh ca E A, va l im dnh
ca E ( E A) .
Ta chng minh A = E ( E A) .
Tht vy :
E ( E A) = { t: t Evt E A} = { t: t Ev( t Ehayt A) } = { t: t A} =
A.

116

T suy ra oA = o( E A) .

Chng minh oA = A
( E A)
.
oA : tp hp cc im u sao cho u va l im dnh ca A, va l im dnh ca
E A
A
: tp hp cc im dnh ca A.
( E A)
: tp hp cc im dnh ca E A.
A
( E A)
: tp hp cc im va l im dnh ca A, va l im dnh ca E A.
Vy oA = A
( E A)
.

Chng minh E = i n t A oA i nt ( E A) .
Dng tnh cht oA = o( E A) , ta suy ra :
i nt A oA i nt ( E A) = i nt A oA o( E A) i nt ( E A) = A
( E A)
.
Ta c :
i nt A oA i nt ( E A) E.
Ta cn chng minh E i nt A oA i nt ( E A) = A
( E A)
.
Tht vy, ta c A A
v E A ( E A)
nn suy ra :
E = (( E A) A) (A
( E A)
) = i nt A oA i n t ( E A) .
Vy E = i nt A oA i n t ( E A) .

(v). Chng minh oAl tp ng trongE.
T (ii)ta c A
l tp ng.
Chng minh tng t ta cng c ( E A)
l tp ng.
T (iv)c oA = A
( E A)
.
Do oA l giao ca hai tp ng trong E nn suy ra oAl tp ng trongE.

117

Chng minh Angkhi v ch khioA A.
Chng minh AngthoA A.
Theo nh ngha: Ang thA = A

T (iv) c oA = A
( E A)
nn
oA A
= A.
Chng minh oA A thAng, ngha l nu oA AthA = A
.
Ta c kt qu chng minh : A
= A oA.
M oA A nn suy ra A
= A oA = A.
Vy A ng trong E.

Bi 15
(i). Cho ( X, o) l mt khng gian metric. Chng minh rng B( o, r)
B
i
( o, r) vi
B( o, r)
l bao ng ca B( o, r) .
(ii). Cho X l mt tp hp c t nht hai phn t. Xt metric o X X vi
o( x, y) = _
0 nux = y
1 nux y

Chng minh B( o, r)
B
i
( o, 1 ) o X.
(iii). Ly X =
n
vi metric
o( x, y) = ( x
1
y
1
)
2
+ ( x
2
y
2
)
2
+ + ( x
n
y
n
)
2

Trong x = ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) , y = ( y
1
, y
2
, , y
n
)
Chng minh rng B( o, r)
= B
i
( o, r) o
n
.
Gii :
(i). Chng minh rng B( o, r)
B
i
( o, r) .
Ta c: B( o, r) = { x o( o, x) < r} { x o( o, x) r} = B( o, r) .
Ly x B( o, r)
th c mt dy{ x
n
} B( o, r) B
i
( o, r) hi t vx, t ta suy ra:

118

o( o, x
n
) < r n 1
Li col hm lin tc trn X X(c( X, o) l khng gian metric) vx
n
x.
Suy ra o( o, x) r hay x B
i
( o, r) . Vy B( o, r)
B
i
( o, r) .

(ii).Chng minh rng B( o, 1)
B
i
( o, 1) o X.
Ta c:
B( o, 1 ) = { u o( o, u) < 1} = { u o( o, u) = 0} = { o} = B( o, 1 )

Do X c t nht hai phn t nn c t ohay t X o( o, t) = 1 .
Suy ra t B
i
( o, 1) vt B( o, 1) = B( o, 1 )
.
Vy ta kt lun B( o, 1)
B
i
( o, 1) o X.

(iii). Chng minh rng B( o, r)
= B
i
( o, r) o
n
.
Ta cn chng minh B( o, r)
B
i
( o, r) vB
i
( o, r) B( o, r)
.
p dng kt qu chng minh cu (i) ta c B( o, r)
B
i
( o, r) .
Ta s chng minh B
i
( o, r) B( o, r)
.
Ly x B
i
( o, r) tho( o, x) r
Nu o( o, x) < rthx B( o, r)
Nu o( o, x) = r
Xt x
m
= o + [1
1
m
( x o) th o( x
m
, o) =
m-1
m
o( o, x) < o( o, x) = r.
Nn dy { x
m
} B( o, r) B( o, r)
v { x
m
} hi t v x
n
.
M B( o, r)
l tp ng trong
n
nn suy ra x B( o, r)
. Vy B
i
( o, r) B( o, r)

T nhng iu chng minh ta kt lun B( o, r)
= B
i
( o, r) .

B A.IV.1

119

Cho n dy s tng ngt { m
( k) }
k
vi i = 1, n tha mn cc iu kin A
=
{ m
( k) : k } l cc tp v hn v |A
: i = 1 , n| l mt phn hoch ca , ngha l

A
A
]
= nui ]v _A
=
n
=1

Chng minh rng dy s { x
m
}
m
hi t khi v ch khi mi dy |x
m
i
( k)
|
k
cng hi
t ti mt im.
Chng minh :
Nu { x
m
} hi t ti I, hin nhin ta c |x
m
i
( k)
| hi t ti I vi mi i = 1, n. Ta ch
cn chng minh chiu ngc li, ngha l nu |x
m
i
( k)
| cng hi t ti I vi mi
i = 1, n th { x
m
} hi t ti I.
Tht vy, vi mi e, tn ti cc s K
( e) sao cho
i = 1, n, o(x
m
i
( k)
, I) < e k > K
( e)
Xt H( e) = max|m
(K
( e) ): i = 1 , n| th vi mi m > H( e) , v |A
: i = 1, n| l mt
phn hoch ca nn tn ti i sao cho m A
, ngha l tn ti k sao cho m = m
( k) .
Ta c m = m
( k) > m
(K
( e) ) nn ta suy ra k > K
( e) . Vy:
o( x
m
, I) = o(x
m
i
( k)
, I) < e
Nn x
m
I khi m + v ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 18
Cho { x
n
} l mt dy trong khng gian metric ( E, o) . Chng minh rng { x
n
} hi t nu
v ch nu cc dy { x
2n
} , { x
2n+1
} , { x
3n
} hi t.
Gii :
(i). Chng minh rng dy { x
n
} hi t th cc dy{ x
2n
} , { x
2n+1
} , { x
3n
} hi t.
Nu { x
n
} hi t th v cc dy{ x
2n
} , { x
2n+1
} , { x
3n
} l dy con ca { x
n
} nn cc dy
{ x
2n
} , { x
2n+1
} , { x
3n
} cng hi t. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
(ii). Chng minh rng nu cc dy{ x
2n
} , { x
2n+1
} , { x
3n
} hi t th dy { x
n
} hi t.
Xt dy { x
6n
} :

120

Dy { x
6n
} l dy con ca dy { x
2n
} m { x
2n
} hi t v o E th { x
6n
} cng hi t v
o.
Dy { x
6n
3n
} m { x
3n
} hi t v b E th { x
6n
} cng hi t v
b.
M gii hn ca mt dy l duy nht nn o = b hay ni cch khc l hai dy { x
2n
} v
{ x
3n
} c cng gii hn (*).
Tng t vi dy { x
6n+3
} :
Dy { x
6n+3
2n+1
} m { x
2n+1
} hi t v c E th { x
6n+3
} cng
hi t v c.
Dy { x
6n+3
3n
} m { x
3n
} hi t v b E th { x
6n+3
} cng hi
t v b.
M gii hn ca dy l duy nht nn c = b hay ni cch khc hai dy { x
2n+1
} v
{ x
3n
} c cng gii hn (**)
T (*) v (**) ta c hai dy{ x
2n
} v{ x
2n+1
} c cng gii hn.
M { x
2n
} , { x
2n+1
} l dy con ca { x
n
} v { x
n
} = { x
2n
} { x
2n+1
} nn p dng B
A.IV.1 ta suy ra { x
n
} hi t.

Bi 19
Trong , thit lp mt dy { x
n
} khng hi t m cc dy con |x
pn
| vi p 2 u hi
t.
Gii :
t x
n
= _
nnunl s nguyn t
1
n
nunkhng l s nguyn t

Chng minh { x
n
} khng hi t.
Do tp hp cc s nguyn t khng b chn trn nn n
, p
n
, q
n
l hai s
nguyn t khc nhau p
n
, q
n
> n.
Khi |x
p
n
x
q
n
| = | p
n
q
n
| 1 , t suy ra dy { x
n
} khng Cauchy nn cng
khng hi t.
Chng minh cc dy con { x
pn
} hi t.

121

Cho p 2 , t dy { y
n
} vi y
n
= x
pn
n

Ta c n 2, pnkhng l s nguyn tnn y
n
= x
pn
=
1
pn
n 2. T ta c
{ y
n
} 0 khi n .
Vy p 2 , cc dy { x
pn
} u hi t.
Kt lun: ta thit lp c dy { x
n
} tha mn yu cu bi.

Bi 27
Cho ( E, o) l mt khng gian metric. Chng minh rng:
- Nu x, y E v x y th c cc tp m I
x
, I
x I
x
, y I
v I
x
I
= .
- Tp hp gm mt phn t ca E l tp ng trong E v do tp hp gm hu hn
cc phn t ca E l tp ng trong E.
- Nu di amA < r th vi mi x A, ta c A B( x, 2r) .
Gii :
Chng minh rng nu x, y E v x y th c cc tp m I
x
, I
sao cho x I
x
,
y I
v I
x
I
= .
t J = o( x, y) > 0 , ta c x B [x,
d
2
, y B[y,
d
2
vB[x,
d
2
, B [y,
d
2
l hai tp
m trong E.
Ta s chng minh B[x,
d
2
B[y,
d
2
= .
Tht vy, gi s tn ti o B[x,
d
2
B [y,
d
2
suy ra
o( x, o) + o( o, y) <
J
2
+
J
2
= J = o( x, y)
iu ny mu thun vi bt ng thc tam gic trong metric ( E, o) nn ta suy ra
B[x,
d
2
B[y,
d
2
= .
Vy x, y E, ta c I
x
= B[x,
d
2
v I
= B[y,
d
2
l hai tp m trong E tha yu
cu bi ton.

122

Chng minh tp hp gm mt phn t ca E l tp ng trong E v do tp
hp gm hu hn cc phn t ca E l tp ng trong E.
Gi A = { x} l tp ch cha mt phn t trong E.
Cho y l im dnh ca A, ta chng minh y A hay ni cch khc l y x.
Tht vy, ta c r > 0, B( y, r) A ngha l r > 0, o( x, y) < r . Suy ra
o( x, y) = 0 hayx = y.
Vy A = { x} l tp ng trong E.
Gi B l tp cha n phn t trong E, gi s B = { x
1
, x
2
, x
n
} (x
E i 1, n)
Ta suy raB = { x
1
} { x
2
} { x
n
} , m cc tp{ x
} cha mt phn t nn u l
tp ng trong E i 1 , n.
Vy B l hi hu hn cc tp ng trong E nn B l mt tp ng trong E.
Chng minh nu di amA < r th vi mi x A, ta c A B( x, 2r) .
Chox A ta c:o( x, y) < r y A ( do d i amA < r ).
Suy ra y B( x, r) y A hay ni cch khc A B( x, r) B( x, 2 r) .

Bi 1.14
Tm cc im trong, im bin v xt xem cc tp hp c cho c l tp ng hay
khng?
a) A = { ( x, y) : 0 x 1, 2 y 3}
b) B = ( 2 ,4) ( 1 ,3 )
c) C = { ( x, y) 1 x
2
+ y
2
4}
d) = { ( x, y) 2 x
2
5}
e) E = { ( x, y) : y x
2
}
f) F = { ( x, y) x + y x
2
}
g) 0 = { ( x, y, z) x
2
+ y
2
1, 0 z 5}
h) E = { ( x, y, z) 1 x 2, y z
2
}
i) I = { ( x, y) o x b, x y x
2
}

123

j) [ = { ( x, y, z) : x
2
+ y
2
1, x + y z 4x}
Gii:
a) A = { ( x, y) : 0 x 1, 2 y 3}
Phn trong:
{ ( x, y)
2
: 0 < x < 1, 2 < y < 3}
Tp cc im bin:
{ ( x, y) ( 0; 2 y 3) , ( 1; 2 y 3 ) , ( 0 x 1; 2 ) , ( 0 x 1; 3) }
A l tp ng trong
2
.

b) B = ( 2 ,4) ( 1 ,3 )
Phn trong:
{ ( x, y)
2
: 2 < x < 4 ,1 < y < 3}
Tp cc im bin:
{ ( x, y) ( 2; 1 y 3) , ( 4 ; 1 y 3) , ( 2 x 4 ; 1) , ( 2 x 4 ; 3) }
B l tp m trong
2
.

c) C = { ( x, y) 1 x
2
+ y
2
4}
Phn trong:
{ ( x, y)
2
: 0 < x
2
+ y
2
< 4}
Tp cc im bin:
{ ( x, y)
2
x
2
+ y
2
= 1 x
2
+ y
2
= 4 }
C l tp ng trong
2
.

d) = { ( x, y) 2 x
2
5}
Phn trong:
{ ( x, y)
2
: 2 < x
2
< 5}
Tp cc im bin:
|( x, y)
2
x = 2 x = 5|

124

D l tp ng trong
2
.

e) E = { ( x, y) : y x
2
}
Phn trong:
{ ( x, y)
2
: y < x
2
}
Tp cc im bin:
{ ( x, y)
2
: y = x
2
}
El tp ng trong
2
.

f) F = { ( x, y) x + y x
2
}
Phn trong:
{ ( x, y)
2
: y < x
2
x}
im bin:
{ ( x, y)
2
: y = x
2
x}
F l tp ng trong .

g) 0 = { ( x, y, z) x
2
+ y
2
1, 0 z 5}
Phn trong:
{ ( x, y, z)
3
0 < x
2
+ y
2
< 1, 0 < z < 5}
Tp cc im bin:
{ ( x, y, z)
3
: x
2
+ y
2
= 1,0 z 5 }
{ ( x, y, z)
3
: x
2
+ y
2
1, z = 0 z = 5}
G l tp ng trong
3
.

h) E = { ( x, y, z) 1 x 2, y z
2
}
Phn trong:

125

{ ( x, y, z)
3
1 < x < 2, y < z
2
}
im bin:
{ ( x, y, z)
3
: 1 x 2, y = z
2
} { ( x, y, z)
3
: x = 1 x = 2 , y z
2
}
E l tp ng trong
3
.

i) I = { ( x, y) o x b, x y x
2
}
Phn trong:
{ ( x, y)
2
: o < x < b, x < y < x
2
}
Tp cc im bin:
-Nu o < b 0:
{ ( x, y) : o x b, y = x y = x
2
} { ( x, y) : x = o x = b, x y x
2
}
-Nu o 0 b 1 :
{ ( x, y) o x 0, y = x y = x
2
} { ( x, y) : x = o x = 0 , x y x
2
}
-Nu 0 < o < b < 1 : I = nn oI =
-Nu 0 < o < 1 b:
{ ( x, y) 1 x b, y = x y = x
2
} { ( x, y) : x = 1 x = b, x y x
2
}
-Nu 1 o < b:
{ ( x, y) o x b, y = x y = x
2
} { ( x, y) : x = o x = b, x y x
2
}
I l tp ng trong
2
.

j) [ = { ( x, y, z) : x
2
+ y
2
1, x + y z 4x}
Phn trong: { ( x, y, z) : x
2
+ y
2
< 1, x + y < z < 4 x}
Tp cc im bin:
{ ( x, y, z) [: x
2
+ y
2
= 1, x + y z 4x hayx
2
+ y
2
1, z = x + y z = 4 x}
= { ( x, y, z) : x
2
+ y
2
= 1, x + y z 4x hayx
2
+ y
2
1, y 3x, z = x + y z
= 4x}

126

[ l tp ng trong
3
.

Bi 2.5
Cho v g l hai nh x lin tc t khng gian metric X vo khng gian metric . Gi
s A l tp con khc trng ca X sao cho ( x) = g( x) x A. Chng minh rng
( x) = g( x) x A
Gii :
Cch 1:
Ta c ( x) = g( x) vi mi x A, v ta s chng minh ( y) = g( y) vi mi y A.
Xt y bt k trong A, tn ti mt dy { y
n
} trong A sao cho { y
n
} hi t v y. M ta li
c ( y
n
) = g( y
n
) vi mi n nn:
( y) = l i m
n
( y
n
) = l i m
n
g( y
n
) = g( y)
Suy ra ( y) = g( y) vi mi y A. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

Cch 2:
Xt ( x) = o
(( x) , g( x) ) l nh x t X vo . Theo bt ng thc tam gic, ta c:

| ( x) ( y) | = |o
(( x) , g( x) ) o
(( y) , g( y) )|
o
(( x) , ( y) ) + o
(g( x) , g( y) )
M , g lin tc nn | ( x) ( y) | 0 khi o
X
( x, y) 0. Vy ta cng c lin tc,
suy ra
-1
( { 0 } ) l mt tp ng trong X cha A. Mt khc ta cng c A l tp ng
nh nht cha A nn suy ra A
-1
( { 0} ) , ngha l (A) = { 0 } .
Vy ( x) = g( x) x A.

Bi 2.8
Cho [ 0,1] [ 0,1 ] v lin tc. Chng minh rng c im bt ng trong [ 0 ,1] ,
ngha l c x [ 0,1] sao cho ( x) = x.
Gii :

127

Gi g l nh x xc nh trn [ 0,1] tho: g( x) = ( x) x
Theo gi thit, ta suy ra
_
g lin tc trn[ 0,1]
( 0) 0
( 1) 1

Tc l
_
g lin tc trn[ 0,1]
g( 0) = ( 0) 0 0
g( 1) = ( 1) 1 0

Do
_
g lin tc trn[ 0,1 ]
g( 0) . g( 1) 0

Nn tn ti t [ 0,1] sao cho g( t) = 0, tc l tn ti t [ 0,1 ] ( t) = t. Vy ta c
iu phi chng minh.

Bi 97
Cho E v F l hai khng gian metric v l mt song nh lin tc t E vo F. Chng
minh rng nu Ecompact th l mt ng phi.
Gii :
Do l song nh, ta xt nh x g =
-1
F E, ta cn chng minh g lin tc.
Tht vy, ly A l mt tp ng trong E th do E compact nn A l tp compact.
Mt khc l hm lin tc nn ta c ( A) cng l tp compact nn ta c ( A) ng
trong F.
M l song nh nn g
-1
( A) = (
-1
)
-1
( A) = A, suy ra g
-1
( A) ng trong F. Vy
g =
-1
l hm lin tc nn ta c l ng phi.

Bi 2.14

128

Cho , g l hm xc nh trn
2
v u l mt tp m cha trong . Chng minh
rng nu lin tc ti mi im ca u v ( x) = g( x) vi mi x u th g lin tc
ti mi im ca u.
Gii :
t l nh x t u vo xc nh bi |
0
. Theo gi thit, ta cng c g|
0
.
p dng kt qu Bi 23, ta c
lin tc trnu lin tc glin tc trnu

Bi 2.16
Tm ( 0 ,0) lin tc ti ( 0,0)
a) ( x, y) =
x
3
+ y
3
x
2
+ y
2

b) ( x, y) =
x + y
x
2
+ y
2

Gii :
iu kin cn v lin tc ti ( 0,0) l
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
( x, y) = ( 0,0)
Do trc ht ta s tnh
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
( x, y)

a) ( x, y) =
x
3
+ y
3
x
2
+ y
2

Ta c
0
| x
3
+ y
3
|
x
2
+ y
2
= | x + y| .
x
2
xy + y
2
x
2
+ y
2

3
2
| x + y|
M
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
3
2
| x + y| = 0

129

Suy ra
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
x
3
+ y
3
x
2
+ y
2
= 0
Nn lin tc ti ( 0 ,0) khi v ch khi ( 0,0) = 0 .

b) = ( x, y) =
x + y
x
2
+ y
2

Xt dy u
n
= [
1
n
,
1
n
hi t v ( 0 ,0) khi n . Khi ( u
n
) = n + nn
khng c gii hn hu hn ti ( 0 ,0 ) .Do khng tn ti ( 0 ,0) lin tc ti ( 0,0) .

Bi 2.17
Xt s lin tc ca cc hm s sau
a) ( x, y) = _
( x
2
+ y
2
)
x
2
2
( x, y) ( 0,0)
1 ( x, y) = ( 0 ,0)

b) ( x, y) = _
( x + y) si n
1
x
si n
1
y
( x, y) ( 0,0)
0 ( x, y) = ( 0 ,0)

Gii :
a) ( x, y) = ( x, y) = _
( x
2
+ y
2
)
x
2
2
( x, y) ( 0 ,0)
1 ( x, y) = ( 0 ,0)

Vi mi ( x, y) ( 0 ,0) , t g( x, y) = l n ( x, y) = x
2
y
2
. l n ( x
2
+ y
2
) th
0 | g( x, y) | = x
2
y
2
| l n( x
2
+ y
2
) | _
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
4
. l n( x
2
+ y
2
) _
t t = x
2
+ y
2
( x,) ( 0,0)
--0
+
, ta c:
l i m
t0
+
t
2
. l nt = l i m
t0
+
l n t
1
t
2
= l i m
t0
+
( l n t)
i
[
1
t
2
i
= l i m
t0
+
1
t
-2
t
3
= l i m
t0
+
1
2
t
2
= 0

Suy ra

130

l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
g( x, y) = 0
Nn
l i m
( x,) ( 0,0)
( x, y) = c
0
= 1 = ( 0 ,0)
Vy lin tc ti ( 0 ,0) nn cng lin tc trn
2

b) ( x, y) = _
( x + y) si n
1
x
si n
1
y
( x, y) ( 0,0)
0 ( x, y) = ( 0,0)

Vi mi x 0 v y 0
Ta c 0 | ( x, y) | = ( x + y) si n
1
x
si n
1
| x + y|
( x,) ( 0,0)
-- 0
Nn
l i m
( x,y) ( 0,0)
( x, y) = 0 = ( 0 ,0 )
Vy lin tc ti ( 0 ,0) nn cng lin tc trn
2
.

Bi 5
Cho o
1
, o
2
, , o
n
l n s thc, chng minh rng :
A = { o
1
, o
2
, , o
n
}
l tp ng trong v khng c tp m no cha trong A.
Gii :
(i). Chng minh tp A ng.
t A
= { o
} i 1, n th A
ng trong i 1, n
M li c
A = _A
n
=1

L hi ca hu hn cc tp ng trong nn A l tp ng trong .
(ii). Chng minh khng c tp m no cha trong A.

131

Cch 1 :
Gi s c B A v B m.
Ly x B th c khong m I
x
cha x v I
x
B. M B A nn I
x
A.
Mt khc I
x
l mt khong m trong nn I
x
c v hn khng m c phn t.
Suy ra A l mt tp hp hu hn phn t c mt tp con c v hn khng m c
phn t (V l).
Vy khng c tp m no cha trong A.

Cch 2 :
Gi s c B A v B m.
Ly x B th c khong m I
x
cha x v I
x
B.
t r
0
= mi n{ | u :| : u, : A, u :} > 0 (lun tn ti do tp ny c khng qu C
n
2

phn t) th lun c r < r
0
sao cho ( x r, x + r) B A.
Xt x v x +

2
l 2 phn t thuc A c x +

2
x =
2
< r < r
0
(mu thun vi gi
thit nh nht ca r
0
.

Bi 6
Chng minh rng khng c tp m khc trng no ca cha trong hoc trong
.
Gii :
(i). Gi s c B v B m trong .
B m ngha l ly x B th tn ti mt khong m I
x
cha x v I
x
B
V I
x
l khong m nn theo Bi 1cha mt s v t z.
Vy z I
x
(V l do z v t).
(ii). Gi s c C v C m trong .
C m ngha l ly y C th tn ti mt khong m [
cha y v J
C
V [
l khong m nn cha mt s hu t p.

132

Vy p [
(V l do p hu t).

Bi 7
Cho A = { x
n
} l mt dy s thc. Chng minh rng khng c tp m no ca cha
trong A.
Gii :
Gi s c B A vi B m. Ngha l vi x B th tn ti mt khong m I
x
cha x v
I
x
B A.
M I
x
l khong m nn cha v hn khng m c phn t li cha trong
A = { x
n
} l tp hp khng qu m c nn ta c iu v l.
Vy khng c tp m no ca cha trong A.

Bi 8
Nu A l mt tp khng m (khng ng) trong th A c l tp ng (m) trong
khng?
Gii :
Nu A l mt tp khng m (khng ng) trong th cha th kt lun A tp
ng (m) trong .
Ta c phn v d :
Ly A = [ 0,1) , ta s chng minh A khng ng khng m trong .
(i). A khng m
Al mt tp m trong nu vi mi x A, tn ti mt khong m I
x
cha x v
I
x
A.
Ly x = 0 A, ta chng minh khng c mt khong m no cha x v cha trong A.
Tht vy, gi s vi 0 A, c I
0
= ( o, b) l mt khong m c cha 0 v I
0
A (vi
o, b ).
0 I
0
= ( o, b) ngha l o < 0 < b
I
0
A ngha l 0 o < b < 1

133

Ta c mt mu thun: 0 o < 0, vy khng c khong m no cha 0 v nm trong
A.
Vy tp A khng m trong .
(ii). A khng ng
Ta ly dy { x
n
} vi x
n
= 1
1
n
n , ta c { x
n
} A v x
n
1 khin .
T suy ra 1 l im dnh ca A m 1 A = [ 0,1 )
Vy tp A khng ng.
Kt lun tp A khng ng khng m trong .

Bi 9
Cho { o
n
} l mt dy s hi t v o v c, J l cc s thc sao cho c < J
(i). Gi s o
n
c n 1 , Chng minh rng o c. Nu o
n
> c n 1 th c
nht thit l o > c khng?
(ii). T , suy ra rng nu o
n
[ c, J] n 1 th o [ c, J] .
Gii :
(i). Vi o
n
c n 1, chng minh rng o c.
Gi s o < c. { o
n
} l mt dy s hi t v o ngha l:
Choe > 0 tm cN( e) sao cho:
| o
n
o| < e n > N( e)
Chn e = c o > 0, tm cN
c-u
sao cho:
| o
n
o| < c o n > N
c-u

Suy ra:
o c < o
n
o < c o n > N
c-u

Ngha l:
2 o c < o
n
< c n > N
c-u

134

M c o
n
c n 1 (v l khi chn n = N
c-u
+ 1).
Vy nu o
n
c n 1 th o c.
Nu o
n
> c n 1 th ta cha th kt lun l o > c.
Ta cho phn v d :
Chn dy { x
n
} vi x
n
=
1
n
+ 1 n 1 th x
n
> 1n nhng x
n
1 .

(ii). Chng minh nu o
n
[ c, J] n 1 th o [ c, J] .
Ngha l nu c o
n
J n 1 th c o J
Ta chng minh nu o
n
J n 1 th o J.
Tht vy, o
n
o th ( o
n
) ( o) . M o
n
J nn theo chng minh trn ta c
o J, suy ra o J.
Vy nu o
n
J n 1 th o J.
M ta chng minh phn trn rng o c nn nu o
n
[ c, J] n 1 th o
[ c, J] .

Bi 1.4.2
Cho mt dy Cauchy { x
n
} trong mt khng gian nh chun ( E. ) . Gi s c mt
dy con |x
n
k
| ca { x
n
} sao cho dy |x
n
k
| hi t v x E. Lc dy { x
n
} hi t v
x E.
Gii :
Vi mi e > 0, do { x
n
} l dy Cauchy nn c n
0
ln sao cho:
o( x
m
, x
n
) <
e
2
m, n n
0

Do |x
n
k
| hi t v x nn tn ti ch s K ln hn n
0
sao cho o(x
n
K
, x) <
s
2
. Vy
vi mi n n
0
, ta c
o( x
n
, x) o(x
n
, x
n
K
) + o(x
n
K
, x) <
e
2
+
e
2
= e
Suy ra { x
n
} x khi n . Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

135

Bi 10
Cho k , chng minh rng :
(i)
( k 1) k
-n
n=m
= k
1-m

(ii)
o
n
k
-n
n=m
k
1-m
vio
n
{ 0,1, , k 1}
Gii :

(i). Chng minh:
( k 1) k
-n
n=m
= k
1-m

Ta c:
( k 1 ) k
-n
n=m
= ( k 1) k
-( m+h)
h=0
= ( k 1) k
-m
k
-h
h=0

Ta xt k = 1, th ng thc cn chng minh thnh 0 = 1 (v l).
Vy khi k = 1 th ng thc sai.

Xt k 2
Ta thy dy { k
h
} vi k
h
= ( k 1 ) k
-m
k
-h
(vi k 1, 0) l mt dy cp s nhn
vi r = k
-1
l cng bi v o = ( k 1) k
-m
l s hng u tin.
V | r| < 1 v cp s nhn c v hn phn t nn

136

or
h
h=0
= l i m
h
o( 1 r
h+1
)
1 r
=
o
1 r
=
( k 1) k
-m
1 k
-1
= k
1-m

(ii). Chng minh:
o
n
k
-n
n=m
k
1-m
vio
n
{ 0,1, , k 1}
Ta c:
o
n
k
-n
n=m
= o
m+h
k
-( m+h)
h=0
= o
m+h
k
-m
k
-h
h=0

Vi o
m
{ 0,1, , k 1}
Ta xt k = 1 th bt ng thc cn chng minh thnh:
o
m
1
-h
h=0
1 (ng v o
m
= 0 m ) .

Xt k 2 :
Ta c
x
n
= o
m
k
-n
n
h=0
( k 1) k
-n
n
h=0
= y
n

(Do 0 o
m
n 1 m
). T suy ra { x
n
} hi t v
o
n
k
-n
n=m
= l i m
n
x
n
= o
k
-
=m
l i m
n
y
n
= ( k 1) k
-
= k
1-m
=m

Bi 16
Cho k > 1 l s nguyn. t:
A = ]
m
k
n
: n 1 , m 0 , m < k
n

Chng minh rng:

137

Vi mi x [ 0,1] v vi mi n 1 , tn ti m 0 sao cho :
(i).
m
k
n
x <
m+ 1
k
n

(ii).
A
= [ 0,1]
Gii :
(i). Chng minh vi mi x [ 0,1 ] v vi mi n 1 , tn ti m 0 sao cho:
m
k
n
x <
m+ 1
k
n

Cho x [ 0,1] v cho n 1, tm m k
n
> m 0 v tha:
m
k
n
x <
m+ 1
k
n

p dng kt qu chng minh Bi 4, vi s thc k
n
x 0, tn ti duy nht m :
m k
n
x < m+ 1
(ii). Chng minh A = [ 0,1] .
Ly x [ 0 ,1] , ta s chng minh x l im dnh ca A hay ni cch khc ta s chng
minh e > 0, B( x, e) A = ( x e, x + e) A .
Tht vy, do ]
1
k
n
0 khi n nn e > 0, n
s
> 0
1
k
n
s
< e.
p dng kt qu (i) ta c m
n
s
k
n
s
:
m
n
s
k
n
e
x <
m
n
s
+ 1
k
n
s

T suy ra:
x e <
m
n
s
k
n
s
+
1
k
n
s
e <
m
n
s
k
n
e
< x + e
Hay ni cch khc:

138

m
n
s
k
n
e
(( x e, x + e) A)

Bi 20
Tm mt tp con A ca sao cho:
(i). A cha ng mt im t.
(ii). A cha ng k im t.
(iii). A cha v s m c im t.
Gii :
(i). Tm A cha ng mt im t.
Xt A = {
1
n
n 1} , ta chng minh mi s u 0 u khng l im t caA.
Tht vy, nu u > 1 th hin nhin u
1
n
> | u 1| n nn u khng l im t.
Nu u < 0 th u
1
n
> | u| n nn u cng khng l im t.
Tip tc xt kh nng u ( 0 ,1] , lun tn ti n sao cho
1
n+1
u
1
n
. Ta li c 2
trng hp sau :
Trng hp 1 :u =
1
k
vi k = n hoc k = n + 1 .
Nu k = 1 : th u
1
t

1
2
t { k} nn u khng l im t.
Nu k 2 : do u
1
t
mi n { u
1
k+1
, u
1
k-1
} t { k} nn u cng khng
l im t.
Trng hp 2 :
1
n+1
 0, n :
1
n
0 < r.
Vy 0 l im t duy nht ca A.

(ii). Tm A A cha ng k im t.
Ly
A = {
1
n
+ m n 1, 0 m k 1}
A = _
1
n
n 1 _ _
1
n
+ 1 n 1_ {
1
n
+ k n 1 }
t
A
1
= _
1
n
n 1_
A
2
= _
1
n
+ 1 n 1 _

A
k
= {
1
n
+ k 1 n 1 }
Theo chng minh trn 0 l im t ca A
1
v l im t duy nht ca A
1
.
Chng minh tng t cu (i) ta cng c:
i l im t duy nht ca A
+1
.
T ta c 0 ,1, 2, 3 , k 1 l k im t ca A.
Gi s tn ti o { 0,1,2 , k 1 } l im t ca A.
Trng hp 1: o < 0
Chn r =
u
2
th ta c ( B( o, r) { o} ) A = ( Do ( B( o, r) { o} ) ( , 0 ) m
A ( 0 , k) ).

140

Trng hp 2: o > k
Chn r =
u-k
2
th ta c ( B( o, r) { o} } A = (Do ( B( o, r) { o} } ( k, + ) m
A ( 0 , k) ).
Trng hp 3: o ( 0 , k)
Suy ra tn ti duy nht i { 0,1,2 , k 1 } i < o o
1
m+1
+ i.
Chn r = mi n { o [
1
m+1
+ i , [
1
m
+ i o} th ta c B( o, r) A = .
Vy { 0,1,2 , k 1 } l k im t duy nht ca A.
Vy tm c tp A tha mn bi.

(iii). Tm A Acha v s m c im t.
Vi n v m , t
A = _
1
n
+ m n 1 , m 0 _ = __
1
n
+ i n 1_
=0

t
A
+1
= _
1
n
+ i n 1 _
Chng minh tng t nh 2 cu trn ta c i l im t duy nht ca A
+1
.
T ta c u( l tp cc im t ca A).
Gi s c o l im t ca A, chng minh tng t 2 cu trn ta c c iu
mu thun.
Vy A cha v s m c im t.
Vy tm c tp A tha mn bi.

141

Bi 21
Cho
C = _x = x
n
k
-n
n=1
x
n
l s chn v 0 x
n
k 1 _
Chng minh rng ch c mt cch biu din nh vy cho mi phn t ca C.
Gii :
Gi s c mt x C vi hai cch biu din khc nhau:
x = x
n
k
-n
n=1
v x = x
n
k
-n
n=1

Ta gi o l s nguyn nh nht m x
u
x
u
i
.
Ta c :
x
n
k
-n
u-1
n=1
+ x
n
k
-n
n=u
= x
n
k
-n
n=1
= x
n
k
-n
n=1
= x
n
k
-n
u-1
n=1
+ x
n
k
-n
n=u

T suy ra:
x
n
k
-n
n=u
= x
n
k
-n
n=u

Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x
u
> x
u
, rt phn t n = o ca 2 tng trn ta c:
( x
u
x
u
) k
-u
= ( x
n
x
n
) k
-n
n=u+1
( k 1) k
-n
n=u+1
= k
-u

T suy ra x
u
x
u
1 (v l v x
u
, x
u
chn v x
u
> x
u
nnx
u
x
u
2 ). Vy
ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 22
Cho E l mt khng gian metric v A l tp con khc trng ca E chng minh rng
hm c trng z( x) = _
1 nu x A
0 nu x A

lin tc trn E nu v ch nu A l tp va ng va m trong E.

142

Gii :
Chng minh: z
A
( x) = _
1 nux A
0 nu x A
lin tc trn Esuy ra A l tp va ng va
m trong E.
T gi thit bi ta suy ra A = z
A
-1
( { 1} ) v E A = z
A
-1
( { 0} ) .
C z
A
lin tc trn E m { 1} , { 0} l hai tp ng trong nn A v E A l tp ng
trong E.
Suy ra A l tp va ng va m trong E .
Chng minh: A l tp va ng va m trong Esuy raz
A
( x) = _
1 nu x A
0 nu x A
lin
tc trn E.
Xt mt tp F m bt k trong :
Trng hp 1: F khng cha { 0,1} , suy ra z
A
-1
( F) = .
Trng hp 2: F cha { 0} nhng khng cha { 1} , suy xa z
A
-1
( F) = E A .
Trng hp 3: F cha { 1} nhng khng cha { 0} , suy raz
A
-1
( F) = A.
Trng hp 4: F cha { 0,1} , suy ra z
A
-1
( F) = E.
Ta thy z
A
-1
( F) l tp m trong E vi mi F v ta c , E A, A v E l tp m trong
E. Vy z
A
lin tc trn E.

Bi 25
Cho E l mt khng gian metric v E E l mt hm lin tc. Chng minh rng
tp hp cc im bt ng ca :
A = { x E ( x) = x}
l mt tp ng trong E.
Gii :
Cho y E l im dnh ca A. Theo tnh cht im dnh, tn ti dy { y
n
} A sao cho
y
n
y.
Do lin tc ti y nn ( y
n
) ( y) , m { y
n
} A nn ta c ( y
n
) = y
n
n
, do ta c y
n
( y) .
Tm li do tnh duy nht ca gii hn ta c ( y) = y, ngha l y A.

143

Vy nu y l im dnh ca A th y phi thuc A hay ni cch khc A l tp ng
trong E.

Bi 28
Cho ( E, o) l mt khng gian metric v F E. Th ( F, o
P
) cng l khng gian metric.
Gi s A F. Chng minh rng:
(i). A m trong F nu v ch nu c I m trong E sao cho A = I F.
(ii). A ng trong F nu v ch nu c H ng trong E sao cho A = H F.
Gii :
(i).Chng minh A m trong F nu v ch nu c I m trong E sao cho
A = I F.
Chng minh A m trong F th c I m trong E sao cho A = I F.
Tht vy, do A m trong F ta c: x A, r
x
> 0:
B
P
( x, r
x
) = { y F o
P
( y, x) = o( y, x) < r
x
} = B( x, r
x
) F A
Ly I l hp tt c cc qu cu m ca A, ngha l:
I = _B( x, r
x
)
xA

th I l tp m trong E, m x A ta li c ( B( x, r
x
) F) A v x B( x, r
x
) F
nn ta suy ra:
A ( I F) = _ B( x, r
x
)
x A
F = _(
x A
B( x, r
x
) F) A
Vy A = I F vi I l tp m trong E. Ta c iu phi chng minh.
Chng minh I m trong E th A = I F m trong F.
Cho x I F, ta c r
x
> 0 B( x, r
x
) I ( Do I l tp m trong E).
Suy ra B
P
( x, r
x
) = { y F o
P
( x, y) = o( x, y) < r
x
} I F hay ni cc khc x l
im trong ca I F.
T suy ra A = I F m trong F. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

144

(ii). Chng minh A ng trong F nu v ch nu c H ng trong E A = H
F.
Chng minh A ng trong F th c H ng trong E sao cho A = H F.
Ta c A ng trong F tng ng vi F A m trong F.
p dng kt qu cu (i) ta c I m trong E sao cho F I = F A.
Chn H = E I th H ng trong E, t ta suy ra:
F H = F ( E I) = ( F E) ( F I) = F ( F A) = A
Chng minh nu c H ng trong E th A = H F ng trong F.
H ng trong E th suy ra E H m trong E. p dng kt qu chng minh chiu o
cu (i) ta suy ra: ( E H) F = ( F E) ( F H) = F A m trong F.
T ta c A ng trong F. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 7_Extra
Cho F l tp ng trong khng gian metric X. Chng minh rng c mt dy tp m
( 0
n
)
n
sao cho F = 0
n
+
n=1
.
Gii :
t 0
n
= ]x X: J( x, F) <
1
n
, n . Ta cn chng minh ( 0
n
)
n
l mt dy tp
m trong X, tc l chng minh X 0
n
ng trong X vi mi n . Tht vy, c nh
mt n v cho ( x
m
) X 0
n
, x
m
x X, ta cn chng minh x X 0
n
, tc l
chng minh J( x, F)
1
n
. Bi v ( x
m
) X 0 nn J( x
m
, F)
1
n
vi mi m . Cho
m + th v x
m
x nn J( x
m
, F) J( x, F) . Do ta c J( x, F)
1
n
. Suy ra
x X 0
n
(pcm).

Bi 8_Extra
Cho 0 l tp m trong khng gian metric X. Chng minh rng c mt dy cc tp
ng ( F
n
)
n
sao cho 0 = F
n
+
n=1
.
Gii :

145

Do 0 m trong X nn X 0 ng trong X. Theo Bi 7_Extra, tn ti mt dy cc tp
m ( 0
n
)
n
trong X sao cho X 0 = 0
n
+
n=1
. Khi , ta c
0 = X ( X 0) = X __0
n
+
n=1
_ = _( X 0
n
)
+
n=1

rng X 0
n
m trong X, n .

Bi 29
Cho ( E, J) l mt khng gian metric.
(i). Gi s A l mt tp ng trong E v x A. Chng minh rng c cc tp m I v
w sao cho x I, A w v I w = .
(ii). Gi s A v B l cc tp ng trong F sao cho A B = . Chng minh rng c
cc tp m I v w sao cho A I, B w v I w = .
Gii :
(i).Chng minh rng c cc tp m I v w sao cho x I, A w, I w = .
Xt hm s:
E
( y) = J( y, x) J( y, A)
Ta s chng minh lin tc trn E. Tht vy, xt hm s:
E
( x) = J( x, A) = i n f J( x, o) vi o A.
Cho z E, vi mi y E ta c ( z) J( z, o) J( z, y) + J( y, o) o A.
Suy ra ( z) J( z, y) + ( y) hay ni cch khc y E, ( z) ( y) J( z, y)
Chng minh tng t ta c ( y) ( z) J( z, y) , t ta c:
| ( z) ( y) | J( z, y) y E
Vy lin tc (thc cht l lin tc u) trn E.
Do = J l hm lin tc trn E.

146

Ta c y A, ( y) = J( y, x) J( y, A) = J( y, x) > 0 do x A . Suy ra ( A)
( 0, + ) hay ni cch khc A
-1
(( 0, + ) ).
Ta li c ( x) = J( x, x) J( x, A) = J( x, A) < 0 (do x A v A = A) nn ta suy
ra x
-1
(( , 0) ).
M ( , 0) , ( 0, + ) l hai tp m ri nhau trong v l hm lin tc trn E nn
suy ra:
I =
-1
(( , 0 ) ), w =
-1
(( 0, + ) ) l hai tp m trong E , I w = v
x I, A w.
(ii).Chng minh rng c cc tp m I v w sao cho A I, B w, I w = .
Xt hm s
g F
g( x) = J( x, A) J( x, B)
Chng minh tng t cu (i) ta c J( x, A) , J( x, B) lin tc vi mi x F .
Suy ra glin tc trn F.
Vi mi x A, g( x) = J( x, A) J( x, B) = J( x, B) < 0 (do x B v B = B).
T suy ra A g
-1
(( , 0) ) = I.
Tng t, x B, g( x) = J( x, A) J( x, B) = J( x, A) > 0 (do x A v A = A).
T suy ra B g
-1
(( 0 , + ) ) = w.
Do ( , 0 ) , ( 0, + ) l hai tp m ri nhau trong v g lin tc trn F nn ta suy ra
I, w l hai tp m ri nhau trong F.

Bi 30
Cho E l mt khng gian metric v A E. Chng minh rng nu x E l im t ca
A th mi qu cu m tm x u cha v s cc phn t ca A.
Gii :
Gi s c mt qu cu m B( x, r) ca E ch cha hu hn phn t ca A.

147

Ngha l: r > 0 sao cho B( x, r) A { x} = { x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
} ( r > 0, B( x, r) A
{ x} do x l im t ca A).
Ta chn r < mi n { J( x, x
1
) , J( x, x
2
) , . . . , J( x, x
n
) } th B( x, r ) A { x} (v l do
x l im t ca A).
Vy mi qu cu m tm x phi cha v s phn t ca A.

Bi 4_Extra
Cho khng gian metric ( X, J) v A, B l cc tp con khc trng ca X. Ta nh ngha
J( A, B) = i nf { J( x, y) : x A, y B} .
i) Gi s A, B l cc tp compact. Chng minh tn ti x
0
A, y
0
B sao cho
J( A, B) = J( x
0
, y
0
) .
ii) Gi s A l tp ng, B l tp compact v A B = . Chng minh
J( A, B) > 0. Nu th d chng t kt lun khng ng nu thay gi s B
compact bi B l tp ng.
Gii :
i)
Trc ht v J( A, B) = i nf { J( x, y) : x A, y B} nn tn ti cc dy ( x
n
)
A, ( y
n
) B sao cho J( x
n
, y
n
) J( A, B) khi n + .
Ta c ( x
n
) A, m A l cc tp compact nn tn ti dy con (x
n
k
) ( x
n
) sao cho
x
n
k
x
0
A khi k + . Xt dy con tng ng (y
n
k
) ( y
n
) B. V B l tp
compact nn tn ti dy con [y
n
k
l
(y
n
k
) sao cho y
n
k
l
y
0
B khi l + . Khi
dy con tng ng x
n
k
l
x
0
A khi l + .
Tm li, x
n
k
l
x
0
A, y
n
k
l
y
0
B khi l + nn J [x
n
k
l
, y
n
k
l
J( x
0
, y
0
)
khi l + . Mt khc, J [x
n
k
l
, y
n
k
l
J( A, B) khi l + . Do , theo tnh duy
nht ca gii hn, ta suy ra J( x
0
, y
0
) = J( A, B) .
ii)
Gi s rng J( A, B) = 0 , suy ra i nf { J( x, y) : x A, y B} = 0 . Do tn ti cc dy
( x
n
) A, ( y
n
) B sao cho J( x
n
, y
n
) 0 khi n + .

148

Dy ( y
n
) B, m B l tp compact nn tn ti dy con (y
n
k
) ( y
n
) sao cho
y
n
k
y
0
B khi k + . p dng bt ng thc tam gic
J(x
n
k
, y
0
) J(x
n
k
, y
n
k
) + J(y
n
k
, y
0
), k
v cho k + ta nhn c x
n
k
y
0
.
Mt khc, (x
n
k
) A v A l tp ng nn y
0
A. Tm li ta c y
0
A v y
0
B
nn y
0
A B. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit A B = . Vy J( A, B) > 0.
Trong
2
vi metric thng thng, t
A = { ( t, 0) : t } , B = ][t,
1
t
: t > 0 .
Ta c A, B l cc tp ng trong
2
v A B = . t x
t
= ( t; 0 ) , y
t
= [t;
1
t
vi
t > 0 . Ta thy J( x
t
, y
t
) =
1
t
0 khi t + . Do
J( A, B) J( x
t
, y
t
) 0 k hi t + ,
suy ra J( A, B) = 0.

Bi 31
Cho v g l hai nh x lin tc t khng gian metric X vo khng gian metric . Gi
s A l tp con khc trng ca X sao cho ( x) = g( x) x A. Chng minh rng
( x) = g( x) x A.
Gii :
Ly x A ta cn chng minh ( x) = g( x) .
Tht vy, khi ly x A ta cx l im dnh ca A ngha l c dy { x
n
} A sao cho
x
n
x.
Vi mi y A ta c ( y) = g( y) nn n > 1, ( x
n
) = g( x
n
) .
Do hm lin tc ti im x v x
n
x nn khi n + th ( x
n
) ( x) v
g( x
n
) g( x) .
Vy nn ta c: ( x) = g( x) x A.

Bi 32

149

Cho X v l hai khng gian metric v : X l mt nh x. Chng minh rng
lin tc trn X nu v ch nu vi mi A X, ta c ( A) ( A) .
Gii :
Chng minh lin tc trn X th vi mi A X, ta c ( A) ( A) .
Cho A X, ta thy ( A) ( A) nn
-1
(( A) )
-1
[( A) .
M A
-1
(( A) )do
-1
(( A) ) = { x X y A ( x) = ( y) }
nn A
-1
[( A) . Hn na do lin tc nn
-1
[( A) l tp ng.
Vy ta c A
-1
[( A) (do A l tp ng nh nht cha A), suy ra bao hm thc
(A) (
-1
[( A) ( A) (iu phi chng minh).

Chng minh ( A) ( A) vi mi A X suy ra lin tc trn X.
Cho B l tp ng trong ta c
-1
( B) X.
Theo gi thit trn, do (
-1
( B) ) B ta c [
-1
( B) (
-1
( B) ) B = B.
Suy ra
-1
( B)
-1
( B) . Nn
-1
( B) =
-1
( B) , ngha l
-1
( B) l tp ng trong
X.
Vy vi mi B ng trong ta c
-1
( B) l tp ng trong X nn lin tc trn X.

Bi 35
Cho X l mt khng gian metric, 0 l mt tp m trong X v A X.
Chng minh rng nu 0 A = th 0 A = .
Gii :
Chng minh rng nu 0 A = th 0 A = .

150

Nhn thy 0 A = ngha l I = X 0 cha A. Mt khc v 0 l tp m nn I l
tp ng cha A. V A l tp ng nh nht cha A nn ta suy ra c I A, nn
X I v A ri nhau.
Vy 0 A phi l tp rng.

Bi 36
Cho ( E, o) l khng gian metric v { x
n
} , { y
n
} l hai dy trong E hi t ln lt v x v
y. Chng minh rng o( x
n
, y
n
) o( x, y) .
Gii :
Theo tnh cht khng gian metric ta c:
o( x
n
, y
n
) o( x, y) o( x
n
, x) + o( x, y) + o( y, y
n
) o( x, y)
o( x
n
, x) + o( y, y
n
)
v
o( x, y) o( x
n
, y
n
) o( x, x
n
) + o( x
n
, y
n
) + o( y
n
, y) o( x
n
, y
n
)
o( x, x
n
) + o( y, y
n
)
Nn | o( x
n
, y
n
) o( x, y) | o( x
n
, x) + o( y, y
n
) .
Khi n ta c x
n
x, y
n
y nn (o( x
n
, x) + o( y
n
, y) ) 0
Suy ra | o( x
n
, y
n
) o( x, y) | 0.
Vy o( x
n
, y
n
) o( x, y) khi x
n
x v y
n
y.

Bi 37
Cho { x
n
} l mt dy trong sao cho x
m
x
n
nu m n. Vi mi x , t
( x) =
1
2
x
i
<x

g( x) =
1
2
x
i
<x

151

Chng minh rng v g lin tc v bng nhau trn { x
1
, x
2
, } v gin on ti
mi im x
n
.
Gii :
Chng minh rng v g lin tc v bng nhau trn { x
1
, x
2
, } .
Theo gi thit v hm s v g, ta c ( x) = g( x) x { x
1
, x
2
} .
Cho x x
n
, n 1. Cho e > 0 c n
s
1 sao cho:
1
2
=n
s
+1
=
1
2
n
s
< e
v c
s
= mi n|| x
n
x| : n = 1 , n
s
| sao chox
n
( x
s
, x +
s
) , n = 1 , n
s
. Suy ra
nu | y x| <
s
th:
| g( y) g( x) | = | ( y) ( x) |
1
2
=n
s
+1
< e
Vy lin tc ti mi x x
n
( n 1) hay lin tc trn { x
1
, x
2
}
Do = { x
1
, x
2
} l tp m v |
= g|
nn g cng lin tc trn .

Chng minh v g gin on ti mi im x
n
.
Xt mt im x
n
, tn ti o
n
= mi n{ | x
k
x
n
| : k = 1 ,2, , x
n-1
, x
n+1
} > 0 sao cho
( x
n
o
n
, x
n
+ o
n
) khng cha x
k
vi mi k = 1, n 1 v n + 1 . Vi mi y trong
( x
n
o
n
, x
n
) , ta c | ( y) ( x
n
) |
1
2
n

1
2
i
=
1
2
n+1
+
=n+2
. iu ny chng t
gin on ti x
n
. Hon ton tng t ta cng c g gin on ti x
n
.

Bi 42
Cho ( X, o) l khng gian metric v { 0
}
I
l mt h ph m ca X. Ta ni o > 0 l
s Lebesgue ca h ph m { 0
}
I
nu vi mi A X, di amA < o th tn ti i sao
cho A 0
.
Chng minh rng trong mt khng gian metric compact, mi bao ph m u c mt
s Lebesgue.
Gii :

152

Ta chng minh bng phn chng. Xt { 0
}
I
l mt h ph m ca X, gi s khng
tn ti s Lebesgue ca h ph m trn. Tc n , tn ti tp A
n
X sao cho
di am( A
n
) <
1
n
v i I, A
n
0
.
V A
n
nn ta tm c dy { o
n
} vi o
n
A
n
n . Mt khc, X l khng gian
metric compact nn ta trch c dy con |o
n
k
| ca { o
n
} hi t v o X.
Do { 0
}
I
l mt h ph m ca X nn c tp m 0
t
cha o, suy ra r > 0 sao cho
B( o, 2 r) 0
t
. V |o
n
k
| hi t v o nn vi N ln, ta c o
N
B( o, r) v
1
N
< r.
V di am( A
N
) <
1
N
< r nn x A
N
, ta c o( x, o) o( x, o
N
) + o( o
N
, o) < 2r, tc
A
N
B( o, 2r) 0
t
. iu ny mu thun v A
N
khng cha trong bt k tp m 0

no.

Bi 43
(i) Chng minh rng mi khng gian metric compact th tin compact.
(ii) T (i) v bi tp trn, hy suy ra rng iu kin cn v X compact l mi bao
ph m { 0
}
I
ca X u c bao ph con hu hn.
Gii :
(i). Chng minh rng mi khng gian metric compact th tin compact
Ta chng minh bng phn chng. Vi ( X, o) l khng gian metric compact, gi s
( X, o) khng tin compact, ngha l c e > 0 sao cho X khng th c ph bi hu
hn cc qu cu m c bn knh nh hn e.
Ta xy dng bng quy np dy s sau.
- Ly o
1
X.
- V A B( o
1
, e) nn tn ti o
2
A B( o
1
, e) .
- V A (B( o
1
, e) B( o
2
, e) ) , nn tn ti o
3
A _B[o
1
,
s
2
B[o
2
,
s
2
].
- Gi s ta xy dng c o
1
, o
2
, , o
n
, do

153

A _B( o
, e)
n
=1

nn tn ti
o
n+1
A _B( o
, e)
n
=1

Dy { o
n
} c xy dng bng quy np nh trn tha tnh cht: vi mi m, n phn
bit, ta c o( o
m
, o
n
) e nn { o
n
} khng th c dy con hi t.
(ii) Chng minh iu kin cn v X compact l mi bao ph m { 6
|
}
|I
ca
X u c bao ph con hu hn.
iu kin cn:
p dng kt qu Bi 42, do X compact nn mi h ph m { 0
}
I
u c s
Lebesgue o > 0 . Mt khc, v X tin compact nn c x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
n
X sao cho
X _B[x
k
,
o
3
n
k=1

vi di am _B[x
k
,
u
3
]
2
3
o < o k = 1, n
. Do vi mi k { 1,2 , , n} u tn ti
ch s i
k
I sao cho B [x
k
,
u
3
0
k
, ta suy ra
X _B[x
k
,
o
3
n
k=1
_0
k
n
k=1

Vy mi ph m { 0
}
I
ca X u c ph m con hu hn
iu kin :
Gi s X l khng gian metric tha mn tnh cht: mi h ph m u c ph m con
hu hn. Cho { x
n
} l mt dy trong X, ta chng minh c dy con |x
n
k
| ca n hi t.
Xt A = { x
n
: n 1} , nu A l tp hu hn th ta trch c dy con hng |x
n
k
| hi t.
Trong trng A v hn, ta s chng minh A c im t. Tht vy, gi s A khng c
im t th vi mi t X, c r
t
> 0 sao cho
B( t, r
t
) A { t}
H cc qu cu m { B( t, r
t
) }
tX
l mt ph m ca X nn c ph con hu hn

154

X = _B(t
, r
t
i
)
n
=1
A
Suy ra
A = A __B(t
, r
t
i
)
n
=1
_ = _[A B(t
, r
t
i
)
n
=1
|t
: i = 1, n|
iu ny l sai v A v hn. Vy, vi x l mt im t ca A, ngha l
B _x,
1
n
] A { x} n
Suy ra vi mi o > 0 , c v hn m sao cho x
m
B( x, o) . Ln lt ly o =
1
n
, ta
c I
n
= ]m : x
m
B[x,
1
n
l tp v hn.
-Ly n
1
= mi n I
1

-Ly n
2
= mi n ( I
1
[ 0, n
1
] )

-Ly n
k+1
= mi n ( I
1
[ 0, n
k
] )

th |x
n
k
| l dy con ca { x
n
} hi t v x. iu kin c chng minh hon ton.

B A.IV.4(nh ngha 2 v tin compact)
Cho A l mt tp con khc ca khng gian metric ( E, o) . Ta c A l tp tin
compact khi v ch khi vi mi dy { x
n
} trong A, ta u trch c mt dy con |x
n
k
|
Cauchy.
Gii :
Ta ln lt chng minh cc chiu ca b .
Chiu thun :
Gi s A l mt tp con tin compact ca E v { x
n
} l mt dy trong A. Vi mi k, ta
c

155

A _B_o
k
,
1
2
k
]
N
k
=1

Suy ra tn ti hm trch
1
sao cho |x
q
1
( n)
| nm trong mt qu cu B(o
1m
1
, 1) no
vi 1 m
1
N
1
. Ta tip tc xy dng dy cc hm trch {
k
} nh sau:
Gi s xy dng c hm trch
1
,
2
, ,
k
sao cho ]x
q
1
((q
k
( n) ))
nm trong
qu cu B[o
km
k
,
1
2
k
. Do
A _ B_o
( k+1)
,
1
2
k+1
]
N
k+1
=1

Nn cng tn ti hm trch
k+1
sao cho dy con ]x
q
1
((q
k+1
( n) ))
nm trong mt
qu cu B[o
( k+1) ,m
k+1
,
1
2
k+1
no vi 1 m
k+1
N
k+1
. Vy theo nguyn l quy
np, cc dy { m
k
} , {
k
} u c xy dng.
Xt hm o l mt nh x t vo xc nh nh sau:
o( 1) =
1
( 1 )
o( 2) =
1
(
2
( 2) ) > o( 1)

o( n + 1) =
1
(
n
(
n+1
( n + 1 ) ) ) >
1
(
n
( n) )
Th o l mt hm trch v vi mi m n, ta c
o(x
c( m)
, x
c( n)
) = o(x
q
1
( q
n
( u) )
, x
q
1
( q
n
( b) )
)
vi o =
n+1
((
m
( m) ) ) v b = n. Theo tnh cht ca dy hm trch xy dng
nh trn, ta c x
q
1
( q
n
( u) )
v x
q
1
( q
n
( b) )
u nm trong qu cu B [o
km
n
,
1
2
n
nn
hin nhin khong cch gia chng nh hn
1
2
n-1
. Suy ra
o(x
c( m)
, x
c( n)
) <
1
2
n-1

nn dy |x
c( n)
| l mt dy con Cauchy ca { x
n
}
Chiu o :

156

Gi s mi dy { x
n
} trong A u cha dy con hi t v A khng l tp tin compact,
ta suy ra tn ti e > 0 sao cho A khng th ph bi hu hn qu cu c tm trong A v
bn knh l e. Ta xy dng dy { x
n
} nh sau:
-Ly x
1
A bt k.
-V A B( x
1
, e) nn tn ti x
2
A B( x
1
, e)

-Gi s xc nh c x
n
sao cho x
n
B( x
, e) i < n, do A B( x
, e)
n
=1
nn tn
ti x
n+1
trong A B( x
, e)
n
=1
.
Vy dy { x
n
} cho tha tnh cht o( x
m
, x
n
) > e m n nn hin nhin khng c
dy con Cauchy. Mu thun ny cho ta kt lun ca bi ton chiu o.
Vy b c chng minh hon ton.

B A.IV.3
Cho ( E, o) l mt khng gian metric v A l mt tp con ca E. Ta c A l compact
khi v ch khi mi dy { x
n
} trong A u c mt dy con |x
n
k
| hi t trong E.
Gii :
Nu A l mt compact, mi dy { x
n
} trong A cng l dy trong A. Do ta tm c
dy con |x
n
k
| ca n hi t trong E.
Ngc li, nu mi dy trong A u c dy con hi t, ta chng minh A l compact.
Tht vy, xt mt dy { x
n
} trong A, ta tm mt dy con hi t ca n. V cc x
n
u l
im dnh ca A nn tn ti { y
n
} A sao cho o( y
n
, x
n
) <
1
n
n . V { y
n
} l mt
dy trong A nn n c mt dy con |y
n
k
| hi t ti u A. V o(y
n
k
, x
n
k
) <
1
n
k
<
1
k
v
y
n
k
u khi k nn suy ra
l i m
k
x
n
k
= u
Vy mi dy { x
n
} trong A u trch c dy con |x
n
k
| hi t ti u A nn suy ra A
l mt compact.

157

Bi 48
Cho X l khng gian metric compact. Chng minh rng X cha mt tp con m c
v tr mt trong X ( ta ni tp hp A X l tr mt trong X nu A
= X).
Gii :
Vi mi n 1, v X l khng gian metric compact nn ta c th ph X bi mt h
hu hn cc qu cu c bn knh
1
n
.
X _B_x
( n) ,
1
n
]
K
n
=1

Gi A
n
= |x
1
( n) , x
2
( n) , , x
K
n
( n) | l tp hp gm tm ca cc qu cu ny, d nhin
A
n
hu hn. t
A = _A
n
n=1

Do A l hi ca mt h m c cc tp A
n
m c nn A cng l tp m c.
Ta chng minh A = X. Tht vy, vi mi x X v e > 0, lun tn ti n ln
sao cho n >
1
s
. Do h cc qu cu tm B[x
( n) ,
1
n
l mt ph m hu hn ca X nn
tn ti ch s m { 1,2, , K
n
} sao cho x B[x
m
( n) ,
1
n
, ngha l c x
m
( n) A sao
cho
o( x
m
( n) , x) <
1
n
< e
Vy x l mt im dnh ca A v do ta c A = X.

Bi 49
Cho l mt hm s thc, lin tc trn mt khng gian metric compact X sao cho
( x) > 0 vi mi x X. Chng minh rng c c > 0 sao cho ( x) c vi mi x
X.
Gii :
V lin tc trn khng gian mtric compact X nn t gi tr nh nht trn X. Suy
ra x
0
X ( x) ( x
0
) > 0 vi mi x X.

158

t ( x
0
) = c, ta c c > 0 v ( x) c vi mi x X( iu phi chng minh).

Bi 50
Cho { x
n
} l mt dy Cauchy trn khng gian metric ( E, o) v { c
n
} l dy s thc
dng. Chng minh rng c dy con |x
n
k
| sao cho o(x
n
k+1
, x
n
k
) < c
k
k .
Gii :
V { x
n
} l dy Cauchy nn ta c
e > 0 c N
s
sao cho o( x
m
, x
n
) e m, n N
s
.
Ta s xy dng dy con bng quy np tha mn yu cu bi.
-Vi c
1
> 0, ta c N
c
1
sao cho o( x
m
, x
n
) c
1
m, n N
c
1
. Ta chn n
1
= N
c
1
.
-Vi c
2
> 0, ta c N
c
2
sao cho o( x
m
, x
n
) c
2
m, n N
c
2
. Ta chn n
2
= n
1
+ N
c
2
.
-Gi s c n
k
, vi c
k+1
> 0 , ta c N
c
k+1
sao cho o( x
m
, x
n
) c
k+1
m, n N
c
k+1
.
Ta chn n
k+1
= n
k
+ N
c
k+1

Ta c dy { n
k
} tng nghim cch nn |x
n
k
| l dy con ca { x
n
} . Li c vi mi k
th n
k+1
> n
k
N
c
k
nn o(x
n
k+1
, x
n
k
) < c
k
. Dy con xy dng c nh trn tha
yu cu bi.

Bi 51
Cho l mt hm s xc nh trn . Ta ni mt im x l im cc i tng i
ca nu c khong m I
x
cha x sao cho ( y) < ( x) vi mi y I
x
{ x} . Chng
minh tp hp cc im cc i tng i ca l khng qu m c.
Gii :
Gi A l tp hp cc im cc i tng i ca . Ly I = { B( x
, r
) : x
, r
+
} l h cc qu cu m c tm v bn knh hu t th ta c I c cng lc lng vi

+
nn I m c v ta c th nh s I = { I
n
}
n
.
Vi mi x A, c khong m I
x
cha x sao cho ( y) < ( x) vi mi y I
x
{ x} .
V tr mt trong nn tn ti n
x
sao cho x I
n
x
I
x
. Xt nh x:
g A { I
n
}

159

x I
n
x

Ta s chng minh g l n nh. Tht vy, cho t, s A, t s. Gi s I
n
t
= I
n
s
, ta suy
ra t I
n
s
I
s
v s I
n
t
I
t
. T ta c ( t) < ( s) v ( s) < ( t) . iu ny
mu thun v cho ta g l n nh. Nhng ta c { I
n
} l tp m c nn ta suy ra A l
tp khng qu m c.

Bi 52
Chng minh rng tp hp cc im gin on ca mt hm s ng bin t vo
khng qu m c.
Gii :
Vi mi x , ta c sup (( , x) ) tn ti do (( , x) ) b chn trn bi ( x) .
Theo tnh cht ca chn trn nh nht, vi mi e > 0, c y ( , x) sao cho:
sup (( , x) ) e < ( y) sup (( , x) )
t x y = o th
sup (( , x) ) e < ( z) sup (( , x) )
vi mi z ( , x) m | z x| < o. Vy gii hn tri ( x
-
) tn ti.
Tng t gii hn phi ( x
+
) cng tn ti. Mt khc, ta c gin on ti x nu v
ch nu ( x
-
) < ( x
+
) . Gi A l tp cc im gin on ca hm s ng bin , ta
chng minh cc khong (( x
-
) , ( x
+
) ) vi x A l khng giao nhau.
Tht vy, vi u, : A, m u < :, ta c:
( u) _
u + :
2
] ( :)
Suy ra:
( u
+
) _
u + :
2
] ( :
-
)
nn (( u
-
) , ( u
+
) ) (( :
-
) , ( :
+
) ) = . Vy vi mi x A, tn ti s hu t r
x

trong khong (( x ) , ( x + ) ). Xt nh x sau:
g A
x r
x

160

Vi mi u : trong A, v (( u
-
) , ( u
+
) ) v (( :
-
) , ( :
+
) ) khng c phn giao
nn ta suy ra g( u) = r
u
r
= g( :) . Vy g l mt n nh t A vo nn A l tp
khng m c (iu phi chng minh).

Bi 54
Cho X l khng gian metric sao cho mi qu cu ng u compact. Chng minh rng
X y .
Gii :
Ly { x
n
} l mt dy Cauchy trong X, nn { x
n
} b chn dn n { x
n
} cha trong mt
qu cu ng no . Do qu cu ny compact nn ta c dy con |x
n
k
| hi t v x. p
dng Bi 1.4.2, ta c { x
n
} cng hi t v x.

Bi 55
Cho A l mt tp con ca khng gian metric X. Chng minh rng
(i) A tin compact nu v ch nu A
tin compact.
(ii) Trong
n
, mt tp hp l tin compact nu v ch nu n b chn.
Gii :
(i) A tin compact nu v ch nu A
tin compact.
- Nu A
tin compact th vi mi e > 0 tn ti |x
: i = 1, n| trong A sao cho

A
_B[x
,
e
2
n
=1

Mt khc, do x
l cc im dnh ca A nn tn ti { y
} trong A sao cho o( x
, y
) <
s
2
.
Vi mi t B [x
,
s
2
, ta c o( t, y
) o( t, x
) + o( x
, y
) < e, suy ra t B( y
, e) ,
ngha l B[x
,
s
2
B( y
, e) i = 1, n. Vy tn ti cc s |y
: i = 1 , n| trong A sao
cho
A _B[x
,
e
2
n
=1
_B( y
, e)
n
=1

Ta suy ra A tin compact.

161

- Nu A tin compact vi mi e > 0 tn ti |x
: i = 1, n| trong A sao cho

A _B[x
,
e
2
n
=1

Vi mi y A, tn ti x A sao cho o( x, y)
s
2
. V x A nn tn ti ch s k sao
cho x thuc B[x
k
,
s
2
. Ta c o( y, x
k
) o( y, x) + o( y, x
k
) < e , ngha l y
B[x
k
,
s
2
. Vy ta suy ra:
A _B( x
, e)
n
=1

vi |x
: i = 1, n| A. Vy A l tin compact.
(ii) Trong
n
, mt tp hp l tin compact nu v ch nu n b chn.
- Nu A tin compact, ta c
A _B( x
, 1)
n
=1
B(0 , max|x
: i = 1, n| + 1)
Vy A b chn trong
n
.
- Nu A b chn th A
cng b chn. Tht vy, ta gi s A B( 0 , r) B

i
( 0, r) ,
do A l tp ng nh nht cha A nn ta cng c A B
i
( 0 , r) B( 0,2r) , suy ra A l
tp ng b chn trong
n
nn cng l tp compact.
Vy A l tin compact nn theo cu trn, A cng l tin compact.

Bi 56
Cho X l khng gian metric y v A X. Chng minh rng A tin compact nu
v ch nu A
compact.
Gii :
Chng minh A tin compact th A
compact.
A tin compact, nn p dng Bi 55ta suy raA
tin compact. Mt khc, mi dy { x

n
}
Cauchy trong A
cng l Cauchy trong X, m X y nn tn ti x X sao cho { x

n
}
hi t v x. V A
ng trong X nn x A
, vy A
l khng gian y .

162

Vy A
tin compact v y nn A
compact.
Chng minh A compact th A tin compact.
A
compact nn ta c A
tin compact, theo kt qu Bi 55 ta suy ra A tin compact.

Bi 57:
Cho l nh x lin tc u t khng gian metric ( X, o
X
) vo khng gian metric
( , o
) . Chng minh rng

(i) Nu { x
n
} l dy Cauchy trong X th { ( x
n
) } l dy Cauchy trong .
(ii) Nu A l tp con tin compact ca X th ( A) l tp con tin compact trong .
Gii :
(i). Chng minh nu { x
n
} l dy Cauchy th { ( x
n
) } l dy Cauchy:
Cho e > 0. Do lin tc u nn c p > 0 sao cho vi mi x, x
i
X th
o
X
( x, x
i
) < p o
(( x) , ( x
i
) ) < e
Do { x
n
} Cauchy trong X nn c n
0
1 sao cho
o
X
( x
m
, x
n
) < p, n m n
0

Suy ra
o
(( x
m
) , ( x
n
) ) < e, n m n
0

Vy { ( x
n
) } l dy Cauchy trong .

(ii). Chng minh nu A l tin compact th ( A) cng l tin compact.
Cch 1:
Vi mi e > 0, do lin tc u nn tn ti p sao cho
(B( x, p) ) B( ( x) , e) x X
V A tin compact nn ta c th ph A bi mt s hu hn cc qu cu m bn knh p:

163

A _B( x
, p)
n
=1

Suy ra
( A) _(B( x
, p) )
n
=1
_B( ( x) , e)
n
=1

Vy ( A) tin compact trong .
Cch 2:
Xt { ( x
n
) } l mt dy trong ( A) , theo B A.IV.4, ta ch cn chng minh dy
ny c dy con Cauchy. Tht vy, v A l tin compact nn t { x
n
} , ta trch c dy
con |x
n
k
| Cauchy. Theo (i), ta cng c |(x
n
k
)| l mt dy Cauchy trong ( A) . Vy
theo kt qu ca b , ta c ( A) cng l tin compact.

Bi 58:
Cho l mt hm s thc, lin tc u trn A . Chng minh rng nu A b chn
th b chn trn A. Nu A khng b chn th ( A) c b chn khng?
Gii :
Chng minh nu A b chn th b chn trn A:
V A b chn trong nn theo Bi 55, A l tin compact. V l hm lin tc u nn
theo Bi 57, ta cng c ( A) l tin compact, ngha l ( A) b chn trong .
Nu A khng b chn th ( A) c b chn khng?
Nu A khng b chn th ta cha th kt lun ( A) b chn hay khng. Tht vy, ta c
cc v d sau :
V d 1:A = [ 0, + ] , ( x) = x, ta c lin tc u trn A nhng ( A) = A v do
( A) khng b chn.
V d 2:A = [ 0, + ] , g( x) = 0, ta c g lin tc u trn A v g 0 b chn.

Bi 59

164

Cho l mt nh x t khng gian metric X vo khng gian metric . Chng minh
rng lin tc u trn X nu v ch nu vi mi e > 0, c p > 0 sao cho vi mi
A X tha mn di amA 0 , do lin tc u trn X nn tn ti p > 0 sao cho o
(( x) , ( y) ) <
s
2

vi mi x, y X m o
X
( x, y) < p. Xt A X bt k sao cho di am( A) < p, vi mi
phn t u, : A ta c o
(( u) , ( :) ) <
s
2
, nn ta c di am(( A) )
s
2
< e.
T ta c c kt lun cho chiu thun.
Chiu o:
Gi s vi mi e > 0, tn ti p > 0 sao cho vi A X bt k sao cho di am( A) < p,
th di am(( A) ) < e. Vi mi x, y X m o
X
( x, y) < p, ta c { x, y} l mt tp con
ca X tha mn d i am( { x, y} ) = o
X
( x, y) < p nn ta suy ra o
(( x) , ( y) ) < e. Vy
l nh x lin tc u.
Vy ta c c kt lun trong chiu o.

Bi 60
Cho { x
n
} v { y
n
} l cc dy s thc b chn sao cho x
n
y
n
0 . Chng minh rng
c dy tng
n
1
< n
2
< < n
k
<
V x sao cho cc dy |x
n
k
| v |y
n
k
| cng hi t v x.
Gii :
Theo nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass, do { x
n
} l dy s thc b chn nn c dy con
|x
n
k
| hi t v x .
Cho e > 0
C N sao cho |x
n
k
x| <
s
2
k > N.
C H sao cho | y
n
x
n
| <
s
2
n > H.

165

Ta c |y
n
k
x| |x
n
k
x| + |y
n
k
x
n
k
| <
s
2
+
s
2
= e k > max{ H, N} .
Suy ra |y
n
k
| cng hi t v x . Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 61
Cho X l mt khng gian metric. Chng minh rng X lin thng nu v ch nu mi
tp con A khc trng ca X, A X u c phn bin oA khc trng.
Gii :
Chiu thun. vi A l mt tp con khc trng bt k ca X, A X v X lin thng th
phn bin oA ca A khc trng:
Ta chng minh bng phn chng.
Gi s oA = , khi A
= i nt A oA = i nt A.
M i nt A A A
nn i nt A = A = A
.
Do A , A X v A va m va ng trong X nn X khng lin thng, mu
thun vi gi thit X lin thng.
Vy oA .

Chiu o. vi mi tp con A khc trng ca X, A X c phn bin oA khc trng th
X lin thng :
Gi s X khng lin thng th c A , A X sao cho A va ng va m, suy ra A
ng v X A ng trong X (v A m trong X).
Do oA = A
E A
= A E A = , mu thun vi gi thit oA .
Vy X lin thng.

Bi 62
Cho X l mt khng gian metric y . Chng minh rng nu X m c th X cha
t nht mt im c lp.

166

Gii :
Nu X m c th
X = { x
k
| k } = _X
k
k=1

vi X
k
= { x
k
} l tp gm c mt phn t nn X
k
l tp ng vi mi k = 1,2, .
M X l khng gian metric y nn theo nh l Baire c t sao cho X
t
cha
mt tp m khc trng I, tc l I X
t
.
M X
t
l tp ch c mt phn t l x
t
nn I = X
t
, suy ra X
t
l tp m.
M x
t
X
t
nn x
t
l im trong ca X
t
. Do c r > 0 sao cho B( x
t
, r) X
t
, suy ra
B( x
t
, r) X
t
= { x
t
} nn x
t
l im c lp ca X.
Vy X cha t nht mt im c lp.

Bi 63
Cho l nh x lin tc t khng gian metric X vo khng gian metric . Chng minh
rng th ca l tp ng trong X .
Gii :
Gi s = |(x, ( x) ) X Y | x X| l th ca . Ta chng minh l tp ng
trong X .
Tht vy, ly dy { ( x
n
, y
n
) } sao cho ( x
n
, y
n
) ( x, y) trong X , ta chng
minh ( x, y) .
V x
n
x v lin tc nn ( x
n
) ( x) .
Mt khc, ( x
n
) = y
n
y nn do tnh duy nht ca gii hn ta suy ra y = ( x) .
Do ( x, y) = (x, ( x) ) .
Vy th ca l tp ng trong X .

Bi 64

167

Cho : [ 0 ,1] [ 0,1] v lin tc. Chng minh rng c im bt ng trong [ 0,1] ,
ngha l c x [ 0,1] sao cho ( x) = x.
Gii :
Cch 1:
t
A = { t [ 0,1] | ( t) t}
B = { t [ 0,1] | ( t) t}
Khi A l mt tp con ng khc trng trong [ 0 ,1] .
Tht vy, ly dy { x
n
} A sao cho { x
n
} x
0
trong [ 0,1] .
V lin tc nn ( x
n
) ( x
0
) , m { x
n
} A nn ( x
n
} x
n
, suy ra ( x
0
) x
0
,
hay x
0
A.
Vy A l mt tp ng v khc trng v 1 A.
Tng t ta c B cng l mt tp con ng khc trng trong [ 0,1 ] .
Ta c [ 0,1 ] = A B v do [ 0 ,1] lin thng nn A B v cha mt s x.
Do c x [ 0,1] sao cho ( x) = x.

Cch 2:
Gi g l nh x xc nh trn [ 0,1] tha: g( x) = ( x) x.
V l nh x lin tc trn [ 0 ,1] nn g cng l nh x lin tc trn [ 0,1]
V ( [ 0,1] ) [ 0 ,1] nn ( 0) 0 v ( 1 ) 1. Do g( 0 ) 0 v g( 1) 0
Nu g( 0 ) = 0 th x = 0 l nghim ca phng trnh ( x) = x
Nu g( 1 ) = 0 th x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh ( x) = x
Trong trng hp cn li, ta c g( 0) > 0 v g( 1) < 0 nn g( 0) . g( 1) < 0
Do tn ti x [ 0 ,1] sao cho g( x) = 0 hay ( x) = x.

Bi 65

168

Cho ( E, o) l mt khng gian metric lin thng c t nht hai phn t. Chng minh
rng E khng m c.
Gii :
Gi s E cha 2 phn t l x v y. t R = o( x, y) .
Vi mi r < R, xt 2 tp A
= { t E: o( t, x) < r} v B
= { t E: o( t, x) > r} , ta
c:
A
v cha x, B
v cha y v A
= .
V E lin thng nn ta phi c A
E. Vy tn ti t
E sao cho t
v
t
, ngha l r o( t
, x) r. Suy ra vi mi r ( 0, R) , tn ti mt t
thuc E
sao cho o( t
, x) = r.
Xt nh x ( r) nh sau :
: ( 0 , R) E
r t

Vi mi r
1
r
2
trong ( 0, R) sao cho t
1
= t
2
th ta c o(t
1
, x) = r
1
r
2
= o( t
2
, x)
nn t
1
t
2
. Vy l n nh.
Gi s E qu lm m c, ngha l tn ti mt n nh t g: E .
Xt nh x hp ni = g : ( 0, R) th l mt n nh. Suy ra ( 0, R) l tp
qu lm m c.

Bi 66
Cho { I
}
I
l mt h khc trng cc khong ca sao cho _I
I
. Chng minh
rng _I
I
l mt khong ca
Gii :
Vi I th I l mt khong nu v ch nu vi mi x, y I v x < y, ta c
z , x < z < y z I
Do , vi x, y tha

169

x, y _I
I

th x, y I
, i I v x < y. DoI
l khong trong vi mi i I nn ta c
z , x < z < y z I

Suy ra z _I
I
.
Vy _I
I
l mt khong ca.

Bi 67
Cho ( E, o) l mt khng gian metric lin thng, khng b chn. Chng minh rng mi
mt cu
S( x, r) = { y E o( y, x) = r}
u khc trng
Gii :
Gi s tn ti mt mt cu S( x, r) bng rng, ta c
B
i
( x, r) = B( x, r) S( x, r) = B( x, r) = B( x, r) .
Vy ta c B( x, r) l mt tp con va m va ng (do bng B
i
( x, r) ) ca E. Mt
khc, B( x, r) E do E khng b chn. Ta suy ra E khng lin thng. Mu thun ny
kt thc chng minh

Bi 68
Cho A l mt tp con lin thng trong khng gian metric E v A B A
. Chng
minh rng B lin thng.
Gii :
Ta chng minh bng phn chng: gi s B khng lin thng, ta s tm mt mu thun.
Do B khng lin thng nn tn ti hai tp m khc trng B
1
v B
2
ri nhau trong B
B
1
B
2
= B

170

Khi theo Bi 28 ta c 2 tp m I
1
v I
2
trong X :
B
1
= B I
1
m trong B v B
2
= B I
2
m trong B.
Do ta c
B = ( B I
1
) ( B I
2
) v ( B I
1
) ( B I
2
) =
Ta c
B = ( B I
1
) ( B I
2
) = B ( I
1
I
2
) I
1
V
2

m A B nn A I
1
I
2
.
Suy ra
A = A ( I
1
I
2
) = ( A I
1
) ( A I
2
)
V A B nn A I
1
B I
1
v A I
2
B I
2
, m ( B I
1
) ( B I
2
) =
nn suy ra ( A I
1
) ( A I
2
) = .
Do A lin thng nn A I
1
= hoc A I
2
= .
Tht vy, gi s ngc li A I
1
v A I
2
th theo nh trn A l hi ca
hai tp m ri nhau A I
1
v A I
2
trong A nn A khng lin thng, iu ny mu
thun vi gi thit A l tp lin thng.
Vy A I
1
= hoc A I
2
= .
M theo Bi 35 ta chng minh c: vi E l khng gian metric, I l tp m v
A I, nu A I = th A
I = .
Do vi A I
1
= hoc A I
2
= th A
I
1
= hoc A
I
2
= .
M B A
nn B I
1
A
I
1
v B I
2
A
I
2
.
Nn suy ra B I
1
= hoc B I
2
= . (V l)
Vy B lin thng.

Bi 69
Cho X l mt khng gian metric v { A
}
I
l mt h khc trng cc tp con lin thng
ca X sao cho

171

_A
I

Chng minh rng
A = _A
I

lin thng.
Gii :
Ta chng minh bng phn chng: gi s A khng lin thng, ta s tm mt mu thun.
Tht vy, do khng lin thng nn A c th phn hoch thnh 2 tp m khc rng:
A = ( A I
1
) ( A I
2
) v ( A I
1
) ( A I
2
) =
vi I
1
, I
2
l cc tp m trong X.
Vi mt A
vi ibt k Ith ta chng minh A
I
1
hoc A
I
2
(*)
Tht vy, ta c:
A = ( A I
1
) ( A I
2
) = A ( I
1
I
2
)
Nn A cha trong I
1
I
2
, suy ra A
( I
1
I
2
) nn A
= A
( I
1
I
2
), ngha l:
A
= ( A
I
1
) ( A
I
2
)
Mt khc ta li c
( A
I
1
) ( A
I
2
) = A
I
1
I
2
A I
1
I
2
= ( A I
1
) ( A I
2
) =
V vy A
I
1
v A
I
2
l mt cch phn hoch A
thnh 2 tp m. Nhng A
l tp
lin thng nn ta c A
I
1
= A
hoc A
I
2
= A
, tc l A
I
1
hoc A
I
2
.
Vy (*) c chng minh.
V
_A
I

Nn ta gi x l mt phn t chung ca cc tp A
.
Ly mt i
0
I, gi s A
0
I
1
, th A
0
I
1
nn x A
0
I
1
I
1

Vi mt i I bt k, theo (*), r rng mt trong 2 kh nng sau phi xy ra:

172

A
I
1
= vA
I
2
= A

hoc
A
I
1
= A
vA
I
2
=
Nhng do A
I
1
cha x nn khng th l tp rng dn n kh nng th 2 phi xy
ra, cho ta h qu:
A
I
2
= i I
Suy ra A I
2
= . (V l)
Vy A l tp lin thng.

Bi 70
Cho { A
n
} l mt dy cc tp con lin thng trong khng gian metric X sao cho
A
n
A
n+1
, n 1 . Chng minh rng
A = _A
n
n

lin thng.
Gii :
Ta chng minh bng phn chng: gi s A khng lin thng, ta s tm mt mu thun.
Nu A khng lin thng th c th phn hoch thnh 2 tp m khc trng
A = ( A I
1
) ( A I
2
) v( A I
1
) ( A I
2
) =
Vi I
1
, I
2
l cc tp m trong X.
Xt A
k
trong dy { A
n
} th ta chng minh A
k
I
1
hoc A
k
I
2
:
Tht vy, ta c:
A = ( A I
1
) ( A I
2
) = A ( I
1
I
2
)
Nn A cha trong I
1
I
2
, suy ra A
k
( I
1
I
2
) nn A
k
= A
k
( I
1
I
2
) , ngha l:
A
k
= ( A
k
I
1
) ( A
k
I
2
) .
Mt khc ta li c
( A
k
I
1
) ( A
k
I
2
) = A
k
I
1
I
2
A I
1
I
2
= ( A I
1
) ( A I
2
) =

173

V vy A
k
I
1
v A
k
I
2
l mt cch phn hoch A
k
thnh 2 tp m. Nhng A
k
l
tp lin thng nn ta c A
k
I
1
= A
1
hoc A
k
I
2
= A
1
, tc l A
k
I
1
hoc
A
k
I
2
. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s A
1
I
1
.
Tng t Bi 69, v A
1
A
2
nn ta c A
2
I
1
, , A
n
I
1
.
Suy ra A
k
I
2
= k . Suy ra A I
2
= iu ny tri vi gi s ban u l
phn hoch ny khng tm thng.
Vy A l tp lin thng.

Bi 6_Extra
Cho X l mt khng gian metric v x, y X. Ta ni rng: x y nu c mt tp lin
thng A trong X sao cho x, y A. Chng minh l mt quan h tng ng.
Gii :
Hin nhin x x v x { x} v { x} l tp con lin thng ca X. Hn na, nu x y
th cng hin nhin y x. Cui cng, gi s x y v y z; khi tn ti cc tp
con A, B lin thng trong X sao cho x, y A v y, z B. t C = A B th C l tp
con lin thng trong X v A, B lin thng trong X v A B . D thy x, z C.
Nh vy, ta c x z.

Bi 71
Chng minh rng khng gian metric X l lin thng nu v ch nu vi mi x, y X,
c khng gian con lin thng X sao cho x, y .
Gii :
Cch 1 :
Chiu thun l hin nhin nu ta chn = X
Ta chng minh chiu o : nu vi mi x, y X, c khng gian con lin thng X
sao cho x, y th X lin thng.
C nh x X th vi mi y X, c khng gian con lin thng
X sao cho
x, y
.
Suy ra

174

X = _
X

v
x _
nn _

Do theo Bi 69: vi |
|
X
l mt h cc tp con lin thng ca X v
_

th
X = _
X

l lin thng.
Cch 2:
Ta ch cn chng minh nu vi mi x, y X, c khng gian con lin thng X sao
cho x, y th X lin thng.
Tht vy, gi s X khng lin thng, ngha l tn ti cc tp m I
1
, I
2
khc rng sao
cho:
I
1
I
2
= vI
1
I
2
= X
Xt 2 s o I
1
v b I
2
, theo gi thit, c khng gian C lin thng con X cha c o
v b.
V C X nn ( C I
1
) ( C I
2
) = C ( I
1
I
2
) = C X = C
Mt khc ( C I
1
) ( C I
2
) = C ( I
1
I
2
) I
1
I
2
= nn ta c C I
1
v
C I
2
l phn hoch m ca C. Mt khc v C I
1
cha o v C I
2
cha b nn y
khng phi phn hoch tm thng. iu ny mu thun vi vic C lin thng.
Mu thun c sinh ra kt thc chng minh.

Bi 72

175

Cho E l mt khng gian metric v A, B l cc tp con lin thng ca E sao cho
A
B . Chng minh rng A B lin thng.

Gii :
t = A B.
Ta chng minh lin thng bng phn chng: gi s khng lin thng, ta s tm
mt mu thun.
Nu khng lin thng, gi s
= (
1
) (
2
) v(
1
) (
2
) =
vi
1
,
2
l cc tp ng v
1
,
2
l cc tp khc trng.
V = (
1
) (
2
) = (
1

2
) nn
1

2
.
V (
1
) (
2
) = nn (
1

2
) = .
Ta chng minh A
1
hoc A
2
.
Tht vy, ta c
( A
1
) ( A
2
) = A (
1

2
) = A (do A
1

2
)
V ( A
1
) ( A
2
) = A (
1

2
) (
1

2
) =
Nn A
1
v A
2
l mt phn hoch m ca A. V A lin thng nn phn hoch
ny phi tm thng, ngha l A
1
hoc A
2
.
Chng minh tng t ta c B
1
hoc B
2
.
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s A
1
. R rng nu B
1
th A, B
1

nn
1
. Suy ra
1
= v
2
= (v l).
Vy A (
1
) v B (
2
) .
Mt khc v A B nn ta gi t A B th t A v t B.
V
1
l tp ng cha A v A l tp ng nh nht cha A nn ta c A
1
. Suy ra
t
1
v t B . Do t (
1
) v t B (
2
) .
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit (
1
) (
2
) = .
Mu thun ny chng t = A B l lin thng.

176

Bi 73
Cho A, B l cc tp con ca khng gian metric E sao cho A
B . Chng minh
rng khng c tp m F trong E sao cho B F v A F = .
Gii :
Gi s c tp m F trong E sao cho B F v A F = .
M theo Bi 35 ta chng minh c rng: Vi X l mt khng gian metric, 0 l
mt tp m trong X v A X, nu A 0 = th A
0 = .
Do vi F l tp m trong E v A F = th A
F = .
M B F nn A
B A
F = , suy ra A
B = , iu ny mu thun vi gi
thit A
B .
Vy khng c tp m F trong E sao cho B F v A F = .

Bi 74
Cho I l mt tp m khc trng v lin thng trong . Chng minh rng I l mt
khong m.
Gii :
Ta chng minh nu I lin thng trong th I l mt khong trong .
Tht vy, gi s ngc li I khng l mt khong trong th c b ( x, y, z) sao cho
x < y < z, vi x, z I, y I.
t A = { o I: o < y} th A = I ( , y) .
ng thi A = I ( , y] (v y I).
Do A l tp va ng va m trong I. Mt khc A I v A khng cha z suy ra I
cha tp con A va ng va m khng tm thng nn I khng lin thng , mu
thun vi gi thit.
Vy I l mt khong.
Khi I c dng ( o, b) , ( o, b] , [ o, b) (vi o c th bng v b c th bng + ),
[ o, b] .
Nhng I l tp m nn I ch c th c dng ( o, b) = ( i nf I , sup I) .

177

Vy I l mt khong m.

Bi 75
Chng minh rng nu I l mt tp ng, b chn, khc trng v lin thng trong th
I l mt khong ng.
Gii :
Theo Bi 74 ta chng minh c nu I lin thng trong th Il mt khong.
Khi I c dng ( o, b) , ( o, b] , [ o, b) (vi o c th bng v b c th bng + ),
[ o, b] .
Nhng I l tp ng v b chn nn I ch c th c dng [ o, b] .
Vy I l mt khong ng.

Bi 76
Cho : ( o, b) l mt hm s lin tc. Gi s c x, y ( o, b) sao cho ( x) <
( y) . Chng minh rng nu ( x) < z < ( y) th c t ( o, b) sao cho ( t) = z.
Gii :
Ta c ( o, b) l tp lin thng ca nn (( o, b) ) l tp lin thng ca .
V ( x) , ( y) (( o, b) ) v (( o, b) ) l mt khong nn [ ( x) , ( y) ] (( o, b) ).
Do vi ( x) < z < ( y) th z (( o, b) ).
Vy c t ( o, b) sao cho z = ( t) .

Bi 77
Chng minh rng nu x > 0 th c y sao cho y
2
= x.
Gii :
Xt hm s ( t) = t
2
, t th : [ 0, + ) l hm lin tc.
Gi { x
n
} l dy s xc nh bi x
n
= n
2
, ta c { x
n
} khng b chn nn N
0

x
N
0
> x.

178

Theo Bi 76: Ta c 0, x
N
0
[ 0 , + ) sao cho ( 0) < x < ( N
0
) th ta c y sao
cho x = ( y) = y
2
.

Bi 78
Cho : l mt hm lin tc. Gi s l hm l, ngha l
( x) = ( x) , x
Chng minh rng phng trnh ( x) = 0 c nghim.
Gii :
Cch 1 :
Gi s x , phng trnh ( x) = 0 khng c nghim, tc l ( x) 0 x .
Xt s dng o bt k. V l hm l nn ta c ( o) = ( o) suy ra
( o) . ( o) =
2
( o) < 0.
Do c x
0
[ o, o] sao cho ( x
0
) = 0. (mu thun vi gi thit phn chng)
Vy phng trnh ( x) = 0 c nghim trong .
Cch 2 :
Thay x = 0 , ta c ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) , suy ra ( 0) = 0.
Vy phng trnh ( x) = 0 c t nht 1 nghim trong .

Bi 79
Chng minh rng phng trnh x
5
+ x
2
+ 1 = 0 c nghim thc.
Gii :
t ( x) = x
5
+ x
2
+ 1 th lin tc trn .
V khi x th ( x) nn c o < 0 sao cho ( o) < 0.
Tht vy, gi s ngc li: ( o) 0 vi mi o < 0 th khi x ta lun c
( x) 0 , iu ny tri vi vic ( x) .
Vy ta c o < 0 sao cho ( o) < 0.

179

Tng t v khi x + th ( x) + nn c b > 0 sao cho ( b) > 0.
Suy ra ( o) ( b) < 0 nn c x
0
( o, b) sao cho ( x
0
) = 0.
Vy phng trnh ( x) = 0 c nghim thc.

Bi 80
Cho : l mt hm lin tc v m, ngha l ( I) l tp m vi mi I m
trong . Chng minh rng l hm n iu.
Gii :
Gi s l hm khng n iu th c x < y < z sao cho :
( x) < ( y) (khng n iu gim) v ( z) < ( y) (khng n iu tng).
Hay ( x) > ( y) (khng n iu tng) v ( z) > ( y) (khng n iu gim).
Trng hp 1. Nu ( x) < ( y) v ( z) < ( y) .
Khi nu t gi tr ln nht trn [ x, z] ti t th t ( x, z) (v t = x th ( t) =
( x) khng l gi tr ln nht v t = z th ( t) = ( z) cng khng l gi tr ln
nht).
V nh x
: t ( t)
lin tc v ( x, z) l mt khong m trong nn (( x, z) ) l mt khong trong , m
(( x, z) ) cha phn t ln nht l ( t) nn (( x, z) ) khng m trong , mu thun
vi gi thit.
Vy l hm n iu.

Trng hp 2. Nu ( x) > ( y) v ( z) > ( y) .
Khi nu t gi tr nh nht trn [ x, z] ti t th t ( x, z) (v t = x th ( t) =
( x) khng l gi tr nh nht v t = z th ( t) = ( z) cng khng l gi tr nh
nht).
V nh x
: t ( t)

180

lin tc v ( x, z) l mt khong m trong nn (( x, z) ) l mt khong trong , m
(( x, z) ) cha phn t nh nht l ( t) nn (( x, z) ) khng m trong , mu thun
vi gi thit.
Vy l hm n iu.

Bi 83
Cho A l tp con ca khng gian metric X v B l mt tp con lin thng ca X sao
cho B A v B ( X A) .Chng minh rng B oA .
Gii :
Gi u = BA v I = BX A.
Ta suy ra uvI l hai tp con ng trong B v u, I (do BA BAv
BX A BX A).
Li c uI = (B A) ( BX A) = B( AX A) = B X = B
nn uI do B l tp lin thng.
T ta c (BA) ( BX A) = BA X A = BoA .
Kt lun B oA .

Bi 84
Cho X l mt khng gian metric. Chng minh rng nu X lin thng ng th X lin
thng.
Gii :
X lin thng ng ngha l vi mi x, y X ,c hm o [ 0,1] X lin tc sao cho
o( 0) = x , o( 1) = y.
t A = [ 0,1] , v A l khong trong nn A lin thng trong .
M hm o lin tc suy ra o( A) lin thng. Vy vi mi x, y X, tn ti mt tp lin
thng o( A) cha x, y.
Theo Bi 71, ta c X l khng gian metric lin thng.

181

Bi 86
Cho l mt hm s thc lin tc trn sao cho
( x + y) = ( x) + ( y) x, y
Chng t rng c s thc o sao cho ( x) = ox x .
Gii :
Vi mi m ta c:
( 1) = _
1
m
+
1
m
+
1
m
+ +
1
m
] = m _
1
m
]
Suy ra vi mi n , ta c
[
n
m
= _
1
m
+
1
m
+ +
1
m
] = n _
1
m
] = n
( 1)
m
=
n
m
( 1)
Suy ra
[
n
m
=
n
m
( 1)
Vy vi mi x , ( x) = x( 1) .
Ta cn chng minh vi mi s v t y cng c ( y) = y( 1)
Theo Bi 1, ta c vi mi s v t y tn ti dy s hu t { y
n
} hi t v y
Ta c l hm lin tc trn nn ( y
n
) ( y) khi y
n
y ,
v ta cng c ( y
n
) = y
n
( 1) y( 1) khi y
n
y.
Vy ( y) = y( 1) vi mi s v t y.
Tm li vi mi x ta c ( x) = x( 1) (iu phi chng minh).

Bi 87
Chng minh rng mi php chiu
n

n

( x
1
, , x
n
) x

182

l cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc.
Gii :
Chng minh n
l nh x tuyn tnh:
Vi mi x = ( x
1
, , x
n
) , y = ( y
1
, , y
n
)
n
, , ta c
( i) n
( x + y) = n
( x
1
+ y
1
, , x
n
+ y
n
) = x
+ y

( ii) n
( x) = n
( x
1
, , x
n
) = x

( iii) n
( y) = n
( y
1
, , y
n
) = y

Vy n
( x + y) = n
( x) + n
( y) . Suy ra n
l nh x tuyn tnh.
Chng minh n
l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc:

Ta s chng minh n
b chn trn B
i
( 0 ,1) . Tht vy, vi mi x B
i
( 0,1) , ta c
n
( x) = x
_x
2
n
=1
= 1
Nn n
l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc.

Bi 89
Chng minh rng nh x xc nh trong Bi 41 khng l n nh.
Gii :
- Xt dy ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
, ) = ( 0 ,0,0,2, ,2 , ) th
x = x
n
3
-n
n=1
= 2 3
-n
n=4
= 2 _
1
1
1
3
3
-0
3
-1
3
-2
3
-3
_ =
1
27

v
x
2n
2
2
-n
n=1
= 2
-n
n=2
=
1
1
1
2
2
-0
2
-1
=
1
2
,

183

x
2n+1
2
2
-n
n=1
= 2
-n
n=2
=
1
1
1
2
2
-0
2
-1
=
1
2

Do _
1
27
] = _
1
2
,
1
2
].
- Xt dy ( x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
, , x
n
, ) = ( 0,2 ,2,0 , ,0) th
x = x
n
3
-n
n=1
= 2( 3
-2
+ 3
-3
) =
8
2 7

v
x
2n
2
2
-n
n=1
=
2
2
. 2
-1
=
1
2
,
x
2n+1
2
2
-n
n=1
=
2
2
. 2
-1
=
1
2

Do _
8
27
] = _
1
2
,
1
2
].
Vy ta c
1
27

8
27
m _
1
2 7
] = _
1
2
,
1
2
] nn chng t khng l n nh.

Bi 90
Cho ( E, o
L
) v ( F, o
P
) l cc khng gian metric v l mt nh x t E vo F. Ta
ni:
l mt ng c nu o
P
(( x) , ( y) ) = o
L
( x, y) x, y E
l mt ng phi nu l song nh, lin tc v
-1
lin tc.
E v F ng phi vi nhau nu c php ng phi gia chng.
Cho E, F ng phi vi nhau. Chng minh rng:
(i) E compact nu ch nu F compact.
(ii) E lin thng nu v ch nu F lin thng.
(iii) Nu E y th F c y khng?

184

Gii :
Gi php ng phi gia E v F l g.
(i) Chng minh F compact nu ch nu F compact.
Gi s E compact, ta s chng minh F compact. Tht vy, do E l tp compact v g
lin tc nn ta suy ra g( E) l tp compact. Mt khc, g l song nh nn g( E) = F.
Vy F l tp compact.
p dng kt qu trn cho ng phi g
-1
t F vo E ta suy ra kt lun trong chiu
ngc li. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

(ii) Chng minh F lin thng nu v ch nu F lin thng.
Cho E lin thng, ta s chng minh F lin thng.
p dng Mnh 2.21 (Nhp mn Gii Tch), do g l song nh lin tc t E vo F v
E l tp lin thng nn ta suy ra g( E) = F l tp lin thng. Chiu ngc li tng t
do tnh cht ca ng phi g
-1
.

(iii) Nu F y th F c y khng?
Ta s cho cc phn v d.
Cch 1:
Xt nh x xc nh nh sau
[
n
2
,
n
2

( x) = arctan x
th ta c l song nh, lin tc trn v
-1
= t an x lin tc trn [
n
2
,
n
2
.
Ta s chng minh [
n
2
,
n
2
khng y . Tht vy, chn dy { x
n
} [
n
2
,
n
2
vi
x
n
=
n
2

1
n
. Suy ra { x
n
} hi t ti
n
2
trong . Vy { x
n
} l dy Cauchy trong [
n
2
,
n
2

nhng khng hi t trong [
n
2
,
n
2
. Vy [
n
2
,
n
2
khng y trong khi y
nn l phn v d cn tm.

185

Cch 2:
Xt nh x xc nh nh sau
{ 0} A = _
1
n
: n _
( n) =
1
n

Nhn thy l song nh. Mt khc v mi nh x trn tp ri rc u lin tc v
{ 0} v A u l cc tp ri rc nn ta c v
-1
u lin tc. Vy l mt ng
phi.

Mt khc, mi dy { x
n
} Cauchy trong { 0} u l dy hng k t mt ch s N no
nn { 0 } l khng gian y . Tuy nhin A khng y v dy { y
n
} xc nh
bi cng thc y
n
=
1
n
n l dy Cauchy nhng hi t ti 0 A. Vy l phn v
d cn tm.

Bi 104
Chng minh rng nu E E lin tc th E ng phi vi th ca n.
Gii :
Gi I = { ( x, ( x) ) E E, x E} l th ca . Xt nh x :
E
x (x, ( x) )
Chng minh l song nh.
Vi x y, ta c ( x) = (x, ( x) ) (y, ( y) ) = ( y) . Vy l n nh.
Cho y , theo nh ngha ca , tn ti x E y = (x, ( x) ). Nn ta c l ton
nh.
Vy l song nh.
Chng minh ,
-1
lin tc trn E.
Tht vy, hin nhin lin tc v cc hm thnh phn x v ( x) u lin tc trn E.
nh x ngc ca xc nh nh sau

186

-1
: E
(x, ( x) ) x
V
-1
l php chiu th nht t ln E nn ta cng c
-1
lin tc.
Vy l ng phi.

Bi 105
Chng minh rng nu hm s [ o, b] [ c, J] l mt ng phi th l hm n
iu.
Gii :
V l ng phi nn l n nh v lin tc. Ta chng minh mi hm nh th n
iu.
Tht vy, gi s khng n iu. Khi c b ( x, y, z) [ o, b]
3
sao cho x < y < z
v ( y) < ( x) , ( y) < ( z) hoc ( y) > ( x) , ( y) > ( z) . Khng mt tnh tng
qut, ta gi s ( y) < ( x) , ( y) < ( z) (trng hp cn li c chng minh tng
t).
Chn H sao cho ( y) < H < mi n{ ( x) , ( z) } . Theo tnh cht hm lin tc v
x < y < z nn:
t
1
x < t
1
< y v ( t
1
) = H v t
2
y < t
2
< z v ( t
2
) = H
Do ( t
1
) = ( t
2
) . M n nh nn suy ra t
1
= t
2
. Nhng iu ny v l v
t
1
< y < t
2
.
Vy l hm n iu.

Bi 114:
Gi s { p
n
} v { q
n
} l hai dy Cauchy trong khng gian metric ( X, o) . Chng minh
rng dy { o( p
n
, q
n
) } hi t.
Gii :
Theo bt ng thc tam gic, vi m, n bt k ta c:
o( p
m
, q
m
) o( p
n
, q
n
) o( p
n
, p
m
) + o( q
n
, q
m
)

187

v
o( p
n
, q
n
) o( p
m
, q
m
) o( p
n
, p
m
) + o( q
n
, q
m
)
Nn
| o( p
m
, q
m
) o( p
n
, q
n
) | o( p
n
, p
m
) + o( q
n
, q
m
) ( )
V { p
n
} v { q
n
} l cc dy Cauchy nn ta c o( p
n
, p
m
) , o( q
n
, q
m
) 0 khi m, n .
Nn t ( ) ta suy ra | o( p
m
, q
m
) o( p
n
, q
n
) | 0 khi m, n , ngha l dy s thc
dng { o( p
m
, q
m
) } Cauchy v hi t trong .

Bi 119:
Tm mt hm xc nh trn , lin tc trn v gin on trn .
Gii :
t
( x) = _
1
q
nu x =
p
q
vi gcd( P, ) = 1
0 nu x

Ta chng minh khng lin tc ti mi im trong :
Vi mi x =
p
q
, v tr mt trong nn tn ti dy { q
n
} trong hi t
v x. Ta c ( q
n
) = 0 <
1
q
n nn khng hi t v ( x) . Vy khng lin tc ti
x .
Ta chng minh lin tc ti mi im trong :
Ta xt ti x , ta s chng minh lin tc ti x.
Tht vy, vi mi e > 0, tn ti n
0
ln sao cho
1
n
0
< e. Tp hp
A
n
0
= _m
m
n
0
!
< x_
l tp con khc trng b chn trn ca nn c H = max A
n
0
. t
o = mi n _x
H
n
0
!
,
H+ 1
n
0
!
x_ > 0

188

th vi y ( x o, x + o) . Nu y th ( y) = 0 = ( x) . Nu y th y c dng
p
q
vi gcd ( p, q) = 1 , ta suy ra q > n
0
. Tht vy, nu q n
0
th c th biu din
y =
pi
n
0
!
v nh th y khng thuc ( x o, x + o) . Nn ta cng c ( y) =
1
q
<
1
n
0
< e.
Vy lin tc trn .

Bi 1.3.13
Cho H l mt khng gian vector con ca khng gian nh chun E. Cho u = B
i
( 0 , r)
v c ( 0 ,1) . Gi s u H+ cu. Chng minh u H v H tr mt trong E
Gii :
Ta chng minh u H+ c
n
u n . Tht vy, ta c:
u H+ cu H + c( H+ cu) = H+ cH + c
2
u = H+ c
2
u
Gi s u H+ c
k
u, ta c
u H+ c
k
u H+ c
k
( H+ cu) = H+ c
k
H+ c
k+1
u = H + c
k+1
u
Theo nguyn l quy np, ta c u H+ c
n
u n . Vi mi x u v e > 0, tn
ti N
s
ln sao cho c
N
s
. r < e v m H, u u sao cho
x = m+ c
N
s
. u
Suy ra x m = c
N
s
. u = c
N
s
. u c
N
s
. r < e.
Vy H tr mt trong u, ngha l u H.
Mt khc, vi mi x u v e > 0, v
x
x u H nn tn ti m H sao cho
_m
r
x
x_ <
e
x

Ngha l
[x. mr. x[ < e
vi x. m x. H = H. Vy ta cng c E H, ngha l H tr mt trong E.

Bi 1.4.13

189

Cho { x
n
} l mt dy trong mt khng gian nh chun ( E, . ) . Gi s c mt s thc
dng r sao cho x
n
x
m
> r nu n m. Chng minh rng khng c mt dy con
|x
n
k
| ca { x
n
} no hi t trong E.
Gii :
Gi s c dy con |x
n
k
| ca { x
k
} hi t trong E. V |x
n
k
| l dy hi t nn |x
n
k
| l
dy Cauchy. Do tn ti k, l , k > l sao cho |x
n
k
x
n
l
| < r. iu ny mu
thun vi gi thit.
Vy khng c mt dy con |x
n
k
| ca { x
n
} no hi t trong E.

Bi 1.4.14
Cho { x
n
} l mt dy trong mt khng gian nh chun ( E, . ) v x trong E. Chng
minh hai iu sau y tng ng:
(i) C mt dy con |x
n
k
| ca { x
n
} hi t v x trong E.
(ii) { n : x
n
B( x, r) } l mt tp v hn vi mi s thc r.
Gii:
(i)(ii):
Do |x
n
k
| hi t v x trong E nn tn ti N sao cho
|x
n
k
x| < r k N
Do { n
k
: k N} { n : x
n
B( x, r) } , m { n
k
: k N} l tp v hn
nn { n : x
n
B( x, r) } l tp v hn. Ta c iu phi chng minh.
(ii)(i):
Ta c I
n
= ]m : x
m
B[x,
1
n
l tp v hn vi mi n . Ta xy dng dy
{ n
k
}
k=1
+
tng nghim cch bng quy np nh sau:
- t i nf I
1
= n
1
.
- Vi k 2, do I
k
v hn nn I
k
\ [ 0, n
k-1
] , t i nf I
k
\ [ 0, n
k-1
] = n
k
.
Dy con c xy dng nh trn tha mn tnh cht |x
n
k
x| <
1
k
k nn khi
k + th x
n
k
x. V vy |x
n
k
| l dy con ca { x
n
} hi t v x trong E. Ta c
iu phi chng minh.

190

Bi 1.4.15
Cho { x
n
} l mt dy trong mt khng gian ng chun ( E, . ) v x trong E. Chng
minh hai iu sau y tng ng:
(i) Khng c mt dy con no ca { x
n
} hi t v x trong E.
(ii) Vi mi x trong E c mt s thc dng r sao cho tp hp { n : x
n

B( x, r) } l mt tp hu hn.
Gii :
Ln lt ph nh hai mnh (i) v (ii), ta cn chng minh hai i sau tng ng:
(i) C mt dy con |x
n
k
| ca { x
n
} hi t v x trong E.
(ii) { n : x
n
B( x, r) } l mt tp v hn vi mi s thc r.
Da Bi 1.4.14, ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 3.15
Cho F l mt h cc tp con ca
n
, t
S = _A
AP
vI = _A
AP

Cc khng nh sau l ng hay sai? Hy chng minh hoc a ra phn v d
a. Nu x l im dnh ca I th x l im dnh ca mi tp hp A trong F
b. Nu x l im dnh ca S th x l im dnh ca mt tp hp A no trong F.
Gii :
a. Ta chng minh nu x l im dnh ca I th x l im dnh ca mi tp A
trong F
Xt x I th tn ti mt dy { x
n
}
n
trong I hi t v x. Vi mi tp A F, dy
{ x
n
} trong A hi t ti x nn x A.
Vy nhn nh hon ton ng.
b. Ta ch ra mt trng hp m x im dnh ca S nhng khng l im dnh ca
tp no trong F

191

Xt A
n
= ]
1
n
n v F = { A
n
: n } th I = ]
1
n
: n .
Nhn thy 0 l im dnh ca I. Nhng vi mt n bt k, ta c | x 0| =
1
n
x
A
n
nn 0 khng l im dnh ca A
n
.
Vy nhn nh trn sai.

Bi 2.1_BTGTA2
Cho : ( 0,2) tha |
( 0,1]
l hm s lin tc. Khng nh sau y ng hay sai:
lin tc trn ( 0 ,1] .
Gii :
Gi : ( 0 ,2) tha
( x) = _
0 x ( 0 ,1]
1 x ( 1,2)

Khi |
( 0,1]
= 0 l hm lin tc. Mt khc ( 1
+
) = 1, ( 1
-
) = 0 nn khng lin
tc ti 1. Vy khng nh trn khng ng.

Bi 1.1_BTGTA2
Chng minh rng mi tp con khc rng ca u l tp ng v khng l tp m
trong .
Gii :
Xt mt tp con A khc rng ca , ta ln lt chng minh
A l tp ng trong :
Xt mt dy { x
n
} trong A hi t ti o, ta s chng minh o A. Tht vy, v { x
n
}
l dy hi t trong nn Cauchy, ngha l tn ti N ln sao cho
| x
m
x
n
| <
1
2
m, n N
V x
m
, x
n
nn ta suy ra x
m
= x
n
m, n N. Vy k t ch s th N, dy { x
n
} l
dy hng. Ta suy ra o = x
N
A. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
A khng l tp m trong :

192

Ly mt n
0
A, ta c ]n
0
+
1
n+1
n=1
l dy trong nn cng trong A hi t

v n
0
. Ta suy ra A khng l tp ng nn A khng l tp m.

Bi 1.2_BTGTA2
Chng minh rng tp cc s hu t v tp cc s v t \ khng ng cng khng
m.
Gii :
Chng minh khng ng v khng m :
Gi s ngc li, ng th vi mi dy { x
n
} v hi t v x th x . Tuy
nhin theo Bi 1.1 Phn A.I th c dy { x
n
} hu t hi t v x v t (mu thun).
Vy khng ng nn ta cng c khng l tp m trong .
Chng minh khng ng v khng m :
Gi s ngc li, ng th vi mi dy { x
n
} v hi t v x th
x . Tuy nhin theo Bi 1.1 Phn A.I th c dy { x
n
} v t hi t v x hu t
(mu thun).
Vy khng l tp ng nn khng m trong .

Bi 1.3_BTGTA2
Chng minh rng nu A va l tp ng, va l tp m th A = hoc A = .
Gii :
Gi s A , A , A va ng va m. V A v nn c 2 s x
0
, y
0
m
x
0
A, y
0
A. Xt _
A
l hm c trng ca A, theo Bi 2.1, ta c _
A
l hm lin tc
trn .
Mt khc, ta c _
A
( x
0
) = 0, _
A
( y
0
) = 1 nn suy ra _
A
( ) cha [ 0,1 ] , tc tn ti
z sao cho _
A
( z) =
1
2
. iu ny mu thun vi quy tc xc nh ca _
A
nn ta c
iu phi chng minh.

193

194

195

Bi tp nng cao

Bi 3
Cho { o
n
} l mt dy s thc dng hi t v 0. Chng minh rng c v s ch s n
sao cho o
m
o
n
m n
Gii :
Cch 1:
t A
k
= { n : o
n

1
k
} . Ta chng minh A
k
c hu hn phn t.
Tht vy, dy { o
n
} hi t v 0 ngha l:
e > 0, N
s
: o
n
< e n > N
s

Chn e =
1
k
ta c: tn ti N1
k
sao cho o
n
A
k
n > N1
k
. Vy A
k
c hu hn
(khng qu N1
k
) phn t.
Ta xy dng dy { n
k
}
k
sao cho dy con { o
n
k
} c tnh cht l o
n
k
o
m
m n
k

Nhn thy tn ti t
1
ln sao cho o
1
>
1
t
1
. Ta c A
t
1
v c cha 1.
Vy nu gi n
1
= max( A
t
1
) th ta c o
n
1

1
k
> o
m
m > n
1
.
Nhn thy tn ti t
2
ln sao cho o
n
1
+1
>
1
t
2
. Ta c A
t
2
v cha n
1
+ 1
Tip tc gi n
2
= max( A
t
2
) th ta c n
2
n
1
+ 1 > n
1
v o
n
2

1
t
2
> o
m
m > n
2

Chn t
k
l s nguyn dng ln o
n
k-1
+1
>
1
t
k
th A
t
k
v cha n
k-1
+ 1.
Gi n
k
= max( A
t
k
) th ta c n
k
> n
k-1
+ 1 > n
k-1
v o
n
k

1
t
k
> o
m
m > n
k
.
Bng quy np, ta xy dng c dy |o
n
k
|
k
tha yu cu.
Cch 2:

196

Ta s chng minh s phn t ca A = { n : m > n: o
m
o
n
} l v hn.
Tht vy, gi s iu cn chng minh l sai, ngha l:
A = { n : m > n: o
m
o
n
} c hu hn phn t. Ta c th gi N = max( A) .
Vy
n > N, m
n
> n: o
m
n
> o
n

Xt dy { n
k
}
k
nh sau:
n
1
= N + 1, n
2
= m
n
1
, , n
k+1
= m
n
k
k
Th { n
k
} l dy tng v n
k+1
= m
n
k
> n
k
. V { o
n
k
} l dy tng ngt v o
n
k+1
=
o
m
n
k
> o
n
k
(do n
k
> n
1
> N).
Suy ra |o
n
k
|
k
l mt dy con ca dy { o
n
} nn s hi t v 0. Ta c
e > 0, K
s
: 0 < o
n
k
< e k K
s

Chn e = o
1
ta c o
K
s
< o
1
. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit { o
n
k
} l dy tng ngt
v ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 41
Trong , t:
K = _x = x
n
3
-n
n=1
: x
n
= 0 hayx
n
= 2_
v xt nh x
K [ 0,1] [ 0,1 ]
( x) = _
x
2n
2
2
-n
n=1
,
x
2n+1
2
2
-n
n=1
_
Chng minh l ton nh v lin tc u trn K. Suy ra c g [ 0,1] [ 0,1]
[ 0,1 ] lin tc v g l ton nh.
Gii :
Chng minh l ton nh :

197

Trc ht, ta chng minh ( x) l nh x. Tht vy, theo Bi 21 mi phn t x trong K
ch c duy nht mt cch biu din
x = x
n
3
-n
n=1
vix
n
= 0 hayx
n
= 2
Nn ta suy ra ( x) xc nh duy nht. Vy l mt nh x.
Vi mi ( u, :) [ 0 ,1] [ 0,1] , ta ch ra mt x K sao cho ( x) = ( u, :) . Tht vy,
theo , tn ti cc dy { o
n
} v { b
n
} trong sao cho
u = o
n
2
-n
n=1
, : = b
n
2
-n
n=1

Xt dy { x
n
} xc nh bi x
2n
= 2 o
n
, x
2n+1
= 2b
n
th ta c ( x) = ( u, :) . Suy ra
l ton nh.
Chng minh lin tc u :
Ta chng minh vi mi e > 0, tn ti o > 0 sao cho vi mi x, y K, nu | x y| <
o th ( x) ( y) e. Tht vy, tn ti I ln sao cho
1
2
T
<
s
4
. t o =
3
-21-2
.
Gi s
x = x
n
3
-n
n=1
v y = y
n
3
-n
n=1

Nu 2 dy { x
n
} , { y
n
} trng nhau th hin nhin ( x) = ( y) . Gi s chng khc nhau,
ta gi N = mi n{ n : x
n
y
n
} . Do o = 3
-21-2
nn
| x y| = _( x
n
y
n
) 3
-n
n=1
_ = _( x
n
y
n
) 3
-n
n=N
_ 2.3
-N
2 . 3
-n
n=N+1
= 3
-N

Suy ra 3
-21-2
= o > 3
-N
nn N 2I + 2 > 2I + 1 , ngha l x
n
= y
n
n =
1,2I + 1.
Mt khc, gi s ( x) = ( u, :) v ( y) = ( s, t) , ta c
| u s| = _
x
2n
y
2n
2
2
-n
n=1
_ = _
x
2n
y
2n
2
2
-n
n=1+1
_ 2. 2
-n
n=1+1
=
1
2
1-1

198

| : t| = _
x
2n+1
y
2n+1
2
2
-n
n=1
_ = _
x
2n+1
y
2n+1
2
2
-n
n=1+1
_ 2. 2
-n
n=1+1
=
1
2
1-1

Suy ra ( x) ( y) = ( u s)
2
+ ( : t)
2
| u s| + | : t|
1
2
T-2
< 4.
s
4
=
e nn l ton nh lin tc u t K vo [ 0,1] [ 0,1 ] .
Do K l tp Cantor nn K ng trong [ 0 ,1] . Theo nh l Tietze, tn ti nh x lin
tc g t [ 0,1 ] vo [ 0,1 ] [ 0,1] sao cho g|
K
= . V l ton nh nn ta cng c g l
ton nh.
Hm g xy dng nh trn tha mn yu cu bi v kt thc chng minh.

Bi 85
Cho A l mt tp con khng qu m c ca
n
vi n 2 . Chng minh rng
n
A lin thng.
Gii :
Xt 2 im o = ( o
1
, o
2
, , o
n
) v b = ( b
1
, b
2
, , b
n
) phn bit trong
n
. Ta chng
minh c mt h khng m c cc ng i trong
n
ri nhau t o n b. Ngha l
tn ti mt h khng m c cc hm lin tc C
( x) : [ 0,1]
n
sao cho C
( 0) =
o, C
( 1) = b i I v
C
(( 0 ,1) ) C
]
(( 0,1) ) = i, ] I
Tht vy, v o, b phn bit nn tn ti k sao cho o
k
b
k
. Khng mt tnh tng
qut, ta gi s o
2
< b
2
. Xt h khng m c cc im { m
nh sau:
m
= _i,
o
2
+ b
2
2
, ,
o
n
+ b
n
2
] i
Xt h cc hm { C
sau y:
C
( x) = _
o + 2x( m
o) x _0 ,
1
2
_
m
+ ( 2x 1) ( b m
) x _
1
2
, 1_

Th C
: [ 0 ,1]
n
lin tc ti mi im trong [ 0,1] {
1
2
} . Mt khc ta cng c:

199

l i m
x
1
2
+
C
( x) = l i m
x
1
2
-
C
( x) = C
_
1
2
] = m

Nn C
lin tc trn [ 0,1] . Ta s chng minh C
(( 0 ,1) ) C
]
(( 0 ,1) ) = i ].
Tht vy, gi s tn ti x, y ( 0,1) sao cho C
( x) = C
( y) . Ta c cc trng hp sau:
(i) x, y cng thuc [0,
1
2
[:
C
( x) = C
]
( y) x( m
o) = y( m
]
o) . Ngha l
x _i o
1
,
b
2
o
2
2
, ,
b
n
o
n
2
] = y _] o
1
,
b
2
o
2
2
, ,
b
n
o
n
2
]
Xt thnh phn th 2 ca ng thc, ta c x
b
2
-u
2
2
= y
b
2
-u
2
2
nn x = y (v o
2
< b
2
) .
Mt khc, vi thnh phn th 1 ta li c x( i o
1
) = y( ] o
1
) .
V 0 < x = y < 1 nn ta suy ra i = ] (mu thun).

(ii) x, y cng thuc [
1
2
, 1 :
C
( x) = C
]
( y) m
+ ( 2x 1) ( b m
) = m
]
+ ( 2y 1) (b m
]
)
2m
+ 2 xb 2xm
= 2m
]
+ 2yb 2ym
]

m
+ x( b m
) = m
]
+ y(b m
]
)
_i + x( b i) ,
o
2
+ b
2
2
+ x
b
2
o
2
2
, ,
o
n
+ b
n
2
+ x
b
n
o
n
2
]
= _] + y( b ]) ,
o
2
+ b
2
2
+ y
b
2
o
2
2
, ,
o
n
+ b
n
2
+ y
b
n
o
n
2
]
Xt thnh phn th 2 ca ng thc, ta c x
b
2
-u
2
2
= y
b
2
-u
2
2
nn x = y (v o
2
< b
2
) .
Mt khc, vi thnh phn th 1 ta li c ( 1 x) i + bx = ( 1 y) ] + by.
V 0 < x = y < 1 nn ta suy ra i = ] (mu thun).

(iii) x thuc [0,
1
2
[, y thuc [
1
2
, 1 :
C
( x) = C
]
( y) o + 2x( m
o) = m
]
+ ( 2y 1) (b m
]
)

200

Xt thnh phn th 2 ca ng thc, ta c:
o
2
+ 2x
( b
2
o
2
)
2
=
o
2
+ b
2
2
+ ( 2 y 1)
b
2
o
2
2

iu ny l v l v ta c bt ng thc sau:
o
2
+ x( b
2
o
2
) o
2
+
1
2
( b
2
o
2
) =
o
2
+ b
2
2
<
o
2
+ b
2
2
+ ( 2 y 1)
b
2
o
2
2
.

(iv) x thuc [
1
2
, 1, y thuc [0 ,
1
2
[:
Hon ton tng t (iii)
Vy ta c C
(( 0 ,1) ) C
]
(( 0,1 ) ) = i ].
By gi ta s chng minh
n
A l lin thng.
Tht vy, xt 2 im o, b phn bit trong
n
A, ta chng minh tn ti i sao cho
C
( [ 0,1 ] )
n
A:
Gi s i , t
( [ 0,1] ) sao cho t
A. V C
( 0) , C
( 1 ) u khng thuc A nn
ta c t
(( 0,1) ), suy ra t
t
]
i ]. Vy nu t T = { t
: i } th T khng
m c (v n c cng lc lng vi ) v T cha trong tp A m c (mu
thun).

Bi 92
Chng minh rng [ 0,1) khng ng phi vi ( 0 ,1) .
Gii :
Gi s [ 0,1) ng phi vi ( 0,1 ) ngha l c ng phi
: [ 0,1 ) ( 0 ,1) .
Ta c: ( 0,1) lin thng nn (( 0 ,1) ) cng lin thng ( ) (do l hm s lin tc).
Ly o = ( 0) ([ 0 ,1) ) = ( 0,1) (v l song nh) th
(( 0 ,1) ) = ([ 0,1) ) { o} = ( 0 ,1) { o} = ( 0, o) ( o, 1)

201

Nn (( 0 ,1) ) khng lin thng. iu ny mu thun vi ( ) v cho ta [ 0,1 ) khng
ng phi vi ( 0 ,1) .

Bi 93
Chng minh rng nu l mt ng phi gia E v F v A E th A ng phi vi
( A) .
Gii :
Do l mt ng phi gia E v F nn lin tc suy ra |
A
l hm lin tc t A vo
( A) ( 1) .
Tng t ta c
-1
lin tc trn F v l song nh i t F vo E nn
-1
|
]( A)
lin tc
t ( A) F vo A( 2) .
Li c l song nh t E vo F suy ra |
A
cng l song nh t A vo ( A) ( 3) .
T ( 1) , ( 2 ) , ( 3) ta suy ra A v ( A) ng phi vi nhau vi php ng phi |
A

Vy A ng phi vi ( A) .

Bi 94
Chng minh rng [ 0,1] khng ng phi vi ( 0,1 ) .
Gii :
Gi s [ 0,1] ng phi vi ( 0 ,1) ngha l c ng phi:
: [ 0 ,1] ( 0 ,1)
Do lin tc trn [ 0,1] v ( 0 ,1] l lin thng nn (( 0,1] )cng lin thng ( ) .
Ly o = ( 0) ( [ 0 ,1] ) = ( 0,1) (v l song nh), ta c:
(( 0 ,1] ) = ( [ 0,1] ) { o} = ( 0, o) ( o, 1) .
Ta suy ra (( 0 ,1] ) khng lin thng. iu ny mu thun vi ( ) v chng t [ 0,1]
khng ng phi vi ( 0,1) .

Bi 95

202

Chng minh rng
n
khng ng phi vi .
Gii :
Gi s c n 2 sao cho
n
ng phi vi ngha l c ng phi

n
.
t A = { o}
n
, p dng kt qu chng minh Bi 85ta c
n
A l lin thng nn
(
n
A) cng lin thng ( l hm s lin tc trn
n
).
Vi b = ( o) (
n
) = (v l song nh), ta c (
n
A) = (
n
) { b} =
{ b} = ( , b) ( b, + ) khng lin thng (mu thun).
Vy
n
khng ng phi vi .

Bi 96
Trong
2
, gi S l ng trn n v. Chng minh rng S khng ng phi vi [ 0,1] .
Gii :
Gi s [ 0,1] ng phi vi S ngha l c ng phi.
[ 0 ,1] S.
Ta c ( 0 ,1) lin thng nn (( 0 ,1) ) cng lin thng ( l hm s lin tc trn [ 0,1] ).
Ta xt ( 0) ( [ 0,1] ) = S v ( 1) ( [ 0 ,1] ) = S , ( 0) ( 1) (v l song nh
t [ 0 ,1] vo S). Ta c (( 0 ,1) ) = ( [ 0,1] ) { ( 0) , ( 1) } = S { ( 0 ) , ( 1) } .
Ta s chng minh I = S { ( 0) , ( 1) } khng lin thng:
Xt hm s
: S [ 0,2n)
x [0( 0)
, 0x

L gc nh hng gia vector ni gc ta 0 v ( 0) vi vector ni 0 v im x.
Ta c l song nh t S vo [ 0 ,2n) vi (( 0) ) = 0. Ta chng minh l hm lin
tc trn S ( 0) :

203

Xt x S ( 0) , vi mi y S ( 0 ) , nu o( x, y) < mi n ]
1
2
o(x, ( 0) ), 2 si n
s
2
th
gc to bi 0x v 0y lun nh hn e, ngha l | ( x) ( y) | < e. Suy ra l hm
s lin tc trn S { 0} .
Xt hai tp hp A, B nh sau:
A = |x S ( x) (0, ( 1) )|
B = { x S ( x) ( ( 1 ) , 2n) }
Do A, B ln lt l nh ngc ca cc tp m qua hm lin tc nn cng l cc tp
m. Mt khc ta li c A B = v
A B = { x S: ( x) ( 0 ) , ( 1 ) } = S { ( 0) , ( 1) } = I
Suy ra I khng lin thng. Vy S khng ng phi vi [ 0,1] .

Bi 98
Chng minh rng [ 0,1] khng th phn hoch thnh mt h m c cc tp ng,
khc trng.
Gii :
Gi s
[ 0,1] = _A
k
k=1

Vi A
k
= [ o
k
, b
k
] l cc khong con ng ca [ 0,1] . Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi
s A
1
cha 0 v A
2
cha 1.
Ta c cc trng hp sau:
Trng hp 1: 0 0 v | x
n
0| o
1
n .
Tng t I < 1 v | x
n
1| 1 b
1
n . Vy I ( 0,1) .

204

V I ( 0 ,1) nn tn ti k sao cho I A
k
= [ o
k
, b
k
] . Gi s I ( o
k
, b
k
) , suy ra
c N
x
n
( o
k
, b
k
) n > N (v l v X ( o
k
, b
k
) = ).
Vy I { o
k
, b
k
} X. Suy ra X l tp ng.
Ta chng minh X khng c im c lp:
Tht vy, gi s tn ti im x c lp, ngha l tn ti e > 0 sao cho:
( x e, x + e) X =
Chn e nh sao cho ( x e, x + e) [ 0,1] . Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s
x = o
n
. Xt t ( o
n
e, o
n
) [ 0,1] th tn ti m sao cho t A
m
= [ o
m
, b
m
] ,
suy ra t b
m
( 1 ) .
Mt khc, nu b
m
o
n
th [ o
m
, b
m
] [ o
n
, b
n
] (v l) nn b
m
< o
n
( 2 ) .
Kt hp ( 1 ) v ( 2) , ta c o
n
e < b
m
< o
n
, ngha l X ( o
n
e, o
n
) (mu
thun). Vy X khng c im c lp.
Trng hp 2: 0 = b
1
< o
2
< 1:
Tng t Trng hp 1, ta c tp X = { o
k
: k } { b
k
: k } { 1 } l hon ho.
Trng hp 3: 0 < b
1
< o
2
= 1:
k
: k } { b
k
: k } { 0 } l hon ho.
Trng hp 4: 0 = b
1
< o
2
= 1:
k
: k } { b
k
: k } l hon ho.
Vy trong c 4 trng hp, ta xy dng dc tp con X hon ho ca [ 0 ,1] v X
m c. Mt khc, X l compact (v X ng v X [ 0,1 ] ) nn X y . p dng
nh l Bair:
X = _{ x
n
}
n=1

Ta suy ra tn ti k sao cho { x
k
} cha mt tp m trong X. Suy ra tn ti e > 0
sao cho (( x
k
e, x
k
+ e) X ) { x
k
} . Ni cch khc, x
k
l mt im c lp ca X.

Bi 99

205

Chng minh rng [ 0,1] khng th phn hoch thnh mt h m c cc tp con
ng, khc trng.
Gii :
Gi s
[ 0,1] = _A
k
k=1

vi A
k
l cc tp con ng trong . Ta xy dng mt h m c, gim dn cc
khong ng
[ 0 ,1] = B
0
B
1
B
2
B
n
B
n+1

Sao cho B
k
A
= i k ( ) . Ta c th gi s B
k
= [ o
k
, b
k
] .
Xt tp A
1
ng trong [ 0 ,1] v A
1
, [ 0,1] . Ta tm tp B
1
sao cho
B
1
[ 0,1] A
1
, A
2
B
1
, B
1
A
2
( )
Xt x
2
= sup( A
2
) th x
2
A
2
(do A
2
ng). Ta c 2 trng hp
Trng hp 1: x
2
< b
0
= 1
te
2
= mi n _
o( x
2
, A
1
)
2
, b
0
x
2
_ v xtB
1
= [ x
2
e
2
, x
2
+ e
2
] , ta c :
B
1
A
1
= , A
2
B
1
{ x
2
} , B
1
A
2
v B
1
A
2
( x
2
, b
0
x
2
] .
Trng hp 2: x
2
= b
0
= 1. C th xy ra mt trong hai kh nng sau:
Nu x
2
khng l im trong ca A
2
, v x
2
A
1
nn o( x
2
, A
1
) > 0.
XtB
1
= _x
2

o( x
2
, A
1
)
2
, x
2
_ , ta cB
1
A
1
= , B
1
A
2
{ x
2
} , B
1
A
2
.
Nu x
2
l im trong ca A
2
, ngha l tn ti e > 0 sao cho [ x
2
e, x
2
] A
2

Xt tp X = { z B
0
, [ z, x
2
] A
2
} . R rng tp X b chn di bi o
0
nn ta t
t = i nf ( X) th tn ti mt dy { z
n
}
n
trong X sao cho t z
n
< t +
1
n
n . Ta
chng minh t X. Tht vy, v { z
n
} l mt dy trong A
2
hi t v t nn theo tnh
ng ca A
2
, ta c t A
2
.Vi mi t
0
( t, x
2
] , tn ti s t nhin n >
1
t
0
-t
. Khi
t z
n
t
0
, suy ra t
0
[ z
n
, x
2
] A
2
. Vy [ t, x
2
] A
2
, ngha l t X.

206

Xt B
1
= [ t
6( t,A
1
)
2
, t] , ta c B
1
A
1
= , B
1
A
2
{ t} . Mt khc nu B
1
l con
ca A
2
th t
6( t,A
1
)
2
X. iu ny v l v t = i nf ( X) . Vy B
1
xy dng nh trn
tha mn ( ) .
Ta xy dng mt dy { n
k
}
k
tha mn :n
1
= 1, n
2
= 2 .
V
[ 0,1] = _A
k
k=1

nn { m : m 3 , A
m
B
1
} l mt tp con khc rng ca . Vy ta c th t
n
3
= mi n{ m : m 3 , A
m
B
1
} .
Xt tp B
n
1
= B
1
v A
n
2
i
= A
2
B
1
, A
n
3
i
= A
n3
B
1
th A
n
2
i
, A
n
3
i
l cc tp con ng
khc rng ca B
n
1
. Chng minh tng t phn trn, ta tm c mt khong ng
khc rng B
n
2
B
n
1
sao cho B
n
2
A
n
2
i
= , B
n
2
A
n
3
i
, B
n
2
A
n
3
i
.
V cch t A
n
2
i
= A
2
B
1
, A
n
3
i
= A
n3
B
1
nn ta suy ra
B
n
2
A
n
2
= , B
n
2
A
n
3
, B
n
2
A
n
3

Bng quy np, ta xy dng c dy { n
k
}
k
v h |B
n
k
|
k
tha mn
B
n
k
A
= i = 1, n
k+1
1 , B
n
k
A
n
k+1
, B
n
k
A
n
k+1
.
Vy i khng c dng n
n
, ta t B
= B
n
m
nu n
m
< i < n
m+1
v thnh lp
c mt h B
k
tha ( ) . Xt
T = _B
k
k=1

(thc cht ch cn mt dy { B
n
k
} v xt T = B
n
k
k=1
l )
Th theo Bi 44, T l giao ca mt h m c compact khc rng gim dn nn T
l mt compact khc rng. Xt l mt phn t ca T th v [ 0,1] nn tn ti
n sao cho A
n
. iu ny gy mu thun v B
n
[ 0,1] A
n
. Mu thun
ny kt thc chng minh.

Bi 100
Chng minh rng mi qu cu m B( o, r) ca
n
u ng phi vi
n
.

207

Gii :
Chng minh B( o, r) ng vi vi B( 0 ,1) .
Ly qu cu m B( o, r) ca
n
. Xt nh x:
B( o, r) B( 0,1)
( x) =
1
r
( x o)
Gi s ( x) = ( y) ngha l :
1
r
( x o) =
1
r
( y o) .
Ta suy ra x = y. Vy phi l n nh. ( )
Vi mi y thuc B( 0 ,1) c x
n
sao cho y =
1
r
( x o) hay x = ry + o.
M y B( 0,1) suy ra khong cch t x = ( ry + o) ti o nh hn r, ngha l ta c
x B( o, r) . Vy vi mi y B( 0,1) , tn ti x B( o, r) y = ( x) hay ni cch
khc, l ton nh.( )
T ( ) v ( ) , ta kt lun l song nh.
V ( x) =
1
r
( x o) , nn ta c
-1
( y) = ry + o.
Ta thy ,
-1
l hm hp ca cc hm lin tc suy ra ,
-1
lin tc.
Vy l mt ng phi.

Chng minh B( 0 ,1) ng phi vi
n
.
Xt nh x:
g B( 0 ,1)
n

g( x) =
x
1 || x| |

Gi s g( x) = g( y) ngha l:
x
1 || x| |
=
y
1 || y| |
( 1) , suy ra x =
1 || x| |
1 || y| |
y v x, y 0.

208

Vy ta c x = ky ( k > 0) nn|| x| | = k|| y| |.
Th x = ky vo( 1) ta c:
ky
1 k|| y| |
=
y
1 || y| |

Bin i tng ng ta c k(1 || y| |) = 1 k|| y| |suy ra k = 1, ngha l x = y.
Vy g l mt n nh.( )
Cho y
n
, chn x =
y
(1 + || y| |)
B( 0,1) .
Khi ta c g( x) =
x
1 || x| |
=
y
(1 + || y| |) _1
|| | |
1+|| | |
]
= y.
Vy g l mt ton nh.( )
T ( ) v ( ) suy ra g l song nh.
Ta c g( x) =
1
1 || x| |
x suy ra g
-1
( y) =
y
1 + || y| |
.
Ta thy g, g
-1
u l hm hp ca cc hm lin tc nn g lin tc trn B( 0,1 ) vg
-1

lin tc trn
n
. Suy ra g l mt ng phi.
Nn ta cng c og : B( o, r)
n
l mt ng phi.
Vy B( o, r) ng phi vi
n
.

Bi 101
Cho C l mt tp li, compact ca
n
c phn trong khc trng. Chng minh rng C
ng phi vi mt qu cu ng c phn trong khc trng.
Gii :
Ta gi s 0 thuc phn trong ca C, ngha l tn ti r > 0 sao cho B( 0, r) cha trong
C. Ta chng minh C ng phi vi qu cu ng B
i
( 0,1 ) c phn trong khc trng (v
1 > 0).
V C li v cha 0 nn tC C vi mi t [ 0,1] . V C l compact v oC l tp con
ng ca C nn oC cng l mt compact. Mt khc, do 0 thuc phn trong ca C nn
oC khng cha 0. Xt nh x g nh sau:

209

g: oC oB
i
( 0 ,1)
x
x
x

Hin nhin g lin tc, ta s chng minh g l song nh.
Tht vy, gi s c g( x) = g( y) , ngha l
x
x
=

, ta suy ra x = ky vi k =
x
>
0. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s k 1. Gi s k < 1, do tnh li ca C, ta c
B( x, ( 1 k) r) = k{ y} + ( 1 k) B( 0 , r) C.
Nn x l im trong v khng thuc oC (v l). Vy k = 1 v ta c x = y v kt lun
g l n nh.
Mt khc, vi : oB
i
( 0 ,1) , ta chng minh c x oC cng hng vi :. Ni cch
khc, ta s ch ra mt phn t trong oC c dng k. : vi k > 0. Xt tp
I = { k R
+
: k. : C } .
Do C b chn nn hin nhin I cng b chn trn. Mt khc, do C cha qu cu
B( 0 , r) nn ta cng c I (v t nht n cha
2
). Gi k
0
= sup I, ta c mt dy
{ k
n
} trong I tin v k
0
, ngha l k
n
. : k
0
. : khi n + . V C ng nn ta c
k
0
. : C, ngha l k
0
I, v k
0
. : C. Mt khc, dy ][k
0
+
1
n
. :
n
l mt dy
trong E C tin v k
0
. : nn ta cng c k
0
. : E C. Vy k
0
. : oC v g( k
0
. :) =
: nn ta kt lun g l ton nh.
Vy g l mt song nh lin tc t compact oC vo oB
i
( 0 ,1) nn theo Bi 97, g l mt
ng phi.
Ta chng minh nh x xc nh nh sau l ng phi gia C v B
i
( 0 ,1) :
: C B
i
( 0 ,1)
( x) = _
x
_g
-1
[
x
x
_
nux 0
0 nux = 0

Hin nhin l nh x lin tc trn C { 0 } , mt khc do g
-1
( t) r t B
i
( 0,1 )
nn ta cng c lin tc ti 0. Vy lin tc trn compact C. Theo Bi 97, ta ch cn
chng minh l song nh. Ta thc hin vic ny bng cch ch ra nh x
: B
i
( 0 ,1) C tha mn l php ng nht trn C. Xt
: B
i
( 0 ,1 ) C

210

( y) = _
y. g
-1
_
y
y
] nuy 0
0 nuy = 0

Hin nhin vi y = 0 th [( y) = y. Vi x 0, ta c
[( y) = _y. g
-1
_
y
y
]_ =
y. g
-1
[

g
-1
_
.g
-1
[
j
j
.g
-1
[
j
j
_

=
y. g
-1
[

g
-1
_
.g
-1
[
j
j
._g
-1
[
j
j
_
_
=
y. g
-1
[

g
-1
_
g
-1
[
j
j
_g
-1
[
j
j
_
_
( )
Ta chng minh ng thc sau
g
-1
( t)
g
-1
( t)
= t t oB
i
( 0 ,1)
Tht vy, gi s g
-1
( t) = s, ta c t = g( s) =
s
s
=
g
-1
( t)
g
-1
( t)
. ng thc c chng
minh.
p dng vo ( ) , ta c
[( y) =
y. g
-1
[

g
-1
_
g
-1
[
j
j
_g
-1
[
j
j
_
_
=
y. g
-1
[

_g
-1
[

_
= y.
y
y
= y ( 1 )
Mt cch tng t, ta c (( x) ) = x nu x = 0, khi x 0 th
(( x) ) = ( x) . g
-1
_
( x)
( x)
_ =
x
_g
-1
[
x
x
_
. g
-1
x
_g
-1
[
x
x
_
x
_g
-1
[
x
x
_

=
x
_g
-1
[
x
x
_
. g
-1
_
x
_g
-1
[
x
x
_
x
_g
-1
[
x
x
_
_ =
x
_g
-1
[
x
x
_
. g
-1
_
x
x
] = x.
x
x
= x ( 2)

211

T ( 1) v ( 2) ta c l song nh. Vy C ng phi vi B
i
( 0 ,1) .
Trong trng hp 0 khng thuc phn trong ca C, do phn trong ca C khc 0, ta gi
c
0
l mt phn t ca phn trong ca C v xt nh x sau:
: C E
x x c
0

Hin nhin l ng phi gia C v ( C) . Mt khc, ( C) cng l mt tp tha iu
kin ca bi v nhn 0 lm mt im trong. Theo nh chng minh trn, ( C)
ng phi vi B
i
( 0,1) nn ta cng c C ng phi vi B
i
( 0,1) .

Bi 102
Vi , ta gi dao ng ca ti x l
( , x) = i nf { d i am( I) Il khong m chax}
Chng minh rng:
(i) lin tc ti x nu v ch nu ( , x) = 0
(ii) Vi o > 0 th A = { x ( , x) o} l tp ng.
Gii :
(i). Chng minh lin tc ti x nu v ch nu ( , x) = 0.
Chng minh lin tc ti x th ( , x) = 0.
V lin tc ti x nn e > 0, o > 0 sao cho:
| ( x) ( u) | < e vi mi u, : ( x o, x + o) .
Do e > 0, I = ( x o, x + o) cha x :
| ( u) ( :) | | ( x) ( u) | + | ( x) ( :) | < 2e vi mi u, : I
Suy ra e > 0, I di am( I) 2e nn i n f { d i am( I) Il khong m chax} = 0
Vy ( , x) = 0.

Chng minh nu ( , x) = 0 th lin tc ti x.

212

V ( , x) = 0 nn vi mi e > 0, c khong m I
s
cha x di am( I
s
) < e.
Suy ra | ( x) ( u) | di am( I
s
) < evi mi u I
s
. Mt khc, v I
s
l mt khong
m cha x nn tn ti o
s
> 0 ( x o
s
, x + o
s
) I
s
. Suy ra vi mi u
( x o
s
, x + o
s
) ta u c | ( x) ( u) | < e.
Vy lin tc ti x.

(ii). Chng minh vi o > 0 th A = { x ( , x) o} l tp ng.
Ly { x
n
} l dy trong A v hi t v x. Ta s chng minh ( , x) o.
Ly I l khong m bt k cha x th tn ti o > 0 I cha ( x o, x + o) . Do { x
n
}
hi t v x nn tn ti n
0
sao cho x
n
0
( x o, x + o) .
t o
1
= o | x x
0
| th (x
n
0
o
1
, x
n
0
+ o
1
) ( x o, x + o) I. Nn ta suy ra
di am( I) di am [(x
n
0
o
1
, x
n
0
+ o
1
) ( , x
0
) o
Vy vi mi I l khong m bt k cha x th di am( I) o, do ta c ( , x) o
v kt lun c A l tp ng.

213

Bi 103
Chng minh rng khng c nh x no t vo lin tc ti mi s hu t v gin
on ti mi s v t.
Gii :
Gi s c nh x t vo lin tc ti mi s hu t v gin on ti mi s v t.
V khng lin tc ti mi x nn theo Bi 102 ta c ( , x) > 0 x
.
Do
= { x | ( , x) > 0} = __x | ( , x)
1
n
_
n

v do
= __x | ( , x)
1
n
_
n

p dng kt qu Bi 102 ta c:
A
n
= _x | ( , x)
1
n
_
l tp ng trong . Mt khc v l m c nn ta c th vit
= _{ o
n
}
n

M { o
n
} l tp ch c mt phn t nn l tp ng trong . Ta c:
= _A
n
n
_{ o
n
}
n

V y v { o
n
} l khng u tr mt nn theo nh l Baire, c n
0
1 sao cho:
A
n
0
= _x | ( , x)
1
n
0
_
cha mt khong m khc , t suy ra A
n
0
cha mt s hu t.
iu ny v l v A
n
0

214

Vy khng c nh x no t vo lin tc ti mi s hu t v gin on ti mi
s v t.

Bi 106
Cho E l mt khng gian metric y v {
n
} l mt dy cc hm s lin tc trn E
sao cho vi mi x E, dy s {
n
( x) } b chn. Chng minh rng c qu cu m sao
cho trn b chn u.
Gii :
V
n
( x) b chn nn vi mi m , t
A
m
= { x E |
n
( x) | m n} = _{ x E
n=1
|
n
( x) | m}
Ta s chng minh A
m
ng trong E.
Tht vy, vi ta xt dy { x
k
} A
m
v x
k
x . V x
k
A
m
nn |
n
( x
k
) | m, m
n

lin tc nn
n
( x
k
)
n
( x) khi n , suy ra |
n
( x) | m, hay x A
m
.
VyA
m
ng vE = _ A
m
m=1

V E l khng gian metric y v A
m
l cc tp ng trong E nn theo nh l
Baire c mt m
0
1 sao cho A
m
0
cha mt tp m I.
V I l tp m nn c qu cu m B( x, r) I.
Do B( x, r) A
m
0
= { x E |
n
( x) | m
0
}
Vy c qu cu m m trn b chn u.

Bi 107
Cho lm mt hm s thc kh vi ti mi im ca . Chng minh rng c khong
m I sao cho l hm Lipschitz trn I.
Gii :
Vi mi m , t

215

A
m
= _x _
[x +
1
n
( x)
1
n
_ m, n _
th A
m
ng trong v vi mi dy { x
k
} A
m
hi t v x, ta c:
_
[x
k
+
1
n
( x
k
)
1
n
_ m n
M lin tc nn khi k + , ta c
_
[x +
1
n
( x)
1
n
_ m
Nn x A
m
. Vy A
m
ng trong .
V kh vi ti mi x nn dy { s
n
} b chn vi s
n
= _
][x+
1
n
-]( x)
1
n
_
T suy ra:
= _ A
m
m

V y nn theo nh l Baire, c m
0
1 sao cho A
m
0
cha mt tp m khc
trng.
Nn c khong khong m I = ( x , x + ) sao cho m
0
> 0 sao cho
_
[x +
1
n
( x)
1
n
_ m
0
, x I
Cho n + , ta c |
i
( x) | m
0
x I. Vi mi x < y trong I, tn ti z I sao
cho
_
( y) ( x)
y x
_ =
i
( z) m
0

Vy c khong m I sao cho l hm Lipschitz trn I.

Bi 108

216

Tm mt hm s thc kh vi ti mi im ca nhng khng Lipschitz.
Gii :
Theo nh ngha ta suy ra c nu Lipschitz v kh vi ti mi im th b chn.
Do tm mt hm s thc kh vi ti mi im ca nhng khng Lipschitz th ta
tm hm sao cho khng b chn.
Chn ( x) = x
2
th
i
( x) = 2 x khng b chn v khi x th
i
( x) v
khi x + th
i
( x) +
Vy ( x) = x
2
l hm cn phi tm.

Bi 109
Cho ( X, J) l mt khng gian metric compact v A X sao cho c mt ng c t X
ln A. Chng minh rng A = X.
Gii :
t A
1
= ( X) v ta xem l mt ton nh t X n A
1
. Theo nh ngha ca ng
c, ta cng c l n nh v lin tc. Vy l song nh lin tc t X vo A
1
. V X
compact nn ta cng c A
1
compact.
Cch 1:
Gi s rng A
1
X, th c x
0
X A
1
. Ta nh ngha dy { x
n
} nh sau :
x
1
= ( x
0
)

x
n+1
= ( x
n
)
Khi
J( x
n-m
, x
0
) = J(( x
n-m
) , ( x
0
) ) = J( x
n-m+1
, x
1
) = = J( x
n
, x
m
)
vi mi n > m
Xt khong cch t x
0
n A
1
, do A
1
ng nn ta c J( x
0
, A
1
) = i n f { J( x
0
, y) y
A
1
} > 0
M x
n
A
1
, n 1 nn

217

J( x
n
, x
m
) = J( x
n-m
, x
0
) J( x
0
, A
1
) m, n 1
Do { x
n
} khng cha dy con hi t no, iu ny mu thun vi tnh compact ca
A
1
.
Vy A
1
= X nn ta cng c A = X.
Cch 2:
Xt dy gim dn theo quan h bao hm cc compact khc trng nh sau:
A
2
= ( A
1
) ( X) = A
1

A
3
= ( A
2
) ( A
1
) = A
2

A
n+1
= ( A
n
) ( A
n-1
) A
n

V t
I = _A
n
n

Gi s A
1
X, ta gi x l mt phn t ca X A
1
, ta c
n
( x) A
n
n vi
n
l
hp ni n ln ca nh x . Xt dy {
n
( x) }
n
trong compact X, ta tm c dy con
|
n
k
( x) | hi t ti t. V
n
k
( x) A
n
k
A
k
k v cc A
k
l compact nn ta c
t A
k
k , ni cc khc t I.
Gi r = J( x, A
1
) , v
n
k
( x) t khi k + nn tn ti K sao cho
o(
n
K
( x) , t) <

2
. V t I A
n
K
+1
=
n
K
( A
1
) nn tn ti u A
1
sao cho t =
n
k
( u) . V l ng c nn ta cng c
o [
n
K
( x) ,
n
K
( u) = o( x, u) <
r
2
< r = J( x, A
1
)
iu ny mu thun v u A
1

Ta suy ra A
1
= X nn A = X.

Bi 110
Cho ( E, o) l mt khng gian metric khng compact. Chng minh rng tn ti mt
hm s lin tc v khng b chn trn E.

218

Gii :
V E khng compact nn cha dy { x
n
}
n
khng c dy con hi t. Ta s xy dng
mt dy v hn cc qu cu m ri nhau |B(x
n
k
, r
n
k
)|
k
bng quy np:
Cch 1:
Chn n
1
= 1, do c { x
n
} khng c dy con hi t nn tn ti r
n
1
sao cho
A
1
= |m : x
m
B(x
n
1
, r
n
1
)|
l tp hu hn. Do A
1
hu hn nn b chn bi H
1
.
Ta chn n
2
= H
1
+ n
1
th n
2
> H
1
nn x
n
2
B(x
n
1
, r
n
1
) th cng tn ti r
n
2
sao cho
A
2
= |m : x
m
B(x
n
2
, r
n
2
)|
l tp hu hn. Do A
2
hu hn nn b chn bi H
2
.

Gi s xy dng c cc s n
1
, n
2
, , n
k
sao cho A
k
= |m : x
m

B(x
n
k
, r
n
k
)| l tp con hu hn ca v b chn bi H
k
, ta chn n
k+1
= H
k
+ n
k
th
n
k+1
> H
k
vn
k+1
> n
> H
i = 1 , k
Nn x
n
k+1
B(x
n
i
, r
n
i
) i = 1, k. Mt khc, ta cng tm c r
n
k+1
> 0 sao cho
A
k+1
= |m : x
m
B(x
n
k+1
, r
n
k+1
)|
l tp con hu hn ca .
Theo nguyn l quy np, ta xy dng c dy qu cu tha yu cu bi.
Cch 2:
p dng Bi 1.4.12 (Gii tch hm- Dng Minh c), tn ti e > 0 v dy con |x
n
k
|
ca { x
n
} sao cho o [x
n
k
, x
n
k
|
> e k k
i
. Th dy cc qu cu |B(x
n
k
, e)|
k
cng
l ri nhau
Vy ta c dy cc qu cu ri nhau |B(x
n
k
, r
n
k
)|
k
. Ta xy dng hm s : E
nh sau:

219

( x) = 0 nux B[x
n
k
,
r
n
k
2
k
( x) = _1
2o(x, x
n
k
)
r
n
k
_ knux B[x
n
k
,
r
n
k
2

Th (x
n
k
) = k k nn khng b chn.Mt khc lin tc trn B[x
n
k
,
n
k
2
k
v cng lin tc trn
E _B[x
n
k
,
r
n
k
2

k

Ta ch cn xt cc im trn oB[x
n
k
,
n
k
2
. Ta c ( x) = 0 nu
n
k
2
o(x, x
n
k
) < r
n
k

nn trn B(x
n
k
, r
n
k
) nhn gi tr nh sau:
( x) =
1
26[x,x
n
k
n
k
+ _1
26[x,x
n
k
n
k
_
2
. k
Nn hin nhin lin tc ti oB[x
n
k
,
n
k
2
. Vy ta xy dng c hm lin tc trn
E v khng b chn.

Bi 111
Cho E l mt khng gian metric khng b chn v khng c im c lp. Chng minh
rng tn ti mt hm s lin tc, b chn nhng khng lin tc u trn E.
Gii :
V( E, o) khng b chn nn c dy { x
n
} E sao cho:
o( x
n
, x
m
) 4 m > n 1
Tht vy, ta xy dng dy { x
n
} bng quy np nh sau:
-Chn x
1
bt k trong E.
-V E B( x
1
, 1) khc rng nn tn ti x
2
E B( x
1
, 4) .
-Gi s xy dng c x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
sao cho o( x
n
, x
) 4, ta c
A = E B(x
1
, max|o( x
1
, x
) : i = 2, n| + 4)
Nn tn ti x
n+1
A, suy ra o( x
n+1
, x
) o( x
n+1
, x
1
) o( x
1
, x
) 4 i = 1, n.

220

Dy { x
n
} c xy dng hon ton theo nguyn l quy np v tha mn yu cu. Ta
cng c { x
n
} khng phi l cc im c lp ca E nn tn ti cc im y
n
B[x
n
,
1
n
.
Ta t r
n
= o( x
n
, y
n
) .
Xt php tng ng xc nh nh sau:
( x) = 1
o( x, x
n
)
r
n
nux B( x
n
, r
n
)
( x) = 0 nux E _B( x
n
, r
n
)
n

V B( x
k
, r
n
) B( x
k
, 1) vi mi k v B( x
n
, 1) B( x
m
, 1) = vi mi m n
nn ta suy ra { B( x
n
, r
n
) }
n
l dy cc qu cu m ri nhau. Do mi im x E
ch nm trong nhiu nht 1 trong s cc qu cu m ny. Vy l mt nh x.
Ta chng minh l hm lin tc v b chn trn E:
Hin nhin ( E) [ 0 ,1] nn b chn. Mt khc, do B( x
n
, 2 ) ri nhau vi cc qu
cu m B( x
m
, 1) B( x
m
, r
m
) vi mi m n nn trn cc qu cu B( x
n
, 2) , nhn
gi tr nh sau:
_
( x) = 1
o( x, x
n
)
r
n
nuo( x, x
n
) [ 0, r
n
]
( x) = 0 nuo( x, x
n
) ( r
n
, 2 )

Ni cch khc, ta c
( x) =
1
6( x,x
n
)
n
+ 1
6( x,x
n
)
n
2
x B( x
n
, 2)
V B( x
n
, 2) l tp m nn ta suy ra lin tc ti mi im x trong B( x
n
, 2) . Vi mi
x nm ngoi tt c cc qu cu B( x
n
, 2 ) , ta c B( x, 1) B( x
n
, r
n
) = nn |
B( x,1)

0, ngha l lin tc trn mt tp m cha x. Vy ta suy ra cng lin tc ti cc
im x trong E B( x
n
, 2 )
n
.
Vy l hm lin tc v b chn.
Ta chng minh khng lin tc u:
Tht vy, xt e = 1 , ta c
o( x
n
, y
n
)
1
n
0 khin
nhng

221

| ( x
n
) ( y
n
) | = | 1 0| = 1 e
Vy hm c xy dng nh trn lin tc v b chn nhng khng lin tc u.

Bi 115:
Cho ( X, o) l mt khng gian metric
(i) Ta ni hai dy Cauchy { p
n
} v { q
n
} l tng ng nu:
l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
) = 0
Nu { p
n
} v { q
n
} l tng ng, ta vit { p
n
} ~ { q
n
} . Chng minh rng ~ l mt quan
h tng ng.
(ii) Gi X
c
l tp hp cc lp tng ng ca cc dy Cauchy trong X. Nu P v l
cc lp tng ng vi phn t i din l { p
n
} v { q
n
} th ta t
( P, ) = l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
)
Gii hn ny tn ti hu hn do Bi 114. Chng minh rng ( P, ) khng ph thuc
vo cch chn i din ca P v . Hn na, chng minh rng l mt metric trn
X
c
.
(iii) Chng minh rng ( X
c
, ) l khng gian metric y .
(iv) Vi mi p X, xt dy Cauchy { p
n
} trong X vi p
n
= p n. Gi P
p
l lp tng
ng ca phn t ny. Chng t rng
(P
p
, P
q
) = o( p, q) p, q X
Ni cch khc, nh x t X vo X
c
vi ( p) = P
p
l mt php ng c.
Vy ta c th ng nht X vi ( X) v do ta c th nhng X vo khng gian y
X
c
. X
c
c gi l khng gian y ha ca X.
(v) Chng t rng ( X) tr mt trong X
c
v ( X) = X
c
nu X y .
Gii :
(i). Chng minh rng ~ l mt quan h tng ng:
Ta ln lt kim tra cc tnh cht:

222

-Phn x:
V l i m
n
o( p
n
, p
n
) = 0 nn { p
n
} ~ { p
n
} { p
n
} X.
-i xng:
Vi mi { p
n
} ~ { q
n
} th ta c:
l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
) = l i m
n
o( q
n
, p
n
)
Nn suy ra { q
n
} ~ { p
n
} .
-Tnh truyn:
Vi { p
n
} ~ { q
n
} v { q
n
} ~ { r
n
} th 0 o( p
n
, r
n
) o( p
n
, q
n
) + o( q
n
, r
n
) . Cho n
ta c
l i m
n
o( p
n
, r
n
) = 0
Vy { p
n
} ~ { r
n
} .
T nhng iu trn ta kt lun ~ l quan h tng ng.

(ii) Chng minh rng ( P, ) khng ph thuc vo cch chn i din ca P v
. Hn na, l mt metric trn X
c
:
Gi s c { p
n
} ~ { p
n
} v { q
n
} ~ { q
n
} , ta s chng minh:
l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
) = l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
)
Tht vy, theo bt ng thc tam gic, ta c:
| o( p
n
, q
n
) o( p
n
, q
n
) | o( p
n
, p
n
) + o( q
n
, q
n
)
Cho n th theo nguyn l kp, suy ra o( p
n
, q
n
) o( p
n
, q
n
) 0 .
Ngha l
l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
) = l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
)
Vy ( P, ) khng ph thuc cch chn i din P, .
Ta chng minh l mt metric trn X
c
bng cch kim tra tng tnh cht:
-u tin: vi mi P, X
c
, ta c
( P, ) = l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
) 0

223

( P, ) = 0 l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
) = 0 { p
n
} ~ { q
n
} P =
-Tip theo: vi mi P, X
c
, ta c
( P, ) = l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
) = l i m
n
o( q
n
, p
n
) = ( , P)
-Cui cng: vi mi P, , R trong X
c
, ta c
( P, R) = l i m
n
o( p
n
, r
n
) l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
) + l i m
n
o( q
n
, r
n
) = ( P, ) + ( , R)
Vy l mt metric trn X
c
.

(iii) Chng minh rng ( X
c
Vi { P
m
} l mt dy Cauchy trong ( X
c
, ) , ta chng minh n hi t ti P X
c
. Tht
vy, gi phn t i din ca P
m
l dy Cauchy { x
n
( m) }
n
. Ta xy dng mt dy s
{ x
k
} nh sau:
-Chn x
1
= x
n
1
( 1) vi n
1
ln n n
1
th o [x
n
( 1) , x
n
1
( 1 ) 1
-Chn x
2
= x
n
2
( 2) vi n
2
ln n n
2
th o [x
n
( 2) , x
n
2
( 2 )
1
2

-Chn x
k
= x
n
k
( k) vi n
k
ln n n
k
th o [x
n
( k) , x
n
k
( k)
1
k

Ta chng minh { x
n
} l mt dy Cauchy:
Tht vy, do { P
m
} l dy Cauchy nn vi mi e > 0, tn ti N >
3
s
ln sao cho
(P
, P
]
) <
e
3
i, ] > N
Ngha l
l i m
n
o(x
n
( i) , x
n
( ]) ) <
e
3

Do tn ti H > max|n
, n
]
| ln sao cho o(x
n
( i) , x
n
( ]) ) <
s
3
n H. Ta suy
ra:

224

o _x
n
i
( i) , x
n
]
( ]) ] o [x
n
i
( i) , x
M
( ]) + o(x
M
( i) , x
M
( ]) ) + o _x
M
( i) , x
n
]
( ]) ]
<
1
i
+
e
3
+
1
]
<
e
3
+
e
3
+
e
3
= e
Vy vi mi i, ] > N, ta c o(x
, x
]
) < e nn { x
n
} l mt dy Cauchy trong X v cha
trong lp tng ng P.
Ta chng minh { P
m
} hi t ti P:
Vi mi e > 0, tn ti N ln sao cho (P
, P
]
) <
s
3
i, ] > N.
Vi mi m > N, ta c
( P
m
, P) = l i m
k
o( x
k
( m) , x
k
) = l i m
k
o [x
k
( m) , x
n
k
( k)
Mt khc, v { x
I
( m) }
I
l dy Cauchy nn tn ti mi K > max ]N,
3
s
ln sao
cho o(x
u
( m) , x
( m) ) <
s
3
u, : > K. Vi mi k > K, > n
k
> k ta c
o [x
k
( m) , x
n
k
( k) o(x
k
( m) , x
h
( m) ) + o(x
h
( m) , x
h
( k) ) + o [x
h
( k) , x
n
k
( k)
e
3
+ o(x
h
( m) , x
h
( k) ) +
1
k

Cho , ta c o [x
k
( m) , x
n
k
( k) e vi mi k > K. Suy ra
( P
m
, P) = l i m
k
o [x
k
( m) , x
n
k
( k) e
Vy { P
m
} hi t ti P. Ta c ( X
c

(iv) Chng minh(P
p
, P
q
) = o( p, q) p, q X v ( p) = P
p
l php ng c:
Ta c
(P
p
, P
q
) = l i m
n
o( p
n
, q
n
) = l i m
n
o( p, q) = o( p, q)
Nn (( p) , ( q) ) = o( p, q) nn l mt php ng c.

(v) Chng t rng ( X) tr mt trong X
c
v ( X) = X
c
nu X y .

225

Vi P thuc X
c
c phn t i din l { p
n
} , ta s chng minh { ( p
n
) }
n
hi t v P.
Tht vy, v { p
n
} l dy Cauchy nn vi mi e > 0 , tn ti N ln sao cho
o( p
m
, p
n
) < e m, n > N
Nn mi m > N, ta c
(P, ( p
m
) ) = l i m
k
o( p
k
, p
m
) e
Vy { ( p
n
) }
n
hi t v P v do ( X) tr mt trong X
c
.
Nu X y , ta chng minh X
c
( X) . Tht vy, xt P l mt phn t ca X
c
i
din bi dy Cauchy { p
n
} . Do X y nn ta cng c dy { p
n
} hi t v p X. Suy
ra dy { p
n
}
n
v { p}
n
l 2 dy tng ng v do , P ( p) ( X) . Vy
X
c
( X) nn ta cng c ( X) = X
c
nu X y .

Bi 116
Cho A l mt tp con tr mt trong khng gian metric X v l mt nh x lin tc
u t A vo khng gian metric y . Chng minh rng c th ni rng mt
cch duy nht thnh mt nh x lin tc u
t A
vo v nu l ng c th

cng l ng c.
Gii :
Ta xy dng hm
tha yu cu bi:
Vi mt x A
, c dy { x
n
} trong A hi t v x. Do { x
n
} Cauchy v lin tc u nn
theo Bi 57, ta c { ( x
n
) } cng l mt dy Cauchy v hi t v y
x
trong .
Xt php tng ng
: X
x y
x

Ta chng minh y l nh x, tc nh
( x) l xc nh duy nht. Tht vy gi { x

n
i
} l
mt dy bt k trong A hi t v x v { ( x
n
i
) } hi t v y
x
i
, ta c o
X
( x
n
, x
n
i
) 0 khi
n . Do lin tc u nn ta cng c o
(( x
n
) , ( x
n
i
) ) 0 nn o
( y
x
i
, y
x
) = 0 .
Vy
l mt nh x v
( x) = ( x) x A. Ta chng minh
lin tc u.
Vi mi e > 0, do lin tc u nn tn ti o > 0 sao cho
o
(( x) , ( y) ) e x, y A, o
A
( x, y) < 3o

226

Xt o, b X = A m o
X
( o, b) < o, ta tm c cc dy { o
n
} v { b
n
} trong A ln lt
hi t v o, b. Do tn ti N ln sao cho o
X
( o
n
, o) , o
X
( b
n
, b) < o n N.
Ta suy ra o
X
( o
n
, b
n
) < 3o nn o
(( o
n
) , ( b
n
) ) <
s
2
.
Cho n , ta c ( o
n
)
( o) v ( b
n
)
( b) nn ta suy ra
o
( o) ,
( b) ) e. Vy
l nh x lin tc u.
Ta chng minh
l nh x duy nht tha mn iu kin:

Tht vy, gi s tn ti nh x g lin tc tha mn yu cu bi th vi mi x X =
A, tn ti dy { x
n
} hi t v x v g( x
n
) = ( x
n
) n . Do g lin tc nn ta c
g( x) = l i m
n
g( x
n
) = l i m
n
( x
n
) =
( x)
Vy g
nn s tn ti ca
l duy nht.
Nu ng c, ta s chng minh
cng l ng c:
Xt r, s X = A, c dy { r
n
} v { s
n
} trong A ln lt hi t v r, s. Ta c
o
(( r
n
) , ( s
n
) ) = o
X
( r
n
, s
n
) n
Cho n , ta c o
( r) ,
( s) ) = o
X
( r, s) . Vy
cng l mt php ng c.

Bi 117
Trong Bi 115, nu X l mt khng gian metric th ta c khng gian metric y X
c

sao cho X
c
cha mt tp con tr mt v ng c vi X. Cho l mt khng gian
metric y cha mt tp con tr mt, ng c vi X. Chng minh rng c mt php
ng c t nhin t X
c
ln .
Gii :
Ghi ch: V mt s mu thun trong vic s dng cc khi nim trong bi Bi
115 v Bi 117 nn trong bi vit ny, ta coi php ng c l mt song nh gi
nguyn khong cch gia 2 khng gian metric. Trong khi , khi nim nh x ng
c c hiu l mt nh x gi nguyn khong cch gia 2 khng gian metric.
Gi Z l tp con tr mt v ng c vi X, ta c 2 cch lm nh sau:
Cch 1:

227

Gi : X X
c
l nh x ng c nhng t X vo X
c
v : X Z l php ng c
gia X v Z. Do c th coi l mt php ng c t X vo ( X) nn mt cch lm
dng, ta k hiu
-1
l nh x ngc ca n.
Xt nh x hp ni g =
-1
( X) Z, v g l hp ni ca 2 php ng c nn
cng l mt php ng c. Mt khc, theo Bi 166, v ( X) tr mt trong X
c
nn ta c
th ni rng g mt cch duy nht thnh nh x ng c g
t X
c
vo .
Do cc php ng c bo ton tnh y nn ta c g
( X
c
) l mt tp y trong ,
ni cch khc, g
( X
c
) l tp ng. Mt khc, g
( X
c
) cha tp con Z tr mt trong
nn ta suy ra g
( X
c
) Z = . Vy ta c g
( X
c
) = nn g l song nh v cng l
mt php ng c.
Cch 2:
Gi l php ng c t X vo Z. Ta xt php tng ng g xc nh nh sau t X
c

ln :
Vi mi P X
c
i din bi dy Cauchy { x
n
} , v l ng c nn ta cng c { ( x
n
) }
l mt dy trong Z v Cauchy trong . V y nn dy ( x
n
) hi t ti y . Ta
t g( P) = y v chng minh php tng ng g xc nh nh trn l nh x.
Tht vy, vi gi s { x
n
i
} l mt i din khc ca P, ta c { x
n
i
} v { x
n
} l 2 dy tng
ng nn o
(( x
n
) , ( x
n
i
) ) = o
X
( x
n
, x
n
i
) 0 khi n . Vy nn cc dy { ( x
n
) }
v { ( x
n
i
) } cng tng ng vi nhau trong . Vy ta suy ra { ( x
n
i
) } cng hi t v
y, tc l nh ca P xc nh duy nht nn g l nh x.
Ta chng minh g l nh x ng c. Tht vy vi P, X
c
ln lt c i din bi
cc dy Cauchy { x
n
} , { y
n
} , ta c
o
(g( P) , g( ) ) = l i m
n
o
(( x
n
) , ( y
n
) ) = l i m
n
o
X
( x
n
, y
n
) = ( P, )
Nu l song nh, ta cng c g l song nh. Tht vy, v Z tr mt trong nn vi
mi y trong , u tn ti dy { z
n
} trong Z hi t ti y. V { z
n
} l dy Cauchy nn ta
cng c {
-1
( z
n
) } l dy Cauchy trong X. Gi P l lp tng ng cha {
-1
( z
n
) } ,
ta c
g( P) = l i m
n
(
-1
( z
n
) ) = l i m
n
z
n
= y
Vy g cng l song nh v ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 118:

228

Ly X, X
c
nh trong Bi 115. Chng minh rng:
(i) Nu X l khng gian nh chun th ta c th nh mt cu trc khng gian vector
v mt chun trn X
c
sao cho X
c
tr thnh khng gian Banach. Do nh x t X
vo X
c
l tuyn tnh v bo ton chun, ngha l:
( x) = x x X
(ii) Nu X l khng gian tin Hilbert th ta c th nh mt cu trc thnh khng gian
vector cho X
c
v mt tch v hng trn X
c
X
c
tr thnh khng gian Hilbert v do
l nh x tuyn tnh t X vo X
c
gi nguyn tnh v hng, ngha l:
< ( x) , ( y) > = < x, y > x, y X
Gii :
(i) Ta xy dng X
c
thnh mt khng gian vector nh chun:
u tin ta xy dng X
c
thnh mt khng gian vector:
Vi P, X
c
i din bi cc dy Cauchy { x
n
} v { y
n
} , ta thit lp
-Php cng: V { z
n
} { x
n
+ y
n
} cng l mt dy Cauchy trong X nn ta t P + =
R vi R l lp tng ng cha dy { z
n
} trong X
c
.
-Php nhn v hng: V { ox
n
} cng l mt dy Cauchy trong X nn ta t oP = I l
lp tng ng cha dy { ox
n
} trong X
c
.
Ta kim tra c cc php cng v nhn v hng tha mn vi cc tin ca khng
gian vector nn suy ra X
c
vi cc php ton trn lp thnh khng gian vector.
Ta xc nh trn X
c
mt chun nh sau:
Xt P l mt phn t ca X
c
i din bi dy Cauchy { x
n
} , ta nh ngha
P = ( P, 0) = l i m
n
o( x
n
, 0) = l i m
n
x
n

Ta c
- P 0 v du bng ch xy ra khi P l dy 0.
- P + = ( P + , 0 ) ( P, 0 ) + ( , 0) P +
- kP = l i m
n
kx
n
= l i m
n
| k| . x
n
= | k| . l i m
n
x
n
= | k| . P
Vy ( X
c
, . ) l mt khng gian nh chun v ta c

229

( x) = l i m
n
x = x
(ii) Ta xy dng X
c
thnh mt khng gian Hilbert:
Ta xy dng tnh v hng gia P, X
c
nh sau: Gi s { x
n
} v { y
n
} ln lt l
cc i din ca P v , ta t
< P, > = l i m
n

Gi s { x
n
} , { y
n
} l cc i din khc ca P, , ta c
l i m
n
 = l i m
n
( + < x
n
, q
n
y
n
> + < x
n
, y
n
> )
Do { p
n
x
n
} , { q
n
y
n
} tin v 0 v cc dy { q
n
} , { p
n
} b chn nn 
v < x
n
, q
n
y
n
> u tin v 0 khi n . Vy ta c
< P, > = l i m
n
 = l i m
n
< x
n
, y
n
>
nn php ton trn xc nh hon ton. Ngoi ra ta cng kim tra c X
c
vi tch v
hng xc nh nh trn l khng gian Hilbert. Ta c
< ( x) , ( y) > = l i m
n
< x, y > = < x, y >

Bi 120:
Chng minh rng khng tn ti hm s lin tc trn sao cho ( ) v
( ) .
Gii :
Cch 1:
Do ( ) = ( ) ( ) vi ( ) m c v ( ) cng m c
nn ( ) m c v c th vit di dng { y
n
: n } . Ta suy ra
= _
-1
( { y
n
} )
n

Theo nh l Baire, tn ti n
0
sao cho
-1
(|y
n
0
|) cha mt khong m ( o, b) no .
V v tr mt trong nn tn ti p ( o, b) v q ( o, b) ( ) . Ta
suy ra ( p) = ( q) = y
n
0
( ) = . Mu thun ny kt thc chng minh.

230

Cch 2:
Gi s c lin tc trn tha mn yu cu bi. V ( 0) (2) nn khng mt
tnh tng qut, gi s ( 0) < (2). lin tc trn |0 , 2 ] nn ta c
|( 0 ) , (2 )] (|0 , 2]) ( )
V |( 0) , (2)] l mt khong khc ca nn khng m c. Vy ta c ( )
cng khng m c ( 1) .
M ( ) = ( ) ( ) vi ( ) m c v ( ) cng m c
nn ( ) m c ( 2) .
( 1) mu thun vi ( 2) v cho ta thy hm nh vy l khng tn ti.

Bi 121
Cho X l mt khng gian metric v A l mt tp con ng trong X, l mt hm s
lin tc t X vo [ o, b] sao cho ( A) ( o, b) . Chng minh rng tn ti hm s lin
tc
t X vo ( o, b) sao cho
|
A
= .
Gii :
Cch 1:
Ta xt trng hp o < 0 < b. t B =
-1
( { o, b} ) , v { o, b} ng trong [ o, b] (do l
tp hu hn) v l hm lin tc nn ta cng c B l tp ng trong X. Vy A v B l
2 tp ng ri nhau trong X. Suy ra tn ti hm g
A,B
lin tc trn X sao cho
_
g
A,B
( A) = 1
g
A,B
( B) = 0
g
A,B
( x) ( 0 ,1) x X ( A B)

t
= g
A,B
. , ta c
|
A
= . Mt khc v o, b tri du v g
A,B
( x) [ 0,1] nn
( x) { o, b} g
A,B
( x) = 1 x A ( x) ( o, b)
( x) ( o, b)
iu ny v l v cho ta kt qu trong trng hp o, b tri du.
Trong cc trng hp khc, xt hm g( x) = ( x) J vi J ( o, b) v p dng kt
qu trng hp trn ta cng c iu phi chng minh.
Cch 2:

231

Xt hm s
xc nh nh sau (hm ny khc hm Cch 1v khng ph thuc B)
( x) =
1
o( x, A) + 1
_( x)
o + b
2
] +
o + b
2

Ta c
lin tc trn X,
|
A
= .Vi mi x X A, v o( x, A) > 0 nn ta c
_
( x)
o + b
2
_ = _
1
o( x, A) + 1
_ . _( x)
o + b
2
_ < _( x)
o + b
2
_
b o
2

Vy
o b
2
<
( x)
o + b
2
<
b o
2
x X A
Nn
( X A) ( o, b) v ta kt lun
xy dng nh trn tha mn yu cu bi.

Bi 122
Cho A l tp con ng ca khng gian metric E v l hm s thc lin tc trn A.
Chng minh rng c hm
lin tc trn E sao cho
|
A
= v
i n f
xL
( x) = i nf
xA
( x)
sup
xL

( x) = su p
xA
( x)
Gii :
t
o = i nf
xA
( x) , b = sup
xA
( x)
th ta c ( A) [ o, b] . Nu o = b, ta m rng bng hm hng
= o. Trong
trng hp o < b, xt hm g trn A xc nh nh sau:
g( x) =
( x) o
b o

Th g( A) [ 0,1] v
i nf
xA
g( x) = 0 , sup
xA
g( x) = 1
Theo nh l m rng Tietze, tn ti nh x lin tc g
t E vo [ 0,1] sao cho

g
|
A
= g. Xt nh x
lin tc trn E xc nh nh sau:

232

( x) = ( b o) g
( x) + o
Ta c
|
A
= ( b o) g
|
A
( x) + o = ( b o) g( x) + o = ( x) . Mt khc, v b o >
0 nn ta c
su p
xL

( x) = ( b o) . su p
xL
g
( x) + o = b
i nf
xL
( x) = ( b o) . i nf
xL
g
( x) + o = b
Vy hm
c xy dng tha yu cu bi.

Bi 1.3.15 (nh l Baire dng phn b)
Cho { 0
n
}
n
l dy cc tp m trong mt khng gian Banach E sao cho 0
n
= E vi
mi n . t 0 = 0
n
n=1
. Chng minh 0 = E
Gii :
Vi mi x 0 v e > 0, ta chng minh tn ti t 0 sao cho t x < e. Tht vy,
ta xy dng dy { t
n
} v { r
n
} nh sau:
-Do 0
1
tr mt trong E nn tn ti t
1
0
1
sao cho t
1
x <
1
2
e. M 0
1
m nn tn
ti r
1
[0,
s
2
sao cho B( t
1
, r
1
) 0
1
.
-Do 0
2
tr mt trong E nn tn ti t
2
0
2
sao cho t
2
t
1
<
1
2
r
1
. V 0
2
l tp m
nn tn ti r
2
[0 ,
1
2
sao cho B( t
2
, r
2
) 0
2
.
-
-Gi s xc nh c t
n
0
n
tha t
n
t
n-1
<
1
2
r
n-1
, do 0
n+1
tr mt trong E
nn tn ti t
n+1
0
n+1
sao cho t
n+1
t
n
<
1
2
r
n
. Mt khc, v 0
n+1
l tp m nn
tn ti r
n+1
[0,
n
2
sao cho B( t
n+1
, r
n+1
) 0
n+1
.
-
Vy dy { t
n
} , { r
n
} xc nh hon ton theo nguyn l quy np. Cc dy { t
n
} v { r
n
}
ny tha tnh cht sau:
r
m
<
1
2
r
m-1
< <
1
2
m-n
r
n
m > n

233

v
t
m
t
n
t
+1
t
m-1
=n
<
1
2
r
m-1
=n
<
1
2

1
2
-n
r
n
=n
=
1
2
r
n
<
1
2
n+1
e m > n
Vy { t
n
} l dy Cauchy nn hi t ti t E. Mt khc, vi mi k , ta c
t
n
t
k
<
1
2
r
k
n k
Cho n , ta c t t
k

1
2
r
k
nn ta suy ra t B
i
[t
k
,
1
2
r
k
B( t
k
, r
k
) 0
k
.
Vy t 0
k
k hay t 0
Vy 0 = E v ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 1.3.17
Cho A l mt tp ng v cn bng, ngha l tA A vi mi t tha | t| 1 . Gi s A
hp thu (ngha l E = tA
t>0
) v li (ngha l tA + ( 1 t) A A vi mi t [ 0,1] ).
Chng minh tn ti s > 0 sao cho A cha B( 0, s) .
Gii :
V A hp thu nn vi mi x E, tn ti o A v t > 0 sao cho x = to. Mt khc, ta
c
to =
t
| t|
. | t| o | t| A
Vi u l s nguyn nh nht khng nh hn u. Vy ta c
E = _nA
n

Xt nh x lin tc : E E xc nh bi ( x) =
x
n
th l lin tc v
-1
( A) = nA.
V A ng nn hin nhin ta cng c nA l tp ng.
p dng nh l Baire cho E, ta suy ra tn ti n sao cho nA cha mt tp m
trong E, ngha l nA cha B( u, r) . V u A v A cn bng nn ta cng c u A.
V A li v | u|, B( u, r) l cc tp con ca nA nn ta cng c

234

1
2
. { u} +
1
2
. B( u, r) = B[0,
r
2

l mt tp con ca nA. V A =
1
n
. nA nn ta suy ra A cha
1
n
B[0,
2
= B[0,

2n

Vy A cha mt qu cu B( 0 , s) vi s =

2n
.

Bi 1.4.9
Cho ( E, . ) l mt khng gian nh chun, { x
n
} l mt dy Cauchy trong E. t Z l
tp hp cc dy { y
n
} hi t v 0 trong E. Chng minh dy { x
n
} hi t trong v
l i m
n
x
n
= i nf
z
sup { x
m
y
m
: m }
Gii :
Ta chng minh dy { x
n
} hi t trong
Ta c { x
n
} l mt dy Cauchy trong ( E, . ) , ngha l
x
n
x
m
0 khim, n
Mt khc, v 0 | x
n
x
m
| x
n
x
m
nn ta cng c
| x
n
x
m
| 0 khim, n
Vy dy { x
n
}
n
Cauchy nn cng hi t trong .
V { x
n
} , { y
n
} l cc dy hi t v b chn trong E nn ta suy ra { x
m
+ y
m
} cng l mt
dy b chn. Vy ta c th t
o = i nf
z
sup { x
m
y
m
: m } , [ = l i m
n
x
n

Ta chng minh [ o:
Xt { y
n
( k) }
n
l mt dy trong Z xc nh bi cng thc sau:
y
m
( k) = x
m
m < kvy
m
( k) = 0 m k
Ta t

235

u
k
= sup
m
x
m
+ y
m
( k) = sup
m>k
x
m
o
Th theo nh ngha, ta c u
k
l i m
n
supx
n
= [ khi k . Vy ta c
[ = l i m
n
sup x
n
o
Ta chng minh[ o:
Tht vy, ta ch cn chng minh
sup
m
x
m
+ y
m
[ vi mi dy y trong Z
Ngha l vi mi e > 0 , tn ti m sao cho:
x
m
+ y
m
[ e
Tht vy, do dy { x
n
} v { y
n
} ln lt hi t ti [ v 0 nn tn ti m ln
sao cho | x
m
[| <
s
2
v y
m
<
s
2
. Ta suy ra
x
m
+ y
m
x
m
y
m
= x
m
y
m
> [
e
2

e
2
= [ e
Nn ta cng c [ o. Vy ta kt lun
l i m
n
x
n
= i nf
z
sup { x
m
y
m
: m }

Bi 1.4.12
Cho { x
n
} l mt dy trong khng gian Banach ( E, . ) . Gi s khng c dy con no
ca { x
n
} hi t trong E. Chng minh rng c mt s thc dng r v mt dy con
|x
n
k
| ca { x
n
} sao cho
_x
n
k
x
n
k
|
_ > rnuk k
Gii :
t A = { x
n
: n } . Ta chng minh bi ton bng phn chng. Gi s iu cn
chng minh l sai, ta c 2 cch gii nh sau:

236

Cch 1:
Ta chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s vi mi dy con |x
n
k
| ca { x
n
} v mi s
thc dng r > 0 , ta u c cc s k, k
i
sao cho _x
n
k
x
n
k
|
_ r
Ta chng minh vi mi n , tn ti mt tp c ng knh nh hn
1
n
cha v hn
cc s hng ca dy (2 s hng bng nhau nhng c ch s khc nhau c tnh 2 ln).
Tht vy, gi s tn ti n sao cho mi tp c ng knh nh hn
1
n
ch cha hu
hn phn t, ta xy dng dy n
k
nh sau:
-n
1
= 1
-V B[x
n
1
,
1
2n
c ng knh nh hn
1
n
nn cha hu hn s hng trong dy. Vy
tn ti ch s n
2
ln hn n
1
sao cho x
t
B[x
n
1
,
1
2n
t n
2

-.
- V B[x
n
k
,
1
2n
c ng knh nh hn
1
n
nn cha hu hn s hng trong dy. Vy
tn ti ch s n
k+1
ln hn n
k
sao cho x
t
B[x
n
k
,
1
2n
t n
k+1

-.
Dy { n
k
} xy dng bng quy np nh trn l tng ngt v o [x
n
k
, x
n
k
|
>
1
2n
k k
i

nn l mt dy tha mn yu cu bi (v l).
Vy mi tp c ng knh nh hn
1
n
u cha v hn s hng ca dy. t I
1
l tp
cc ch s tha mn o( x
k
, x
k
|) <
1
1
k, k
i
I
1
, theo nh ta va chng minh, I
1
c v
hn phn t. Lp dy con |x
n
k
| ca { x
n
} c cc ch s nm trong I
1
(dy con ny tn
ti v I
1
cha v hn ch s) v p dng kt qu va chng minh cho dy |x
n
k
| v s
1
2

ta c tp I
2
I
1
c v hn ch s sao cho o( x
k
, x
k
|) <
1
2
k, k
i
I
2
.
Bng quy np, ta xy dng c h cc tp v hn { I
n
} gim dn vi quan h bao
hm. Xt dy con x
c( n)
ca { x
n
} xc nh nh sau:
-o( 1) = i n f I
1

-o( 2) = i n f I
2
[ 1, o( 1) ]

237

-o( n + 1) = i nf I
n+1
[ 1, o( n) ]

Th dy { x
c( n)
} xy dng bng quy np nh trn l mt dy con ca { x
n
} c tnh cht
o(x
c( m)
, x
c( n)
) <
1
n
m > n
do o( m) , o( n) I
n
. Vy ta c { x
c( n)
} l dy Cauchy nn hi t.
iu ny tri vi gi thit v kt thc chng minh.

Cch 2:
Xt trng hp A khng b chn:
Ta xt dy tng ngt n
k
xc nh bng quy np nh sau nh sau:
t n
1
= 1
Tn ti n
2
> 1 sao cho x
n
2
B(x
n
1
, 1 )
.
Tn ti n
k+1
> n
k
sao cho x
n
k+1
B(x
1
, 1 + max|o( x
, x
1
) : i = 1 , k|)
T ta suy ra dy |x
n
k
| tha mn tnh cht
_x
n
k
x
n
k
|
_ > 1 nuk k
V kt thc chng minh
Ta xt trng hp A b chn:
Vi mi n , J R
+
, xt tp A
n
( J) v R
n
xc nh nh sau:
A
n
( J) = { m : x
m
B( x
n
, J) }
R
n
= { J > 0: A
n
( J) l hu hn }
V A b chn nn vi mi n , tn ti J
0

+
sao cho A
n
( J
0
) = , suy ra R
n
b
chn trn. Mt khc, do { x
n
} khng c dy con hi t nn theo Bi 1.4.15R
n
. Vy
nu t r
n
= sup R
n
> 0 th ta c A
n
( J) l hu hn nu J < r
n
v l v hn nu
J > r
n
.

238

Ta chng minh l i m
n
r
n
= 0
Tht vy, gi s ngc li, ngha l
e > 0: H N, n > H: r
n
> e
Nn ta xy dng c dy con |r
n
k
|
k
ca { r
n
}
n
sao cho r
n
k
> e k .
Xt dy |x
n
k
|, ta lp ra dy con ]x
n
k
m
m
ca n tha
_x
n
k
m
x
n
k
m
|
_ > e
Tht vy, t k
1
= 1, do A
n
k
1
( e) hu hn nn tn ti H
1
sao cho
m > H
1
, x
m
B[x
n
k
1
, e
Tn ti k
2
ln sao cho n
k
2
> k
2
> H
1
, ta suy ra _x
n
k
1
x
n
k
2
_ > e
Gi s xc nh k
1
, k
2
, , k
m
v cc s H
1
, H
2
, , H
m
, ta c:
Tn ti k
m+1
ln sao cho n
k
m+1
> k
m+1
> max|H
: i = 1 , m|, ta suy ra
_x
n
k
m+1
x
n
k
i
_ > e i < m
M dy con ]x
n
k
m
m
c xy dng cng l mt dy con ca { x
n
} nn iu ny
gy mu thun vi gi s phn u chng minh.
Vy ta phi c l i m
n
r
n
= 0. Ta s xy dng mt dy con Cauchy ca { x
n
} nh sau:
V r
n
0 khi n nn tn ti E
k
r
n
<
1
3
k
n E
k
. Ta t n
1
= E
1
.
V A
n
1
(2 r
n
1
) l tp con v hn ca nn khng b chn, ngha l tn ti n
2

A
n
1
(2r
n
1
) sao cho n
2
> max{ E
2
, n
1
} , suy ra r
n
2
<
1
3
2
v [x
n
2
x
n
1
[ < 2r
n
1
<
2
3

Gi s xy dng c n
1
, n
2
, , n
k
tha mn r
n
i
<
1
3
i
v [x
n
i+1
x
n
i
[ <
2
3
i
, ta xy
dng n
k+1
nh sau:
V A
n
k
(2 r
n
k
) khng b chn nn tn ti n
k+1
A
n
k
(2r
n
k
) n
k+1
> max{ E
k+1
, n
k
} .
Ta c r
n
k+1
<
1
3
k+1
v [x
n
k+1
x
n
k
[ < 2r
n
k
<
2
3
k
.
Vy dy |x
n
k
|
k
l mt dy con ca { x
n
} c tnh cht

239

[x
n
k+1
x
n
k
[ <
2
3
k

Ta suy ra
[x
n
k+h
x
n
k
[ [x
n
k+h
x
n
k+h-1
[ + + [x
n
k+1
x
n
k
[
<
2
3
k
+ +
2
3
k+h-1
<
2
3
+
=k
=
1
3
k-1

Vy ta cng c
_x
n
k
x
n
k
|
_ <
1
3
mIn{ k,k
|
} -1

Nn dy |x
n
k
|
k
l mt dy Cauchy trong khng gian Banach E nn hi t. iu ny
mu thun vi gi thit v kt thc chng minh.
Ghi ch: Li gii th 2 cho ta mt kt qu kh hay nh sau: Vi dy { x
n
} tha yu cu
ca bi v b chn. t r
k
l bn knh ln nht sao cho B( x
k
r
k
) cha hu hn cc
phn t trong dy (2 phn t bng nhau vi ch s khc nhau c tnh 2 ln) th ta c
l i m
n
r
n
= 0 .

Bi 1.4.16
Cho A l mt tp con ng ca khng gian Banach ( E, . ) . Chng minh cc iu sau
y tng ng
(i) A l mt tp compact.
(ii) Khng c mt dy { x
m
} no trong A sao cho c mt s thc dng r tha
mn x
n
x
m
> r nu m n.
(iii) Vi mi s thc dng r c mt tp con hu hn B trong A sao cho
A _B( b, r)
bB

Gii :
Ta s chng minh bng phn chng cho tng sau y:
i) ii)

240

Gi s c dy { x
n
} trong A v mt s thc dng r sao cho x
n
x
m
> r nu
n m th r rng dy con |x
n
k
| ca { x
n
} u khng phi l dy Cauchy v do
cng khng hi t. Vy A khng phi tp compact.

ii) i)
Gi s A khng compact, tc l tn ti mt dy { x
n
} sao cho khng c dy con no
ca { x
n
} hi t. Theo Bi 1.4.12, c mt s thc dng r v mt dy con |x
n
k
| ca
{ x
n
} sao cho _x
n
k
x
n
k
|
_ > r nu k k, iu ny tri vi gi thit i i ) .
Vy ta c i ) i i ) .

ii) iii)
Ta ch phi xt khi A . Gi s tn ti r > 0 sao cho vi mi B hu hn trong A th
tn ti x A m x B( b, r)
bB
. Ta xy dng dy bng quy np nh sau:
- u tin do A nn c x
1
A.
- Gi s xy dng n x
k
. Gi B
k
= { x
1
, x
2
, , x
k
} , lc tn ti mt
x
k+1
A m x
k+1
B( b, r)
bB
k
.
Dy { x
n
} c tnh cht l x
n
x
m
r >

2
nu n m. Tht vy, gi s tn ti
m, n , m > n sao cho x
n
x
m
< r th x
m
B( x
n
, r) B( b, r)
bB
m-1
, tri
vi cch xy dng dy { x
n
} .
Vy ta c iu mu thun vi gi thit, t suy ra iu phi chng minh.

iii) ii)
Gi s c dy { x
n
} , v r > 0 sao cho x
n
x
m
> r nu n m. Theo gi thit, tn
ti B trong A hu hn m
A __B( b, r)
bB
_
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, tn ti i, ] , b
0
B sao cho x
, x
]
B( b
0
, r) . iu ny
v l v [x
x
]
[ > r v cho ta iu phi chng minh.

241

Vy ta c i ) , i i ) , i i i ) tng ng vi nhau.

B A.IV.2
Chng minh rng mi chun trn
n
u tng ng vi .
1
, t suy ra chng
u tng ng vi nhau.
Gii:
Xt .
X
l mt chun trn
n
v ( x) = x
X
l mt hm s trn (
n
, .
1
) , ta c:
_
( x) 0 x
n
, ( x) = 0 x = 0 ( 1)
( x + y) ( x) + ( y) ( 2)
( kx) = | k| ( x) ( 3 )

Vi x = ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)
n
, ta c:
( x) = (( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) ) (( 0 , ,0 , x
, 0 , ,0) )
n
=1
= | x
| ( c
)
n
=1
Hx
1

Vi c
l vector n v th i ca
n
v H = max|( c
) : i = 1 , n|.
Khi x 0 th Hx
1
0 nn ta cng c ( x) 0, ngha l lin tc ti 0. T ( 2 )
ta c cc bt ng thc sau:
( o b) ( o) ( b) , ( o b) ( b) ( o)
T suy ra ( o b) | ( o) ( b) | ( ) .
Khi o b, ngha l ( o b) 0 , hay ( o b) 0, kt hp vi ( ) ta c ( o)
( b) .
Vy l hm s lin tc nn b chn trn compact oB( 0 ,1) . Ta suy ra b chn nn
c gi tr ln nht, nh nht trn oB( 0 ,1) . V 0 oB( 0,1) nn theo ( 1) ta c
mi n
xB( 0,1)
( x) = A > 0, max
xB( 0,1)
( x) = B A > 0
V
x
x
1
oB( 0,1 ) x 0 nn ta c
1
x
1
( x) = _
x
x
1
] [ A, B]
Suy ra

242

Ax
1
( x) Bx
1

Hay
Ax
1
x
X
Bx
1


H qu A.IV.1
Chng minh rng mi ng cu gia 2 khng gian vector (
n
, .
1
) v ( E, .
L
) u
l ng phi.
Gii:
Cho l mt ng cu t (
n
, .
1
) vo ( E, .
L
) . Ta chng minh cng l mt
ng phi. Xt chun J( x) trn
n
c xc nh nh sau:
J( x) = ( x)
L
x
n

Ta c
_
J( x) 0, J( x) = 0 ( x)
L
= 0 ( x) = 0 x = 0
J( x + y) = ( x + y)
L
( x)
L
+ ( y)
L
= J( x) + J( y)
J( kx) = ( kx)
L
= k( x)
L
= | k| . ( x)
L
= | k| . J( x)

Vy J( x) ng l mt chun trn
n
. Do J tng ng vi .
1
, ngha l tn ti
A, B > 0 sao cho
A. x
1
J( x) B. x
1

Suy ra
Ax y
1
( x) ( y)
L
Bx y
1

Ngha l
_
( x) ( y)
L
Bx y
1
( 1)
-1
( o)
-1
( b)
1

1
A
o b
L
( 2 )

( 1) cho ta lin tc v ( 2) cho ta
-1
lin tc.
Vy l mt ng phi.

243

Vi g l mt ng cu t ( E, .
L
) vo (
n
, .
1
) , ta c g
-1
l mt ng phi, suy ra
g cng l ng phi.

H qu A.IV.2
Chng minh rng mi ng cu gia cc khng gian vector n chiu ( E, .
L
) v
( F, .
P
) u l ng phi.
Gii :
Xt l mt ng cu gia ( E, .
L
) v F.
V E
n
nn c ng cu g gia ( E, .
L
) v (
n
, .
1
) . Theo H qu A.IV.1, ta
c g cng l mt ng phi. Xt = g
-1
th cng l ng cu gia (
n
, .
1
)
v ( F, .
P
) . Ta suy ra l ng phi gia E v F.
Vy ta c = g l mt ng phi ca E v F.

H qu A.IV.3
Chng minh rng mi chun trn khng gian vector n chiu E u tng ng vi
nhau.
Gii :
Gi s trn E c 2 chun l .
1
v .
2
.
Xt nh x ng nht IJ
L
gia ( E, .
1
) v ( E, .
2
) . Do IJ
L
l mt ng cu nn
theo H qu A.IV.2, IJ
L
cng l mt ng phi. Xt qu cu B = { x E: x
1
= 1}
th B l compact ca ( E, .
1
) , suy ra IJ
L
t gi tr ln nht l H v gi tr nh nht
l N trn B. Mt khc, v 0 B nn ta c H N > 0. Suy ra
N _IJ
L
_
x
x
1
]_
2
H x E { 0}
Ngha l
N _
x
x
1
_
2
=
x
1
x
2
H
Vy .
1
v .
2
l cc chun tng ng trn E.

244

Bi 1.6.5
Cho H l khng gian vector con hu hn chiu ca mt khng gian nh chun
( E, .
L
) . Chng minh H l mt tp ng trong E.
Gii :
Vi mi x H, t x
M
= x
L
th ( H, .
M
) l mt khng gian nh chun hu
hn chiu. Xt { u
n
}
n
l mt dy trong H sao cho u
n
u E khi n . V { u
n
}
hi t trong E nn b chn, ngha l tn ti r > 0 sao cho u
n
M
= u
n
L
r n
. Do ta c u
n
B
M
( 0 , r) l qu cu tm 0 bn knh r trong H.
Do H
n
nn tn ti mt ng cu gia H v
n
. ng cu ny cng l mt ng
phi gia ( E, . ) v (
n
, .
) . V (
n
, .
) l compact a phng nn ( E, . )
cng l compact a phng.
Ta suy ra { u
n
} c dy con |u
n
k
| hi t ti : trong B
M
( 0, r) . Theo tnh duy nht ca
gii hn, ta c u = : B
M
( 0 , r) H.
Vy mi khng gian vector con hu hn chiu H ca E u l tp ng.

Bi 1.6.6
Cho ( E, . ) l mt khng gian nh chun. Chng minh rng E hu hn chiu nu v
ch nu E l khng gian compact a phng.
Gii :
Theo Bi 1.6.5, nu E l khng gian hu hn chiu th n ng phi vi
n
v l
khng gian compact a phng. Ta ch cn chng minh chiu ngc li: Nu
( E, . ) l khng gian compact a phng th n c hu hn chiu.
Xt u = B
i
( 0 ,1) , v E l compact a phng nn u l mt compact. Suy ra u c
ph bi hu hn qu cu m bn knh
1
2
. Ngha l tn ti B = { x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
} sao cho
u _B
i
_x
,
1
2
]
n
=1

Xt F l khng gian vector con ca E sinh bi B, theo Bi 1.6.5, F l tp ng trong
E. Mt khc, ta c

245

x u, i n x = x
+ tvit B
i
_0,
1
2
] =
1
2
u
Nn suy ra
u H+
1
2
u
Theo Bi 1.3.13, ta c E H = H. Vy E l khng gian hu hn chiu.

Bi 1.6.7
Cho H v N l hai khng gian vector con ca khng gian nh chun ( E, . ) . t
F = { x + y x H, y N}
Gi s H N = { 0} . Chng minh
(i) Vi mi z trong z trong F c duy nht mt (( z) , g( z) ) trong H N sao
cho z = ( z) + g( z) .
(ii) Cc nh x v g lin tc trn F nu H hu hn chiu v N ng.
(iii) F ng trong E nu H hu hn chiu v N ng
Gii :
(i) V s tn ti: v F = H+ N nn hin nhin mi phn t z F u l tng ca
phn t x H v y N. Ta chng t s tn ti ny l duy nht: tht vy, gi s c 2
b ( x, y) , ( x
i
, y
i
) H N sao cho z = x + y = x
i
+ y
i
, ta c x x
i
= y y
i

H N. M H N = { 0} nn ta cng c _
x = x
i
y = y
i
. Vy s tn ti trn l duy nht v
cc hm s ( z) , g( z) c nh ngha tt.

(ii) Ta c ( x + y) = ( x) + ( y) , g( x + y) = g( x) + g( y) nn ta ch cn
chng minh v g lin tc ti 0 . Xt { x
n
} l mt dy hi t v 0 trong F, ta t
( x
n
) = y
n
v g( x
n
) = z
n
th y
n
+ z
n
0 khi n . Ta s chng minh { x
n
} hi t
v 0. V H l khng gian hu hn chiu nn
Tht vy, gi s { x
n
} khng hi t v 0 , ngha l tn ti e > 0 v dy con |x
n
k
| sao
cho [x
n
k
[ > e k . Do x
n
k
+ y
n
k
0 khi k v
[x
n
k
+ y
n
k
[ >
1
e
x
n
k
[x
n
k
[
+
y
n
k
[x
n
k
[
> 0

246

Nn ta cng c
x
n
k
_x
n
k
_
+

n
k
_x
n
k
_
0 khi k . V H l compact a phng v dy
s _
x
n
k
_x
n
k
_
_
k
b chn trong ( H, .
M
) vi .
M
l chun cm sinh t chun . ca
E nn c dy con _
x
n
k
i
_x
n
k
i
_
_
hi t ti I H. Mt khc v
x
n
k
i
_x
n
k
i
_
M
=
_x
n
k
i
_
M
_x
n
k
i
_
M
= 1
nn ta cng c I = I
M
= 1.
M
x
n
k
i
_x
n
k
i
_
+
n
k
i
_x
n
k
i
_
0 khi i nn ta cng c _

n
k
i
_x
n
k
i
_
_ I. V N l tp ng
v _

n
k
i
_x
n
k
i
_
_ l mt dy trong N nn ta cng c I N. Ta suy ra I H N = { 0} .
iu ny mu thun vi vic I = 1 v cho ta l hm lin tc.
V g = IJ
P
nn ta cng c g lin tc. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

(iii) Xt mt dy { z
n
} trong F tin v u khi n , v z
n
F n nn ta c
( z
n
) + g( z
n
) ukhin
Gi s dy { ( z
n
) }
n
khng b chn, ngha l ta trch c mt dy con |(z
n
k
)| c
[(z
n
k
)[ = [(z
n
k
)[
M
khik
Nn ta c
(z
n
k
)
[(z
n
k
)[
+
g( z
n
)
[(z
n
k
)[
0
Theo cu b, l hm lin tc trn F nn ta cng c
_
(z
n
k
)
[(z
n
k
)[
+
g( z
n
)
[(z
n
k
)[
_ =
(z
n
k
)
[(z
n
k
)[
0 khik
iu ny mu thun v
(z
n
k
)
[(z
n
k
)[
=
[(z
n
k
)[
[(z
n
k
)[
= 1

247

Cho ta dy { ( z
n
) } phi b chn. Do H hu hn chiu nn cng l khng gian
compact a phng v ng trong E. Ta trch c dy con |(z
n
k
)| hi t v x
H. M
(z
n
k
) + g(z
n
k
) ukhik
Nn ta cng c |g(z
n
k
)| u x khi k . V N ng nn ta phi c u x = y
N
Vy u = x + y vi ( x, y) H N nn u F. Ta suy ra F l tp ng trong E.

Bi 1.7.3
Cho X l mt tp compact trong mt khng gian nh chun ( E, . ) v e l mt s
thc dng. Chnh minh c a thc
P( x) = c
]
x
]
m
]=0

vi c
0
, , c
m
l cc s hu t sao cho || x| P( x) | 3 e x [ 1,1] .
Gii :
Xt khai trin Taylor ca x
2
+ e
2
ti x = 0, tn ti a thc
( x) = J
]
x
]
m
]=0

sao cho |( x) x
2
+ e
2
| < e.
Mt khc ta cng c
_x
2
+ e
2
| x| _ = x
2
+ e
2

x
2
e
Nn ta suy ra
|( x) | x| | ( x) x
2
+ e
2
+ _x
2
+ e
2
| x| _ 2e
Chn c
]
l cc s hu t sao cho |c
]
J
]
| <
s
m+1
vi mi ] = 0, m, ta c

248

| P( x) ( x) | = _( c
]
J
]
) x
]
m
]=0
_ ( m+ 1)
e
m+ 1
= e
Vy nn ta c
|P( x) | x| | 3e

Bi 1.7.4
Cho X l mt tp compact trong mt khng gian nh chun ( E, . ) , C( X, ) v
mt s thc dng e. Chng minh c cc s thc c
0
, , c
m
sao cho:
| | c
]
]
m
]=0
2e.
Gii :
Vi mi e > 0, theo Bi 1.7.3, tn ti a thc P sao cho || x| P( x) |
s
]+1
vi mi
x [ 1,1 ] (vic cng 1 vo mu l x l trng hp 0).
V
]( x)
]+1
[ 1,1 ] x X nn ta suy ra:
__
( x)
+ 1
_ P _
( x)
+ 1
__ =
1
+ 1
_| ( x)
J
]
( + 1)
]-1
]
( x)
m
]=0
_
e
+ 1

t c
]
=
d
]
( ]+1)
]-1
, ta c:
_| | c
]
]
m
]=0
_ e
Vy ta suy ra iu phi chng minh
Mt khc, ta cng c th chn o
]
l cc s hu t gn c
]
sao cho |o
]
c
]
|
s
( m+1) ( ]+1)
]
, ta c
_o
]
]
m
]=0
c
]
]
m
]=0
_ = _(o
]
c
]
)
]
m
]=0
_
e
m+ 1
m
]=0
= e

249

Suy ra
_| | o
]
]
m
]=0
_ e
vi o
]
l cc s hu t.
Bi 1.7.5
Cho X l mt tp compact trong mt khng gian nh chun ( E, . ) v A l mt tp
con ng ca C( X, ) . Gi s:
(iv) Vi mi hm v g trong A v vi mi s thc o th cc hm s sau y thuc
A: + g, o, g.
(v) A cha cc nh x hng.
(vi) A tch im trong X, ngha l vi mi x, y khc nhau trong X c A sao cho
( x) ( y) .
Cho v g thuc A, chng minh sup( , g) v i nf ( , g) thuc A.
Gii :
Theo tnh cht (i) th vi u A th mi a thc P( u) = o
u
m
=1
cng thuc A.
Ta chng minh vi mi u A th hm | u| cng thuc A :
V A ng nn ta ch cn chng minh | u| l mt im dnh ca A. Mt khc, theo Bi
1.7.4, vi mi e > 0, tn ti a thc P sao cho
| u| P( u) < e
M P( u) A nn ta c | u| l mt im dnh ca A. Vy ta c | u| A
Ta chng minh sup( , g) , i n f ( , g) thuc vi mi , g A :
V , g A nn + g, g A. p dng kt qu trn, ta c
sup ( , g) =
+ g + | g|
2
A, i n f ( , g) =
+ g | g|
2
A

250

Bi 1.7.6
Cho A l mt tp con ng ca C( X, ) c cc tnh cht (i) v (ii) trong Bi 1.7.5 v
C( X, ) .. Gi s vi mi e > 0, x, y X, ta li tm c mt hm s g
x,
trong A
sao cho:
|( z) g
x,
( z) | < e z = x, y
Chng minh A.
Gii :
Vi mi e, ta s tm mt hm A sao cho < e. T dng tnh ng ca
A suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Vi mi x X, ta chng minh tn ti hm
x
A sao cho
|
x
( x) ( x) | < e,
x
( t) > ( t) e t X
Tht vy, xt
w
x,
= |t X: g
x,
( t) > ( x) e|
Ta c w
x,
= ( g
x,
)
-1
(( , e) ) l to nh ca mt tp m qua nh x lin tc
nn cng l tp m. Mt khc, ta c w
x,
cha x v y nn
X = _w
x,
X

Vy |w
x,
: y I| l mt h ph m ca X. V X l compact nn h ny c ph m
con hu hn |w
x,
k
: k = 1 , n|.
t
x
= sup |g
x,
k
: k = 1, n|, theo Bi 1.7.5, ta c
x
A. Mt khc, vi mi t X
th t phi cha trong tp w
x,
k
no . Suy ra
x
( t) g
x,
k
( t) > ( t) e. Vy hm
x
va xy dng tha yu cu ca ta.
Cng ging nh vy, ta xy dng h tp m
0
x
= { t X:
x
( t) < ( t) + e}
th 0
x
= (
x
)
-1
(( , e) ) l to nh ca mt tp m qua nh x lin tc nn cng
l tp m. Mt khc 0
x
cha x nn ta suy ra
X = _0
x
xX

251

Vy { 0
x
: x X} l mt h ph m ca X. V X compact nn h ny c ph m con
hu hn |0
x
k
: k = 1 , m|.
t = i nf |
x
k
: k = 1, m|, cng theo Bi 1.7.5, ta c A. Ta chng minh l hm
tha tnh cht m ta mong i. Tht vy, vi mi t X, tn ti i sao cho
( t) =
x
i
( t) > ( t) e ( 1)
Mt khc, do |0
x
k
: k = 1, m| l mt ph m ca X nn tn ti tp m 0
x
]
cha t, suy
ra
( t)
x
]
( t) < ( t) + e ( 2 )
T ( 1) , ( 2 ) ta suy ra < e. Nn theo tnh ng ca A, ta c A = A.

Bi 1.7.7(nh l Stone-Weierstrass)
Cho ( X, v) l mt khng gian metric compact v A l mt tp hp con ca khng gian
C( X, ) c cc tnh cht (i), (ii) v (iii) trong Bi 1.7.5 . Chng minh A
= C( X, ) .
Gii :
Ta s chng minh mi hm C( X, ) u l im dnh ca A. Tht vy, t B = A,
ta cng c B l tp con ng ca C( X, ) , cha cc nh x hng. Mt khc, vi mi
hm , g trong B l gii hn ca cc dy {
n
} , { g
n
} trong A, ta cng c + g, o, g
l gii hn ca cc dy {
n
+ g
n
} , { o
n
} , {
n
g
n
} trong A nn ta suy ra + g, o, g
cng thuc B. Vy B l tp con ng ca X tha mn tnh cht (i) v (ii) ca Bi 1.7.5
Mt khc, xt mt hm trong C( X, ) , vi mi x, y X, do A tch im nn tn ti
hm
x,
A sao cho
x,
( x)
x,
( y) . t
g
x,
( t) =
( y) ( x)
x,
( y)
x,
( x)

x,
( t) +
( x)
x,
( y) ( y)
x,
( x)
x,
( y)
x,
( x)
t X
th ta c g
x,
= o
x,
+ b vi o, b l cc hng s thc nn theo cc tnh cht (i),(ii)
th g
x,
A. Mt khc, ta cng c
g
x,
( x) = ( x) , g
x,
( y) = ( y)
p dng kt qu Bi 1.7.6, ta c B. Vy ta suy ra A = C( X, ) .

252

Bi 1.7.8 (nh l Stone-Weierstrass phc)
Cho A l mt tp hp con ca C( X, ) . Gi s:
(v) Vi mi v g trong A v vi mi s phc o th cc hm s sau y thuc A:
+ g, o v g.
(vi) A cha nh x hng.
(vii) A tch cc im trong X
(viii) Vi mi = g + i trong A sao cho g v thuc C( X, ) , ta c
= g i
trong A.
Chng minh A
= C( X, ) .
Gii :
Gi H l tp con ca C( X, ) gm cc nh x nhn gi tr thc v xt H
A
= A H, ta
s chng minh H
A
tr mt trong H. Cc tnh cht (i), (ii) ca H
A
hin nhin c cm
sinh t A. Ta chng minh H
A
tch im:
Xt o, b X, v A tch im nn tn hm phc A sao cho ( o) ( b) . Nu
Re ( o) v Re ( b) khc nhau, th ta c Re =
]+]
2
A l mt hm trong H
A
tch 2
im o v b.
Trong trng hp Re( o) = Re( b) , ta c I m( o) I m( b) . Suy ra I m =
]-]
2
A
l mt hm trong H
A
tch 2 im o v b. Vy tm li H
A
tha tnh cht tch im.
p dng nh l Stone-Weierstrass thc, ta c H
A
tr mt trong H. Gi ta xt hm g
bt k trong C( X, ) , ta c g = Reg + i. I mg vi Reg, I mg l cc hm thc trong H.
Vi mi e > 0, tn ti hm u( t) , I( t) trong H
A
A sao cho
u Re g, I I m g <
e
2

Ta suy ra hm = u + iI A tha mn tnh cht sau
g = u Re g + i( I I m g) u Re g + i( I I m g) < e
Vy ta suy ra A tr mt trong C( X, ) v nh l c chng minh hon ton.

Bi 1.7.9

253

Cho X l mt tp ng v b chn trong
n
. Chng minh c mt tp hp con m
c A tr mt trong C( X, ) .
Gii :
Cch 1:
Ta ni l mt a thc c h s hu t bc k nu c i
]
{ 0} , k , c
]
, c
k

0 sao cho
( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) = c
_x
]
]
n
]=1
k
=
1
+
2
++
n
=0

Gi A l tp tt c cc a thc h s hu t, ta chng minh A l tp m c.
Tht vy, gi A
m
l tp cc a thc hu t c bc m th mi phn t ca A
m
ch c
t( m) h s c
]
(thc t theo bi ton chia ko Euler, ta tnh c t( m) = C
+n-1
n-1 m
=1

nhng iu ny khng cn thit v ta ch cn s dng t( m) hu hn). Vy lc lng
ca A
m
nh hn lc lng ca
t( m)
v do cng m c. Mt khc, ta c
A = _ A
m
m

Nn A l hi ca mt h m c cc tp A
m
m c nn ta suy ra A l tp m
c. Mt khc, tp A tha mn iu kin ca nh l Stone-Weierstrass nn tr mt
trong C( X, )
Cch 2:
Cho B l mt tp con m c ca C( X, ) , ta gi ( C, + , . ) = I( B) l vnh con nh
nht ca vnh ( C( X, ) , + , . ) cha B.
Ta chng minh C l tp m c:
Ta t B = {
: i } , do mi phn t g ca C u l mt tng hu hn vi cc s
hng l tch ca mt s phn t ca B nn g c dng
g = _
u
i]
i
]=1
u
=1

Ta gi C
m
l tp hp cc nh x g c u + :
u
=1
m v s chng minh C
m
l tp
m c. Tht vy ta thit lp n nh n sau y t C
m
n
m
2

n: C
m

m
2

254

n( g) = _o
11
, , o
1
1
, 0, . . ,0
_____________
m phn t
, o
21
, , o
2
2
, 0, . . ,0
_____________
m phn t
, , o
u1
, , o
u
u
, 0 , . . ,0
_____________
m phn t
, ,0_
R rng n l song nh nn ta c C
m
l tp m c.
Vy ta suy ra C = C
m m
l tp m c.
Mt cch tng qut, ta chng minh kt lun trong trng hp X l compact
trong
A
vi A l tp m c:
p dng kt qu trn cho tp B = { n
: i A} { IJ( r) : r } vi n
l php chiu
th i v IJ( r) l hm hng trn X nhn gi tr l r. Ta suy ra B l tp m c nn
I( B) cng l tp m c v ng vi php nhn v cng cc hm v tch im
trong X do cha cc php chiu. Mt khc v tr mt trong nn ta suy ra I( B)
tha cc tnh cht (i), (ii), (iii) ca Bi 1.7.5 nn ta c I( B) = C( X, ) .
Vy ta chng minh c kt qu ca bi ton cho c nhng khng gian c s chiu
m c.

Bi 3.16
Chng minh rng tp S gm cc s hu t trong khong m( 0,1) khng th vit c
di dng hi ca mt h m c cc tp m ca .
Gii :
Gi s rng S = ( 0,1 ) c th vit c di dng
_A
n
n=1
viA
n
l tp m trong
Do S m c nn ta nh s cc phn t ca n S = { x
n
: n } . Xt h { B
n
}
n

cc khong ng { [ o
n
, b
n
] }
n
c xy dng nh sau:
V A
1
cha x
1
nn tn ti e
1
> 0 sao cho ( x
1
e
1
, x
1
+ e
1
) A
1
. t:
B
1
= [ o
1
, b
1
] = _x
1
+
e
1
3
, x
1
+
2e
1
3
_
Th hin nhin B
1
A
1
, compact v khng cha x
1
.
Gi s B
1
, B
2
, , B
k
c chn sao cho B
k
B
k-1
B
2
B
1
, vi B

v B
khng cha x
. Ta tin hnh chn B

k+1
nh sau:

255

Nu x
k+1
B
k
= [ a
k
, h
k
] :
Do B
k
cha mt s hu t q A
k+1
nn tn ti e
k+1
> 0 sao cho ( q e
k+1
, q +
e
k+1
) A
k+1
. Chn
B
k+1
= jq mi n ]
e
k+1
2
, q o
k
, q + mi n ]
e
k+1
2
, b
k
q[
Th B
k+1
B
k
, B
k+1
A
k+1
v khng cha x
k+1
.
Nu x
k+1
B
k
= [ a
k
, h
k
] :
Do x
k+1
A
k+1
nn tn ti e
k+1
> 0 sao cho ( x
k+1
e
k+1
, x
k+1
+ e
k+1
) A
k+1
. M
x
k+1
( o
k
, b
k
] hay [ o
k
, b
k
) nn khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x
k+1

( o
k
, b
k
] .Chn
B
k+1
= _x
k+1

2
3
mi n{ x
k+1
o
k
, e
k+1
} , x
k+1

1
3
mi n { x
k+1
o
k
, e
k+1
} _
Th B
k+1
jx
k+1

2
3
( x
k+1
o
k
) , x
k+1
( o
k
, x
k+1
) B
k
nn l tp con ca B
k

khng cha x
k+1
.
Mt khc ta cng c
B
k+1
_x
k+1

2
3
e
k+1
, x
k+1

1
3
e
k+1
_ ( x
k+1
e
k+1
, x
k+1
+ e
k+1
) A
k+1

Vy ta xy dng c bng quy np dy { B
n
}
n
gim dn cc khong ng tha mn
B
n
A
n
v khng cha x
n
. Mt khc, theo Bi 44 ta c:
I = _B
n
n=1

Gi t l mt phn t ca I th t khng c dng x
n
(n ). Vy
t v t I _A
n
n=1

Mu thun vi vic
_A
n
n=1
= S = ( 0 ,1)

256

Bi 3.17
Cho S l tp con ca
n
. Chng minh rng s im c lp ca S l m c.
Gii :
Gi I l tp hp cc im c lp ca S. chng minh I l m c, ta s ch ra mt
n nh t I vo
n
. Tht vy, vi mt im x = ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) I bt k, tn ti
e( x) sao cho B(x, e( x) ) S = { x} . V tr mt trong nn tn ti cc s hu t
q
1
( x) , q
2
( x) , , q
n
( x) sao cho | q
( x) x
| <
_
[
s( x)
3

2
n
, tc l
o(x, ( x) ) = _( q
( x) x
)
2
n
=1

e( x)
3
<
e( x)
2

t ( x) = (q
1
( x) , q
2
( x) , , q
n
( x) ) ta chng minh l n nh. Tht vy, gi s c
x y trong I sao cho ( x) = ( y) = t, ta c o( t, x) <
s( x)
2
v o( t, y) <
s( )
2
. Khng
mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s e( x) e( y) th:
o( x, y) o( x, t) + o( t, y) <
e( x)
2
+
e( y)
2
e( y)
iu ny v l v B(y, e( y) ) S = { y} v chng t l n nh.
Mt khc,
n
l m c nn ta cng c I l m c

Bi 3.18
Chng minh rng tp hp cc hnh trn tm ( x, x) bn knh x vi x
+
l mt ph
m con m c ca { ( x, y) : x > 0, y > 0} .
Gii :
t F = |B(( r, r) , r): r
+
|
a. Ta chng minh F l mt ph m ca A = { ( x, y) : x > 0, y > 0} .
Xt mt im ( x, y) A. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s x y. Ta s chng
minh ( x, y) B(( y, y) , y). Tht vy :
o(( x, y) , ( y, y) ) = ( x y)
2
+ ( y y)
2
= y x < y

257

Nn ( x, y) cha trong phn t B(( y, y) , y) ca F. Vy F l mt ph m ca A
b. Ta chng minh F m c.
Tht vy, xt n nh t F n nh sau:
: F
B(( r, r) , r) r
V l m c nn ta suy ra F l m c.
T 2 kt qu trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 3.19
Chng minh rng h cc khong m [
1
n
,
2
n
vi n = 2,3, , l mt ph m ca ( 0,1 )
v h ny khng c ph m con hu hn.
Gii :
Vi mi x ( 0 ,1) , ta tm n sao cho x [
1
n
,
2
n
, ngha l
1
n
< x <
2
n
.
Xt s thc dng
1
x
> 1, ta chng minh [
1
x
,
2
x
phi cha mt s nguyn n. Tht vy,
xt n = j
1
x
[ + 1 th n > x. Mt khc n < j
1
x
[ +
1
x

2
x
nn ta c n [
1
x
,
2
x
. Vy ta tm
c s nguyn dng n nh trn tha mn tnh cht
1
x
< n <
2
x
, ngha l
1
n
< x <
2
n
.
Vy h cc khong m [
1
n
,
2
n
vi n = 2,3, , l mt ph m ca ( 0 ,1) .
Gi s tn ti mt ph m con hu hn, ngha l tn ti tp con A hu hn ca sao
cho:
__
1
n
,
2
n
]
nA
= ( 0,1) ( )
Gi m l phn t ln nht ca A th
1
2m
<
1
n
n A. Vy, ta c :
1
2m
( 0 ,1) v
1
2 m
__
1
n
,
2
n
]
nA

iu ny mu thun vi ( ) v kt thc chng minh.

258

Bi 3.20
Hy ch ra mt v d v mt tp S ng trong nhng khng b chn v ch ra mt
ph m m c F ca S sao cho n khng c ph m con hu hn.
(iu ny chng t rng nh l ph m Lindelf khng phi l h qu ca nh l
ph m Heine-Borel)
Gii :
Xt S = th S khng b chn v
\ S = _( n, n + 1)
n

L hi ca mt h tp m nn \ S cng l mt tp m trong . Vy S l tp con
ng ca .
t A
n
= [n
1
2
, n +
1
2
n th { A
n
: n } l mt ph m m c ca S. Ta
chng minh n khng c ph m con hu hn. Tht vy, gi s ngc li, ngha l tn
ti mt tp con I hu hn ca sao cho
S = = _A
n
nI
( )
Gi m = max ( I) th ta c m+ 1 > m+
1
2
> n +
1
2
n I nn
m+ 1 nhng m+ 1 _A
n
nI

iu ny mu thun vi ( ) . Vy v d va ch ra tha mn yu cu ca .

Bi 3.21
Tp con S ca
n
tha tnh cht sau: Vi mi x S, tn ti mt qu cu m B
x
cha
x sao cho B
x
S l m c. Chng minh rng S m c.
Gii :
Ta c

259

S _B
x
xS

Nn { B
x
: x S} l mt ph m ca S. Theo nh l ph m Lindelf, ta c th tm
mt ph m con m c. Ngha l tn ti I S, I m c sao cho
S _( B
x
S)
xI

Vy S l hi ca mt h m c cc tp m c nn S l m c.

Bi 3.23
Cho S l mt tp con ca
n
. im x
n
c gi l im ngng t (condensation
point) ca S nu nh mi qu cu B tm x u c B S l tp khng m c.
Chng minh rng S l tp hp khng m c khi v ch khi n c mt im ngng
t.
H qu: Mi tp khng m c u c im t, ni cch khc, mi tp ri rc u
m c
Gii :
a. Ta chng minh kt qu mnh hn: nu S khng m c th c mt im
ngng t x sao cho x S :
Gi s mi phn t x ca S u khng phi im ngng t, ni cch khc, mi phn
t x ca S u c qu cu B
x
sao cho B
x
S l tp m c.
Theo Bi 3.21, S l mt tp m c.
b. Ta chng minh nu S c im ngng t th S khng m c :
Nu S c mt im ngng t l x th tn ti mt qu cu B
x
tm x sao cho B
x
S l
khng m c. Vy S c tp con khng m c nn S cng khng m c.
T 2 khng nh trn ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 3.24
Cho S l mt tp con ca
n
v gi s rng S khng m c. Gi I( S) l tp cc
im ngng t ca S. Chng minh rng :

260

a. S I l m c.
b. S I l khng m c.
c. I l tp ng.
d. I khng c im c lp
Gii :
a. Ta chng minh S I l m c :
Theo Bi 3.23, ta ch cn chng minh S I khng c im ngng t. Tht vy, gi s
S I c im ngng t l x, v x l im ngng t ca S I S nn mi qu cu B
x

tm x u cha mt lng khng m c cc im trong S I, nn n cng cha
mt lng khng m c cc im trong S. Suy ra x l im ngng t ca S, tc
x I. iu ny mu thun vi vic x S I.
Mu thun ny cho ta tnh cht S I l tp m c.
b. Ta chng minh S I l khng m c :
Gi s S I l m c, ta c S = ( S I) ( S I) l hi ca 2 tp m c nn
ta c S m c. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit cho. Vy ta c S I l khng
m c.
c. Ta chng minh I l tp ng :
Xt dy { t
n
} trong I sao cho { t
n
} tin v t trong
n
. Ta chng minh mi qu cu tm
B( t, r) vi r > 0 u cha v hn khng m c im trong S. Tht vy, v t
n
t
khi n nn tn ti mt im t
N
sao cho t
N
B[t,
2
. V qu cu B[t
N
,
2

B( t, r) v B[t
N
,
2
S l v hn khng m c nn B( t, r) S cng khng m
c.
Vy t l im ngng t ca S, cho ta iu phi chng minh.
d. Ta chng minh I khng c im c lp :
Vi mt im t I v r > 0 bt k, ta tm mt phn t z I sao cho o( z, t) < r.
Ta c B mnh hn nh sau: Vi mi t I v r > 0, tn ti mt phn t z S
I sao cho o( z, t) < r.
Tht vy, xt h { R
k
}
k
m c cc tp hp sau:
R
k
= ]x S,
r
k + 1
o( x, t) <
r
k
k

261

Th
_R
k
k
= B( t, r) S
Nu mi tp R
k
u m c th B( t, r) S l hi ca mt h m c cc tp m
c nn cng m c. iu ny tri vi d kin t l im ngng t. Vy phi c
mt k
0
no sao cho R
k
0
cha v hn khng m c phn t. Theo Bi 3.23
cu (a), R
k
0
c im ngng t l z R
k
0
. Suy ra mi qu cu tm z u cha v hn
khng m c cc phn t ca R
k
0
, nn cng cha v hn khng m c cc
phn t ca S. Vy z l im ngng t ca S v z S, hay z I S. B c
chng minh.
p dng b , ta suy ra I khng c im c lp.

tng ca b l vic xt
h m c cc hnh vnh
khn tin dn n im t

262

Bi 3.25(nh l Cantor- Bendixon)
Tp hpA con ca c gi l hon ho nu n ng v khng c im c lp.
Chng minh rng mi tp con ng khng m c F ca
n
u c th phn hoch
thnh 2 tp A, B vi A l tp hon ho v B l tp m c.
Gii :
V F khng m c nn nu ta gi I l tp cc im ngng t ca F th theo Bi
3.24, F I l khng m c v F I l m c. Xt A = F I v B = F I,
th
A B = v A B = F
Ta s chng minh A l hon ho. Tht vy, A ng v A = F I l giao ca 2 tp
ng. Mt khc, theo B Bi 3.24 cu (d) th A khng c im c lp. Vy A l
tp hon ho.

Bi 3.32(Tnh truyn ca quan h tr mt)
Trong khng gian metric H, tp A c gi l tr mt trong S nu nh A S A.
Chng minh rng nu A tr mt trong S v S tr mt trong I th A tr mt trong I.
Gii :
Do A tr mt trong S nn A S A. V S A nn S A (v S l tp ng nh nht
cha S). M S I S nn A S I S A, ngha l A tr mt trong I.
Ta c iu phi chng minh

Bi 3.33
Khng gian metric H c gi l tch c/kh ly (separable) nu n c mt tp con
m c A tr mt trong H. V d, l kh ly v l mt tp con m c tr mt
trong . Chng minh rng
n
vi chun Euclide l kh ly.
Gii :

263

Xt tp con A =
n
ca
n
, ta cA l m c. Ta chng minh A tr mt trong
n
,
ngha l A =
n
. Tht vy, xt mt im x = ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) bt k trong
n
, ta tm
mt dy s o
k
trong A hi t v x:
Do tr mt trong nn k, i , q
( k) sao cho | q
( k) x
|
1
k
. Xt dy
s o
k
= (q
1
( k) , q
2
( k) , , q
n
( k) )
n
, ta c
l i m
k
q
( k) = x
i = 1, n
Nn suy ra o
k
x khi k , ngha l A tr mt trong
n
.
Vy
n
l khng gian metric kh ly.

Bi 3.34(nh l ph m Lindelf m rng)
Cho ( E, o) l mt khng gian metric kh ly v A l mt tp con ca E. Chng minh
rng mi ph m F ca A u c ph m con m c.
Gii :
V ( E, o) l kh ly nn ta gi H l tp con tr mt m c ca E v gi s F =
{ w
: i I} l mt ph m ca A, ngha l w
m trong Ei I v
A _w
I

Xt E = { B( x, r) : x H, r } , ta chng minh E l m c. Tht vy, do H m
c nn c n nh : H . Ta xt n nh g nh sau t E n
2
:
g : E
2

B( x, r) ( ( x) , r)
Mt khc,
2
l m c nn ta cng c E l m c.
a. Ta chng minh x E, r > 0, B( o, r) B sao cho x B( o, r)
B( x, r) ( )
Tht vy, v tr mt trong nn tn ti r [0 ,
2
. Mt khc, v H tr mt
trong E nn tn ti o H sao cho o( o, x) < r.
Vi mi t B( o, r) th o( t, x) o( x, o) + o( t, o) < r + r < r. Suy ra B( o, r)
B( x, r) . Mt khc v o( o, x) < r nn x B( o, r
i
) . Vy ( ) c chng minh.

264

b. Ta chng minh tn ti tp con [ m c ca I sao cho A w
]

Vi mi x A, tn ti i( x) I sao cho x w
( x)
. V w
( x)
m nn tn ti e( x) sao
cho B(x, e( x) ) w
( x)
. Theo nhn nh (a), c B( o
x
, r
x
) E sao cho
x B( o
x
, r
x
) B(x, e( x) ) w
( x)

Xt E
i
= { B( o
x
, r
x
) : x A} th E l tp con ca E nn m c. Ta xt nh x sau:
E
i
I
B( o
x
, r
x
) i( x)
t [ = ( E
i
) th [ I v [ m c do c ton nh t E
i
vo [. Mt khc vi mi
x A, ta c x B( o
x
, r
x
) w
( x)
nn suy ra
A _w
]

Vy ta ch ra c mt ph m con m c.

Bi 3.35
Chng minh rng nu A tr mt trong S v B l tp m trong S th B A B.
(Ni cch khc nu A l tr mt trong S v B m th A B l tr mt trong B)
Gii :
Xt b B bt k, ta chng minh b A B, ngha l
e > 0, x
s
A B sao cho o( b, x
s
) < e
Tht vy, v B m nn tn ti r > 0 sao cho B( b, r) B. M b S A nn tn ti
o A sao cho o( o, b) < mi n { r, e} .
V o( o, b) < r nn o B( b, r) B. Chn x
s
= o, ta c x
s
A B v o( b, x
s
) < e.

Bi 3.36
Cho A v B l cc tp con tr mt ca S v B l tp m. Chng minh rng A B tr
mt trong S.

265

Gii :
Theo Bi 3.35, ta c B A B, suy ra B A B( 1) do B l tp ng nh nht cha
B. M theo gi thit, B tr mt trong S nn ta cng c S B( 2) .
T ( 1) v ( 2) ta c S B A B. Suy ra A B tr mt trong S.

Bi 3.42
Xt khng gian metric gm cc s hu t vi metric Euclide thng thng. Cho S
l tp gm tt c cc s hu t trong khong m ( o, b) vi o, b l cc s v t. Chng
minh S l tp con ng v b chn ca nhng khng compact.
(Bi ton l mt v d v tp ng v b chn nhng khng compact)
Gii :
S l tp b chn v S = B
[
u+b
2
,
b-u
2
. Ta s chng minh S l tp ng. Tht vy, xt
mt im x sao cho c mt dy x
n
trong S tin v o. Do { x
n
} ( o, b) nn
x [ o, b] . M x v o, b nn x ( o, b) . Vy x ( o, b) = S nn S l tp
ng.
Nhng tp S xy dng nh trn khng l compact. Tht vy, xt dy s sau:
x
n
= o +
b o
n + 1
n = 1 ,2,
Th { x
n
} l mt dy s trong S. V trong th dy { x
n
} hi t v o nn theo tnh
duy nht ca gii hn, { x
n
} khng hi t n bt k s hu t no. Vy dy { x
n
}
khng hi t trong nn cng khng hi t trong S.
Ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.

Bi 3.48
Cho khng gian metric H v tp con A. Chng minh cc nhn nh sau:
a. int ( oA) = nu A m hoc A ng
b. Tm mt tp A sao cho i nt ( oA) = H
Gii :
a. int ( oA) = nu A m hoc A ng

266

Ta chng minh nu A ng th i n t ( oA) = . Tht vy, gi s i nt ( oA) th gi o l
mt phn t ca i n t ( oA) th tn ti r > 0 sao cho
B( x, r) oA = A H A = A H A A
V x H A nn tn ti mt dy { x
n
} trong H A tin v x. Suy ra tn ti N ln
sao cho o( x
N
, x) < r, ngha l x
N
B( x, r) A. iu ny mu thun v x
N
H A.
Trong trng hp A m, t B = H A th B ng nn i nt ( oB) = . M oB = oA
nn ta cng c i n t ( oA) = .
b. Tm mt tp A sao cho i nt ( oA) = H
Xt H = v A = . V A v H A u tr mt trong H nn ta c A = H A = H.
Suy ra oA = H nn i nt ( oA) = H.

Bi 3.49 v 3.50
Cho A, B l cc tp con trong khng gian metric E tha mn i nt ( A) = i nt ( B) = .
a. Chng minh rng nu A ng trong E th i nt ( A B) =
b. Ch ra mt v d sao cho i n t ( A B) = H
Gii :
a. Ta chng minh nu A ng th i nt ( A B) = :
Gi s int ( A B) th ta gi t l mt phn t ca int ( A B) , ngha l tn ti
r > 0 sao cho B( t, r) A B.
Ta chng minh t A. Tht vy, gi s t A th ta c t B. V t khng l im trong
ca B nn ta c B( b, e) l tp con ca A B nhng khng l tp con ca B vi mi
e ( 0 , r) . Suy ra B( b, e) A e ( 0 , r) , ngha l b A = A (Mu thun).
Vy ta c t A nhng khng l im trong. Suy ra vi mi e ( 0, r) , B( t, e) l tp
con ca A B nhng khng l tp con ca A, ngha l B( t, e) ( E A) .
Ngha l tn ti x B [t,
2
( E A) . Nhng v E A l tp m nn tn ti r
i
> 0
nh hn
2
sao cho B( x, r
i
) E A (1).
Vi mi y B( x, r
i
) , ta c o( y, t) o( y, x) + o( x, t) r
i
+

2
< r, tc y B( t, r) .
Vy ta suy ra B( x, r
i
) B( t, r) A B (2).

267

T (1) v (2) ta c B( x, r
i
) B, suy ra x i n t ( B) (Mu thun v i nt ( B) ).
b. Ta ch ra v d sao cho i n t ( A B) = H
Xt A = , B = v H = . Do v u l cc tp tr mt trong nn
v u khng cha mt khong no ca (ni cc khc, A, B l cc tp
khng u tr mt (no-where dense) ). Nn i n t ( A) = i nt ( B) = trong khi i n t ( A
B
)
= i n t ( ) = .
V d ch ra tha mn yu cu bi.

Bi 2.2_BTGTA2
Chng minh tp sau khng lin thng ng
= { ( 0 , y) : y } __x, si n
1
x
] : x ( 0 , ) _
Gii :
Ta chng minh khng lin thng ng bng k thut ni di:
Tht vy, gi s lin thng ng. t
A = { ( 0 , y) : y } vB = __x, si n
1
x
] : x ( 0, ) _
Ta c A B = . Xt 2 im ( 0,0) A v ( 1, si n 1) B , do lin thng
nn tn ti hm : [ 0,1] sao cho ( 0) = ( 0 ,0 ) , ( 1) = ( 1 , si n 1) v lin tc.
Xt tp hp
X = |t [ 0,1] : (( t, 1] ) B|
V lin tc nn tn ti o
1
sao cho ( t) ( 1) < 1 t [ 1 o
1
, 1] . Nu
( t) A, ta c ( t) ( 1) |pr
1
(( t) ) pr
1
(( 1) )| = | 0 1| = 1 vi pr
1
l
php chiu th nht. iu ny mu thun nn
( t) B t [ 1 o
1
, 1]
Ngha l 1 o
1
X nn X khng phi tp rng. Mt khc, ta c ( 0) B nn 0 l
mt chn di ca X. Vy ta c th gi I = i nf X. Ta chng minh I X. Tht vy,

268

vi mi t ( I, 1) , tn ti u X sao cho I < u < t. Ta suy ra ( t) (( u, 1] ) B.
Nh vy ta chng minh c ( t) B t ( I, 1] , ngha l I X.
Gi s ( I) B, ngha l ( I) = [, si n
1
h
vi ( 0 , ) , do lin tc nn tn ti
o
h
sao cho ( t) ( I) < t [ I o
h
, I + o
h
] . Gi s ( t) A, ta c
( t) ( ) |pr
1
(( t) ) pr
1
(( ) )| = | 0 | =
iu ny gy mu thun nn ta suy ra ( t) B t [ I o
h
, I + o
h
] . Vy ta c
I > I o
h
X
tri vi cch chn I = i nf X. Vy ta suy ra ( I) A. V l hm lin tc nn ta c
th t ( x) = (g( x) , ( x) ) vi g, l cc nh x lin tc. Ta c
l i m
x1
g( x) = g( I) = 0, ( x) = si n
1
g( x)
x ( I, 1 ]
Vi mi n , v g [I +
1-1
n
> 0 = g( I) nn tn ti p sao cho
1
2pn +
n
2
<
1
2pn
< g_I +
1 I
n
]
Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh, tn ti cc x
n
, y
n
[I, I +
1-1
n
sao cho
g( x
n
) =
1
2pn
, g( y
n
) =
1
2pn +
n
2

Ta suy ra x
n
, y
n
I khi n v ( x
n
) = si n 2pn = 0 , ( y
n
) = si n [2pn +
n
2
=
1. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit lin tc ti I v cho ta iu phi chng minh.

Bi 3.1_BTGTA2
Chng minh mi khng gian nh chun hu hn chiu u y (hay khng gian
Banach).
Gii :
Xt ( X, . ) l mt khng gian nh chun n chiu c c s l ( b
1
, b
2
, , b
n
) . Ta xt
chun .
sau trn X:

269

o
n
=1

= max|| o
| : i = 1, n|
Ta kim tra c .
thc s l mt chun trn X. Theo H qu A.IV.3, ta c .

v . l 2 chun tng ng ca X. V mi dy trong X hi t/Cauchy vi chun
. khi v ch khi n hi t/Cauchy vi chun .
nn ta ch cn chng minh .

l mt khng gian Banach. Tht vy, xt dy { x
m
} = |(o
m
( 1) , o
m
( 2) , , o
m
( n) )|
Cauchy trong X, ngha l
max{ | o
h
( i) o
k
( i) | : i = 1, n} 0 khi , k
Nn { o
m
( i) }
m
l dy Cauchy trong . Vy c cc s o( i) sao cho { o
m
( i) } hi
t ti o( i) . t x = (o( 1) , o( 2) , , o( n) ), ta c
x
m
x = (o
m
( i) o( i) )b
n
=1
max{ b
: i = 1, n} | o
m
( i) o( i) |
n
=1

Nn x
m
x 0 khi m . Vy ta suy ra { x
m
} hi t v t c c iu phi
chng minh.

270

271

Chng 2
Gii tch cc
hm nhiu
bin

Ch 2.1 : o hm ring o hm Frechet v vector Gradient
Ch 2.2 : Khai trin Taylor
Ch 2.3 : Cc tr
Bi tp tng hp
Bi tp nng cao

272

Ch 2.1
o hm ring o hm Frechet
v vector Gradient

I. L thuyt
Cho
n
, x = ( x
1
, x
2
, x
n
) v vector o = ( o
1
, o
2
, o
n
)
n

khc vector 0.
Phng php tm o hm ring
tnh o hm ring theo bin th i ti x ca , ta c nhng cch sau:
Cch 1: o hm ring theo bin th i ti x c tnh bi gii hn
( x) =
o
ox
( x) = l i m
h0
( x
1
, x
2
, x
+ , . . x
n
) ( x
1
, x
2
, x
, , x
n
)

Cch 2: Ta xem cc bin cn li l tham s v tnh o hm theo bin th i theo cc
quy tc tnh o hm 1 bin. C th, ta xt hm
xc nh bi
( t) = ( x
1
, , x
-1
, t, x
+1
, x
n
)
Khi
( x) =
i
( t) .
Phng php tnh vector gradient
Mun tnh gradient ca ti x, ta phi tnh o hm ring theo tt c bin ti x. Khi

( x) = grad ( x) = (
1
( x) ,
2
( x) , ,
n
( x) )
Phng php tm ma trn Jacobian
Khi cc hm thnh phn g
(i = 1, m) ca g u c o hm ring, ta c ma trn
Jacobian ca g xc nh nh sau:

273

[
g
( x) = _
g
1
g
2
g
m
_ =
og
1
ox
1
( x)
og
1
ox
n
( x)
og
2
ox
1
( x)
og
2
ox
n
( x)

og
m
ox
1
( x)
og
m
ox
n
( x)

Trong trng hp m = n, ta thng k hiu
o( g
1
, g
2
, g
n
)
o( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)
= det [
g
( x)
Phng php tm o hm theo hng
tnh o hm ring theo hng o ti x ca , ta c nhng cch sau:
Cch 1: o hm theo hng o ti x ca c tnh bi gii hn
u
( x) = l i m
t0
( x
1
+ to
1
, x
2
+ to
2
, , x
n
+ to
n
) ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
)
t

Cch 2: Xt
u
( t) = ( x + to) = ( x
1
+ to
1
, x
2
+ to
2
, , x
n
+ to
n
) . Khi , s
dng cng thc o hm hm mt bin tnh
u
( x) =
u
i
( 0) .
Phng php tnh o hm Frechet
o hm Frechet ca ti im x nu c l nh x tuyn tnh I
x
xc nh nh sau
I
x
=
( x) .
n
=1
= . ( x)
tm o hm Frechet ca hm , ta ln lt thc hin cc bc sau
Bc 1: Ta tnh vector Gradient ( x) , t tm c nh x tuyn tnh
I
x
=
( x) .
n
=1
= . ( x)
Bc 2: kim tra kh vi Frechet, ta c th lm theo cc cch sau:
Cch 1:Xt hm e( ) nh sau:
e( ) =
( x + ) ( x) ( x)

274

Nu l i m
h0
e( ) = 0 th kh vi Frechet ti x.
Trong trng hp cn li th khng kh vi Frechet ti x.
Cch 2: Kim tra tnh lin tc ca cc hm o hm ring ca ti x. Nu tt
c cc hm o hm ring ca lin tc ti x th kh vi Frechet ti x.
Phng php chng minh khng kh vi Frechet
chng minh mt hm s khng kh vi Frechet, ta tm vector gradient ca v
hm e( ) , sau ch ra mt dy {
n
} hi t v 0 sao cho e(
n
) khng hi t v 0.
Phng php tm o hm cp cao
Gi s l hm thuc lp C
K
. Mi o hm cp k (k K) ca c dng
o
k
ox
u( k)
ox
u( 1)

v c c trng bi mt nh x o t { 1,2 , , k} vo { 1 ,2, , n} .
tnh o hm cp k ca , ta da vo cc o hm cp thp hn nh sau
o
k
ox
u( k)
ox
u( 1)
( x) =
o
ox
u( k)
_
o
k-1
ox
u( k-1)
ox
u( 1)
_( x)

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 4.1
Tm cc o hm ring cho cc o hm sau, vit
a) ( x, y, z) = x

b) ( x, y) = x

c) ( x, y) = si n( xsi ny)
d) x
z

Gii:
a) ( x, y, z) = x

Ta c
o
ox
=
o( x
)
ox
= yx
-1
,
o
oy
= x
l nx,
o
oz
= 0

275

Nh vy = ( yx
-1
, x
l n x, 0) .

b) ( x, y) = x

Ta c
o
ox
= yx
-1
,
o
oy
= x
l nx
Nh vy = ( yx
-1
, x
l nx) .

c) ( x, y) = si n( xsi ny)
Ta c
o
ox
= si n y . cos( xsi ny) ,
o
oy
= cos( xsi ny) . x cos y
Nh vy = ( si n y . cos( xsi n y) , cos( xsi ny) . x cos y) .

d) ( x, y, z) = x
z

Ta c
o
ox
= y
z
x
(
z
-1)
,
o
oy
= x
z
( l n x) zy
z-1
,
o
oz
= x
z
( l n x) y
z
( l n y)
Nh vy = (y
z
x
(
z
-1)
, x
z
y
z-1
z l n x , x
z
y
z
l n x . l n y).

Bi 4.2
Cho g: l hm lin tc. Tm o hm ring ca
a) ( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt
x+
2
u

b) ( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt
x

276

c) ( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt.
x
u

d) ( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt.
sInx
u

e) ( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt.
g( s) ds
j
b
u

Gii:
Mt cch tng qut, nu
( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt
( x,)
u( x,)

v gi 0 l mt nguyn hm ca g th ta c
( x, y) = 0(:( x, y) ) 0(u( x, y) )
Nn ta suy ra
o
ox
= g(:( x, y) ).
o:
ox
g(u( x, y) ).
ou
ox
,
o
oy
= g(:( x, y) ).
o:
oy
g(u( x, y) ).
ou
oy

a) ( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt
x+
2
u

Ta c
o
ox
= g( x + y
2
) . 1 = g( x + y
2
) ,
o
oy
= g( x + y
2
) . 2 y = 2 y. g( x + y
2
)

b) ( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt
x

Ta c
o
ox
= g( x) ,
o
oy
= g( y)

277

c) ( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt.
x
u

Ta c
o
ox
= g( xy) . y,
o
oy
= g( xy) . x

d) ( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt
sInx
u

Ta c
o
ox
= g( si n xy) . y. cos xy ,
o
oy
= g( si n xy) . x. cos xy

e) ( x, y) = _ g( t) Jt
g( s) ds
j
b
x

Ta c
o
ox
= g __ g( s) Js
b
_.
o( g( s) Js
b
)
ox
g( x) = g( x)
o
oy
= g __ g( s) Js
b
_.
o( g( s) Js
b
)
oy
= g__ g( s) Js
b
_ . g( y)

Bi 4.3
Cho :
2

( x, y) = _
xy
x
2
y
2
x
2
+ y
2
( x, y) ( 0 ,0 )
0 ( x, y) = ( 0,0 )

Chng minh rng
o
oy
( x, 0) = x,
o
ox
( 0 , y) = y
Gii:

278

Chng minh
]
( x, 0) = x:
- Nu x = 0. Ta c
( 0 ,0 + ) ( 0,0 )
=
0
= 0 0
Suy ra
o
oy
( 0 ,0) = l i m
h0
( 0 ,0 + ) ( 0 ,0 )
= 0
- Nu x 0. Ta c
( x, 0 + ) ( x, 0)
=
( x, )
=
1
x
x
2

2
x
2
+
2
= x
x
2

2
x
2
+
2

T suy ra
o
oy
( x, 0) = l i m
h0
( x, 0 + ) ( x, 0)
= x
Vy trong c 2 trng hp ta u c
]
( x, 0 ) . Hon ton tng t ta cng c

o
ox
( 0, y) = y.

Bi 4.4
Tnh J cho cc hm sau
a) ( x, y) = xy
3

b) ( x, y) = ar ct g [
x

Gii:
a) ( x, y) = xy
3

Ta c
o
ox
= y
3
,
o
oy
= 3xy
2

279

Ta thy cc o hm ring ny lin tc ti mi im ( x, y) thuc =
2
. Nn kh
vi trn .
V
i
( x, y) = = ( y
3
, 3xy
2
) . Vy J = y
3
Jx + 3xy
2
Jy.
b) ( x, y) = ar ct g [
x

Ta c
o
ox
=
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
o
oy
=
x
x
2
+ y
2

Ta thy cc o hm ring ny lin tc ti mi im ( x, y) thuc =
2
{ ( 0 ,0 ) } .
Nn kh vi trn.
Vy
J =
y
x
2
+ y
2
Jx
x
x
2
+ y
2
Jy.

Bi 4.5
Tm o hm ring ca theo s v t bng cch dng o hm hm hp
a) ( x, y, z) = x
2
+ 4xyz, x = t + s , y = 3t s, z = t
2

b) ( x, y) = x
3
si n ( xy) , x = t cos s , y = t si n s .
Gii:
a) ( x, y, z) = x
2
+ 4xyz, x = t + s , y = 3t s, z = t
2

o
ot
=
o
ox
.
ox
ot
+
o
oy
oy
ot
+
o
oz
oz
ot

= ( 2 x + 4yz) . 1 + 4 xz. 3 + 4 xy. 2t
= 48t
3
+ 2 4st
2
8 ts
2
+ 2t + 2s

o
os
=
o
ox
ox
os
+
o
oy
oy
os
+
o
oz
oz
os

= ( 2 x + 4yz) . 1 + 4 xz. ( 1) + 4xy. 0
= 2( t + s) + 4( 3 t s) . t
2
4( t + s) . t
2

= 8t
3
8t
2
s + 2t + 2s.

280

b) ( x, y) = x
3
si n ( xy) , x = t cos s , y = t si n s.
o
ot
=
o
ox
ox
ot
+
o
oy
oy
ot

= ( 3 x
2
si n xy + yx
3
cos xy) . cos s + x
4
cos xy . si n s
= 3t
2
si n( t
2
cos s . si n s) cos
3
s + t
4
si n s cos
4
s cos( t
2
cos s . si n s)
+ t
4
. cos
4
s. cos( t
2
cos s . si n s) si n s
= 3t
2
. cos
3
s. si n _
t
2
2
si n 2 s_ + t
4
si n s . cos
4
s . cos _
t
2
2
si n 2s_
+ t
4
cos
4
s . cos _
t
2
2
si n 2 s_. si n s
o
os
=
o
ox
ox
os
+
o
oy
oy
os

= ( 3x
2
si n xy + x
3
y cos xy) t si n s + x
4
cos xy . t. cos s
= 3t
3
. si n s . cos
2
s . si n ( t
2
cos s . si n s) t
5
si n
2
s . cos
3
s . cos( t
2
cos s . si n s)
+ t
5
cos
5
s . cos( t
2
cos s . si n s)
= 3t
3
. si n s . cos
2
s . si n _
t
2
2
si n 2s_ t
5
si n
2
s . cos
3
s . cos _
t
2
2
si n 2s_
+ t
5
cos
5
s . cos _
t
2
2
si n 2 s_.

Bi 4.9
Cho i = ( 1 ,0,0) , ] = ( 0,1,0) , k = ( 0,0,1) , p = ( x, y, z) .Cho kh vi, chng minh
a)
( p) =
o
ox
( p) ,
]
( p) =
o
oy
( p)
b)
xu
( p) = z
u
( p) vi o = (o
1
, o
2
, o
3
) l mt vector bt k.
Gii :
a) Theo nh ngha, ta c
( p) = l i m
t0
( p + ti)
t
= l i m
t0
( x + t, y, z)
t
=
o
ox
( p)

281

]
( p) = l i m
t0
( p + t])
t
= l i m
t0
( x, y + t, z)
t
=
o
oy
( p)
b) Theo nh ngha, ta c
xu
( p) = l i m
t0
( p + tzo)
t
= z l i m
t0
( p + tzo)
tz
= z l i m
h0
( p + o)
= z
u
( p)

Bi 4.10
Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca v kim tra rng hai o hm hn hp
2
]
x
,

2
]
x

bng nhau, vi hm ( x, y) cho bi
a) x
3
y
b) 3c
x
3

c) si n ( x
2
+ y
3
)
Gii :
a) ( x, y) = x
3
y
Ta c
o
ox
= 3 x
2
y,
o
oy
= x
3
,
o
2
ox
2
= 6 xy,
o
2
oy
2
= 0,
o
2
oxoy
= 3x
2
,
o
2
oyox
= 3 x
2

Vy ta c
o
2
oxoy
=
o
2
oyox
.

b) ( x, y) = 3c
x
3

Ta c
o
ox
= 3y
3
c
x
3
,
o
oy
= 9xy
2
c
x
3
,

282

o
2
ox
2
= 3y
6
c
x
3
,
o
2
oy
2
= 18xyc
x
3
+ 2 7x
2
y
4
c
x
3
,
o
2
oxoy
= 9y
2
c
x
3
+ 9 xy
5
c
x
3
,
o
2
oyox
= 9y
2
c
x
3
+ 9xy
5
c
x
3

T suy ra
o
2
oxoy
=
o
2
oyox
.
c) ( x, y) = si n( x
2
+ y
3
)
Ta c
o
ox
= 2x cos( x
2
+ y
3
) ,
o
oy
= 3y
2
cos( x
2
+ y
3
) ,
o
2
ox
2
= 2 cos( x
2
+ y
3
) 4 x
2
si n ( x
2
+ y
3
) ,
o
2
oy
2
= 6y cos( x
2
+ y
3
) 9y
4
si n ( x
2
+ y
3
) ,
o
2
oxoy
= 6 xy
2
si n ( x
2
+ y
3
) ,
o
2
oyox
= 6xy
2
si n( x
2
+ y
3
)
T suy ra
o
2
oxoy
=
o
2
oyox
.

Bi 4.11
Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca hm ba bin ( x, y, z) vi hm ny l
a) si n ( xyz)
b)x
4
y
2
z
3

Gii :
a)
o
ox
= yz cos( xyz) ,
o
oy
= xz cos( xyz) ,
o
oz
= xy cos( xyz)
o hm ring cp hai

283

o
2
ox
2
= y
2
z
2
si n ( xyz) ,
o
2
oy
2
= x
2
z
2
si n( xyz) ,
o
2
oz
2
= x
2
y
2
si n ( xyz) ,
o
2
oyox
= xyz
2
si n ( xyz) + z cos( xyz) ,
o
2
ozox
= xy
2
z si n( xyz) + y cos( xyz) ,
o
2
oxoy
= xyz
2
si n ( xyz) + z cos( xyz) ,
o
2
ozoy
= x
2
yz si n ( xyz) + x cos( xyz)
o
2
oxoz
= x y
2
z si n ( xyz) + y cos( xyz) ,
o
2
oyoz
= x
2
yz si n ( xyz) + x cos( xyz)
b)
o
ox
= 4x
3
y
2
z
3
,
o
oy
= 2x
4
yz
3
,
o
oz
= 3 x
4
y
2
z
2

o hm ring cp hai
o
2
ox
2
= 1 2x
2
y
2
z
3
,
o
2
oyox
= 8x
3
yz
3
,
o
2
ozox
= 12x
3
y
2
z
2
,
o
2
oy
2
= 2x
4
z
3
,
o
2
oxoy
= 8x
3
yz
3
,
o
2
ozoy
= 6x
4
yz
2
,
o
2
oz
2
= 6x
4
y
2
z,
o
2
oxoz
= 12x
3
y
2
z
2
,
o
2
oyoz
= 6x
4
yz
2

Bi 4.20
Kho st tnh kh vi ca nh x :
2
xc nh bi
( x) = | x
1
| + | x
2
| .
Gii :
Ta chia
2
ra lm 4 gc phn t v cc ng thng x
1
= 0, x
2
= 0.
R rng 4 tp u m nn ta ch chng minh cho mt tp, ba tp cn li tng t.
Xt gc phn t th I l
1
vi
1
= { ( x
1
, x
2
) x
1
> 0, x
2
> 0 }

284

Chng minh kh vi trn
1
:
Trn
1
th ( x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
+ x
2

Ta c
o
ox
1
= 1,
o
ox
2
= 1. Do vy
o
ox
1
,
o
ox
2
lin tc trn
1

Mt khc
1
m v ( x
1
, x
2
)
1
nn ta suy ra kh vi trn
1
.
Tng t vi ba tp cn li ta c kh vi trn
2
{ ( x, y)
2
xy 0}
Chng minh khng kh vi ti ( x, y) { ( 0 , u) , ( :, 0) u, : } :
Ta ch cn chng minh khng c o hm ring theo bin th nht. Tht vy:
l i m
h0
+
( , x
2
) ( 0, x
2
)
= l i m
h0
+
| | + | x
2
| | x
2
|
= l i m
x0
+
= 1,
l i m
h0
-
( , x
2
) ( 0 , x
2
)
= l i m
h0
-
| | + | x
2
| | x
2
|
= l i m
x0
-

= 1
Suy ra l i m
h0
+
( , x
2
) ( 0, x
2
)
l i m
h0
-
( , x
2
) ( 0, x
2
)
.
Vy khng kh vi ti ( x, y) { ( 0 , u) , ( :, 0 ) u, : } .

Bi 4.21
Kho st tnh kh vi ca nh x : xc nh bi
( x) = max
=1,2
x

Gii :
t u = { ( x, y)
2
x y}
Chng minh kh vi trn u:
Ta c u = { ( x, y)
2
| x > y} { ( x, y)
2
| x < y} .
Xt
1
= { ( x, y)
2
| x > y} . Ly( u
0
, :
0
) bt k trong
1
, ta c ( u
0
, :
0
) = u
0

Suy ra
o
ox
= 1 ,
o
oy
= 0 nn
o
ox
v
o
oy
lin tc trn tp
1
m trong
2
.

285

Vy kh vi lin tc trn
1
.Tng t cho
2
= { ( x, y)
2
| x < y} , ta chng minh
c kh vi lin tc trn
2
.
Vy ta c kh vi trn u =
1

2
.
Chng minh khng kh vi trn (
2
u) :
Ta c
2
u = { ( t, t)
2
} .
l i m
h0
+
max( t, t) max( + t, t)
= l i m
h0
+
t ( + t)
= 1,
l i m
h0
-
max( t, t) max( + t, t)
= l i m
h0
-
t t
= 0
Suy ra khng c o hm ring theo bin th nht ti ( t, t) nn khng kh vi trn
2
u.
Vy kh vi trn u v khng kh vi trn
2
u.

Bi 4.25
Chng minh rng hm
( x, y) = _
x| y|
x
2
+ y
2
khi( x, y) ( 0,0)
0 khi( x, y) = ( 0,0)

khng kh vi ti ( 0 ,0 ) .
Gii :
Ta c
o
ox
( 0 ,0) = l i m
h0
( , 0) ( 0,0 )
= 0,
o
oy
( 0 ,0) = l i m
h0
( 0, ) ( 0,0 )
= 0
Vy( 0 ,0) = ( 0 ,0) v
e( , k) =
( , k) ( 0,0) ( , k) ( 0 ,0)
2
+ k
2
=
| k|
2
+ k
2
2
+ k
2
=
| k|
2
+ k
2

Chn (
n
, k
n
) = [
1
n
,
1
n
( 0 ,0) khi n . Khi

286

e(
n
, k
n
) =
1
n
1
n
1
n
2
+
1
n
2
=
1
2
0.
Vy khng kh vi ti ( 0,0) .

Bi 4.26
Chng minh rng hm
2
xc nh bi ( x, y) = | xy| khng kh vi
ti( 0 ,0) .
Gii :
Ta c
o
ox
( 0,0 ) =
o
oy
( 0 ,0) = 0 . Suyra = ( 0 ,0)
Xt
e( , k) =
( 0 + , 0 + k) ( 0 ,0) ( , k) ( 0 ,0)
2
+ k
2
=
| k|
2
+ k
2

Chn (
n
, k
n
) = _
1
n
,
1
n
] ( 0 ,0) khi n , th e(
n
, k
n
) =
1
2
0.
Vy ( x, y) khng kh vi ti ( 0 ,0) .

Bi 4.28
Cho g: l hm lin tc. Tm
i
vi
a) ( x, y) = g( t) Jt
x+
u

b) ( x, y) = g( t) Jt
x
u

c) ( x, y, z) = g( t) Jt
sIn(xsIn( sInz) )
x

Gii:
a) ( x, y) = g( t) Jt
x+
u

Ta xt hai hm 0, u nh sau
0( s) 0( o) = g( t) Jt
s
u
(0 l nguyn hm ca g), u( x, y) = x + y

287

Ta thy ( x, y) = 0(u( x, y) ) 0( o) . p dng cng thc o hm hm hp, ta c
o
ox
= 0
i
(u( x, y) )
ou
ox
= g( x + y) ,
o
oy
= 0
i
(u( x, y) )
ou
oy
= g( x + y)
Ta c g( t) lin tc trn tp m nn c o hm ring v o hm ring lin tc
trn tp m , t suy ra
i
( x, y) = (g( x + y) , g( x + y) )

b) ( x, y) = g( t) Jt
x
u

Ta xt hai hm 0, u nh sau
0( s) 0( o) = g( t) Jt
s
u
(0 l nguyn hm ca g), u( x, y) = xy
Ta thy ( x, y) = 0(u( x, y) ) 0( o) . p dng cng thc o hm hm hp, ta c
o
ox
= 0
i
(u( x, y) )
ou
ox
= yg( xy) ,
o
oy
= 0
i
(u( x, y) )
ou
oy
= xg( xy)
trn tp m , t suy ra
i
( x, y) = (yg( xy) , xg( xy) )

c) ( x, y, z) = g( t) Jt
sIn(xsIn( sInz) )
x

Ta c
( x, y, z) = _ g( t) Jt
sIn(xsIn( sInz) )
x
= _ g( t) Jt + _ g( t) Jt
sIn(xsIn( sInz) )
0
0
x
= _ g( t) Jt _ g( t) Jt
0
sIn(xsIn( sInz) )
0
x

Ta xt 3 hm 0, u, : nh sau
0( 0) 0( s) = _ g( t) Jt
0
s
( 0 l nguyn hm ca g)
u( x, y, z) = xy, :( x, y, z) = si n( x si n ( y si n z) )

288

Ta thy ( x, y, z) = 0(u( x, y, z) ) + 0( :( x, y, z) ) . p dng cng thc o hm
hm hp ta c
o
ox
= 0
i
(u( x, y, z) )
ou
ox
+ 0
i
(:( x, y, z) )
o:
ox

= yg( xy) + g( si n ( x si n ( y si n z) ) ) si n ( y si n z) cos( x si n( y si n z) )
o
oy
= 0
i
(u( x, y, z) )
ou
oy
+ 0
i
(:( x, y, z) )
o:
oy

= xg( xy) + g( si n ( x si n( y si n z) ) ) x si n z cos( y si n z) cos( x si n( y si n z) )
o
oz
= 0
i
(u( x, y, z) )
ou
oz
+ 0
i
(:( x, y, z) )
o:
oz

= g( si n ( x si n( y si n z) ) ) cos( x si n( y si n z) ) xy cos z cos( y si n z)
t
m = yg( xy) + g( si n( x si n ( y si n z) ) ) si n( y si n z) cos( x si n ( y si n z) )
n = xg( xy) + g( si n ( x si n ( y si n z) ) ) xsi n zcos( ysi nz) cos( x si n( y si n z) )
l = g( si n ( x si n( y si n z) ) ) cos( x si n ( y si n z) ) xy cos z cos( y si n z)
trn tp m , t suy ra
i
( x, y, z) = ( m, n, l) , m, n, l

Bi 4.29
Biu din cc o hm ring ca qua cc o hm ca cc hm g v , nu
a) ( x, y) = g( x) ( y) .
b) ( x, y) = g( x)
h( )
.
c) ( x, y) = g( x) .
d) ( x, y) = g( y) .
e) ( x, y) = g( x + y) .
Gii:

289

a) ( x, y) = g( x) ( y) .
o
ox
( x) = ( y) .
og
ox
( x) ,
o
oy
= g( x) .
o
oy
( y)

b) ( x, y) = g( x)
h( )
.
o
ox
( x) = ( y) g( x)
h( ) -1
.
og
ox
( x) ,
o
oy
( y) =
o
oy
( y) g( x)
h( )
l n| g( x) |

c) ( x, y) = g( x) .
o
ox
=
og
ox
,
o
oy
=
og
oy
= 0

d) ( x, y) = g( y) .
o
ox
=
og
ox
= 0,
o
oy
=
og
oy

e) ( x, y) = g( x + y)
o
ox
=
og( x + y)
o( x + y)
o( x + y)
ox
= g
i
( x + y) ,
o
oy
=
og( x + y)
o( x + y)
o( x + y)
oy
= g
i
( x + y)

Bi 5.1
Cho z = ( x, y) vi ( 0 , 0 ) = 0.
Tm
o
ox
( 0, 0) ,
o
ox
( 0,0) nu x + y + z sin xyz = 0.
Gii :
Ta c F = x + y + z si n ( xyz) = 0 (vi z = ( x, y) )
Ly o hm 2 v ln lt theo x, y. Ta c h phng trnh

290

1 + 0 +
oz
ox
_yz + xy
oz
ox
] cos( xyz) = 0
0 + 1 +
oz
oy
_xz + xy
oz
oy
] cos( xyz) = 0

Khi x = y = 0 th
1 +
oz( 0, 0)
ox
= 0
1 +
oz( 0, 0)
oy
= 0

o( 0, 0)
ox

oz( 0, 0)
ox
= 1
o( 0, 0)
oy

oz( 0, 0)
oy
= 1

Bi 5.2
Cho u = ( x, y) , : = g( x, y) tho ( 0 ,1) = 1, g( 0 , 1 ) = 1 v
u
3
+ x: y = 0, :
3
+ yu x = 0
Tm
ou
ox
( 0 , 1 ) ,
ou
oy
( 0 , 1 ) ,
o:
ox
( 0 , 1 ) ,
o:
oy
( 0, 1) .
Gii :
Ly o hm 2 v ca 2 phng trnh theo x, y. Ta c 2 h phng trnh
3 u
2
ou
ox
+ : + x
o:
ox
= 0
3 u
2
ou
oy
+ x
o:
oy
1 = 0
( 1)
3 :
2
o:
ox
+ y
ou
ox
1 = 0
3:
2
o:
oy
+ u + y
ou
oy
= 0
( 2)
Khi x = 0, y = 1, u = ( 0 ,1) = 1, : = g( 0 , 1 ) = 1 th
( 1)
3
ou
ox
( 0, 1) 1 = 0
3
ou
oy
( 0, 1) 1 = 0
ou
ox
( 0, 1) =
1
3
ou
oy
( 0, 1) =
1
3

( 2)
3
o:
ox
( 0, 1) +
1
3
1 = 0
3
o:
oy
( 0, 1) + 1 +
1
3
= 0
o:
ox
( 0 , 1) =
2
9
o:
oy
( 0 , 1) =
4
9

V h c nghim duy nht nn ta suy ra
ou
ox
( 0 , 1) =
1
3
,
ou
oy
( 0 , 1 ) =
1
3
,
o:
ox
( 0 , 1) =
2
9
,
o:
oy
( 0, 1) =
4
9

291

Bi 5.3
Tm Jacobian trong cc trng hp sau
a)
( u,)
( x,)
vi u =

tanx
, : =

sInx
, y > 0, 0 < x <
n
2

b)
( u,)
( x,)
,
( x,)
( u,)
vi u = 2x 3y, : = x + 2y
Gii :
a)
ou
ox
=
y
si n
2
x
,
ou
oy
=
1
t an x
,
o:
ox
=
ycosx
si n
2
x
,
o:
oy
=
1
si n x

Suy ra
o( u, :)
o( x, y)
=
_
_
ou
ox
ou
oy
o:
ox
o:
oy
_
_
= _
y
si n
2
x
1
t an x
ycosx
si n
2
x
1
si n x
_ =
y
si n x

b)
ou
ox
= 2,
ou
oy
= 3,
o:
ox
= 1,
o:
oy
= 2
Suy ra
o( u, :)
o( x, y)
=
_
_
ou
ox
ou
oy
o:
ox
o:
oy
_
_
=
2 3
1 2
= 1
Do
o( u, :)
o( x, y)
= 1 0 nn theo nh l hm ngc ta c th biu din x, y theo u, : v
o( u, :)
o( x, y)
.
o( x, y)
o( u, :)
= 1
Do , ta suy ra
o( x, y)
o( u, :)
= 1.

Bi 5.4

292

Cc phng trnh sau c th i thnh dng z = ( x, y) ti gn cc im ( x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)
khng? Tnh z
x
( x
0
, y
0
) , z
( x
0
, y
0
) nu c biu din thnh dng z = ( x, y)
a) x + y + z si n xyz = 0; ( x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) = ( 0, 0, 0)
b) x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= 3xyz; ( 1, 1, 0)
c) x
2
+ 2xy + z
2
yz = 1; ( 0, 0, 1)
Gii :
a) F( x, y, z) = x + y + z si n xyz v F( 0, 0, 0) = 0
Ta c F
z
( x, y, z) = 1 xy cos xyz
Ti x = y = z = 0 th
oF( 0, 0,0)
oz
= 1 0.0. cos 0 = 1 0.
p dng nh l hm n, trong mt ln cn nh ca ( 0, 0, 0) sao cho z c th biu
din thnh mt hm theo x, y hay z = ( x , y) sao cho :
_
F(x, y, ( x, y) ) = 0
( 0, 0) = 0

Ta cx + y + z si n xyz = 0 . Ly o hm 2 v ln lt theo x, y, ta c h
phng trnh
1 + 0 +
oz
ox
_yz + xy
oz
ox
] cos( xyz) = 0
0 + 1 +
oz
oy
_xz + xy
oz
oy
] cos( xyz) = 0

Khi x = y = 0 th
1 +
oz
ox
( 0, 0) = 0
1 +
oz
oy
( 0 , 0) = 0

oz
ox
( 0, 0) = 1
oz
oy
( 0 , 0) = 1

b) F( x, y, z) = x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz v F( 1, 1 , 0 ) = 0
Ta c F
z
( x, y, z) = 3z
2
3xy
Tix = 1, y = 1, z = 0 th
oF( 1 , 1, 0)
oz
= 3. 0
2
3.1. ( 1) = 3 0
din l mt hm theo x, y hay z = ( x , y) . Khi

293

_
F(x, y, ( x, y) ) = 0
( 1 , 1) = 0

Ta c x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz = 0 . Ly o hm 2 v ln lt theo x, y, ta c h
phng trnh
3x
2
+ 3z
2
oz
ox
3yz 3 xy
oz
ox
= 0
3y
2
+ 3z
2
oz
oy
3xz 3xy
oz
oy
= 0

Khi x = 1, y = 1 , z = 0 th
3 + 3
oz
ox
( 1, 1) = 0
3 + 3
oz
oy
( 1 , 1) = 0

oz
ox
( 1 , 1) = 1
oz
oy
( 1, 1) = 1

c) F( x, y, z) = x
2
+ 2 xy + z
2
yz 1 v F( 0, 0, 1) = 0
Ta c F
z
( x, y, z) = 2z y
Ti x = 0, y = 0, z = 1 th
oF( 0, 0,1)
oz
= 2 .1 0 = 2 0
din l mt hm theo x, y hay z = ( x , y) .Khi
_
F(x, y, ( x, y) ) = 0
( 0 , 0) = 1

Ta c x
2
+ 2 xy + z
2
yz 1 = 0. Ly o hm 2 v ln lt theo x, y, ta c h
phng trnh
2x + 2 y + 2z
oz
ox
y
oz
ox
= 0
2x + 2z
oz
oy
z y
oz
oy
= 0

Khi x = 0 , y = 0 , z = 1 th
2
oz
ox
( 0 , 0 ) = 0
2
oz
oy
( 0 , 0 ) 1 = 0
oz
ox
( 0, 0) = 0
oz
oy
( 0, 0) =
1
2

294

Bi 5.17
Cho x v y l cc hm n theo t xc nh bi cc phng trnh
x
3
+ c
x
t
2
t = 0, yt
2
+ y
2
t t + y = 0
v xt hm z = c
x
cos y. Tnh
z
dt
ti t = 0.
Gii :
F( x, t) = x
3
+ c
x
t
2
t = 0
0( y, t) = yt
2
+ y
2
t t + y = 0
Vi t = 0 th vo 2 phng trnh trn ta c
_
x
3
+ c
x
= 0 ( 1)
y = 0

Phng trnh ( 1) c 1 nghim duy nht x
0
( 1,0) v ( x) = x
3
+ c
x
l lm tng
v ( 1 ) = 1 +
1
c
< 0 v ( 0) = 1 > 0 nn ( 1 ) . ( 0) < 0.
Vy h trn c nghim l x = x
0
, y = 0.
Khi t = 0 th ta c
_
F
x
( x
0
, 0) = 3x
0
2
+ c
x
0
0
0
( 0 ,0) = 1 0

(F
x
( x
0
, 0 ) > 0 v c
x
0
> 0).
Ly o hm 2 v theo t ca 2 phng trnh ban u
_
3x
2
.
ox
ot
+
ox
ot
. c
x
2t 1 = 0
oy
ot
. t
2
+ 2 yt + 2 y.
oy
ot
. t + y
2
1 +
oy
ot
= 0
.
Vi y = t = 0 v x = x
0
, ta suy ra
ox
ot
=
1
3x
0
2
+ c
x
0
,
oy
ot
= 1
Xt hm z = c
x
. cos y
oz
ox
= c
x
. cos y = c
x
,
oz
oy
= c
x
. si n y = 0
Ta c z = z( x, y) = z(x( t) , y( t) ).
Ly o hm ca z theo t

295

oz
ot
=
oz
ox
.
ox
ot
+
oz
oy
.
oy
ot
= c
x
0
.
1
3 x
0
2
+ c
x
0
+ 0.1 =
c
x
0
3x
0
2
+ c
x
0

Bi 5.19
Cho F( x, y) = c
x
2
3
+ 1 + y
3
v o, b sao cho F( o, b) = 0 . Chng minh rng
tn ti khong I o v hm g: I thuc lp
1
sao cho g( o) = b v
F(x, g( x) ) = 0 vi mi x I.
Gii :
ch ra s tn ti ca khong I v hm g, theo nh l hm n.
Ta cn chng minh
oF
oy
( o, b) 0
Gi s ngc li
oF
oy
( o, b) = 0
Vi F( x, y) = c
x
2
3
+ 1 + y
3
, ta c
oF
oy
= 3x
2
y
2
c
x
2
3
+ 3y
2

Suy ra 3o
2
b
2
c
u
2
b
3
+ 3 b
2
= 0. Vy b = 0 .
Tuy nhin khi b = 0, ta c F( o, b) = c
u
2
b
3
+ 3b
2
= 2 0 (tri vi gi thit).
Vy bi ton c chng minh.

Bi 5.20
Xt bin i x = u 2:, y = 2 u + :.
a) Vit cng thc cho bin i o.
b) Tnh Jacobi ca hai php bin i nu trn.
Gii :
a) Ta c

296

_
x = u 2:
y = 2u + :
_
x + 2y = 5u
y 2x = 5:
_
u =
x + 2y
5
: =
y 2x
5

Ta c
o( x, y)
o( u, :)
= Jct _
x
u
x
_ = Jct _
1 2
2 1
] = 5
o( u, :)
o( x, y)
= Jct _
u
x
u
_ = Jct _
1
5
2
5
-2
5
1
5
_ =
1
5

Bi 5.21
Xt php bin i x = ( u, :) , y = g( u, :) vi Jacobi [ =
o( x, y)
o( u, :)
.
Chng minh rng bin i o tho
ou
ox
=
1
[
oy
o:
,
ou
oy
=
1
[
ox
o:
,
o:
ox
=
1
[
oy
ou
,
o:
oy
=
1
[
ox
ou

Gii : :
Theo gi thuyt ta c x = ( u, :) . Ly o hm 2 v theo bin x, suy ra
ox
ou
ou
ox
+
oy
o:
o:
ox
= 1 ( 1)
Mt khc ta li c y = g( u, :) . Cng ly o hm 2 v theo bin x
oy
ou
ou
ox
+
oy
o:
o:
ox
= 0 ( 2)
Gii h gm 2 phng trnh (1) v (2), ta nhn c

297

ou
ox
=
1
[
x
u
oy
o:
o:
ox
=
1
[
u
x

x
u

oy
ou
hay
ou
ox
=
1
( x,)
( u,)
oy
o:
=
1
[
oy
o:
o:
ox
=
1
( x,)
( u,)
oy
ou
=
1
[
oy
ou

Hon ton tng t, ta cng tnh c biu thc ca
ou
oy
v
o:
oy
.
Bi 5.22
Xt bin i x = ( u, :, w) , y = g( u, :, w) , z = ( u, :, w) vi Jacobi
[ =
o( x, y, z)
o( u, :, w)
. Chng minh rng bin i o tho
ou
ox
=
1
[
o( y, z)
o( :, w)
,
ou
oy
=
1
[
o( z, x)
o( :, w)
,
ou
oz
=
1
[
o( x, y)
o( :, w)
,
o:
ox
=
1
[
o( y, z)
o( w, u)
,
o:
oy
=
1
[
o( z, x)
o( w, u)
,
o:
oz
=
1
[
o( x, y)
o( w, u)
,
ow
ox
=
1
[
o( y, z)
o( u, :)
,
ow
oy
=
1
[
o( z, x)
o( u, :)
,
ow
oz
=
1
[
o( x, y)
o( u, :)
,
Gii :
Ta c x = ( u, :, w) ( 1) , y = g( u, :, w) ( 2) , z = ( u, :, w) .
Ly o hm 2 v theox, suy ra
ox
ou
.
ou
ox
+
ox
o:
.
o:
ox
+
ox
ow
.
ow
ox
= 1
oy
ou
.
ou
ox
+
oy
o:
.
o:
ox
+
oy
ow
.
ow
ox
= 0
oz
ou
.
ou
ox
+
oz
o:
.
o:
ox
+
z
ow
.
ow
ox
= 0

Gii h trn gm 3 phng trnh trn vi n l
ou
ox
,
o:
ox
,
ow
ox
ta c
ou
ox
=

1
, vi

298

= det
ox
ou
ox
o:
ox
ow
oy
ou
oy
o:
oy
ow
oz
ou
oz
o:
oz
ow
=
o( x, y, z)
o( u, :, w)
= [,
1
= det
1
ox
o:
ox
ow
0
oy
o:
oy
ow
0
oz
o:
oz
ow
=
o( y, z)
o( :, w)

Suy ra
ou
ox
=
1
[
o( y, z)
o( :, w)
. Tng t ta cng c
o:
ox
=
1
[
o( y, z)
o( w, u)
,
ow
ox
=
1
[
o( y, z)
o( u, :)

Hon ton tng t t h
ox
ou
.
ou
oy
+
ox
o:
.
o:
oy
+
ox
ow
.
ow
oy
= 1
oy
ou
.
ou
oy
+
oy
o:
.
o:
oy
+
oy
ow
.
ow
oy
= 0
oz
ou
.
ou
oy
+
oz
o:
.
o:
oy
+
z
ow
.
ow
oy
= 0
, v
ox
ou
.
ou
oz
+
ox
o:
.
o:
oz
+
ox
ow
.
ow
oz
= 1
oy
ou
.
ou
oz
+
oy
o:
.
o:
oz
+
oy
ow
.
ow
oz
= 0
oz
ou
.
ou
oz
+
oz
o:
.
o:
oz
+
z
ow
.
ow
oz
= 0

Ta cng c c
ou
oy
=
1
[
o( z, x)
o( :, w)
,
o:
oy
=
1
[
o( z, x)
o( w, u)
,
ow
oy
=
1
[
o( z, x)
o( u, :)
,
ou
oz
=
1
[
o( x, y)
o( :, w)
,
o:
oz
=
1
[
o( x, y)
o( w, u)
,
ow
oz
=
1
[
o( x, y)
o( u, :)
.

299

300

Ch 2.2
Khai trin Taylor

I. L thuyt
Khai trin Taylor cho hm nhiu bin
Cho :
n
l hm thuc lp C
k+1
, k 1 . Nu x, y sao cho [ x, y] ,
tn ti 0 < 0 < 1 sao cho
( x) =
( x y)
u
o!
k
| u|
u
( y) +
( x y)
u
o!

u
[(y + 0( x y) )
| u| =k+1

vi | o| , o! , ( x y)
u
c nh ngha nh sau
| o| = o
n
=1
, o! = _o
!
n
=1
, ( x y)
u
= _( x
)
u
i
n
=1

khi o = ( o
1
, o
2
, , o
n
) .

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 5.18
Khai trin Taylor n cp n ca ( x, y) quanh ( o, b)
a) ( x, y) = si n x cos y, n = 1, ( o, b) = ( 0,0)
b) ( x, y) = c
x
cos y , n = 3, ( o, b) = ( 0 , n)
c) ( x, y) = l n ( xy) , n = 3, ( o, b) = ( 1,1)
Gii :
a)
( x, y) = ( 0 ,0) + x
x
( 0 ,0) + y
( 0,0) +
1
2!
( x
2
xx
( 0x, 0y) + 2 xy
x
( 0x, 0y)
+ y
2
( 0x, 0y) )

301

Trong
x
= cos x cos y ,
= si n x si n y ,
x
= cos x si n y ,
xx
= si n x cos x ,
= si n x cos y
Th vo cng thc trn, ta c
( x, y) = x
1
2
( x
2
si n 0x cos 0y + 2xy cos 0x . si n 0y + y
2
si n 0x . cos 0y)

b) ( x, y) = c
x
cos y , n = 3, ( o, b) = ( 0, n)
( x, y) = ( 0, n) + x
x
( 0, n) + ( y n)
( 0, n)
+
1
2 !
|x
2
xx
( 0 , n) + 2x( y n)
x
( 0, n) + ( y n)
2
( 0, n) ]
+
1
3 !
|x
3
xxx
( 0 , n) + 3x
2
( y n)
xx
( 0 , n) + 3( y n)
2
x
x
( 0, n)
+ ( y n)
3
( 0, n)
]
+
1
4 !
|x
4
xxx
( 0x, 0( y n) + n) + 4x
3
( y n)
xxx
( 0x, 0( y n) + n)
+ 6 x
2
( y n)
2
xx
( 0x, 0( y n) + n)
+ 4 x( y n)
3
x
( 0x, 0( y n) + n) + y
4
( 0x, 0( y n) + n)
]
Ta c
x
= c
x
cos y ,
xxx
= c
x
cos y ,
xxxx
= c
x
cos y
= c
x
si n y ,
xx
= c
x
si n y ,
xxx
= c
x
si n y
x
= c
x
si n y ,
x
= c
x
cos y ,
xx
= c
x
cos y
xx
= c
x
cos y ,
= c
x
si n y ,
x
= c
x
si n y
= c
x
cos y ,
= c
x
cos y

Th vo cng thc trn ta c
( x, y) = 1 x +
1
2
( x
2
+ ( y n)
2
) +
1
6
( x
3
+ 3 ( y n)
2
x)
+
1
24
[x
4
c
0x
cos( 0( y n) + n) 4x
3
( y n) c
0x
sin( 0( y n) + n)
6x
2
( y n)
2
c
0x
cos( 0( y n) + n)
+ 4( ( y n)
3
xc
0x
sin( 0( y n) + n)
+ ( y n)
4
c
0x
cos( 0( y n) + n)

302

c) ( x, y) = l n ( xy) , n = 3 , ( o, b) = ( 1,1)
( x, y) = ( 1 ,1) + ( x 1)
x
( ( 1,1) + ( y 1)
( 1 ,1)
+
1
2!
|( x 1 )
2
xx
( 1 ,1) + 2( x 1) ( y 1)
x
( 1,1)
+ ( y 1)
2
( 1 ,1)
]
+
1
3!
|( x 1 )
3
xxx
( 1 ,1) + 3( x 1)
2
( y 1)
xx
( 1,1)
+ 3( y 1)
2
( x 1)
x
( 1 ,1) + ( y 1)
3
( 1,1)
]
+
1
4!
|( x 1 )
4
xxxx
( 0( x 1) + 1, 0( y 1) + 1)
+ 4( x 1)
3
( y 1)
xxx
( 0( x 1) , 0( y 1) + 1)
+ 6( x 1)
2
( y 1)
2
xx
( 0( x 1) + 1, 0( y 1 ) + 1 )
+ 4( x 1) ( y 1)
3
x
( 0( x 1) + 1, 0( y 1) + 1)
+ ( y 1)
4
( 0( x 1) + 1, 0( y 1) + 1)
]
Ta c
x
=
1
x
,
xxx
=
2
x
3
,
xxxx
=
6
x
4

=
1
y
,
xx
= 0,
xxx
= 0
x
= 0,
x
= 0,
xx
= 0
xx
=
1
x
2
,
=
2
y
3
,
x
= 0
=
1
y
2
,
=
6
y
4

Th vo cng thc trn ta c
( x, y) = ( x 1 ) + ( y 1)
1
2
( ( x 1)
2
+ ( y 1)
2
)
+
1
6
( 2 ( x 1 )
3
+ 2( y 1)
3
)
+
1
24
_
6( x 1)
4
( 0( x 1) + 1)
4
+
6( y 1)
4
( 0( y 1) + 1)
4
_

303

Ch 2.3
Cc tr

I. L thuyt
Cho l mt hm nhiu bin thuc lp C
1
xc nh trn min
n
.
Phng php tm cc tr a phng
tm cc cc tr a phng ca , ta ln lt thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Tnh vector gradient ( x) v gii phng trnh ( x) = 0 ( 1)
Bc 2: Tm ng vi cc nghim ca ( 1 ) , ta tnh ma trn Hesse
E
]
( x) =
o
2
ox
1
2
( x)
o
2
ox
1
ox
n
( x)
o
2
ox
2
ox
1
( x)
o
2
ox
2
ox
n
( x)

o
2
ox
n
ox
1
( x)
o
2
ox
n
2
( x)

v xc nh
( , ) = [
1

n
] E
]
( x) _
n
_.
Nu ( , ) > 0 0 th x l cc tiu a phng.
Nu ( , ) < 0 0 th x l cc i a phng.
Nu tn ti , k 0 sao cho ( , ) > 0 > ( k, k) th x khng l cc tr
Nu E
]
( x) l ma trn 0
n n
, ta khng th kt lun c g. Trong trng hp
ny, ta phi s dng nh ngha v mt s bt ng thc kim tra.

Phng php tm cc tr c iu kin
Xt min xc nh bi phng trnh

304

: g( x
1
, , x
n
) = 0,
vi g:
n
l hm thuc lp C
1
. tm cc tr ca trn , ta thc hin cc
bc sau:
Bc 1: Xt hm Lagrange = + zg, ta tnh , g v tm cc b ( z, x) ( , )
tha phng trnh
= ( x) + zg( x) = 0.
Bc 2: Ta tm ma trn Hesse ca ( x) , xc nh hm
( , ) = [
1

n
] E
q
( x) _
n
_
Nu ( , ) > 0 0 th x l cc tiu a phng.
Nu ( , ) < 0 0 th x l cc i a phng.
Nu tn ti , k 0 sao cho ( , ) > 0 > ( k, k) hoc E
q
( x) = 0
n n
th ta
khng th kt lun c g. Trong trng hp ny, ta phi s dng nh ngha
v mt s bt ng thc kim tra.

Phng php tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht
tm gi tr ln nht (nh nht) ca trn min , ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Chng minh gi tr ln nht (nh nht) ca trn l c tn ti. lm iu
ny, ta thng s dng cc lp lun sau:
Tp con ca
n
l compact khi v ch khi n ng v b chn.
Hm lin tc trn compact th t gi tr ln nht, nh nht trn compact
.
Nu cc im cc tr ny thuc min trong ca th n cng l im dng ca trn
. Ta tm tt c cc im dng o
, i = 1, ca trong .
Nu cc im cc tr ny nm trn bin ca v o xc nh bi phng trnh
o: g( x
1
, , x
n
) = 0 ,
ta tm tt c cc im cc tr o
, i = + 1 , k nh th.
Khi ta c

305

max
x
( x) = max
1<<k
( o
) , mi n
x
( x) = mi n
1<<k
( o
) .

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 5.11
Kho st cc tr ca cc hm vi ( x, y) l
a) x
2
2xy +

3
3
3y
b) xy x
2

c) x
2
+ 2y
2
6x + 8y 1
d) x
2
y 2xy + 2y
2
15y
e) x
3
6x
2
3y
2

f) x
3
+ y
3
6xy
g) 2x
3
24xy + 16y
3

h)
1
x
+
1
+ xy
i) x
2
c
2

j) ( y 2) l n xy
k) c
x

Gii :
a) ( x, y) = x
2
2xy +

3
3
3y
Ta c :
( x, y) = ( 2 x 2y, 2x + y
2
3)
nn
( x, y) = 0 _
2x 2y = 0
2x + y
2
3 = 0
_
x = y = 3
x = y = 1

xx
= 2 ,
x
=
x
= 2,
= 2y, ( ) = 2
1
2
4
1
2
+ 2y
2
2

306

Ti ( x, y) = ( 3, 3) th ( ) = 2
1
2
4
1
2
+ 6
2
2
= 2(
1

2
)
2
+ 4
2
2
> 0
Vy t cc tiu ti ( 3,3 ) .
Ti ( x, y) = ( 1, 1) th ( ) = 2
1
2
4
1
2
2
2
2

Ta c ( ) = 2 < 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 0 ,1) v ( ) = 2 > 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1 ,0 )
nn khng t cc tr ti ( 1, 1) .

b) ( x, y) = xy x
2

Ta c
( x, y) = ( y 2x, x) , ( x, y) = 0 ]
y 2 x = 0
x = 0
_
x = 0
y = 0

xx
= 2 ,
x
=
x
= 1,
= 0
Ti ( x, y) = ( 0,0) th ( ) = 2
1
2
+ 2
1
2

Ta c ( ) = 2 < 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1 ,0) , v ( ) = 2 > 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1 , 2)

c) ( x, y) = x
2
+ 2y
2
6x + 8y 1
( x, y) = ( 2x 6,4y + 8) , ( x, y) = 0 _
x = 3
y = 2
,
xx
= 2 ,
x
= 0,
= 4
Ti ( x, y) = ( 3, 2) th ( , ) = 2
1
2
+ 4
2
2
> 0 vi mi ( 0,0) . Vy t cc
tiu ti ( 3,2 ) .

d) ( x, y) = x
2
y 2xy + 2y
2
15y
Ta c
( x, y) = ( 2xy 2y, x
2
2x + 4y 15)
( x, y) = 0 _
x = 5
y = 0
hoc _
x = 3
y = 0
hoc _
x = 1
y = 4

xx
= 2y,
= 4 ,
x
= 2x 2, ( , ) = 2y
1
2
2( 2x 2)
1
2
+ 4
2
2

307

Ti ( x, y) = ( 5 ,0) th ( , ) = 1 6
1
2
+ 4
2
2

Ta c ( ) = 4 > 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 0 ,1) , v ( ) = 1 2 < 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1 ,1 )
nn khng t cc tr ti ( 5,0) .
Ti ( x, y) = ( 3,0) th ( , ) = 1 6
1
2
+ 4
2
2

Ta c ( ) = 12 < 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1,1) , v ( ) = 4 > 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 0,1 )
Ti ( x, y) = ( 1 ,4) th ( , ) = 8
1
2
+ 4
2
2
> 0, (
1
,
2
) 0 nn t cc
tiu ti ( 1,4 ) .

e) ( x, y) = x
3
6x
2
3y
2

Ta c
( x, y) = ( 3x
2
12x, 6y) , ( x, y) = 0 _
x = 0
y = 0
hoc _
x = 4
y = 0

xx
= 6x 12 ,
x
= 0,
= 6 , ( , ) = ( 6x 1 2)
1
2
6
2
2

Ti ( x, y) = ( 0 ,0) th ( , ) = 1 2
1
2
6
2
2
< 0 nn t cc i ti ( 0,0) .
Ti ( x, y) = ( 4,0) th ( , ) = 12
1
2
6
2
2

Ta c ( ) = 6 < 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 0,1) , v ( ) = 1 2 > 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1 ,0 )

f) ( x, y) = x
3
+ y
3
6xy
Ta c:
( x, y) = ( 3x
2
6y, 3y
2
6x) , ( x, y) = 0 _
x = 0
y = 0
hoc _
x = 2
y = 2
,
xx
= 6x,
x
= 6,
= 6y, ( , ) = 6x
1
2
1 2
1
2
2
2
+ 6y
2
2

Ti ( x, y) = ( 0 ,0) th ( , ) = 1 2
1
2

Ta c ( ) = 12 < 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1,1) , v ( ) = 12 > 0 khi (
1
,
2
) =
( 1, 1) nn khng t cc tr ti ( 0,0 ) .

308

Ti ( x, y) = ( 2,2) th ( , ) = 12
1
2
1 2
1
2
+ 1 2
2
2
> 0 nn t cc
tiu ti ( 2,2 ) .

g) ( x, y) = 2x
3
24 xy + 16 y
3

Ta c:
( x, y) = ( 6x
2
24y, 4 8y
2
2 4x) , ( x, y) = 0 _
x = 0
y = 0
hoc _
x = 2
y = 1

xx
= 12x,
x
= 2 4 ,
= 9 6y, ( , ) = 12x
1
2
48
1
2
+ 96 y
2
2

Ti ( x, y) = ( 0 ,0) th ( , ) = 4 8
1
2

Ta c ( ) < 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1 ,1) , v ( ) > 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1, 1) nn
khng t cc tr ti ( 0,0) .
Ti ( x, y) = ( 2 ,1) th ( , ) = 24
1
2
48
1
2
+ 9 6
2
2
= 24 (
1

2
)
2
+
72
2
2
> 0 nn t cc tiu ti ( 2,1 ) .

h) ( x, y) =
1
x
+
1
+ xy
Trn min xc nh m ( { 0} )
2
, ta c:
= _
1
x
2
+ y,
1
y
2
+ x] , = 0
1
x
2
+ y = 0
1
y
2
+ x = 0
_
x = 1
y = 1
,
xx
=
2
x
3
,
x
=
x
= 1,
=
2
y
3
, ( , ) =
2
x
3
1
2
+ 2
1
2
+
2
y
3
2
2

Ti ( x, y) = ( 1 ,1 ) th ( , ) = 2
1
2
+ 2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
=
1
2
+
2
2
+ (
1
2
+
2
2
)
2
> 0 ,
nn t cc tiu ti ( 1,1) .

i) ( x, y) = x
2
c
2

Ta c :
= (2x, 2yc
2
), = 0 _
2 x = 0
2yc
2
= 0
_
x = 0
y = 0

309

xx
= 2,
x
=
x
= 0,
= (2 c
2
+ 4y
2
c
2
),
( , ) = 2
1
2
(2 c
2
+ 4y
2
c
2
)
2
2

Ti ( x, y) = ( 0,0) th ( , ) = 2
1
2
2
2
2
, ta c ( ) = 2 < 0 khi (
1
,
2
) =
( 0,1) , v ( ) = 2 > 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1,0) nn khng t cc tr ti ( 0,0) .

j) ( x, y) = ( y 2) . l n xy
Trn min xc nh m l cc gc phn t th I v III, ta c:
= _
y 2
x
, l n xy +
y 2
y
] , = 0
y 2
x
= 0
l n xy +
y 2
y
= 0
_
x =
1
2
y = 2
,
xx
=
2 y
x
2
,
x
=
x
=
1
x
,
=
1
y
+
2
y
2
,
( , ) =
2 y
x
2

1
2
+
2
x
2
+ _
1
y
+
2
y
2
]
2
2

Ti( x, y) = _
1
2
, 2] th ( , ) = 4
1
2
+
2
2
.
Ta c ( ) = 5 > 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1 ,1) v ( ) = 3 < 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1,1)
nn khng t cc tr ti _
1
2
, 2].

k) ( x, y) = c
x

Ta c :
( x, y) = ( yc
x
, xc
x
) , ( x, y) = 0 ]
yc
x
= 0
xc
x
= 0
_
x = 0
y = 0

xx
= y
2
c
x
,
x
=
x
= c
x
+ xyc
x
,
= x
2
c
x

( ) = y
2
c
x
1
2
+ 2( c
x
+ xyc
x
)
1
2
+ x
2
c
x
2
2

Ti ( x, y) = ( 0 ,0) th ( ) = 2
1
2

Ta c ( ) = 2 > 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1,1) , v ( ) = 2 < 0 khi (
1
,
2
) = ( 1, 1 )

310

Bi 5.12
Tm cc tr, gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca cc hm vi cc rng buc c cho
a) x + y vi x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
b) x
2
+ xy + y
2
+ yz + z
2
trn mt x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1.
c) x + 2 y + 3z trn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1.
d) 4nxyz vi
x
2
u
2
+
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
=1, o, b, c > 0.
e) xyz vi x + y + z = 1.
f) ( x + y + z)
2
vi x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3z
2
= 1.
Gii :
a) t ( x, y) = x + y v g( x, y) = x
2
+ y
2
1 v = + zg
Ta gii h
_
+ zg = 0
g( x, y) = 0
_
( 1,1) + z( 2x, 2y) = 0
x
2
+ y
2
= 1
_
x = y =
1
2z
, z 0
x
2
+ y
2
= 1
x = y =
1
2
, z =
1
2
x = y =
1
2
, z =
1
2

Vy c 2 im dng trn g( x, y) = 0 l _
1
2
,
1
2
] , _
1
2
,
1
2
]
ng thi _
1
2
,
1
2
] = 2 , _
1
2
,
1
2
] = 2.
Do tp hp = { ( x, y) | g( x, y) = x
2
+ y
2
1 = 0} l tp compact trong R
2
v
lin tc trn R
2
nn t GTLN v GTNN.
M _
1
2
,
1
2
] = 2 , _
1
2
,

2
] = 2. Do vy
max
( x,)
( x, y) = (
1
2
,
1
2
) = 2 , mi n
( x,)
( x, y) = _
1
2
,
1
2
] = 2
Suy ra t cc i ti _
1
2
,
1
2
] v cc tiu ti _
1
2
,
1
2
].

311

b) t ( x, y, z) = x
2
+ xy + y
2
+ yz + z
2
, g( x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
1 v
= + zg
Ta gii h
_
+ zy = 0
g( x, y, z) = 0
_
( 2x + y, x + 2 y + z, 2z + y) + z( 2x, 2y, 2z) = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
( 2( 1 + z) x + y = 0
2( 1 + z) y + x + z = 0
2( 1 + z) z + y = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1

Ta xt 2 trng hp
z = 1, khi h cho thnh
_
y = 0
x + z = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
_
x = z
y = 0
2x
2
= 1
x =
1
2
, y = 0, z =
1
2
x =
1
2
, y = 0 , z =
1
2

z 1, khi h cho tng ng
_
( 2 ( 1 + z) x + y, 2( 1 + z) y + z + x, 2( 1 + z) z + y = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1

_
1 + z =
1
2
z =
1
2
1
z = x, y = 2x, 4x
2
= 1
_
1 + z =
1
2
z =
1
2
1
x = z, y = 2, 4x
2
= 1
z =
1
2
1, x = z =
1
2
, y =
1
2
z =
1
2
1 , x = z =
1
2
, y =
1
2
z =
1
2
1, x = z =
1
2
, y =
1
2
z =
1
2
1 , x = z =
1
2
, y =
1
2

Vy c 6 im dng trn g( x, y, z) = 0 v t cc gi tr nh sau :
_
1
2
, 0 ,
1
2
] = _
1
2
, 0 ,
1
2
] = 1,
_
1
2
,
1
2
,
1
2
] = _
1
2
,
1
2
,
1
2
] = 1
1
2
,
_
1
2
,
1
2
,
1
2
] = _
1
2
,
1
2
,
1
2
] = 1 +
1
2

Do tp hp = { ( x, y, z) | g( x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
1 = 0} l tp compact trong
2
v lin tc trn
2
nn tn ti GTLN, GTNN

312

max
( x,,z)
( x, y, z) = 1 +
1
2
, mi n
( x,,z)
( x, y, z) = 1
1
2

Suy ra t cc i ti _
1
2
,
1
2
,
1
2
] v _
1
2
,
1
2
,
1
2
] , cc tiu ti _
1
2
,
1
2
,
1
2
] v
_
1
2
,
1
2
,
1
2
].

c) t ( x, y, z) = x + 2y + 3z , g( x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
1 v = + zg
Ta gii h
_
+ zy = 0
g( x, y, z) = 0
_
( 1 ,2,3) + z( 2x, 2y, 2z) = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
_
( x, y, z) = _
1
2 z
,
2
2 z
,
3
2 z
]
7
2z
2
= 1

z =
_
7
2
x =
1
14
y =
2
14
z =
3
14
hoc
z =
_
7
2
x =
1
14
y =
2
14
z =
3
14

Vy c 2 im dng trn g( x, y, z) = 0 l _
1
1 4
,
2
14
,
3
14
] , _
1
14
,
2
1 4
,
3
14
].
Ta c_
1
14
,
2
14
,
3
14
] = 14 , _
1
14
,
2
14
,
3
14
] = 14.
Do tp hp = { ( x, y, z) | g( x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
1 = 0} l tp compact trong
2
v lin tc trn
2
nn t GTLN,GTNN.
max
( x,,z)
( x, y, z) = 1 4, mi n
( x,,z)
( x, y, z) = 1 4
Suy ra t cc i ti _
1
14
,
2
14
,
3
14
] v cc tiu ti _
1
1 4
,
2
14
,
3
1 4
].

313

d) t ( x, y, z) = 4nxyz, g( x, y, z) =
x
2
u
2
+

2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
1, = + zg
Ta gii h
_
+ zy = 0
g( x, y, z) = 0
_
( 4nyz, 4nxz, 4nxy) + z _
2 x
o
2
,
2y
b
2
,
2z
c
2
] = 0
x
2
o
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
1 = 0

Nu z = 0 th( x, y, z) { ( 0,0 , c) , ( 0,0 , c) , ( 0 , b, 0) , ( 0, b, 0) , ( o, 0,0) , ( o, 0,0 ) }
Nu z 0, ta cz =
2 obcn3
3
, v
( x, y, z) __
o3
3
,
b3
3
,
c3
3
_, _
o3
3
,
b3
3
,
c3
3
_ , _
o3
3
,
b3
3
,
c3
3
_,
_
o3
3
,
b3
3
,
c3
3
__ =
1
,
hoc z =
2obcn3
3
, v
( x, y, z) __
o3
3
,
b3
3
,
c3
3
_, _
o3
3
,
b3
3
,
c3
3
_, _
o3
3
,
b3
3
,
c3
3
_ ,
_
o3
3
,
b3
3
,
c3
3
__ =
2

Do tp hp = { ( x, y, z) : g( x, y, z) = 0} l compact trong
2
v lin tc trn
2

nn t GTLN v GTNN.
max
( x,,z)
( x, y, z) =
4nobc
33
khi( x, y, z)
1
,
mi n
( x,,z)
( x, y, z) =
4nobc
3 3
khi( x, y, z)
2

Vy t cc i ti cc im ( x, y, z)
1
, t cc tiu ti cc im ( x, y, z)
2
.

e) t ( x, y, z) = xyz , g( x, y, z) = x + y + z 1, = + g
Ta gii h
_
+ zy = 0
g( x, y, z) = 0
_
( yz + z, xz + z, xy + z) = 0
x + y + z 1 = 0
_
x = y = z =
1
3
z =
1
9

314

Vy c 1 im dng trn g l _
1
3
,
1
3
,
1
3
]
Ta chng minh im dng ny cng l cc i. Tht vy, tn ti mt ln cn ca
[
1
3
,
1
3
,
1
3
sao cho (
+
)
3
. Vi mi im o, b, c , ta c
( o, b, c) = obc
1
27
( o + b + c)
3
=
1
27
= _
1
3
,
1
3
,
1
3
]
Vy c mt cc i vi iu kin cho. Tuy nhin, khng c GTLN v GTNN
v trn min g( x, y, z) = 0, ta c ( t, t, 2 t + 1) = t
2
2t
3
l a thc bc l nn
khng b chn.

f) t ( x, y, z) = ( x + y + z)
2
, g( x, y, z) = x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3z
2
1, = + g
Ta gii h
_
+ zy = 0
g( x, y, z) = 0
_
( 2x + 2y + 2 z + 2zx, 2x + 2y + 2z + 4zy, 2x + 2y + 2z + 6 zz) = 0
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3z
3
1 = 0
_
zx = 2zy = 3zz
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3z
2
1 = 0

Vi z 0 ta c
z =
11
6
x =
6
11
y =
6
211
z =
6
311
hoc
z =
11
6
x =
6
11
y =
6
211
z =
6
311

Vy c 2 im dng trn g l _
6
1 1
,
6
211
,
6
311
_ v _
6
11
,
6
211
,
6
311
_ .
Vi z = 0, h trn tng ng vi
_
x + y + z = 0
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3z
2
1 = 0

315

Suy ra ( x, y, z) = [
-3t 4-11t
2
4
, t,
-t4-11t
2
4
vi t j
2
11
,
2
11
[, y cng l cc
nghim ca phng trnh ( x, y, z) = 0. Ta c
_
6
11
,
6
211
,
6
3 1 1
_ = _
6
11
,
6
2 1 1
,
6
311
_ =
1 1
6

Do tp hp = { ( x, y, z) | g( x, y, z) = x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3z
2
1 = 0} l tp compact
trong
2
v lin tc trn
2
nn t GTLN, GTNN v
max
( x,,z)
( x, y, z) =
11
6
, mi n
( x,,z)
( x, y, z) = 0
Vy t cc i ti [
6
11
,
6
211
,
6
311
, [
-6
11
,
-6
211
,
-6
311
v cc tiu ti v s im
( x, y, z) = [
-3t 4-11t
2
4
, t,
-t4-11t
2
4
vi t j
2
11
,
2
11
[.

Bi 5.13
Chng minh rng tn ti khong cch ngn nht t mt im n mt mt (hay mt
ng) v tm khong cch trong cc trng hp sau
a) ( 3,0) n y = x
2
.
b) ( 0,0,0) n x + 2y + 2z = 3.
c) ( 2,1, 2) n x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1.
d) ( 0,0,0) n xyz
2
= 2.
Gii :
Ta chng minh tn ti khong cch ngn nht t mt im n mt ng.
Mt ng ( C) trong mt phng
2
c th c biu din bng phng trnh
( x
1
, x
2
) = 0, trong l mt nh x lin tc trn
2
.
Ly mt im o = ( o
1
, o
2
)
2
. Khong cch t o n mt im x = ( x
1
, x
2
) ( C)
c tnh bi cng thc J( x) = ( o
1
x
1
)
2
+ ( o
2
x
2
)
2
.
Vy chng minh tn ti khong cch ngn nht t im o n ng ( C) ta cn
chng minh tn ti GTNN ca J( x) = ( o
1
x
1
)
2
+ ( o
2
x
2
)
2
trn tp hp
= { ( x
1
, x
2
)
2
: ( x
1
, x
2
) = 0 } .

316

Ly u = ( u
1
, u
2
) ( C) bt k. t o = J( u) vw = B
i
( o, o) . D thy u w,
ta suy ra w .
V l nh x lin tc nn = { ( x
1
, x
2
)
2
| ( x
1
, x
2
) = 0 } l mt tp con ng
ca
2
. Do vy w l mt tp ng v b chn. nh x J cng lin tuc nn ta c th
tm c mt w trong tp compact w sao cho
J( w) = mi n
w
J( :)
Vi w xc nh nh trn, ta c d( w) = mi n
I
J( :) .
Tht vy, v nu : w, theo nh ngha ta c ngay J( w) J( :) ; cn trong trng
hp : w th J( w) J( u) = o J( y) .

a) Ta cn tm GTNN ca hm s ( x 3)
2
+ y
2
trn tp hp
= { ( x, y)
2
| x
2
y = 0 }
t ( x, y) = ( x 3)
2
+ y
2
, g( x, y) = x
2
y v = + zg
Ta gii h
_
+ zg = 0
g( x, y) = 0
_
( 2x 6,2y) + z( 2x, 1) = 0
x
2
y = 0
_
2 ( 1 + z) x 6,2y z) = 0
x
2
y = 0

Gii h ta c x = 1, y = 1, z = 2
Vy ( 1 ,1) l im dng duy nht ca trn v ( 1,1 ) = 5.
Theo nh lp lun trn th tn ti mi n
( x,) I
( x, y) . Suy ra mi n
( x,) I
( x, y) = 5 t c ti
( x, y) = ( 1,1 ) .
Vy khong cch nh nht t ( 3,0) n ng x
2
y = 0 l 5 , t c ti ( 1 ,1) .

b) Ta cn tm GTNN ca hm s x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
trn tp hp
= { ( x, y, z)
3
| x + 2y + 2z = 3 }
t ( x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
, g( x, y, z) = x + 2y + 2z 3 v = + zg
Xt h

317

_
+ zg = 0
g( x, y, z) = 0
_
( 2x, 2y, 2z) + z( 1 ,2,2 ) = 0
x + 2y + 2z 3 = 0

x =
1
3
y = z =
2
3
z =
2
3

Vy _
1
3
,
2
3
,
2
3
] l im dng duy nht ca trn v_
1
3
,
2
3
,
2
3
] = 1,
Do khong cch nh nht t ( 0,0,0) n mt phng x + 2y + 2z = 3 l 1, v t
c ti _
3
7
,
6
7
,
6
7
].

c) Ta cn tm GTNN ca hm s ( x 2)
2
+ ( y 1)
2
+ ( z + 2)
2
trn tp hp
= { ( x, y, z)
3
| x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1}
t ( x, y, z) = ( x 2)
2
+ ( y 1)
2
+ ( z + 2)
2
, g( x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
1 , v
= + zg
Xt h
_
+ zg = 0
g( x, y, z) = 0
_
( 2 ( x 2) ,2( y 1) ,2( z + 2 ) ) + z( 2x, 2y, 2z) = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
( 1 + z) x = 2
( 1 + z) y = 1
( 1 + z) z = 2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
z = 4
x =
2
3
y =
1
3
z =
2
3
hoc
z = 2
x =
2
3
y =
1
3
z =
2
3

Do c 2 im dng trn , v
_
2
3
,
1
3
,
2
3
] = 16, _
2
3
,
1
3
,
2
3
] = 4
Vy khong cch nh nht t ( 2, 1 ,2) n mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1 l 2, t c
ti _
2
3
,
1
3
,
2
3
].

d) Ta cn tm GTNN ca hm s x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
trn tp hp

318

= { ( x, y, z)
3
| xyz
2
= 2}
t ( x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
, g( x, y) = xyz
2
2, v = + zg
Ta gii h
_
+ zg = 0
g( x, y, z) = 0
_
( 2 x, 2y, 2z) + z( yz
2
, xz
2
, 2 xyz) = 0
xyz
2
= 2

Gii h trn ta c
_
x = 1
y = 1
z = 2
, _
x = 1
y = 1
z = 2
, _
x = 1
y = 1
z = 2
, _
x = 1
y = 1
z = 2

Vi 4 im dng trn th u t gi tr bng 4 , nn khong cch nh nht t
( 0,0,0) n ng xyz
2
2 = 0 l 2, t c ti cc im
(1 ,1, 2 ), ( 1, 1, 2) , ( 1,1, 2) , ( 1, 1 , 2)

Bi 5.14
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s sau trn tp hp c cho
a) x
2
+ y trong hnh vung vi cc nh ( 1, 1) .
b) x
3
y
2
( 1 x y) trong min x 0, y 0 , x + y 1.
c) ( x
2
+ 3 y
2
) c
-(x
2
+
2
)
trn mt phng.
d) ( x
2
+ y
2
)
-1
trong min ( x 2)
2
+ y
2
1.
e) x x
2
y
2
trong min 0 x 2, 0 y 1.
f)
x-
1+x
2
+
2
trong min y 0.
Gii :
a) t ( x, y) = x
2
+ y. Min 1 x 1, 1 y 1 l compact trong
2
. Do
s c GTLN v GTNN trong min ny.
Vi iu kin ca bin x, y trn th ( x, y) = x
2
+ y 1
2
+ 1 = 2 , ng thc xy
ra khi v ch khi x = 1, y = 1.
Do , GTLN ca trn min 1 x 1, 1 y 1 l 2, t c ti ( 1 ,1) .
Ta cng c ( x, y) = x
2
+ y 0
2
1 = 1 v ng thc xy ra khi x = 0, y = 1.

319

Do GTNN ca trn min 1 x 1, 1 y 1 l 1, t c ti ( 0, 1) .

b) t ( x, y) = x
3
y
2
( 1 x y) . Min x 0, y 0, x + y 1 l compact trong
2
. Do s c GTLN v GTNN trong min ny.
Trc ht ta tm im dng ca hm trn min trong ca x 0, y 0, x + y 1.
Ta c
= ( 3 x
2
y
2
4x
3
y
2
3x
2
y
3
, 2x
3
y 2x
4
y 3x
3
y
2
)
= (x
2
y
2
( 3 4 x 3y) , x
3
y( 2 2x 3y) )
Suy ra = 0 _
3 4x 3 y = 0
2 2x 3 y = 0
_
x =
1
2
y =
1
3
.
_
1
2
,
1
3
] { ( x, y)
2
x > 0, y > 0, x + y < 1}
Nn s l im dng duy nht ca trn min ny. Ta c
_
1
2
,
1
3
] =
1
8
.
1
9
.
1
6
=
1
432

Nu (x, y) nm trn bin th hoc x = 0 hoc y = 0 hoc x + y = 1. Do vy ( x, y)
s lun bng 0 nu x, y nm trn bin.
T y ta c th kt lun rng GTLN ca l
1
4 32
t c ti _
1
2
,
1
3
] v GTNN ca
l 0 t c trn bin.

c) t ( x, y) = ( x
2
+ 3y
2
) c
-(x
2
+
2
)

Ta c = (2 x( 1 x
2
3y
2
) c
-(x
2
+
2
)
, 2y( 3 x
2
3y
2
) c
-(x
2
+
2
)
), do
= 0 _
2x( 1 x
2
3y
2
) c
-(x
2
+
2
)
= 0
2y( 3 x
2
3y
2
) c
-(x
2
+
2
)
= 0

_
x = 0
y = 0
hoc _
x = 0
y = 1
hoc _
x = 1
y = 0

Ta c
( 0 ,0 ) = 0, ( 0 , 1 ) =
3
c
, ( 1,0) =
1
c

320

Vy GTLN ca l
3
c
ti ( 0, 1) v GTNN ca l 0 ti ( 0,0 ) .

d) t ( x, y) = ( x
2
+ y
2
)
-1
trong min ( x 2)
2
+ y
2
1. Min ny l compact
trong
2
nn trong min ny s c GTLN, GTNN.
Ta tm im dng ca trong min ( x 2)
2
+ y
2
< 1
Ta c
= _
2x
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
2y
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
] , = 0 _
x = 0
y = 0

Ta c ( 0 ,0) { ( x, y) : ( x 2)
2
+ y
2
< 1} .
Vy trong min ( x 2)
2
+ y
2
< 1 hm khng c im dng.
Ta kho st trn ngha l khi ( x 2 )
2
+ y
2
= 1.
Ta cx
2
+ y
2
= 4x 3 nn ( x, y) =
1
4x 3
. V ( x 2)
2
1 nn 1 x 3, hay
1 4x 3 9 . Suy ra
1
9
( x, y) 1.
Vy GTLN ca l 1 ti ( 1,0) v GTNN ca l
1
9
ti ( 3,0).

e) t ( x, y) = x x
2
+ y
2
trn min 0 x 2, 0 y 1. Min ny l compact
trong
2
nn c GTLN v GTNN.
Ta tm im dng ca trn min 0 < x < 2, 0 < y < 1 . Ta c
= ( 1 2 x, 2 y) , = 0 _
x =
1
2
y = 0
,
_
1
2
, 0] { ( x, y) : 0 x 2, 0 y 1}
Nn khng l im dng ca f trn min ny.
Ta kho st trn bin { 0,2} [ 0,1] [ 0 ,2] { 0,1} .
Trn { 0,2 } [ 0 ,1] :
0 = ( 0,0) ( 0, y) ( 0 ,1) = 1, 2 = ( 2 ,0) ( 2, y) ( 2,1) = 1

321

Trn [ 0,2 ] { 0 ,1} :
2 = ( 2 ,0) ( x, 0) [
1
2
, 0 =
1
4
, 1 = ( 2,1) ( x, 1 ) [
1
2
, 1 =
5
4

Vy GTLN ca l
5
4
ti [
1
2
, 1 v GTNN ca l 2 ti ( 2,0 ) .

f) t ( x, y) =
x-
1+x
2
+
2
.
Trc ht ta s tm im dng ca hm trn min trong ca min y 0
Ta c
= _
y
2
x
2
+ 2xy + 1
( 1 + x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
y
2
x
2
2xy 1
( 1 + x
2
+ y
2
)
2
_
= 0 _
y
2
x
2
+ 2xy + 1 = 0
y
2
+ x
2
2xy 1 = 0
_
y
2
x
2
= 0
2xy + 1 = 0

Kt hp vi iu kin y > 0 ta tm c im dng duy nht ca l _
1
2
,
1
2
] .
Ta c_
1
2
,
1
2
] =
1
2
.
Tip theo ta s kho st trn bin, tc l khi y = 0. Khi ( x, y) =
x
1 + x
2
.
p dng bt ng thc ( 1 + x
2
) 2x 1 + x
2
ta c
1
2

x
1 + x
2

1
2

Ta c
x
1 + x
2
=
1
2
x = 1 nn t GTLN trn bin l
1
2
ti ( 1,0)
V
x
1 + x
2
=
1
2
x = 1 nn t GTNN trn bin l
1
2
ti ( 1,0) .
Do min xc nh ca khng b chn, c th khng nh rng
1
2
l GTLN v
1
2

l GTNN ca , ta cn ch ra thm
1
2

x y
1 + x
2
+ y
2

1
2
nu y 0.
Tht vy, khi y 0
x y
1 + x
2
+ y
2

1
2
2 y + y
2
+ ( x 1 )
2
0 ( lun ng)
Mt khc
1
2

x y
1 + x
2
+ y
2
_x +
1
2
]
2
+ _y
1
2
]
2
0 ( lun ng)

322

Vy, GTLN ca l
1
2
t c ti ( 0,1) v GTNN ca l
1
2
ti _
1
2
,
1
2
].

323

Bi tp tng hp

Bi 4.6
Cho u = ( :, w) vi : = x y, w = y x. Chng minh
u
x
+
u
= 0.
Gii:
Ta c
ou
ox
=
o
o:
o:
ox
+
o
ow
ow
ox
=
o
o:
. 1 +
o
ow
. ( 1 ) ,
ou
oy
=
o
o:
.
o:
oy
+
o
ow
.
ow
oy
=
o
o:
. ( 1) +
o
ow
. 1
Suy ra
ou
ox
+
ou
oy
= 0

Bi 4.7
Cho x = rcos 0, y = rsi n 0, z = ( x, y) . Chng minh
_
oz
or
]
2
+
1
r
2
_
oz
o0
]
2
= _
o
ox
]
2
+ _
o
oy
]
2

Gii :
Ta c z = ( x, y) , p dng cng thc vi phn hm hp ta c:
oz
or
=
o
ox
ox
or
+
o
oy
oy
or
=
o
ox
cos 0 +
o
oy
si n0,
oz
o0
=
o
ox
ox
o0
+
o
oy
oy
o0
=
o
ox
rsi n0 +
o
oy
rcos0
Vy ta c

324

_
oz
or
]
2
+
1
r
2
_
oz
o0
]
2
= _
o
ox
cos 0 +
o
oy
si n 0]
2
+
1
r
2
_
o
ox
rsi n0 +
o
oy
rcos0]
2

= _
o
ox
]
2
( cos
2
0 + si n
2
0) + _
o
oy
]
2
( cos
2
0 + si n
2
0) = _
o
ox
]
2
+ _
o
oy
]
2


Bi 4.8
Cho x = u cos 0 : si n 0 v y = u si n 0 + : cos 0, vi 0 l mt hng s. Chng
minh
_
og
ox
]
2
+ _
og
oy
]
2
= _
o
ou
]
2
+ _
o
o:
]
2

vi ( u, :) = g( x, y) .
Gii :
Ta c( u, :) = g( x, y) nn
o
ou
=
og
ox
.
ox
ou
+
og
oy
.
oy
ou
=
og
ox
. cos 0 +
og
oy
. si n 0,
o
o:
=
og
ox
.
ox
o:
+
og
oy
.
oy
o:
=
og
ox
. ( si n 0) +
og
oy
. cos 0
Do vy
_
o
ou
]
2
+ _
o
o:
]
2
= _
og
ox
. cos0 +
og
oy
. si n 0]
2
+ _
og
ox
. si n0 +
og
oy
. cos0]
2

= _
og
ox
]
2
cos
2
0 + _
og
oy
]
2
si n
2
0 + _
og
ox
]
2
si n
2
0 + _
og
oy
]
2
cos
2
0
= _
og
ox
]
2
( cos
2
0 + si n
2
0) + _
og
oy
]
2
( cos
2
0 + si n
2
0) = _
og
ox
]
2
+ _
og
oy
]
2


Bi 4.12
Hm c gi l hm iu ho hai bin nu

325

o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
= 0
trn min xc nh ca n. Kim tra rng cc hm sau l hm iu ho?
a) x
2
y
2

b) ar ct an

x

c) l n( x
2
+ y
2
)
d) (c
+ c
-
) si nx
e)
_
x + x
2
+ y
2

f)
x
x
2
+
2

Gii :
a) ( x, y) = x
2
y
2

o
ox
= 2x,
o
oy
= 2y,
o
2
ox
2
= 2,
o
2
oy
2
= 2
Suy ra
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
= 0
Vy ( x, y) = x
2
y
2
l hm iu ho.

b) ( x, y) = ar t an

x

o
ox
=
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
o
oy
=
x
x
2
+ y
2
,
o
2
ox
2
=
( y) . 2 x
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
2xy
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
o
2
oy
2
=
x. 2y
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
2 xy
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2

Suy ra
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
= 0
Vy ( x, y) = ar t an
y
x
l hm iu ho.

326

c) ( x, y) = l n ( x
2
+ y
2
)
Ta c:
o
ox
=
2x
x
2
+ y
2
,
o
oy
=
2 y
x
2
+ y
2
,
o
2
ox
2
=
2 y
2
2x
2
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
o
2
oy
2
=
2x
2
2y
2
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2

Suy ra
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
= 0
Vy ( x, y) = l n( x
2
+ y
2
) l hm iu ho.

d) ( x, y) = ( c
+ c
-
) si n x
o
ox
= ( c
+ c
-
) cos x ,
o
oy
= ( c
c
-
) si n x,
o
2
ox
2
= ( c
+ c
-
) si n x ,
o
2
oy
2
= ( c
+ c
-
) si n x
Suy ra
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
= 0
Vy ( x, y) = ( c
+ c
-
) si n x l hm iu ho.

e) ( x, y) =
_
x + x
2
+ y
2

Cch 1:
Ta c cc o hm cp 1:
o
ox
=
1 +
x
x
2
+
2
2
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
=
x
2
+ y
2
+ x
2. x
2
+ y
2
.
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
=
1
2
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
x
2
+ y
2
,
o
oy
=
x
2
+
2
2
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
=
y
2x
2
+ y
2
.
_
x + x
2
+ y
2

Suy ra

327

o
2
ox
2
=
1
2
.
1
2
_
x+x
2
+
2
x
2
+
2
. x
2
+ y
2

_
x + x
2
+ y
2
.
x
x
2
+
2
x
2
+ y
2

=
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
4( x
2
+ y
2
)

x
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
2 ( x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2

o
2
oy
2
=
1
2
.
x
2
+ y
2
.
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
y. _

x
2
+
2
.
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
+ x
2
+ y
2
.
j
_x
2
+j
2
2_x+x
2
+
2
_
( x
2
+ y
2
) (x + x
2
+ y
2
)
=
1
2x
2
+ y
2
.
_
x + x
2
+ y
2

y
2
2( x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2_
x + x
2
+ y
2
y
2
4( x
2
+ y
2
) (x + x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2

Suy ra
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
=
1
2x
2
+ y
2
.
_
x + x
2
+ y
2

y
2
2( x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2_
x + x
2
+ y
2
+
+
y
2
4 ( x
2
+ y
2
) (x + x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2
+
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
4( x
2
+ y
2
)
x
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
2 ( x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2

328

=
x
2
2( x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2_
x + x
2
+ y
2
+
2x
2
+ 2xx
2
+ y
2
4 ( x
2
+ y
2
) (x + x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2

x
_
x + x
2
+ y
2
2( x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2
=
x
2
2( x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2_
x + x
2
+ y
2
+
xx
2
+ y
2
x(x + x
2
+ y
2
)
2( x
2
+ y
2
)
3
2_
x + x
2
+ y
2
= 0
Vy l hm iu ha.
trnh nhng tnh ton kh phc tp v d sai, ta c th lm theo cch sau:
Cch 2:
t z = ( x, y) , ta c z
2
= x + x
2
+ y
2
. Ly o hm 2 v theo x v theo y, ta suy
ra
2
oz
ox
=
z
x
2
+ y
2
, 2z
oz
oy
=
y
x
2
+ y
2

Tip tc ly o hm theo x v y, ta c:
2
o
2
z
ox
2
=
z
x
x
2
+ y
2

x
x
2
+
2
z
x
2
+ y
2
=
z
2
xz
x
2
+
2
x
2
+ y
2

2 _
oz
oy
]
2
+ 2 z
o
2
z
oy
2
=
x
2
+ y
2

2
x
2
+
2
x
2
+ y
2
=
x
2
x
2
+
2
x
2
+ y
2

Nn
2z
o
2
z
oy
2
=
x
2
x
2
+
2

2
2z
2
x
2
+ y
2

Vy ta c
2z
o
2
z
ox
2
+ 2z
o
2
z
oy
2
=
z
2
2

xz
2
x
2
+
2
+
x
2
x
2
+
2

2
2z
2
x
2
+ y
2
=
z
2
2
+
x
2
-xz
2
x
2
+
2

2
2z
2
x
2
+ y
2

T thc bng

329

z
2
2

y
2
2z
2
+
x( x z
2
)
x
2
+ y
2
=
z
4
y
2
2z
2
x =
z
4
y
2
2z
2
x
2z
2
x
2
+ y
2

M z
4
y
2
2z
2
x = z
2
( z
2
2x) y
2
= (x + x
2
+ y
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
x) y
2
=
0, nn ta c
2z
o
2
z
ox
2
+ 2z
o
2
z
oy
2
= 0
V z > 0 trn min ly o hm nn ta suy ra iu ha.

f ) ( x, y) =
x
x
2
+
2

Ta c
o
ox
=
x
2
+ y
2
x. 2x
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
y
2
x
2
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
o
oy
=
x. 2y
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
2xy
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
o
2
ox
2
=
2x. ( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
( y
2
x
2
) . 2( x
2
+ y
2
) . 2x
( x
2
+ y
2
)
4
=
2x
3
6xy
2
( x
2
+ y
2
)
3
,
o
2
oy
2
=
2x. ( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
+ 2xy. 2( x
2
+ y
2
) . 2y
( x
2
+ y
2
)
4
=
2x
3
+ 6xy
2
( x
2
+ y
2
)
3

Suy ra
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
= 0
Vy ( x, y) =
x
x
2
+ y
2
l hm iu ho.

Bi 4.13
Hm c gi l hm iu ha ba bin nu
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
+
o
2
oz
2
= 0
trn min xc nh ca n. Kim tra xem cc hm sau c iu ha khng?
a) x
2
+ y
2
2z
2

330

b) l n( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
c)
1
x
2
+
2
+z
2

d) c
3x+4
cos( 5z)
Gii :
a) ( x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
2 z
2

o
ox
= 2x,
o
oy
= 2y,
o
oz
= 4z,
o
2
ox
2
= 2,
o
2
oy
2
= 2,
o
2
oz
2
= 4
Do
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
+
o
2
oz
2
= 0
Vy ( x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
2z
2
l hm iu ha 3 bin.

b) ( x, y) = l n( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
o
ox
=
2x
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
o
oy
=
2y
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
o
oz
=
2 z
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
o
2
ox
2
=
2( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) 2x( 2x)
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
=
2 x
2
+ 2 y
2
+ 2z
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
,
o
2
oy
2
=
2x
2
2y
2
+ 2 z
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
,
o
2
oz
2
=
2x
2
+ 2y
2
2z
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2

Do
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
+
o
2
oz
2
=
2( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
=
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2

Vy hm ( x, y) = l n( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) khng phi l hm iu ha ba bin.

c) ( x, y, z) =
1
x
2
+
2
+z
2
= ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
1
2

o
ox
=
1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
. 2x = x( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
,

331

o
oy
=
1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
. 2y = y( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
,
o
oz
=
1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
. 2z = z( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
,
o
2
ox
2
=
o
ox
_
o
ox
] = ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
+
3
2
x( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
S
2
. 2x
= ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
+ 3x
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
S
2
,
o
2
oy
2
=
o
oy
_
o
oy
] = ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
+ 3y
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
S
2
,
o
2
oz
2
=
o
oz
_
o
oz
] = ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
+ 3z
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
S
2

Do
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
+
o
2
oz
2
= 3( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
+ 3( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
S
2( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
= 3( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
+ 3 ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
-
3
2
= 0
Vy hm ( x, y, z) =
1
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
l hm iu ha ba bin.

d) ( x, y, z) = c
3x+4
cos( 5z)
o
ox
= 3 c
3x+4
cos( 5z) ,
o
oy
= 4c
3x+4
cos( 5 z) ,
o
oz
= 5c
3x+4
si n ( 5z)
Suy ra
o
2
ox
2
=
o
ox
_
o
ox
] = 9 cos( 5z) c
3x+4
,
o
2
oy
2
=
o
oy
_
o
oy
] = 1 6 cos( 5 z) c
3x+4
,
o
2
oz
2
=
o
oz
_
o
oz
] = 25c
3x+4
cos( 5z)
Do

332

o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
+
o
2
oz
2
= 25 cos( 5z) c
3x+4
2 5c
3x+4
cos( 5 z) = 0
Vy hm ( x, y, z) = c
3x+4
cos( 5z) l hm iu ha ba bin.

Bi 4.14
Cho
( x, y) = _
xy( x
2
y
2
)
x
2
+ y
2
( x, y) ( 0,0 )
0 ( x, y) = ( 0,0)

a) Tnh
x
( x, y) ,
( x, y) ti( x, y) = ( 0 ,0) v( x, y) ( 0 ,0) . Suy ra biu thc ca
x
( 0, y) ,
( x, 0)
b) Dng cu a) tnh
x
( x, y) ,
x
( x, y) vi ( x, y) ( 0,0) v tnh
x
( 0,0) ,
x
( 0 ,0) . T suy ra
x
( 0 ,0)
x
( 0 ,0) .
c) Gi thit no ca nh l 4.1 , chng 4 b vi phm trong v d ny? Chng
minh khng nh ca bn.
Gii :
a) Xt ti ( x, y) = ( 0,0)
Ta c
( , 0) ( 0,0)
= 0 0
Suy ra
x
( 0 ,0) = l i m
h0
( , 0) ( 0 ,0)
= 0
Hon ton tng t, ta cng c
( 0 ,0) = 0.
Xt ( x, y) ( 0 ,0) ta c
x
( x, y) =
( 3x
2
y y
3
) ( x
2
+ y
2
) 2x( x
3
y xy
3
)
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
x
4
y + 4x
2
y
3
y
5
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
( x, y) =
( x
3
3 xy
2
) ( x
2
+ y
2
) 2y( x
3
y xy
3
)
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
x
5
4x
3
y
2
xy
4
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2

Suy ra

333

x
( 0, y) =
y
5
( y
2
)
2
= y v
( x, 0 ) =
x
5
( x
2
)
2
= x
b) Xt ti ( x, y) ( 0 ,0)
Ta c
o
2
oyox
=
o
ox
_
x
4
y + 4 x
2
y
3
y
5
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
_
=
( x
4
+ 12 x
2
y
2
5y
4
) ( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
2( x
2
+ y
2
) ( 2y) ( x
4
y + 4x
2
y
3
y
5
)
( x
2
+ y
2
)
4

=
x
6
+ 9 x
4
y
2
9x
2
y
4
y
6
( x
2
+ y
2
)
3

o
2
oxoy
=
o
ox
_
x
5
4 x
3
y
2
xy
4
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
_
=
( 5 x
4
1 2x
2
y
2
y
4
) ( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
2( x
2
+ y
2
) ( 2x) ( x
5
4x
3
y
2
xy
4
)
( x
2
+ y
2
)
4
=
x
6
+ 9 x
4
y
2
9x
2
y
4
y
6
( x
2
+ y
2
)
3

Xt ( x, y) = ( 0 ,0) . Ta c
x
( 0, )
x
( 0 ,0)
=
0
= 1 v
( , 0 )
( 0,0)
=
0
= 1
Nn suy ra
o
2
oyox
( 0,0) = l i m
h0
x
( 0 , )
x
( 0,0 )
= 1 1 =
x
( 0 ,0) = l i m
h0
( , 0)
( 0,0)

Vy
x
( 0 ,0)
x
( 0 ,0) .
c) Trong v d ny
x
( 0 ,0)
x
( 0 ,0) do gi thit lin tc ca hai o hm ring
x
,
x
trong nh l 4.1, chng 4 b vi phm.
Tht vy, ta s chng minh
x
khng lin tc ti ( 0 ,0) . Xt dy[
1
n
,
1
n
( 0 ,0 ) , ta c
x
_
1
n
,
1
n
] = 0, n .
Do khi n th
x
[
1
n
,
1
n
0
x
( 0,0) = 1. iu ny chng t
x
khng
lin tc ti ( 0 ,0) .

Bi 4.15
Cho

334

a) u = F _
y x
xy
,
z x
xz
] . Chng minhx
2
ou
ox
+ y
2
ou
oy
+ z
2
ou
oz
= 0
b) u = x
3
F [
y
x
,
z
x
. Chng minh x
ou
ox
+ y
ou
oy
+ z
ou
oz
= 3u
c) z = y. ( x
2
y
2
) . Chng minh y
oz
ox
+ x
oz
oy
=
xz
y

d) z = xy + xF [
y
x
. Chng minh x
oz
ox
+ y
oz
oy
= xy + z
e) u = ( r) : i r = ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. Chng minh
_
ou
ox
]
2
+ _
ou
oy
]
2
+ _
ou
oz
]
2
= _
ou
or
]
2

Gii :
a) t p =
-x
x
=
1
x

1
, q =
z-x
xz
=
1
x
1
z
, khi u( x, y) = F( p, q)
Ta c
op
ox
=
1
x
2
,
oq
ox
=
1
x
2
,
op
oy
=
1
y
2
,
oq
oy
= 0,
op
oz
= 0,
oq
oz
=
1
z
2

Do
ou
ox
=
oF
op
.
op
ox
+
oF
oq
oq
ox
=
oF
op
.
1
x
2
+
oF
oq
.
1
x
2
=
1
x
2
. _
oF
op
+
oF
oq
],
ou
oy
=
oF
op
.
op
oy
+
oF
oq
.
oq
oy
=
oF
op
.
1
y
2
+
oF
oq
. 0 =
1
y
2
.
oF
op
,
ou
oz
=
oF
op
.
op
oz
+
oF
oq
.
oq
oz
=
oF
op
. 0 +
oF
oq
.
1
z
2
=
1
z
2
.
oF
oq

Khi
x
2
ou
ox
+ y
2
ou
oy
+ z
2
ou
oz
= x
2
.
1
x
2
_
oF
op
+
oF
oq
] + y
2
.
1
y
2
.
oF
op
+ z
2
.
1
z
2
.
oF
oq
= 0

335

b) u = x
3
F [
x
,
z
x

t p( x, y, z) =
y
x
, q( x, y, z) =
z
x
.Khi ta c u( x, y, z) = x
3
F( p, q)
Dng cng thc o hm hm hp ta c
ou
ox
= 3x
2
F + x
3
_
oF
op
.
op
ox
+
oF
oq
.
oq
ox
] = 3x
2
F + x
3
_
oF
op
.
y
x
2
+
oF
oq
.
z
x
2
]
= 3x
2
F x _
oF
op
. y +
oF
oq
. z],
ou
oy
= x
3
_
oF
op
.
op
oy
+
oF
oq
.
oq
oy
] = x
3
_
oF
op
.
1
x
+
oF
oq
. 0] = x
2
oF
op
,
ou
oz
= x
3
_
oF
op
.
op
oz
+
oF
oq
.
oq
oz
] = x
3
_
oF
op
. 0 +
oF
oq
.
1
x
] = x
2
oF
oq

Do vy ta c
x
ou
ox
+ y
ou
oEy
+ z
ou
oz
= 3x
3
F x
2
_y
oF
op
+ z
oF
oq
] + yx
2
oF
op
+ zx
2
oF
oq
= 3 x
3
F
= 3u

c) t p( x, y) = x
2
y
2
. Ta c

oz
ox
= y.
o
op
.
op
ox
= 2xy
o
op
,
oz
oy
= ( p) + y.
o
op
.
op
ox
= ( p) 2y
2
o
op

Suy ra
y
oz
ox
+ x
oz
oy
= 2xy
2
o
op
+ x( p) 2xy
2
o
op
= x( p)
Vy ta c
y
oz
ox
+ x
oz
oy
=
xz
y

d) t p =

x
, khi z = xy + xF( p)
Ta c:

336

oz
ox
= y + F( p) + x.
oF
op
.
op
ox
= y + F( p) + x.
oF
op
.
y
x
2
= y + F( p) +
y
x
.
oF
op
,
oz
oy
= x + x.
oF
op
.
op
oy
= x + x.
oF
op
.
1
x
= x +
oF
op

Suy ra
x
oz
ox
+ y
oz
oy
= xy + xF( p) + x.
y
x
.
oF
op
+ xy + y.
oF
op
= 2xy + z xy = xy + z
Vy
x
oz
ox
+ y
oz
oy
= xy + z.

e) Ta c
ou
ox
=
o
or
.
or
ox
=
o
or
.
x
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2

ou
oy
=
o
or
.
or
oy
=
o
or
.
y
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2

ou
oz
=
o
or
.
or
oz
=
o
or
.
z
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2

Suy ra
_
ou
ox
]
2
+ _
ou
oy
]
2
+ _
ou
oz
]
2

= _
o
or
]
2
_
x
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+
y
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+
z
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
= _
o
or
]
2
= _
ou
or
]
2


Bi 4.16
Nu u = ( r) vi r = ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1 2
. Chng minh

337

o
2
u
ox
2
+
o
2
u
oy
2
+
o
2
u
oz
2
=
J
2
u
Jr
2
+
2
r
Ju
Jr

Gii :
Ta c:
ou
ox
=
J
Jr
or
ox
=
J
Jr
x
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2

nn
o
2
u
ox
2
=
J
2
Jr
2
.
or
ox
.
x
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
,
+
J
Jr
_
1
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2

x
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
_
=
J
2
Jr
2
x
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
+
J
Jr
_
1
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2

x
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
_
Tng t ta cng c
o
2
u
oy
2
=
J
2
Jr
2
y
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+
J
Jr
_
1
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2

y
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
_,
o
2
u
oz
2
=
o
2
Jr
2
z
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+
J
Jr
_
1
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2

z
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
_
Suy ra
o
2
u
ox
2
+
o
2
u
oy
2
+
o
2
u
oz
2
=
J
2
Jr
2
.
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+
J
Jr
_
3
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2

x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
_
Vy ta c
o
2
u
ox
2
+
o
2
u
oy
2
+
o
2
u
oz
2
=
J
2
Jr
2
+
2
r
J
Jr
.

Bi 4.17
Cho hm F( x, y) . Gi s 0( u, :) = F(( u, :) , g( u, :) ) v x = ( x, y) , y = g( u, :) .
Chng minh rng ta c

338

o
2
0
ou
2
+
o
2
0
o:
2
= _
o
2
F
ox
2
+
o
2
F
oy
2
_ __
o
ou
]
2
+ _
o
o:
]
2
_
vi
o
ou
=
og
o:
,
o
o:
=
og
ou

Gii :
Ta c
o0
ou
=
oF
ox
ox
ou
+
oF
oy
oy
ou

Nn
o
2
0
ou
2
=
o
ou
_
oF
ox
ox
ou
] +
o
ou
_
oF
oy
oy
ou
]
=
o
ou
_
oF
ox
]
ox
ou
+
oF
ox
o
ou
_
ox
ou
] +
o
ou
_
oF
oy
]
oy
ou
+
oF
oy
o
ou
_
oy
ou
]
=
o
ox
_
oF
ox
] _
ox
ou
]
2
+
o
oy
_
oF
ox
]
oy
ou
ox
ou
+
oF
ox
o
2
x
ou
2
+
o
ox
_
oF
oy
]
ox
ou
oy
ou
+
o
oy
_
oF
oy
] _
oy
ou
]
2
+
oF
ox
o
2
y
ou
2

=
o
2
F
ox
2
_
o
ou
]
2
+
o
2
F
oyox
og
ou
o
ou
+
oF
ox
o
2
ou
2
+
o
2
F
oxoy
o
ou
og
ou
+
o
2
F
oy
2
_
og
ou
]
2
+
oF
oy
o
2
g
ou
2

Tng t ta cng c
o
2
0
o:
2
=
o
2
F
ox
2
_
o
o:
]
2
+
o
2
F
oyox
og
o:
o
o:
+
oF
ox
o
2
o:
2
+
o
2
F
oxoy
o
o:
og
o:
+
o
2
F
oy
2
_
og
o:
]
2
+
oF
oy
o
2
g
o:
2

p dng gi thit
o
ou
=
og
o:
,
o
o:
=
og
ou
ta c
o
2
ou
2
=
o
2
g
o:ou
v
o
2
o:
2
=
o
2
g
ouo:
nn
o
2
g
ou
2
+
o
2
g
o:
2
= 0 v
o
2
ou
2
+
o
2
o:
2
= 0
T suy ra

339

o
2
0
ou
2
+
o
2
0
o:
2
=
o
2
F
ox
2
__
o
ou
]
2
+ _
o
o:
]
2
_ +
o
2
F
oxoy
_
og
ou
o
ou
+
og
o:
o
o:
] +
oF
ox
_
o
2
ou
2
+
o
2
o:
2
_
+
o
2
F
oy
2
__
og
ou
]
2
+ _
og
o:
]
2
_ +
o
2
F
oyox
_
o
ou
og
ou
+
o
o:
og
o:
] +
oF
oy
_
o
2
g
ou
2
+
o
2
g
o:
2
_
=
o
2
F
ox
2
__
o
ou
]
2
+ _
o
o:
]
2
_ +
o
2
F
oxoy
_
og
ou
o
ou

o
ou
og
ou
] +
o
2
F
oy
2
__
og
ou
]
2
+ _
og
o:
]
2
_
+
o
2
F
oyox
_
o
ou
og
ou

og
ou
o
ou
]
=
o
2
F
ox
2
__
o
ou
]
2
+ _
o
o:
]
2
_ +
o
2
F
oy
2
__
og
ou
]
2
+ _
og
o:
]
2
_
=
o
2
F
ox
2
__
o
ou
]
2
+ _
o
o:
]
2
_ +
o
2
F
oy
2
__
o
o:
]
2
+ _
o
ou
]
2
_
= _
o
2
F
ox
2
+
o
2
F
oy
2
_ __
o
ou
]
2
+ _
o
o:
]
2
_

Bi 4.18
Cho hm c 2 bin x, y. Ta ni l hm thun nht cp o> 1 nu
F( tu, t:) = t
u
F( u, :)
vi mi u, :, t.
Chng minh rng nu l hm thun nht cp o th
a) x
P
x
+ y
P
= oF( x, y)
b) x
2

2
P
x
2
+ 2xy

2
P
x
+ y
2

2
P
2
= o( o 1 ) F( x, y)
Gii :
a) Chng minh x
P
x
+ y
P
= oF( x, y) :
t g( t) = F( tu, t:) = t
u
F( u, :) . Ta c g
i
( t) = ot
u-1
. F( u, :) ( 1 ) .

340

t x( t) = tu, y( t) = t:.Ly o hm g theo bin t, ta c
g
i
( t) =
oF
ox
( x, y) . u +
oF
oy
( x, y) . : ( 2 )
T ( 1) v ( 2) suy ra
u
oF
ox
( tu, t:) + :
oF
oy
( tu, t:) = ot
u-1
. F( u, :) t, u, :
Cho t = 1, ta c
u
oF
ox
( u, :) + :
oF
oy
( u, :) = o. F( u, :) u, :
Hay
x
oF
ox
( x, y) + y
oF
oy
( x, y) = o. F( x, y)
b) Chng minh x
2

2
P
x
2
+ 2xy

2
P
x
+ y
2

2
P
2
= o( o 1) F( x, y) :
Ta c
g
ii
( t) = u _
o
2
F
ox
2
( tu, t:) . u +
o
2
F
oyox
( tu, t:) . :_
+ : _
o
2
F
oxoy
( tu, t:) . u +
o
2
F
oy
2
( tu, t:) . :_
= u
2
o
2
F
ox
2
( tu, t:) + u:
o
2
F
oyox
( tu, t:) + u:
o
2
F
oxoy
( tu, t:) + :
2
o
2
F
oy
2
( tu, t:)
= u
2
o
2
F
ox
2
( tu, t:) + 2u:
o
2
F
oxoy
( tu, t:) + :
2
o
2
F
oy
2
( tu, t:)
Theo (1) ta cg
ii
( t) = o( o 1 ) t
u-2
F( u, :)
Suy ra
u
2
o
2
F
ox
2
( tu, t:) + 2u:
o
2
F
oxoy
( tu, t:) + :
2
o
2
F
oy
2
( tu, t:) = o( o 1) t
u-2
F( u, :)
Cho t = 1, ta c

341

u
2
o
2
F
ox
2
( u, :) + 2 u:
o
2
F
oxoy
( u, :) + :
2
o
2
F
oy
2
( u, :) = o( o 1) F( u, :) u, :
Hay
x
2
o
2
F
ox
2
( x, y) + 2xy
o
2
F
oxoy
( x, y) + y
2
o
2
F
oy
2
( x, y) = o( o 1) F( x, y)

Bi 4.19
Cho F l hm thun nht cp hai. t u = r
m
F( x, y) vi r
2
= x
2
+ y
2
. Chng minh
rng
o
2
u
ox
2
+
o
2
u
oy
2
= r
m
_
o
2
F
ox
2
+
o
2
F
oy
2
_ + m( m + 4 ) r
m-2
F
Gii :
Ta c r = x
2
+ y
2
, suy ra
ou
ox
= mr
m-1
or
ox
F + r
m
oF
ox

= mr
m-1
x
x
2
+ y
2
F + r
m
oF
ox

= mr
m-2
xF + r
m
oF
ox

Nn
o
2
u
ox
2
= m( m 2) r
m-3
or
ox
xF + mr
m-2
F + mr
m-2
x
oF
ox
+ mr
m-1
or
ox
oF
ox
+ r
m
o
2
F
ox
2

= m( m 2) r
m-3
x
2
x
2
+ y
2
F + mr
m-2
F + mr
m-2
x
oF
ox
+ mr
m-1
x
x
2
+ y
2
oF
ox
+ r
m
o
2
F
ox
2

= m( m 2) r
m-4
x
2
F + mr
m-2
F + mr
m-2
x
oF
ox
+ mr
m-2
x
oF
ox
+ r
m
o
2
F
ox
2

342

= m( m 2) r
m-4
x
2
F + mr
m-2
F + 2mr
m-2
x
oF
ox
+ r
m
o
2
F
ox
2

Tng t
o
2
u
oy
2
= m( m 2) r
m-4
y
2
F + mr
m-2
F + 2mr
m-2
y
oF
oy
+ r
m
o
2
F
oy
2

Vy ta c
o
2
u
ox
2
+
o
2
u
oy
2
= m( m 2) r
m-4
( x
2
+ y
2
) F + 2mr
m-2
F + 2mr
m-2
_x
oF
ox
+ y
oF
oy
]
+ r
m
_
o
2
F
ox
2
+
o
2
F
oy
2
_
= m( m 2) r
m-2
F + 2mr
m-2
F + 4mr
m-2
F + r
m
_
o
2
F
ox
2
+
o
2
F
oy
2
_
= r
m
_
o
2
F
ox
2
+
o
2
F
oy
2
_ + m( m + 4) r
m-2
F
Trong trng hp r < 0, mt cch hon ton tng t ta cng c iu phi chng
minh.
Ghi ch: Nu xem r l mt hm theo x, y th vic chia thnh 2 trng hp theo r nh
trn l cha chnh xc. Tht vy, ta ly v d l hm r( x, y) = si gn ( x y) x
2
+ y
2

vi si gn l hm du ca s thc th r rng r khng phi l 1 trong 2 trng xt.
Thm ch hm r( x, y) nh th cn khng c o hm theo x hay y ( th ca hm r
c thu bi php xoay quanh trc 0z mt tia 0t hp vi mt phng 0xy mt gc
45) nn u khng kh vi v iu bi yu cu chng minh l khng ng. Chnh v
th, nhm bin son xem y nh mt cch chi ch ca bi v a ra li
gii nh trn.

Bi 4.22
Cho hm
n
l hm kh vi ti mi im ca
n
. Chng minh rngnu
o
ox
1
( x) = 0
ti mi x th khng l thuc vo bin th nht.
Gii :

343

Ta cn chng minh khng l thuc bin th nht, ngha l vi x
2
, x
3
, , x
n
c nh
th
( t, x
2
, x
3
, , x
n
) = ( s, x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) vi mi t, s .
M ta c
( t, x
2
, x
3
, , x
n
) ( s, x
2
, x
3
, x
n
) = _
o
ox
1
( x, x
2
, , x
n
) Jx = _ 0Jx = 0
t
s
t
s

Do vy ta chng minh xong bi ton.

Bi 4.23
Cho
2
xc nh bi( x, y) ( 0 x 1 v 1 y 1) hay
[1 x < 0 v
1
2
| y| 1. Xt :
2
xc nh bi
( x, y) = _
x
2
khi y > 0, x 0
0 khi x 0
x
2
khi y 0, x 0

Chng t rng
o
oy
( x, y) = 0, vi mi ( x, y) . Ch rng thay i theo y.
Gii:
- Xt trn min 0 < x 1 v 1 y 1.
Ta c ( x, y) = 0 v x 0 nn
o
oy
( x, y) = 0 .
- Xt trn min 1 x < 0 v
1
2
y 1.
Ta c ( x, y) = x
2
do y > 0 , x 0 nn
o
oy
( x, y) = 0.
- Xttrn min1 x < 0 v1 y
1
2
.
Ta c ( x, y) = x
2
khi y 0, x 0 nn
o
oy
( x, y) = 0.
- Xt ( 0, y) vi y .

344

( 0 , y) = l i m
h0
( 0, y + ) ( 0, y)
=
0 0
= 0
(do ( 0 , y) = 0 y )
Vy
o
oy
( x, y) = 0, vi mi ( x, y) .

Bi 4.24
Cho g l hm lin tc trn ng trn n v { x
2
x = 1} v
g( 0 ,1) = g( 1 ,0 ) = 0, g( x) = g( x)
Xt R R xc nh bi
( x) = _
xg_
x
x
] khix ( 0 ,0)
0 khi x = ( 0,0)

a) Chng minh rng hm : xc nh bi ng thc ( t) = ( tx) ( vi x
2
)
l hm kh vi.
b) Chng minh khng kh vi ti( 0 ,0) tr khi g = 0.
Gii :
a) Ta s chng minh ( t) = txg[
x
x
, .
Vi t > 0, ta c ( t) = ( tx) = txg_
tx
tx
] = txg_
tx
tx
] = txg_
x
x
]
Tng t, vi t < 0, ta c
( t) = txg_
tx
tx
] = txg_
tx
tx
] = txg_
x
x
] = txg_
x
x
]
Khi t = 0 th ( 0) = ( 0) = 0. Vy nn ta c:
( t) = txg_
x
x
] , t
Do kh vi v
i
( t) = xg_
x
x
] , t .
b) V g( 1,0) = 0 nn ta c

345

l i m
h0
+
( , 0) ( 0,0 )
=
g [
h
h
, 0
= g( 1,0 ) = 0
T suy ra nu kh vi ti ( 0 ,0) th:
o
ox
( 0 ,0) = 0
Tng t ta cng chng minh c
o
oy
( 0,0) = 0 nn ( 0,0) = ( 0 ,0) .
Ta xt
e( , k) =
( , k) ( 0 ,0) ( , k) ( 0 ,0 )
2
+ k
2
= g_

2
+ k
2
,
k
2
+ k
2
]
Nu g = 0 th hin nhin 0 nn kh vi Frechet. Nu g 0 th tn ti
0
, k
0
sao
cho
g_

0
0
2
+ k
0
2
,
k
0
0
2
+ k
0
2
_ 0
Xt dy (
n
, k
n
) = _
1
n
0
,
1
n
k
0
] 0 khi n . Khi
e(
n
, k
n
) = g _

0
0
2
+ k
0
2
,
k
0
0
2
+ k
0
2
_ 0
Vy khng kh vi Frechet ti ( 0 ,0) tr khi g 0.

Bi 4.27
Chng minh rng hm :
n
sao cho | ( x) | x
2
kh vi ti ( 0,0, ,0 ) .
Gii:
Ta c| ( x) | x
2
. Nh vy vi x = 0 th | ( 0) | 0
2
= 0 nn suy ra ( 0) = 0.
Theo gi thit _
( , 0, ,0 ) ( 0,0, ,0)
_ = _
( , 0, ,0)
_ _
_ = | |

346

Nn
o
ox
1
( 0 ) = l i m
h0
( , 0, ,0) ( 0,0, ,0)
= 0, tng t c
o
ox
( 0) = 0 i
1, n
.
Vy ( 0 ,0, ,0) = ( 0,0, ,0) .
Ta s chng minh kh vi ti 0 . Tht vy, t e( ) =
]( h)
h
, 0.Ta c:
( ) ( 0) = ( ) =
( )
= e( ) , 0.
Do vy ta ch cn chng minh l i m
h0
e( ) = 0.
Theo gi thit| ( x) | x
2
, do | e( ) | =
| ( ) |
= nn l i m
h0
e( ) = 0.
Vy kh vi ti 0 v ( 0,0, ,0 ) = ( 0 ,0, ,0) .

Bi 4.30
Cho g
1
, g
2
:
2
l cc hm lin tc. Xt hm :
2
xc nh bi:
( x, y) = _ g
1
x
0
( t, 0) Jt + _ g
2
0
( x, t) Jt
a) Chng minh rng
o
oy
( x, y) = g
2
( x, y)
b) F c th xc nh th no
o
oy
( x, y) = g
1
( x, y)
c) Tm hm :
2
sao cho
]
x
( x, y) = y v
]
( x, y) = x.
Gii:
a) Xt
]
, theo kt qu tng qut Bi 4.2, ta c

o
oy
( x, y) = g
2
( x, y) .

347

b) C nh x . Theo gi thit, ta c:
o
oy
( x, t) = g
1
( x, t) , t
Suy ra ( x, y) ( x, 0) = _
o
oy
( x, t) Jt = _ g
1
( x, t) Jt
0

t ( x) = ( x, 0) , x . Ta c ( x, y) = ( x) + _ g
1
( x, t) Jt
0
.
c) Theo cu b,
]
( x, y) = x th phi c dng
( x, y) = ( x) + _ xJt = ( x) + xy
0

Mt khc, do
o
ox
( x, y) = y nn
o
ox
( ( x) + xy) =
i
( x) + y = y
Suy ra
i
( x) = 0 nn C vi C l hng s. Th li ta thy ng.
Vy tho mn iu kin ca s c dng ( x, y) = xy + C vi C l hng s.

Bi 4.31
Chng t rng hm
( x
1
, x
2
, , x
3
) =
1
( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
n-2
2

tha phng trnh
o
2
ox
1
2
+
o
2
ox
2
2
+ +
o
2
ox
n
2
= 0
Gii :
Ta c
( x
1
, x
2
, , x
3
) = ( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
-
n-2
2

o
ox
1
= _
n 2
2
] 2x
1
( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
-
n-2
2
-1
= ( 2 n) x
1
( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
-
n
2
,

348

o
2
ox
1
2
= ( 2 n) ( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
-
n
2
+ ( 2 n) x
1
. [
n
2
2x
1
( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
-
n
2
-1

= ( 2 n) j( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
-
n
2
nx
1
2
( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
-
n
2
-1
[
= ( 2 n) ( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
-
n
2
-1
[ ( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
) nx
1
2
]
Tng t cho
o
2
ox
2
2
,
o
2
ox
3
2
,
o
2
ox
n
2
, ta suy ra:
o
2
ox
1
2
+
o
2
ox
2
2
+ +
o
2
ox
n
2
= ( 2 n) ( x
1
2
+ + x
n
2
)
-
n
2
-1
[ n( x
1
2
+ + x
n
2
) nx
1
2
nx
n
2
] = 0

Bi 4.32
Chng t rng mi hm c dng
u( x, y, z) =
( t + r)
r
+
( t r)
r

trong r
2
= x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
, u tha phng trnhu
xx
+ u
+ u
zz
= u
tt
.
Gii :
Nu r = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2

or
ox
=
x
r
, _
or
ox
]
2
+ _
or
oy
]
2
+ _
or
oz
]
2
= 1,
o
2
r
ox
2
+
o
2
r
oy
2
+
o
2
r
oz
2
=
2
r

t r
1
=
1
r
=
1
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
or
1
ox
=
x
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
x
r
3

t s = t + r, s
i
= t r.
ou
ox
=
or
1
ox
. [ ( s) + g( s
i
) ] + r
1
_
o
os
.
os
or
.
or
ox
+
og
os
i
.
os
i
or
.
or
ox
]
=
or
1
ox
. [ ( s) + g( s
i
) ] + r
1
_
o
os
.
or
ox

og
os
i
.
or
ox
]

349

=
x
r
3
[ ( s) + g( s
i
) ] + r
1
.
x
r
_
o
os

og
os
i
]
=
x
r
3
[ ( s) + g( s
i
) ] +
x
r
2
_
o
os

og
os
i
],
o
2
u
ox
2
=
r
3
3 xr
2
.
x
r
6
[ ( s) + g( s
i
) ]
x
r
3
_
o
os
.
os
or
.
or
ox
+
og
os
i
.
os
i
or
.
or
ox
]
+
r
2
2xr.
x
r
4
_
o
os

og
os
i
] +
x
r
2
_
o
2
os
2
os
or
or
ox
o
2
g
os
i
2
os
i
or
or
ox
_
=
r
2
3x
2
r
5
[ ( s) + g( s
i
) ]
x
r
3
x
r
_
o
os

og
os
i
] +
r
2
2 x
2
r
4
_
o
os

og
os
i
]
+
x
r
2
x
r
_
o
2
os
2
+
o
2
g
os
i
2
_
= _
1
r
2

3x
2
r
4
__
o
os

og
os
] +
x
2
r
3
_
o
2
os
2
+
o
2
g
os
i
2
_ _
1
r
3

3x
2
r
5
_[ ( s) + g( s
i
) ]
Tng t cho
o
2
u
oy
2
,
o
2
u
oz
2
, ta suy ra
u
xx
+ u
+ u
zz
=
o
2
u
ox
2
+
o
2
u
oy
2
+
o
2
u
oz
2

= _
3
r
2

3r
2
r
4
__
o
os

og
os
i
] +
r
2
r
3
_
o
2
os
2
+
o
2
g
os
i
2
_ _
3
r
3

3r
2
r
5
_ [ ( s) + g( s
i
) ]
=
1
r
_
o
2
os
2
+
o
2
g
os
i
2
_
Xt u( x, y, z) =
1
r
[ ( s) + g( s
i
) ]
ou
ot
=
1
r
_
o
os
.
os
ot
+
og
os
.
os
ot
_ =
1
r
_
o
os
+
og
os
i
],
o
2
u
ot
2
=
1
r
_
o
2
os
2
.
os
ot
+
o
2
g
os
2
.
os
ot
_ =
1
r
_
o
2
os
2
+
o
2
g
os
2
_
Vy u
xx
+ u
+ u
zz
= u
tt
.
Nu r = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
th t k = r.

350

u( x, y, z) =
1
k
[ ( t k) + g( t + k) ]
Xt hm F g, 0 = v p dng kt qu bn trn vi b hm ( F, 0) ta cng c
iu phi chng minh.

Bi 4.33
Chng t rng nu ( x, y) tho phng trnh Laplace
xx
+
= 0 , th hm
( x, y) = _
x
x
2
+ y
2
,
y
x
2
+ y
2
]
cng tho phng trnh Laplace.
Gii :
t ( x, y) = ( y, x) = [

x
2
+
2
,
x
x
2
+
2
, o( x, y) =

x
2
+
2
, b( x, y) =
x
x
2
+
2
. Ta c
( x, y) = (o( x, y) , b( x, y) )
vi
u
x
=
b
v
u
=
b
x
. Tht vy, ta c
oo
ox
=
2xy
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
ob
oy

oo
oy
=
x
2
y
2
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
ob
oy
=
y
2
x
2
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2

Vy nn theo Bi 4.17, ta c
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
= _
o
2
oo
2
+
o
2
ob
2
___
oo
ox
]
2
+ _
oo
oy
]
2
_
V tha mn phng trnh Laplace nn
2
]
u
2
+

2
]
b
2
= 0. Vy ta cng c
o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
= 0
Ta c ( x, y) = ( y, x) nn

351

o
2
ox
2
+
o
2
oy
2
=
o
2
oy
2
+
o
2
ox
2
= 0
Vy hm cho tho phng trnh Laplace.

Bi 4.34
Cho ( x, y, z) = g( r) , trong r = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2

a) Tnh
xx
+
+
zz

b) Chng t rng nu
xx
+
+
zz
= 0, th ( x, y, z) =
u
+ b, trong o, b l
cc hng s.
Gii :
a) Tnh
xx
+
+
zz
:
Ta c
o
ox
=
og
or
or
ox
=
og
or
x
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1 2

Suy ra:
o
2
ox
2
=
o
2
g
or
2
_
x
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1 2
]
2
+
og
or
_
1
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1 2

x
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3 2
_
Tng t cho
o
2
oy
2
,
o
2
oz
2
. Suy ra
xx
+
+
zz
=
o
2
g
or
2
+
og
or
_
3
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1 2

x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3 2
_
=
o
2
g
or
2
+
og
or
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1 2
=
o
2
g
or
2
+
2
r
og
or

b) Nu
xx
+
+
zz
= 0, th ( x, y, z) =
u
+ b :
V
xx
+
+
zz
= 0 nn ta c
2
r
g
i
( r) + g
ii
( r) = 0

352

Vy nn 2g
i
( r) + rg
ii
( r) = 0 . Ta c
(r
2
g
i
( r) )
i
= 2rg
i
( r) + r
2
g
ii
( r) = r(2g
i
( r) + rg
ii
( r) ) = 0
Nn r
2
g
i
( r) = c = const. Suy ra g
i
( r) =
c
2
v g( r) =
c
+ b vi b = const. t
o = c, ta c g
u
+ b. Th li thy ng.

Bi 4.35
Cho ( x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) = g( r) ,trong r = x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
.
a) Tnh
x
1
x
1
+
x
2
x
2
+ . . +
x
n
x
n
.
b) Gii phng trnh
x
1
x
1
+
x
2
x
2
+ . . +
x
n
x
n
= 0.
Gii :
a) Tnh
x
1
x
1
+
x
2
x
2
+ . . +
x
n
x
n
:
Ta c
x
1
=
o
ox
1
=
og
or
or
ox
1
=
og
or
x
1
( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
1 2
,
x
1
x
1
=
o
2
ox
1
2
=
o
2
g
or
2
. _
x
1
( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
1 2
]
2
+
og
or
_
1
( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
1 2

x
1
2
( x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
3 2
_
Vy ta suy ra:
x
1
x
1
+
x
2
x
2
+ . . +
x
n
x
n
=
o
2
ox
2
n
=1
=
o
2
g
or
2
+
og
or
n 1
r

b) Gii phng trnh
x
1
x
1
+
x
2
x
2
+ . . +
x
n
x
n
= 0:
V
x
1
x
1
+
x
2
x
2
+ . . +
x
n
x
n
= 0 nn ta c
( n 1)
r
g
i
( r) + g
ii
( r) = 0

353

Ngha l
( n 1) g
i
( r) + r. g
ii
( r) = 0
Ta c
(r
n-1
. g
i
( r) )
i
= r
n-2
(( n 1) g
i
( r) + r. g
ii
( r) ) = 0
Nn g
i
( r) =
c
n-1

-Nu n = 1 : g( r) = c. r + b vi b, c l hng s
-Nu n = 2 : g( r) = c. l n| r| + b vi b, c l hng s
-Nu n 3g( r) =
c
( n-2)
. r
-( n-2)
+ b. t o =
c
n-2
, ta c g( r)
u
n-2
+ b vi o, b l
cc hng s.

Bi 5.5
Cho u, : l trng v hng, xc nh trn
n
v trng vect F:
n
.
Chng minh rng
a) . ( uF) = F. u + u. F
b) . ( u:) = u: + u. :
Gii :
a) Ta vit F = (
1
,
2
, ,
n
) . Ta c
. ( uF) = . ( u
1
, u
2
, , u
n
) =
o( u
)
ox
= u
o
ox
n
=1
n
=1
+
ou
ox
n
=1

= u. _
o
1
ox
1
,
o
2
ox
2
, ,
o
n
ox
n
] + (
1
,
2
, ,
n
) . _
ou
ox
1
,
ou
ox
2
, ,
ou
ox
n
] = u. F + F. u
b) Vi F = :. p dng cu a, ta c
. ( u:) = u. ( :) + u. :
Mt khc
. ( :) = _
o
ox
1
,
o
ox
2
, ,
o
ox
n
] . _
o:
ox
1
,
o:
ox
2
, ,
o:
ox
n
] =
o
2
:
ox
2
n
=1
= :
Nn . ( u:) = u: + u. :.

354

Bi 5.6
Trng tnh in to bi mt n v in tch dng t ti gc 0 l E =
1
3
0P
vi
0P
= ( x, y, z) , r = ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. Chng t di v E = 0, r ot E = 0.
Gii :
Ta c
E =
1
r
3
0P
= _
x
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
,
y
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
,
z
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
_
t
E
1
=
x
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
, E
2
=
y
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
, E
3
=
z
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2

Khi
oE
1
ox
=
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2

3
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. 2 xx
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
y
2
+ z
2
2x
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
S
2
( 1)
oE
1
oy
=
3
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. 2 yx
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
3xy
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
S
2
( 2)
oE
1
oz
=
3
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. 2 zx
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
3xz
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
S
2
( 3)
oE
2
ox
=
3
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. 2xy
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
3xy
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
S
2
( 4)
oE
2
oy
=
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2

3
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. 2yy
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
x
2
+ z
2
2y
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
S
2
( 5)
oE
2
oz
=
3
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. 2zy
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
3yz
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
S
2
( 6)
oE
3
ox
=
3
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. 2xz
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
3xz
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
S
2
( 7)
oE
3
oy
=
3
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. 2yz
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
3yz
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
S
2
( 8)

355

oE
3
oz
=
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2

3
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. 2zz
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
x
2
+ y
2
2 z
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
S
2
( 9 )
Suy ra
di v E =
oE
1
ox
+
oE
2
oy
+
oE
3
oz
= 0,
r ot E = _
oE
3
oy

oE
2
oz
,
oE
1
oz

oE
3
ox
,
oE
2
ox

oE
1
oy
] = 0.

Bi 5.7
a) Nu F = o 0P
vi o l vect hng th d i v F = 0.
b) Vi k = ( 0,0 ,1) , t I = k 0P.
Tm di v I.
Gii :
a) Vi o = ( o
1
, o
2
, o
3
) v 0P
= ( x, y, z)
Ta c F = o 0P
= ( o
2
z o
3
y, o
3
x o
1
z, o
1
y o
2
x) = ( F
1
, F
2
, F
3
)
Mt khc
oF
1
ox
=
o( o
2
z o
3
y)
ox
= 0 ,
oF
2
oy
=
o( o
3
x o
1
z)
oy
= 0,
oF
3
oz
=
o( o
1
y o
2
x)
oz
= 0
Suy ra
di v F =
oF
1
ox
+
oF
2
oy
+
oF
3
oz
= 0
b) Vi k = ( 0, 0, 1) v 0P
= ( x, y, z)
Ta c I = o 0P
= ( y, x, 0) . Suy ra
di v I =
o( y)
ox
+
o( x)
oy
+
o( 0)
oz
= 0.

Bi 5.8
Cho E, F l hai trng vec t, u l trng v hng xc nh trn
3
. Chng
minh
a. ( u) = 0
b. . ( F) = 0

356

c. ( uF) = u( F) F u
d. . ( E F) = F. ( E) E. ( F)
Gii :
a) Ta c
u = _
ou
ox
,
ou
oy
,
ou
oz
]
tu
1
=
ou
ox
, u
2
=
ou
oy
, u
3
=
ou
oz
. Khi
( u) = _
ou
3
oy

ou
2
oz
,
ou
1
oz

ou
3
ox
,
ou
2
ox

ou
1
oy
]
= _
o
2
u
oyoz
o
2
u
ozoy
,
o
2
u
ozox
o
2
u
oxoz
,
o
2
u
oxoy

o
2
u
oyox
_ = 0

b) Ta c
F = _
oF
3
oy

oF
2
oz
,
oF
1
oz

oF
3
ox
,
oF
2
ox

oF
1
oy
]
Suy ra
. ( F) =
o
ox
_
oF
3
oy

oF
2
oz
] +
o
oy
_
oF
1
oz

oF
3
ox
] +
o
oz
_
oF
2
ox

oF
1
oy
] w
= _
o
2
F
3
oxoy

o
2
F
3
oxoy
_ + _
o
2
F
1
oyoz

o
2
F
1
oyoz
_ + _
o
2
F
2
ozox
o
2
F
2
ozox
_ = 0

c) Vi F = ( F
1
, F
2
, F
3
) , uF = ( uF
1
, uF
2
, uF
3
)
Ta c
( uF) = _
o( uF
3
)
oy

o( uF
2
)
oz
,
o( uF
1
)
oz

o( uF
3
)
ox
,
o( uF
2
)
ox

o( uF
1
)
oy
_
= _u
oF
3
oy
+ F
3
ou
oy
u
oF
2
oz
F
2
ou
oz
, u
oF
1
oz
+ F
1
ou
oz
u
oF
3
ox
F
3
ou
ox
, u
oF
2
ox
+ F
2
ou
ox
u
oF
1
oy
F
1
ou
oy
]

357

= u _
oF
3
oy

oF
2
oz
,
oF
1
oz

oF
3
ox
,
oF
2
ox

oF
1
oy
]
_F
2
ou
oz
F
3
ou
oy
, F
3
ou
ox
F
1
ou
oz
, F
1
ou
oy
F
2
ou
ox
]
= u _
oF
3
oy

oF
2
oz
,
oF
1
oz

oF
3
ox
,
oF
2
ox

oF
1
oy
] ( F
1
, F
2
, F
3
) _
ou
ox
,
ou
oy
,
ou
oz
]
= u( F) F u

d) Ta c
. ( E F) = . ( E
2
F
3
E
3
F
2
, E
3
F
1
E
1
F
3
, E
1
F
2
E
2
F
1
)
=
o( E
2
F
3
E
3
F
2
)
ox
+
o( E
3
F
1
E
1
F
3
)
oy
+
o( E
1
F
2
E
2
F
1
)
oz

= _E
2
oF
3
ox
E
3
oF
2
ox
+ E
3
oF
1
oy
E
1
oF
3
oy
+ E
1
oF
2
oz
E
2
oF
1
oz
]
+ _F
3
oE
2
ox
F
2
oE
3
ox
+ F
1
oE
3
oy
F
3
oE
1
oy
+ F
2
oE
1
oz
F
1
oE
2
oz
]
= ( E
1
, E
2
, E
3
) _
oF
3
oy

oF
2
oz
,
oF
1
oz

oF
3
ox
,
oF
2
ox

oF
1
oy
]
+ ( F
1
, F
2
, F
3
) _
oE
3
oy

oE
2
oz
,
oE
1
oz

oE
3
ox
,
oE
2
ox

oE
1
oy
]
= E. ( F) + F. ( E) .

Bi 5.9
Tm F nu Fl
a) 2xzi + 2yz
2
] + ( x
2
+ 2 y
2
z 1) k
b) oxi + b] + czk
c) ( y, z, x)
d)
x+]
x
2
+
2

Gii :

358

b) Vi F = ( 2xz, 2yz
2
, x
2
+ 2y
2
z 1) = ( F
1
, F
2
, F
3
)
Ta c
F = _
oF
3
oy

oF
2
oz
,
oF
1
oz

oF
3
ox
,
oF
2
ox

oF
1
oy
] = ( 4yz 4yz, 2x 2x, 0 0) = 0

c) Vi F = oxi + b] + czk = ( ox, b, cz) = ( F
1
, F
2
, F
3
)
Ta c
F = _
oF
3
oy

oF
2
oz
,
oF
1
oz

oF
3
ox
,
oF
2
ox

oF
1
oy
] = ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) = 0

d) Vi F = ( y, z, x) = ( F
1
, F
2
, F
3
)
Ta c
F = _
oF
3
oy

oF
2
oz
,
oF
1
oz

oF
3
ox
,
oF
2
ox

oF
1
oy
]
= ( 0 1, 0 1, 0 1 ) = ( 1, 1, 1)

e) Vi F =
x+]
x
2
+
2
= [
x
x
2
+
2
,

x
2
+
2
, 0 = ( F
1
, F
2
, F
3
)
Ta c
oF
1
oy
=
oF
2
ox
=
2xy
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
oF
1
oz
=
oF
2
oz
=
oF
3
ox
=
oF
3
oy
= 0
Suy ra
F = _
oF
3
oy

oF
2
oz
,
oF
1
oz

oF
3
ox
,
oF
2
ox

oF
1
oy
]
= _0 0, 0 0,
2xy
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2

2xy
( x
2
+ y
2
)
2
] = ( 0,0,0) .

Bi 5.10
Cho o, b l hai vect hng, 0P
= ( x, y, z) = R
a) F = o 0P
, chng minh rng F = 2o

359

b) : , F = ( r) R, r = ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
2
. Chng minh rng F = 0
c) Cho E = R o, F = R b. Chng minh rng
di v ( E F) = 0, ( E F) = 2( b o) , ( E. F) = E + F
d) Chng minh rng . [ ( o. R) o] = | o|
2
, . [ ( o R) R] = 2Ro
e) Chng minh rng [ ( o. R) o] = 0, [ ( o R) R] = 0
Gii :
b) Vi o = ( o
1
, o
2
, o
3
) v 0P
= ( x, y, z) , ta c
F = o 0P
= ( o
2
z o
3
y, o
3
x o
1
z, o
1
y o
2
x)
Suy ra
F = _
o( o
1
y o
2
x)
oy

o( o
3
x o
1
z)
oz
,
o( o
2
z o
3
y)
oz
o( o
1
y o
2
x)
ox
,
o( o
3
x o
1
z)
ox

o( o
2
z o
3
y)
oy
]
= ( 2 o
1
, 2o
2
, 2o
3
) = 2 o
c) Ta c F = ( r) R = ( ( r) x, ( r) y, ( r) z) = ( F
1
, F
2
, F
3
) . Khi
oF
1
oy
=
i
( r) .
1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ y
2
)
-1/ 2
. 2yx =
xy.
i
( r)
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
oF
1
oz
=
i
( r) .
1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ y
2
)
-1/ 2
. 2zx =
xz.
i
( r)
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
oF
2
ox
=
i
( r) .
1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ y
2
)
-1/ 2
. 2xy =
xy.
i
( r)
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
oF
2
oz
=
i
( r) .
1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ y
2
)
-1/ 2
. 2yz =
yz.
i
( r)
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
oF
3
ox
=
i
( r) .
1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ y
2
)
-1/ 2
. 2xz =
xz.
i
( r)
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
oF
3
oy
=
i
( r) .
1
2
( x
2
+ y
2
+ y
2
)
-1/ 2
. 2yz =
yz.
i
( r)
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2

Suy ra
F = _
oF
3
oy

oF
2
oz
,
oF
1
oz

oF
3
ox
,
oF
2
ox

oF
1
oy
] = 0
d)

360

Chng minh di v ( E F) = 0 :
Vi o = ( o
1
, o
2
, o
3
) , b = ( b
1
, b
2
, b
3
) v R = ( x, y, z) . Ta c
E = R o = ( x o
1
, y o
2
, z o
3
) = ( E
1
, E
2
, E
3
) ,
F = R b = ( x b
1
, y b
2
, z b
3
) = ( F
1
, F
2
, F
3
) ,
E F = ( E
2
F
3
E
3
F
2
, E
3
F
1
E
1
F
3
, E
1
F
2
E
2
F
1
)
vi
E
2
F
3
E
3
F
2
= ( y o
2
) ( z b
3
) ( z o
3
) ( y b
2
) ,
E
3
F
1
E
1
F
3
= ( z o
3
) ( x b
1
) ( x o
1
) ( z b
3
) ,
E
1
F
2
E
2
F
1
= ( x o
1
) ( y b
2
) ( y o
2
) ( x b
1
)
Khi
o( E
2
F
3
E
3
F
2
)
ox
= 0,
o( E
3
F
1
E
1
F
3
)
oy
= 0,
o( E
1
F
2
E
2
F
1
)
oz
= 0
Vy
di v ( F F) =
o( E
2
F
3
E
3
F
2
)
ox
+
o( E
3
F
1
E
1
F
3
)
oy
+
o( E
1
F
2
E
2
F
1
)
oz
= 0
Chng minh ( E F) = 2( b o) :
( E F) = _
o( E
1
F
2
E
2
F
1
)
oy

o( E
3
F
1
E
1
F
3
)
oz
,
o( E
2
F
3
E
3
F
2
)
oz
o( E
1
F
2
E
2
F
1
)
ox
,
o( E
3
F
1
E
1
F
3
)
ox

o( E
2
F
3
E
3
F
2
)
oy
]
= ( x o
1
( x b
1
) ( x b
1
) + x o
1
, y o
2
( y b
2
) ( y b
2
) + y
o
2
, z o
3
( z b
3
) ( z b
3
) + z o
3
)
= 2( b
1
o
1
, b
2
o
2
, b
3
o
3
) = 2( b o)
Chng minh ( E. F) = E + F :
Ta c E. F = ( x o
1
) ( x b
1
) + ( y o
2
) ( y b
2
) + ( z o
3
) ( z b
3
)
( E. F) = _
o( E. F)
ox
,
o( E. F)
oy
,
o( E. F)
oz
_
= ( 2 x o
1
b
1
, 2y o
2
b
2
, 2z o
3
b
3
) = E + F
e)
Chng minh . [ ( o. R) o] = | o|
2
:
Ta c:

361

o = ( o
1
, o
2
, o
3
) , R = ( x, y, z) , o. R = o
1
x + o
2
y + o
3
z,
( o. R) o = (o
1
( o
1
x + o
2
y + o
3
z) , o
2
( o
1
x + o
2
y + o
3
z) , o
3
( o
1
x + o
2
y + o
3
z) )
= ( A
1
, A
2
, A
3
) ,
Suy ra:
. [ ( o. R) o] =
( A
1
)
ox
+
o( A
2
)
oy
+
o( A
3
)
oz
= o
1
2
+ o
2
2
+ o
3
2
= | o|
2

Chng minh . [ ( o R) R] = 2Ro :
Ta c
o R = ( o
2
z o
3
y, o
3
x o
1
z, o
1
y o
2
x)
Nn
( o R) R = (z( o
3
x o
1
z) y( o
1
y o
2
x) , x( o
1
y o
2
x)
z( o
2
z o
3
y) , y( o
2
z o
3
y) x( o
3
x o
1
z) ) = ( A
1
, A
2
, A
3
)
. [ ( o R) R] =
( A
1
)
ox
+
o( A
2
)
oy
+
o( A
3
)
oz

= o
3
z + o
2
y + o
1
x + o
3
z + o
2
y + o
1
x
= 2( xo
1
+ yo
2
+ zo
3
) = 2R. o
f)
Chng minh [ ( o. R) o] = 0 :
Ta c o. R = o
1
x + o
2
y + o
3
z v
( o. R) o = (o
1
( o
1
x + o
2
y + o
3
z) , o
2
( o
1
x + o
2
y + o
3
z) , o
3
( o
1
x + o
2
y + o
3
z) )
= ( A
1
, A
2
, A
3
)
Nn :
[ ( o. R) o] = _
oA
3
oy

oA
2
oz
,
oA
1
oz

oA
3
ox
,
oA
2
ox

oA
1
oy
]
= ( o
3
o
2
o
2
o
3
, o
1
o
3
o
3
o
1
, o
2
o
1
o
1
o
2
) = 0
Chng minh [ ( o R) o] = 0 :
Ta c o R = ( o
2
z o
3
y, o
3
x o
1
z, o
1
y o
2
x) v

362

( o R) o = (o
3
( o
3
x o
1
z) o
2
( o
1
y o
2
x) , o
1
( o
1
y o
2
x)
o
3
( o
2
z o
3
y) , o
2
( o
2
z o
3
y) o
1
( o
3
x o
1
z) ) = ( A
1
, A
2
, A
3
)
Nn :
[ ( o R) o] = _
oA
3
oy

oA
2
oz
,
oA
1
oz

oA
3
ox
,
oA
2
ox

oA
1
oy
]
= ( o
2
o
3
+ o
2
o
3
, o
1
o
3
+ o
1
o
3
, o
1
o
2
+ o
1
o
2
) = 0.

Bi 5.15
Chng minh hm : R
2
R m
o
oy
( x, y) = 0 s khng ph thuc bin th
hai v nu
o
ox
( x, y) =
o
oy
( x, y) = 0 th l hng s.
Gii :
C nh x, chng minh khng ph thuc vo bin th hai ta chng minh
( x, y
1
) = ( x, y
2
) y
1
y
2

Tht vy. ta c :
( x, y
1
) ( x, y
2
) = _
o( x, y)
oy
2
Jy = _ 0Jy
2
= 0
Nn khng ph thuc vo y.
Trong trng hp
o( x, y)
ox
=
o( x, y)
oy
= 0 l hng s.
Ta s chng minh ( x, y) : ( x, y) = ( 0,0)
Ta c
( x, y) ( x, 0 ) = _
o( x, t)
oy
0
Jt = _ 0Jt
x
0
= 0
Suy ra ( x, y) =( x, 0)
( x, 0) ( 0,0) = _
o( s, 0 )
ox
x
0
Js = _ 0
s
0
Js = 0
Suy ra ( x, 0) = ( 0 ,0) .

363

Do ( x, y) : ( x, y) = ( 0,0) . Suy ra l hm hng.

Bi 5.16
Cho A = { ( x, y) : x < 0 hay x 0 v y 0} .
a) Chng minh rng nu hm : A tho
]
x
( x, y) =
]
( x, y) = 0 th l
hng s.
b) Tm hm : A sao cho
]
( x, y) = 0 nhng li ph thuc bin th hai.

Gii :
a. A = { ( x, y) | x < 0 hayx 0 vy 0} R
2
{ ( 0, x) | x 0}
Ta chng minh nu
]( x,)
x
=
]( x,)
= 0 trn A th l hng s trn A

Ta s chng minh ( x, y) A: ( x, y) = ( 1,0)
Ta c
( x, y) ( 1, y) = _
o
ox
( t, y)
x
-1
Jt = _ 0Jt = 0
x
-1

Suy ra ( x, y) = ( 1 , y) .
( 1 , y) ( 1,0) = _
o( 1, s)
oy
0
Js = _ 0 Js = 0
0

Suy ra ( 1, y) = ( 1,0) .
Do ( x, y) A: ( x, y) = ( 1,0 ) . Suy ra l hm hng trn A.

b . Ta xt hm nh sau
( x) = _
0 x < 0
x
2
x 0, y > 0
x
2
x 0 , y < 0

iu kin :
o
oy
( x, y) = 0, ph thuc vo bin y
- Vi x < 0 :
o
oy
=
o( 0)
oy
= 0 (tha)
- Vi x > 0, y > 0 :

364

o
oy
=
o( x)
oy
= 0 (tha)
- Vi x > 0, y < 0 :
o
oy
=
o( x)
oy
= 0 (tha)
- Ti x = 0, y 0: Trong trng hp y > 0, tn ti ln cn B nh ca ( 0 , y)
sao cho trong ln cn ny y > 0 . Lc ta c
( u, :) =
1
4
( | u| u)
2
( u, :) B
nn
]
( x, y) = 0
Vy v d trn tha yu cu ca bi.

365

Bi tp nng cao

Bi 4.1_BTGTA2
Cho :
n
tha | ( x) | x
1+u
vi o > 0. Chng minh kh vi ti 0 v tnh
( 0) . Bi ton s tr thnh th no trong trng hp o = 0 .
Gii :
Ta ch ra mt nh x tuyn tnh I sao cho tn ti hm e( ) 0 khi 0 tha mn:
( ) ( 0 ) = I( ) + e( )
Tht vy, ly I 0, ta c
| e( ) | =
| ( ) |

u

Nn hin nhin l i m
h0
e( ) = 0.
Vy kh vi ti 0 v = ( 0 ,0, ,0) .
Trng hp o = 0 th kt lun cha hn ng. Tht vy, xt hm ( x) = | x| trn
1

th hin nhin | ( x) | | x| nhng ta bit khng kh vi ti 0.

Bi 4.2_BTGTA2
Ch ra mt hm :
2
sao cho c o hm theo mi hng ti ( 0 ,0) nhng
khng kh vi ti ( 0 ,0 ) .
Gii :
Xt hm ( x, y) = x
2
y
3
. Khi c o hm theo mi hng o = ( o
1
, o
2
) ti
( 0,0) .Tht vy
u
( x, y) = l i m
t0
( 0 + to
1
, 0 + to
2
) ( 0 ,0)
t
= l i m
t0
( to
1
)
2
to
2
3
0
t
= _o
1
2
o
2
3

V khng kh vi ti ( 0,0) . Tht vy
o
ox
( 0 ,0) = l i m
h0
( 0 + , 0) ( 0 ,0)
= l i m
h0
0
= 0,

366

o
oy
( 0 ,0) = l i m
h0
( 0 ,0 + ) ( 0 ,0 )
= l i m
h0
0
= 0
Suy ra ( 0 ,0) = ( 0 ,0) .
Ta c
e( , k) =
( 0 + , 0 + k) ( 0 ,0) ( , k) ( 0 ,0)
2
+ k
2
=

2
k
3
2
+ k
2

V
e _
1
n
,
1
n
] =
1
2

Nn e( , k) 0 khi ( , k) 0 . Vy khng Frechet kh vi ti ( 0 ,0) .
Bi 5.1_BTGTA2
Cho l tp m, lin thng ng trong
2
. Chng minh rng nu : tha
o( x, y)
ox
=
o( x, y)
oy
= 0 ( x, y)
th l hng s trn .
Gii :
Ta chng minh kt qu tng qut khi l tp con m v lin thng trong khng gian
hu hn chiu
n
bng k thut ni di. Trc ht, ta chng minh kt lun trong
trng hp n gin hn nh sau:
Ta chng minh kt lun trn cho mi tp li, m B:
Ngha l nu = 0 trn B th l hng trn B. Tht vy, ta gi s c m, n B sao
cho ( m) > ( n) , t
( t) = (n + t( m n) )
xc nh v c o hm trn mt khong m cha [ 0,1] . V ( 0 ) < ( 1) nn theo
nh l Larange, tn ti c ( 0,1) sao cho
0 = < ( c) , ( m n) > =
i
( c) =
( 1) ( 0 )
1 0
= ( 1) ( 0) 0
iu ny mu thun v cho ta l hng s trn B.
Ta chng minh kt lun trong trng hp tng qut:

367

Gi s khng l hng s trong , ngha l tn ti o, b sao cho ( o) < ( b) . V
l lin thng ng nn tn ti hm g lin tc trn [ 0 ,1] sao cho
g( 0 ) = o, g( 1) = b
Xt tp
X = |t [ 0,1] : (g( x) ) = ( o) x [ 0, t] |
V l tp m nn tn ti e > 0 sao cho B( o, e) . V B( o, e) l mt tp m v li
trong nn ta c c ( x) = ( o) x B( o, e) . Mt khc, g l hm lin tc trn
[ 0,1 ] nn tn ti o
s
sao cho g( [ 0, o
s
] ) B( o, e) . Suy ra (g( [ 0, o
s
] ) ) = { ( o) } ,
ngha l c s thc dng o
s
X.
Gi I = sup X, ta c 0 < I < 1, v vi mi t < I, tn ti u X sao cho t < u I
nn ta cng c (g( t) ) (g( [ 0, u] ) ) = { ( o) } . Vy (g( t) ) = ( o) vi mi
t < I.
V (g( x) ) l hm lin tc trn [ 0,1] v (g( x) ) = ( o) x [ 0, I) nn ta suy ra
(g( I) ) = ( o)
Mt khc, do l tp m nn tn ti e
i
sao cho B( g( I) , e
i
) . Mt khc mi qu
cu m u l tp li trong
n
nn ta c:
( x) = (g( I) ) = ( o) x B( g( I) , e
i
)
Do g l hm lin tc nn tn ti o
s
| nh sao cho g( [ I o
s
|, I + o
s
| ] )
B( g( I) , e
i
) , vy nn ta cng c:
(g( [ I o
s
| , I + o
s
|] ) ) (B( g( I) , e
i
) ) = { ( o) }
Ngha l I + o
s
| X v I + o
s
| > I, iu ny mu thun vi gi thit I = su p X v
kt thc chng minh.

368

Chng 3
Dy v chui

Ch 3.1 :Chui s dng
Ch 3.2 :Chui c du bt k
Ch 3.3 :S hi t im hi t u
Ch 3.4 : Chui ly tha
Bi tp tng hp
Bi tp nng cao

369

Ch 3.1
Chui s dng

I. L thuyt
Phng php chng minh chui dng hi t
chng minh chui s dng hi t, ta thng s dng cc tiu chun sau:
Tng ring phn b chn. Cho o
n
+
n=1
l mt chui s dng. Ta c o
n
+
n=1
hi t
nu v ch nu dy tng ring phn ca n b chn trn, ngha l
H > 0 , n , o
k
n
k=1
H.
Tiu chun so snh 1. Xt hai chui s dng o
n
+
n=1
v b
n
+
n=1
vi o
n
b
n
vi
mi n n
0
. Ta c
i) Nu b
n
+
n=1
hi t th o
n
+
n=1
hi t,
ii) Nu o
n
+
n=1
phn k th b
n
+
n=1
phn k.
Tiu chun so snh 2. Xt hai chui s dng o
n
+
n=1
v b
n
+
n=1
vi
o = l i m
n
o
n
b
n
[ 0, + ]
i) 0 < o < + : hai chui o
n
+
n=1
v b
n
+
n=1
hoc cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
ii) o = 0
Nu b
n
+
n=1
hi t th o
n
+
n=1
hi t
Nu o
n
+
n=1
phn k th b
n
+
n=1
phn k.
iii) o = +
Nu b
n
+
n=1
phn k th o
n
+
n=1
phn k
Nu o
n
+
n=1
hi t th b
n
+
n=1
hi t.
Tiu chun tch phn ca Cauchy. Xt hm lin tc [ 1 , ) . Gi s l
hm dng v gim. Ta c chui ( n)
+
n=1
v tch phn suy rng ( x) Jx
+
1
hoc
cng hi t hoc cng phn k.

370

Tiu chun t s. Xt chui s dng o
n
+
n=1
vi
r = l i mi n f
n
o
n+1
o
n
, R = l i msup
n
o
n+1
o
n
.
i) Nu R < 1 th o
n
+
n=1
hi t,
ii) Nu r > 1 th o
n
+
n=1
phn k,
iii) Nu r 1 R th khng c kt lun v s hi t ca o
n
+
n=1
.
Tiu chun cn s. Xt chui s dng o
n
+
n=1
vi l i m
n
su p o
n
n
= o. Ta c
i) Nu o < 1 th o
n
+
n=1
hi t,
ii) Nu o > 1 th o
n
+
n=1
phn k.
iii) Nu o = 1 th khng c kt lun v tnh hi t ca o
n
+
n=1
.
V cc i tng limsup v liminf mt nhiu thi gian xc nh nn thng thng,
ta s dng h qu sau ca tiu chun t s v cn s.
Tiu chun t s ca dAlembert. Xt chui s dng o
n
+
n=1
vi l i m
n
u
n+1
u
n
=
o. Ta c
i) Nu o < 1 th o
n
+
n=1
hi t,
ii) Nu o > 1 th o
n
+
n=1
phn k.
Tiu chun cn s Cauchy. Xt chui s dng o
n
+
n=1
vi l i m
n
o
n
n
= o. Ta
c
i) Nu o < 1 th o
n
+
n=1
hi t,
ii) Nu o > 1 th o
n
+
n=1
phn k,
iii) Nu o = 1 th khng c kt lun v tnh hi t ca o
n
+
n=1
.

Trong trng hp o
n
+
n=1
l chui tch ca 2 chui dng b
n
+
n=1
v c
n
+
n=1
, ngha
l
o
n
= b
k
c
n-k
n
k=0

vi b
n
+
n=1
= b v c
n
+
n=1
= c. Khi y ta c o
n
+
n=1
= bc.

II. Bi tp p dng

371

Bi 6.7
Xt tnh hi t ca cc chui sau
1)
1
l n n
n=2

2)
1
1.5 ( 4k 3)
k=1

3)
k
( 2k + 1) 2
k
k=1

4)
2n + 1
n!
n=1

5)
2 n
2
+ 5
3n
3
+ n + 7

n=1

6)
2 n
2
+ 5
3n
4
+ n + 9

n=1

7)
3n
2
+ n + 5
( 2n
2
+ 1) 3
n
n=1

8)
1
n l n
2
n
n=2

9)
l n
3
n
n
4
n=2

10)
1.3 ( 2n 1)
1.5 ( 4n 3)
n=1

11)
( n! )
2
2
n
( 2n + 2) !
n=1
Gii :
Lu rng tt c cc chui s trong bi tp ny u l chui s dng
1)
1
l n n
n=2

Vi mi n 3 th 0 < l n n n nn
1
l n n

1
n
.
M ta bit
1
n
n=2
l mt chui phn k nn p dng Tiu chun so snh 1, ta c chui
1
l n n
n=2

cng phn k.

2)
1
1.5 ( 4k 3)
k=1

Ta c
o
k+1
o
k
=
1
4k + 1
k , suy ra: l i m
k
o
k+1
o
k
= l i m
k
1
4k + 1
= 0 < 1
Theo tiu chun t s ca dAlembert, ta suy ra:
1
1.5 ( 4k 3)
k=1
l mt chui hi t.

3)
k
( 2k + 1) 2
k
k=1

Ta c
k
( 2k + 1) 2
k

1
2
k
k
. Mt khc chui
1
2
k
k=1
hi t nn theo Tiu chun so
snh 1, ta c
k
( 2k + 1 ) 2
k
n=2
l mt chui hi t.

373

4)
2n + 1
n!
n=1

Ta c
o
n+1
o
n
=
2n + 3
( n + 1) !

n!
2n + 1
=
2n + 3
( 2n + 1) ( n + 1 )
n . Suy ra:
l i m
n
o
n+1
o
n
= l i m
n
2n + 3
( 2 n + 1) ( n + 1)
= 0
Nn theo tiu chun t s ca dAlembert ta c
2n + 1
n!
n=1
l mt chui hi t.

5)
2 n
2
+ 5
3n
3
+ n + 7

n=1

t o
n
=
2n
2
+ 5
3n
3
+ n + 7
, b
n
=
1
n
n , ta thy:
l i m
n
o
n
b
n
= l i m
n
2 n
3
+ 5 n
3 n
3
+ n + 7
= l i m
n
2 +
5
n
2
3 +
1
n
2
+
7
n
3
=
2
3
> 0
Mt khc b
n
n=1
=
1
n
n=1
l chui phn k nn p dng Tiu chun so snh 2, ta c:
o
n
n=1
=
2n
2
+ 5
3n
3
+ n + 7

n=1
cng phn k.

6)
2 n
2
+ 5
3n
4
+ n + 9

n=1

t o
n
=
2n
2
+ 5
3n
4
+ n + 9
, b
n
=
1
n
2
n , ta c:
l i m
n
o
n
b
n
= l i m
n
2n
4
+ 5n
2
3n
4
+ n + 9
=
2 +
5
n
2
3 +
1
n
3
+
9
n
4
=
2
3
> 0
M b
n
n=1
=
1
n
2
n=1
l mt chui hi t.p dng Tiu chun so snh 2, ta c:

374

o
n
n=1
=
2 n
2
+ 5
3n
4
+ n + 9

n=1
cng l mt chui hi t.

7)
3n
2
+ n + 5
( 2n
2
+ 1) 3
n
n=1

to
n
=
3 n
2
+ n + 5
( 2 n
2
+ 1) 3
n
, b
n
=
1
3
n
n , ta c :
l i m
n
o
n
b
n
= l i m
n
3n
2
+ n + 5
2 n
2
+ 1
=
3
2
> 0
M b
n
n=1
=
1
3
n
n=1
l mt chui hi t. p dng tiu chun so snh 2, ta c:
o
n
n=1
=
3n
2
+ n + 5
2 n
2
+ 1
n=1
cng l mt chui hi t.
8)
1
n l n
2
n
n=2

Xt nh x [ 2, ) xc nh bi cng thc ( x) =
1
x l n
2
x
.
Ta thy l nh x lin tc,dng v gim trn [ 2 , ] . Do theo tiu chun tch
phn ca Cauchy:
Chui s
1
n l n
2
n
n=2
v tch phn suy rng _ ( x)
+
2
Jx s cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
Ta c:
_ ( x)
2
Jx = _
1
x l n
2
x
Jx
2
= _
J( l n x)
l n
2
x
2
= _
Jt
t
2
In2
= _
1
t
]

l n 2
=
1
l n 2

Nn
1
n l n
2
n
n=2
l mt chui hi t.

9)
l n
3
n
n
4
n=2

375

t o
n
=
l n
3
n
n
4
, b
n
=
1
n
2
v xt cc hm s ( x) = l n x , g( x)
= x
2/ 3
trn[ 3, ] ,ta c :
l i m
x+
l n
3
x
x
2
= _ l i m
x+
( x)
g( x)
_
3
= _ l i m
x+
i
( x)
g
i
( x)
_
3
= _ l i m
x+
3
2x
2/ 3
]
3
= 0
Ta suy ra l i m
n
o
n
b
n
= l i m
n
l n
3
n
n
2
= 0. T nh l 2.5, b
n
n=2
=
1
n
2
n=2
l mt chui hi t.
Nn theo tiu chun so snh 2, ta c chui o
n
n=2
=
l n
3
n
n
4
n=2
cng l mt chui hi t.

10)
1.3 ( 2n 1)
1.5 ( 4n 3)
n=1

t o
n
=
1.3 ( 2n 1)
1.5 ( 4n 3)
, ta c
o
n+1
o
n
=
2n + 1
4n + 1
n , suy ra :
l i m
n
o
n+1
o
n
= l i m
n
2n + 1
4n + 1
=
1
2
.
Nn theo tiu chun t s ca dAlembert,chui
1.3 ( 2n 1)
1.5 ( 4n 3)
n=1
l mt chui hi t.

11)
( n! )
2
2
n
( 2n + 2) !
n=1

to
n
=
( n! )
2
2
n
( 2 n + 2) !
, ta c:
o
n+1
o
n
=
(( n + 1) ! )
2
. 2
n+1
( 2 n + 4) !

( 2n + 2 ) !
( n! )
2
2
n
=
2( n + 1)
2
( 2n + 3) ( 2n + 4)
n .
Suy ra:
l i m
n
o
n+1
o
n
= l i m
n
2 ( n + 1 )
2
( 2 n + 3) ( 2n + 4)
=
1
2

376

Nn theo tiu chun t s ca dAlembert,chui
( 2n + 2) !
( n! ) 2
n
n=1
l mt chui hi t.

Bi 6.8
Chng minh:
1
n
n=1
l g
( n + 1 )
2
n( n + 2)
hi t
Gii :
Cch 1:
Do chui cho l chui dng nn chng minh n hi t, ta ch cn chng minh
dy tng ring phn ca n b chn trn. Tht vy, ta c
1
n
m
n=1
l g
( n + 1)
2
n( n + 2 )
=
1
n
_l g
n + 1
n
l g
n + 2
n + 1
]
m
n=1

< _l g
n + 1
n
l g
n + 2
n + 1
]
m
n=1
= l g 2 l g
n + 2
n + 1
< l g 2
Nn ta suy ra chui s cho hi t.
Cch 2:
Vi mi n { 0} th
( n + 1)
2
n( n + 2)
> 1. Ta c:
l g
( n + 1)
2
n( n + 2 )
=
l n
( n+1)
2
n( n+2)
l n 10
< l n
( n + 1)
2
n( n + 2 )
< l n _
n + 1
n
] =
1
n
l n _1 +
1
n
]
n
1
n
. l n c =
1
n

nn
1
n
l g
( n + 1)
2
n( n + 2 )

1
n
2
n .
Vy do chui
1
n
2
n=1
hi t, nn theo tiu chun so snh, chui
1
n
n=1
l g
( n + 1)
2
n( n + 2 )
hi t.

Bi 6.9
Tm p sao cho:

377

1)
1
n l n
p
n
n=2
hi t
2)
1
l n
p
n
hi t
n=2

Gii:
1)
1
n l n
p
n
n=2

-Vi p 0 th l n
p
n 1 n 3 . Do ta c:
1
n l n
p
n

1
n
n 3
Mt khc
1
n
n=2
khng hi t, nn ta suy ra
1
n l n
p
n
n=2
cng khng hi t.
-Vi p 0 th ta c dy_
1
n ln
p
n
_ l dy s dng v gim.
Xt( x) =
1
x l n
p
x
trn[ 3, + ) , ta c ( x) l hm dng v gim. Mt khc, ta c:
_ ( x) Jx
3
= _
1
x l n
p
x
Jx
3
= _
J( l n x)
l n
p
x
3

=
1
1 p
. l n
1-p
x
3
= + khip ( 0 ,1)
l n( l n x)
3
= + khip = 1
1
1 p
. l n
1-p
x
3
=
1
( p 1) l n
p-1
3
khip ( 1 , + )

M theotiu chun tch phn Cauchy,
1
n ln
p
n
n=2
hi t khi v ch khi _ ( x) Jx
3
hi t.
T ta suy ra
1
n ln
p
n
n=2
hi t khi v ch khip > 1.

378

2)
1
l n
p
n
hi t
n=2

-Vi p 0 th l n
p
n 1 n 3 . Do ta c:
1
l n
p
n
1 n 3
T suy ra
1
l n
p
n
khnghi t
n=2
.
-Vi p > 0, ta c:
l i m
x+
_
1
l n
p
x
:
1
x
] = _ l i m
x+
x
1
p
l n x
_
p
= _ l i m
x+
_x
1
p
]
i
( l n x)
i
_
p
= _ l i m
x+
1
p
x
1/ p
]
p
= +
Nn l i m
n
_
1
l n
p
n
:
1
n
] = +
M chui hnh hc
1
n
n=2
khng hi t nn ta kt lun
1
l n
p
n
khnghi t
n=2

Vy chui s cho khng hi t vi mi p .

Bi 6.17
Cho o, b > 0. Chng minh
1
o + nb
+
n=0
phn k.
Gii :
Ta c l i m
n
_
1
o + nb
:
1
n
] = l i m
n
n
o + nb
=
1
b
.
M 0 <
1
b
< + v
1
n
n=1
phn k nn theoTiu chun so snh 2,
1
o + nb
+
n=1
phn k.
Vy ta c
1
o + nb
+
n=1
phn k.

379

Bi 6.22
Cho 0 < o < b < 1. Chng minh rng:
u
n
=
+
n=1
o + b + o
2
+ b
2
+
l chui hi t, trong u
2n
= b
n
v u
2n-1
= o
n
, n . Th dng tiu chun cn
s ca Cauchy v tiu chun t s ca dAlembert.
Gii :
Ta c l i m
n
sup u
n
n
b
n
b < 1 nn u
n
+
n=1
hi t theo tiu chun cn s.
Mt khc, nu dng tiu chun t s:
l i m
n
su p
u
n+1
u
n
l i m
n
u
2n
u
2n-1
= l i m
n
_
b
o
]
n
= +
Nn ta khng c kt lun s hi t ca u
n
+
n=1
theo tiu chun t s.

Bi 6.25
Cho p, q, o > 0. Kho st theo p, q s hi t ca chui
n
p
n
q
+ o
n=1

Gii :
Do p, q > 0 nn ta c
l i m
n
_
n
p
n
q
+ o
:
1
n
q-p
] = l i m
n
n
q
n
q
+ o
= 1
Vy ta ch cn kho st chui iu ha
1
n
q-p
n=1

380

V chui s trn hi t khi v ch khi q p > 1 nn chui s ban u hi t khi v ch
khi q > p + 1.

381

Ch 3.2
Chui c du bt k

I. L thuyt
Phng php chng minh chui c du bt k hi t
Nhn chung, chng minh mt chui c du bt k hi t, ta c 2 phng php
chnh:
a v chui s dng bng cch chng minh chui ny hi t tuyt i.
C th, cho chui o
n
+
n=1
v xt chui | o
n
|
+
n=1
tng ng. Bng cch s dng cc
tiu chun hi cho chui s dng, ta c cc kh nng sau:
Nu | o
n
|
+
n=1
hi t th ta kt chui o
n
+
n=1
hi t (tuyt i).
Nu | o
n
|
+
n=1
phn k th v mt tng qut ta khng c kt lun g v s hi t
chui o
n
+
n=1
. Tuy nhin, nu ta dng tiu chun t s ca DAlembert hay
tiu chun cn s ca Cauchy, m thy chui | o
n
|
+
n=1
phn k th lc ny ta
vn kt lun c chui o
n
+
n=1
phn k.

S dng cc tiu chun ring ca chui c du bt k.
C th, cc tiu chun ring ca chui c du bt k thng s dng l:
nh l Leibnitz. Nu ( o
n
) l dy s dng, gim v hi t v 0 th chui an du
( 1)
n+1
o
n
+
n=1
hi t v c tng nm trong khong o
1
o
2
v o
1
.
Tiu chun Dirichlet. Nu ( o
n
) l mt dy dng, gim v hi t v 0 v nu chui
b
n
+
n=1
c tng ring phn b chn th o
n
b
n
+
n=1
hi t.
Tiu chun Abel. Nu ( o
n
) l mt dy gim, b chn di (tng, b chn trn) v
chui b
n
+
n=1
hi t th chui o
n
b
n
+
n=1
hi t.

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 6.10

382

Xt tnh hi t ca cc chui.
1) ( 1)
n
n
( n + 1)
2
n=1

2) ( 1)
n
l n
n + 1
n
n=1

3) ( 1)
n
l n n
n
n=2

4)
1
l n
n
n
n=2

5) ( 1 +
1
n
)
3n
. c
-n
n=1

Gii :
1) ( 1)
n
n
( n + 1)
2
n=1

t o
n
=
n
( n + 1)
2
n .
Xt hm ( x) =
x
( x + 1 )
2
, trn( 0 , ) , ta c
i
( x) =
( x + 1)
2
2( x + 1 ) x
( x + 1)
4
=
x
2
+ 1
( x + 1)
4
0 x 1
Suy ra gim trn [ 1, ) nn ta c o
n
o
n+1
n 1.
Vy { o
n
} l dy dng gim. Hn na ta cng c { o
n
} hi t v 0.
Theo nh l Leibnitz, ta c ( 1 )
n
n
( n + 1)
2
n=1
hi t.

2) ( 1)
n
l n
n + 1
n
n=1

t o
n
= l n
n + 1
n
= l n _1 +
1
n
] n .
Ta c { o
n
} l dy s dng, gim, v hi t v 0 nn theo nh l Leibnitz, ta c

383

( 1)
n
l n
n + 1
n
n=1
hi t.

3) ( 1)
n
l n n
n
n=2

Xt hm ( x) =
l n x
x
trn( 0, ) , ta c:
i
( x) =
1
x
x
Inx
2x
x
=
2 l n x
2xx
0 x 8
Suy ra gim trn [ 8, + ) .
Vy ta c
l n n
n

l n( n + 1)
n + 1
n 8.
Mt khc
l i m
n
l n n
n
= l i m
x+
( l n x)
( x)
= l i m
x+
1
x
1
2x
= l i m
x+
2
x
= 0
nn { o
n
} hi t v 0.
Theo nh l Leibnitz, ta c: ( 1)
n
l n n
n
n=8
hi t.
Vy ( 1)
n
l n n
n
n=2
hi t.

4)
1
l n
n
n
n=2

Ta c l i m
n
_
1
l n
n
n
n
= l i m
n
1
l n n
= 0 < 1

384

Theo Tiu chun cn s ca Cauchy th
1
l n
n
n
n=2
hi t.

5) ( 1 +
1
n
)
3n
. c
-n
n=1

Ta c l i m
n
_
( 1 +
1
n
)
3n
. c
-n
n
= l i m
n
( 1 +
1
n
)
3
c
-1
= c
-1
< 1
Theo Tiu chun cn s ca Cauchy, th chui ( 1 +
1
n
)
3n
c
-n
n=1
hi t.

385

Ch 3.3
S hi t im hi t u

I. L thuyt
Cho
n
: l mt dy cc hm s.
Phng php chng minh dy hm hi t im v tnh hm gii hn
chng minh
n
l hi t im trn D v tnh hm gii hn ca
n
ta lm theo cc
bc sau:
Bc 1: Xt mt x c nh trong . t dy o
n
=
n
( x) .
Bc 2: Tnh gii hn ( x) = l i m
n
o
n
.
Trng hp 2.1: Nu tn ti x sao cho dy { o
n
} khng hi t th dy hm
cho khng hi t im.
Trng hp 2.2: Nu dy { o
n
} hi t vi mi x th hm xc nh nh trn
chnh l gii hn (ca s hi t im) cn tm.
Phng php chng minh chui hm hi t im v tnh hm tng
Ta thc hin cc bc sau xt tnh hi t im v tnh hm tng ca chui hm
n
( x)
+
n=1
.
Bc 1: Xt mt x c nh trong . t dy o
n
=
n
( x) .
Bc 2: Tnh chui s
( x) = o
n
+
n=1

Trng hp 2.1: Nu tn ti x sao cho chui s trn khng hi t th dy
hm cho khng hi t im.
Trng hp 2.2: Nu chui s trn hi t vi mi x th hm va xc nh
chnh l hm tng (ca s hi t im) cn tm.

386

Phng php chng minh dy hm hi t u
chng minh dy hm {
n
} hi t u v tm gii hn, ta tm mt hm : sao
cho sao cho J(
n
, ) = sup
x
|
n
| tin v 0 khi n + . Hm nh trn
thng c tm bng cch ly gii hn ca s hi t im (xem ch 3).
Phng php chng minh chui hm hi t u
chng minh chui hm
n
+
n=1
hi t u, ta tm chui s dng o
n
+
n=1
hi t
sao cho
|
n
( x) | o
n
x , n .
Phng php chng minh dy hm khng hi t u
chng minh dy hm {
n
} khng hi t u, ta thc hin cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Tm gii hn hi t dim ca dy
n
(xem ch 3). Nu dy ny khng hi
t im th hin nhin cng khng hi t u.
Bc 2: Trong trng hp dy {
n
} hi t im v hm , ta chng minh dy khng
hi t u bng cch ch ra mt dy { o
n
} trong sao cho
|
n
( o
n
) ( o
n
) | 0 khi n

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 1.10
Cho dy hm
m
( x) = l i m
n
( cos m! x)
2n
xc nh trn . Chng minh rng
(
m
) hi t tng im v hm Dirichlet , ( x) = 1 khi x v ( x) = 0
khi x .
Gii:
-Vi x , ta c x =
p
q
( p , q
)
cos( m! nx) = cos _
m! p
q
n] = ( 1 )
m! p
q
m q
T ta suy ra:
_cos _
m! p
q
n]_
2n
= 1 hay l i m
n
[ cos( m! nx) ]
2n
= 1

387

Vy ta c
m
hi t im v ( x) = 1 , x .
-Vix \ , ta c:
m! nx knnn cos( m! nx) ( 1 ,1)
Suy ra 0 [ cos( m! nx) ]
2
< 1 nn [ cos( m! nx) ]
2n
n
--0
Suy ra
m
hi t im v ( x) = 0 , x .

Bi 1.12
Xt dy hm
n
( x) =
x
1 + nx
2
, x
Chng t rng (
n
) hi t u v mt hm v
i
( x) = l i m
n
n
( x) ti mi x
0. Kho st trng hp x = 0.
Gii :
C nh n v xt hm
n
( x) =
x
1+nx
2
trn . t l hm ng nht 0 (( x) 0 trn
).
Nu x = 0 th
n
( 0) = 0 .
Nu x 0 th theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c 1 + nx
2
21. nx
2
= 2| x|
n v
ng thc xy ra khi =
1
n
, suy ra
x
1 + nx
2
=
| x|
1 + nx
2

| x|
2| x|
n
=
1
2n
= J(
n
, )
n
--0
Suyra
n
( x) hi t u v hm ( x) = 0.
V vi x 0 th
l i m
n
n
( x) = l i m
n
1 nx
2
( 1 + nx
2
)
2
= 0 =
i
( x)
Trng hp x = 0 th
n
( 0) = 1 vi mi n, cn
i
( 0) = 0.

Bi 1.13

388

Chng t rng dy hm
n
( x) = nx( 1 x)
n
hi t tng im nhng khng hi t u
trn on [ 0,1 ] .
Gii :
Ta chng minh {
n
} hi t tng im:
-Vi x = 0 hoc 1 th
n
( x) = 0, n.
-Vix ( 0 ,1 ) v vi mi n 2 , ta c
0 nx( 1 x)
n
=
nx
[1 +
x
1-x
n

nx
C
n
2
x
2
( 1-x)
2
=
nx
n( n-1)
2
.
x
2
( 1-x)
2
=
2( 1 x)
2
( n 1) x

Cho n th nx( 1 x)
n
0 .
Vy
n
( x) hi t tng im v hm ( x) = 0 .

Ta chng minh {
n
} khng hi t u:
Gi s
n
hi t u th
n
.Chn dy x
n
=
1
n
[ 0,1] th ta c:
J(
n
, ) = sup
x[ 0,1]
|
n
( x) ( x) | su p
x[ 0,1]
n
( x
n
) = n
1
n
_1
1
n
]
n
= _1
1
n
]
n

Suy ra [1
1
n
n
0 khi n . Mt khc ta c:
l i m
n
_1
1
n
]
n
= l i m
n
_
1
1 +
1
n-1
_
n-1
. _1
1
n
] =
1
l i m
n
[1 +
1
n-1
n-1
=
1
c

Do
n
( x) khng hi t u.

Bi 7.18
Cho (
n
) v ( g
n
) l hai dy hm hi t u trn . Chng minh rng (
n
+ g
n
) cng
hi t u trn .
Hn na, gi s thm rng (
n
) v ( g
n
) l hai dy hm b chn. Chng t rng dy
hm (
n
g
n
) cng hi t u trn .
Gii :
Chng minh (
n
+ g
n
) hi t u trn .
Cho e > 0, c N sao cho

389

su p
x
|
n
( x) ( x) | <
e
4
v sup
x
| g
n
( x) g( x) | <
e
4
n > N
Vi mi n > N, ta c
| (
n
+ g
n
) ( x) ( + g) ( x) | |
n
( x) ( x) | + | g
n
( x) g( x) | <
e
4
+
e
4
=
e
2
x

Suy ra
sup
x
| (
n
+ g
n
) ( x) ( + g) ( x) |
e
2
< e

Chng t rng dy hm (
n
g
n
) cng hi t u trn .
Do (
n
) v ( g
n
) l hai dy hm b chn nn c C
1
> 0 sao cho
sup
x
|
n
( x) | < C
1
v sup
x
| g
n
( x) | < C
1
n
Cho e > 0, c N sao cho
sup
x
| g
n
( x) g( x) | <
e
4C
1
n N
Lc , ta c
sup
x
| g( x) | sup
x
| g
N
( x) g( x) | + sup
x
| g
N
( x) | <
e
4C
1
+ C
1

Nn c C
2
> 0 sao cho sup
x
| g( x) | < C
2

C H sao cho
sup
x
|
n
( x) ( x) | <
e
4C
2
n H
t max{ H, N} = I. Vi mi n > I ta c
|
n
( x) g
n
( x) ( x) g( x) | = |
n
( x) (g
n
( x) g( x) ) + g( x) (
n
( x) ( x) )|
|
n
( x) | | g
n
( x) g( x) | + | g( x) | |
n
( x) ( x) | < C
1
e
4C
1
+ C
2
e
4C
2
=
e
2
x
Nn ta c su p
x
|
n
( x) g
n
( x) ( x) g( x) |
s
2
< e

390

Vy (
n
. g
n
) hi t u v . g trn .

Bi 7.1
t
n
( x) =
x
2n
1+x
2n
v ( x) = l i m
n
n
( x) .
Tm ( x) . Chng minh rng
n
khng hi t u v trn .
Gii :
u tin ta i tm ( x) .
Ta c
n
( x) =
x
2n
1 + x
2n

Nn
( x) = l i m
n
x
2n
1 + x
2n
.
Vy ( x) = 0 x
2
< 1, ( x) =
1
2
khix
2
= 1 v ( x) = 1 x
2
> 1
Tm li hm s c xc nh nh sau :
( x) =
0 nu| x| < 1
1
2
nu| x| = 1
1 nu | x| > 1

Chng minh
n
khng hi t v I trn .
Ly dy s { x
n
} trong ( 0 ,1) c xc nh nh sau:
x
n
=
1
2
2n
n
Ta c
( x
n
) = 0 v
n
( x
n
) =
n
_
1
2
2n
] =
1
2
1 +
1
2
=
1
3
n .
Suy ra

391

J(
n
, ) = sup
x
|
n
( x) ( x) | |
n
( x
n
) ( x
n
) | =
1
3
n .
Do J(
n
, ) khng hi t v 0 nn {
n
} khng hi t u v trn .

Bi 7.3
Chng minh
n
( x) = nxc
-nx
, x 0 hi t u trn [ o, + ) vi o > 0 nhng khng
hi t u trn [ 0, o] .
Gii :
Chng minh{
n
} hi t u v trn[ o, + ) .
t( x) = l i m
n
n
( x) .
Ta thy
n
( 0) = 0 suy ra
( 0) = l i m
n
n
( 0) = 0
Theo quy tc LHopital ta c:
l i m
+
yxc
-x
= l i m
+
( yx)
i
( c
x
)
= l i m
+
x
xc
x
= l i m
+
1
c
x
= 0.
Vi x > 0 th ta c
( x) = l i m
n
n
( x) = l i m
n
nxc
-nx
= l i m
+
yxc
-x
= 0
Tm li ( x) = l i m
n
n
( x) = 0 x 0.
Vi o > 0 ta cn chng minh {
n
} hi t u v trn [ o, + ) .
Ta c:
n
( x) = nxc
-nx
x o. Xt
n
i
( x) = nc
-nx
n
2
xc
-nx
= ( 1 nx) nc
-nx

( 1 no) nc
-nx
x o.
C N ln sao cho 1 No < 0. Khi vi n N, ta c
n
i
( x) nc
-nx
( 1 no) < 0 x o.
Suy ra vi n N th
n
l hm nghch bin trn [ o, + ) .Khi ta c:
J(
n
|
[ u,+)
, |
[ u,+)
) = sup
x[ u,+)
|
n
( x) 0| = sup
x[ u,+)
n
( x) =
n
( o)

392

Vy n > N , J(
n
, ) =
n
( o) . M
n
( o) 0 (chng minh trn) nn {
n
} hi t u
v trn [ o, + ) .

Chng minh: vi o > 0 th {
n
} khng hi t u v trn [ 0, o] .
Ly dy { x
n
} trong [ 0, o] xc nh bi:
x
n
=
o
n
, n
Ta thy:
n
( x
n
) =
n
[
o
n
= n.
o
n
. c
-n.
c
n
= oc
-u
.
M
J(
n
|
[ 0,u]
, |
[ 0,u]
) = sup
x[ 0,u]
|
n
( x) ( x) | = sup
x[ 0,u]
n
( x)
n
( x
n
) = oc
-u

Vy J(
n
|
[ 0,u]
, |
[ 0,u]
) khng hi t v 0 nn
n
khng hi t u v trn on [ 0, o] .

Bi 7.5
Chng minh
1
n
x
n=1

Hi t u trn [ p, + ) nu p > 1 .
Gii :
Vi mi x [ p, + ) ta c:
1
n
x

1
n
p
.
Vi p > 1 th
1
n
p
n=1

l mt chui s hi t (theo tnh cht chui iu ha). Suy ra chui hm

393

1
n
x
n=1

hi t u trn [ p, ) theo tiu chun Weierstrass.

Bi 7.6
Xt chui
x
n
n
2
( 1 + x
n
)
n=1

a) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn [ 0, + )
b) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn [ o, o] trong 0 < o < 1
c) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn [ b, + ) trong b > 1
d) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn ( , c] trong c > 1
Gii :
a) Vi mi x [ 0, + ) ta c
x
n
n
2
( 1 + x
n
)
<
1
n
2

M chui
1
n
2
+
n=1
hi t nn theo tiu chun Weierstrass, chui
x
n
n
2
( 1 + x
n
)
+
n=1
hi t
u trn [ 0 , + ) .
b) Vi mi n , ta c
| 1 + x
n
| 1 | x
n
| = 1 | x|
n
1 o
n
> 0 x [ o, o] ( 1,1)
Doo
n
0nn cN sao cho vi min N, o
n
<
1
2
hay 0 <
o
n
1 o
n
< 1.
Nn
_
x
n
n
2
( 1 + x
n
)
_ =
| x|
n
n
2
| 1 + x
n
|

o
n
n
2
( 1 o
n
)

1
n
2
, x [ o, o] , n N
Do chui
1
n
2
+
n=1
hi t nn theo tiu chun Weierstrass,
x
n
n
2
( 1 + x
n
)
+
n=1
hi t u trn

394

[ o, o] .
c) t
S
m
( x) =
x
n
n
2
( 1 + x
n
)
m
n=1
, S( x) =
x
n
n
2
( 1 + x
n
)
n=1
vix [ b, + )
S( x) hon ton xc nh theo cu a) v cu b).
Vi mt e > 0.
Theo cu a) ta c mt I sao cho
sup
x[ 0,+)
| S
m
( x) S( x) | <
e
2
m I
hay ni cch khc
| S
m
( x) S( x) | <
e
2
x [ 0, + ) , m I ( 1)
Theo cu b) ta c mt H sao cho
sup
x[ b,0)
| S
m
( x) S( x) | <
e
2
m H
hay ni cch khc
| S
m
( x) S( x) | <
e
2
x [ b, 0 ) , m H ( 2)
T ( 1) , ( 2 ) suy ra
sup
x[ b,+)
| S
m
( x) S( x) |
e
2
< e m max{ H, I}
d) Vi mi n , ta c | 1 + x
n
| | x
n
| 1 c
n
1 > 0
Doc
n
+ nn cN sao cho vi min N, c
n
> 2ngha l
c
n
c
n
1
< 2 .
Nn
_
x
n
n
2
( 1 + x
n
)
_ =
| x|
n
n
2
| 1 + x
n
|

| x|
n
n
2
( | x|
n
1)
=
1
n
2
_1 +
1
| x|
n
1
]
1
n
2
_1 +
1
c
n
1
] =
c
n
n
2
( c
n
1 )

2
n
2
, x [ , c] , n N

395

Do chui
2
n
2
+
n=1
hi t nn theo tiu chun Weierstrass, ta c
x
n
n
2
( 1 + x
n
)
+
n=1
hi t u
trn( , c] .

Bi 7.8
Nu
n
( x) = nxc
-nx
2
v
( x) = l i m
n
n
( x)
Chng minh rng dy hm trn khng hi t u trn [ 0,1 ] v
_( x) Jx
1
0
l i m
n
_
n
( x) Jx
1
0

Gii :
Trc ht ta tnh lim
n
n
( x) , ta xt 2 trng hp:
- Vi x = 0 th
n
( 0) = 0, n . Nn ( 0) = l i m
n
n
( 0 ) = 0.
- Vi x > 0 th theo quy tc LHopital, ta c
l i m
y. x. c
-x
2
= l i m
yx
c
x
2
= l i m
( yx)
i
(c
x
2
)
i
= l i m
x
x
2
. c
x
2
= l i m
1
x. c
x
2
= 0
Do l i m
n
n. x. c
-nx
2
= 0 nn ( x) = l i m
n
n
( x) = 0 . Vy ta c
l i m
n
n
( x) = 0 nn( x) 0 , x [ 0,1] .

Chng minh {
n
} khng hi t u v trn [ 0,1] .
Ta xt dy { x
n
} : x
n
=
1
n
, n . Khi r rng x
n
[ 0,1] v
n
( x
n
) =
n
_
1
n
] = n.
1
n
. c
-n.
1
n
= n. c
-1
n
--
Do ta c
J(
n
, ) = su p
x[ 0,1]
|
n
( x) ( x) | = sup
x[ 0,1]
n
( x)
n
( x
n
) = n. c
-1
n
--
Suy ra {
n
} khng hi t u v trn [ 0 ,1] .

396

Ta chng minh _ ( x) Jx
1
0
l i m
n
_
n
( x) Jx
1
0

Tht vy, do 0 nn
_( x) Jx
1
0
= 0
Mt khc,
_
n
( x) Jx
1
0
= _nx. c
-nx
2
Jx
1
0
=
1
2
__c
-nx
2
J( nx
2
) ]_
1
0
=
1
2
c
-nx
2
_
1
0
=
1
2
( 1 c
-n
)
M ta c
l i m
n
1
2
( 1 c
-n
) =
1
2
0

Bi 7.9
Nu ( x) = l i m
n
n
( x) v
n
( x) =
2nx
1 + n
2
x
4
.
Tm_ ( x) Jx
1
0
v l i m
n
n
( x) Jx
Dy
n
c hi t u v trn [ 0,1] khng?
Gii :
Tm_ ( x) Jx
1
0
.
Vi x = 0 th
n
( x) = 0 nn
( x) = l i m
n
n
( x) = 0
Vi x 0 th
( x) = l i m
n
n
( x) = l i m
n
2 nx
1 + n
2
x
4
= l i m
n
2
1
nx
+ nx
3
= 0

397

Vy ( x) = 0.
V 0 nn
_( x) Jx
1
0
= 0
Ta tm l i m
n
n
( x) Jx.
Ta c
_
n
( x) Jx
1
0
= _
2 nx
1 + n
2
x
4
Jx
1
0
= _
J( nx
2
)
1 + ( nx
2
)
2
1
0
= ar ct an nx
2
|
0
1
= ar ct an n
V ar ct an n
n
--
n
2

Do
l i m
n
_
n
( x) Jx
1
0
=
n
2

Dy {
n
} khng hi t u v I trn[ 0 ,1] .
Tht vy.
Ta xt dy { x
n
} : x
n
=
1
n
, n . Khi r rng x
n
[ 0,1] v
n
( x
n
) =
n
_
1
n
] =
2n.
1
n
1 + n
2
.
1
n
2
= n
n
--
Do ta c
J(
n
, ) = su p
x[ 0,1]
|
n
( x) ( x) | = sup
x[ 0,1]
n
( x)
n
( x
n
) = n
n
--
Suy ra {
n
} khng hi t u v trn [ 0 ,1] .

Bi 7.14

398

Cho
n
( x) = n
2
x( 1 x
2
)
n
, 0 x 1. Chng t rng (
n
) hi t tng im v hm
0. Tnh
l i m
n
_
n
( x) Jx
1
0

Gii :
Chng t(
n
) hi t tng im v hm 0.
Ta c
n
( 0) = 0 v
n
( 1) = 0 vi mi n . Nn (
n
) hi t tng im v hm 0 ti
0 v 1.
Xt 0 < x < 1 . t
1
1 x
2
1 = c > 0
Lc
1 x
2
=
1
1 + c

Ta c
n
2
( 1 x
2
)
n
=
n
2
( 1 + c)
n

n
2
1 + nc +
n( n-1) c
2
2
+
n( n-1) ( n-2) c
3
6
n
2
n( n-1) ( n-2) c
3
6
n 3
Cho n ta c
n
2
n( n-1) ( n-2) c
3
6
0
Nn theo nguyn l kp ta c n
2
( 1 x
2
)
n
0 khi n .
Vy ta c (
n
) hi t im v hm 0.
Tnh lim
n
_
n
( x) Jx
1
0
:
t 1 x
2
= u. Dng k thut i bin, ta c
_n
2
x( 1 x
2
)
n
Jx
1
0
=
n
2
2
_u
n
Ju
1
0
=
n
2
2
_
u
n+1
n + 1
__
1
0
=
n
2
2( n + 1)

399

Suy ra
l i m
n
_
n
( x) Jx
1
0
=

Bi 7.19
Xt
n
( x) =
0 khi x <
1
n + 1
si n
2
n
x
khi
1
n + 1
x
1
n
0 khi
1
n
< x

Chng t rng (
n
) hi t tng im nhng khng hi t u v mt hm lin tc.
Gii :
Chng minh (
n
) hi t tng im :
Vi
n
( 0) = 0 n nn (
n
( 0) ) hi t.
Vi x 0, c N sao cho
1
N
< x
Lc , n > N ta c
1
n
<
1
N
< x nn
n
( x) = 0 nn ta cng c (
n
( x) ) hi t.

Chng minh (
n
) khng hi t u v hm 0 .
Ta c
J(
n
, 0) _
n
_
1
n +
1
2
__ = _si n
2
__n +
1
2
] n__ = 1 n
iu ny suy ra (
n
) khng hi t u v hm 0 .

Bi 7.24

400

Vi nhng gi tr no ca o th
a) Dy hm
n
( x) = n
u
xc
-nx
hi t tng im trn [ 0,1 ]
b) Dy hm
n
( x) = n
u
xc
-nx
hi t u trn [ 0 ,1]
Gii :
a) Ta chng minh vi mi o th dy hm
n
hi t tng im trn [ 0 ,1] . Tht
vy.
Vi x = 0 th
n
( 0) = 0
Vi x > 0, ta c
n
( x) =
n
u
x
c
nx

Nu o 0 th hin nhin
l i m
n
n
( x) = 0
Nu o > 0 , ta c c
x
> 1 v
0
n
u
x
c
nx

n
[ u] +1
( c
x
)
n

M
n
[ u] +1
( c
x
)
n
0 khi n + nn theo nguyn l kp th
n
u
x
c
nx
0 khi n + .
Do
l i m
n
n
( x) = 0 , x [ 0,1]
Vy vi mi o th
n
hi t tng im trn [ 0,1] .
b) Ta chng minh dy hm
n
hi t u trn [ 0,1] khi v ch khi o < 1 .
Bi v vi o 1 th ta chn x
n
=
1
n
[ 0,1] . Suy ra
n
( x
n
) = n
u-1
c
-1
c
-1
.
Do
J(
n
, ) = su p
x[ 0,1]
n
( x)
n
( x
n
) c
-1

Nn
n
khng hi t u trn [ 0 ,1] khi o 1.
By gi ta chng minh vi o < 1 th dy hm
n
hi t u trn [ 0,1] . Tc l chng
minh

401

J(
n
, ) = sup
x[ 0,1]
n
( x) = sup
x[ 0,1]
n
u
x
c
nx
0
khi n .
Ta khng nh
n
( x)
1
n
1-u
x [ 0 ,1] , n ( )
Tht vy, ( ) tng ng vi
n
u
x
c
nx

1
n
1-u
nx c
nx

Xt hm g( t) = c
t
t, t . Ta c
g
i
( t) = c
t
1 1 1 = 0 t 0
Do hm g( t) ng bin trn [ 0, + ) . Suy ra g( t) g( 0) = 1 > 0 .
Nn ta c nx c
nx
x [ 0,1] , n .
Ta chng minh
n
( x)
1
n
1-u
x [ 0 ,1] , n .
Nn khi n + th J(
n
, )
1
n
1-u
0 , o < 1.
Vy vi mi o < 1 th dy hm
n
( x) = n
u
xc
-nx
hi t u trn [ 0,1 ] .

Bi 112
Tm mt dy cc hm lin tc trn [ 0,1] , hi t tng im nhng khng hi t u v
mt hm lin tc.
Gii :
Xt dy hm:
n
( x) = _
1 | 2nx 1| x _0,
1
n
_
0 x _
1
n
, 1_

Ta c

402

l i m
x
1
n
-
n
( x) = 1 _2n
1
n
1_ = 0 = l i m
x
1
n
+
n
( x)
nn
n
lin tc ti
1
n
n. Vy
n
l mt dy hm lin tc trn [ 0,1] .
Vi x = 0,
n
( x) = 0 n N nn
n
( 0) 0 khi n .
Vi x 0, tn ti n
0
N sao cho
1
n
0
< x. Khi vi mi n n
0
, ta c
n
( x) = 0
nn ta suy ra
n
( x) 0 khi n vi mi x 0.
Vy
n
hi t tng im v 0. Mt khc:
n
0 = sup
x[ 0,1]
|
n
( x) | _
n
_
1
2n
]_ = 1 n
nn
n
khng hi t u v hm 0.

403

Ch 3.4
Chui ly tha

I. L thuyt
Xt chui ly tha ( x) = o
n
x
n
+
n=0
.
Phng php tm bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha
tnh bn knh chui mt ly tha, ta lm cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Tnh o = l i msup
n+
| o
n
|
n
.
Bc 2: Ta bin lun theo cc trng hp sau:
Nu o = + th chui ch hi t khi x = 0.
Nu o = 0 th chui hi t vi mi x .
Nu o ( 0, + ) th R =
1
u
l bn knh hi t ca chui
Phng php tm o hm, tch phn ca chui ly tha
tnh o hm, tch phn ca ( x) , ta s dng cc cng thc sau:
i
( x) = no
n
x
n-1
+
n=1
, _ ( x) Jx
[
u
=
o
n
n + 1
( [
n+1
o
n+1
)
+
n=0
.
Khai trin Taylor cho hm 1 bin
Cho l hm kh vi n cp n + 1 trn khong m ( o, b) vi n 2 , v xc nh trn
khong ng [ c, J] cha trong ( o, b) . Ta c khai trin Taylor n cp n ca nh
sau:
( x) = ( c) +
( k)
( c)
k!
( x c)
k
n
k=1
+

( n+1)
( s)
( n + 1) !
( x c)
n+1

vi s [ c, J] .
Ta c mt s khai trin quen thuc nh sau:

404

c
x
=
x
n
n!
+
n=1
( x ) , l n( 1 + x) =
( 1)
n+1
x
n
n
+
n=1
( 1 < x 1 )
si n x =
( 1)
n
x
n
( 2n + 1) !
x
2n+1
+
n=1
( x ) , cos x =
( 1)
n
x
n
( 2n) !
x
2n
+
n=1
( x )

II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 7.11
Cho
( x) =
x
n
n
2
( l n n)
2
n=1
, 1 x 1
Tnh
i
( x) nu c
Gii :
Xt chui ly tha o
n
x
n
n=1
trong o
n
=
1
n
2
( l n n)
2
.
Trc ht ta chng minh( x) xc nh.
Ta c
_
x
n
n
2
( l n n)
2
_
1
n
2
x [ 1 ,1] , n 3
m chui
1
n
2
n=1
hi t, t ta c
x
n
n
2
( ln n)
2
n=1
hi t u trn [ 1,1] .
Tnh
i
( x) .
Ta c
o = l i m
n
o
n+1
o
n
= l i m
n
n
2
( n + 1 )
2

( l n n)
2
( l n( n + 1) )
2
= l i m
n
( l n n)
2
( l n( n + 1) )
2

Theo quy tc LHopital, ta c

405

l i m
x
( l n x)
2
( l n( x + 1) )
2
= l i m
x
2In x
x
2In( x+1)
x+1
= l i m
x
l n x
l n ( x + 1 )

x + 1
x

= l i m
x
l n x
l n( x + 1)
= l i m
x
1
x
1
1+x
= l i m
x
x + 1
x
= 1
Do o = 1.
Nn suy ra chui o
n
x
n
n=1
c bn knh hi t lR = 1.
Do theo H qu 3.4, kh vi trn ( 1,1) v
i
( x) =
x
n-1
n( l n n)
2
n=1

Bi 7.12
Cho
( x) =
x
2n
2n + 1
n=0
, 1 < x < 1
Tnh
i
( x) nu c
Gii :
Xt chui ly tha o
n
x
n
n=0
trong o
n
= 0nu n l v o
n
=
1
n+1
nu n chn.
Khi
o
n
x
n
n=0
= o
2n
x
2n
n=0
=
x
2n
2n + 1
n=0
, x
V o = l i m
n
su p _
1
2n + 1
n
= l i m
n
sup
1
2
n
. _n +
1
2
n
= 1

406

Nn suy ra chui o
n
x
n
n=0
c bn knh hi t l 1 .
Do theo H qu 3.4, kh vi trn ( 1,1) v
i
( x) = no
n
x
n-1
n=1

Suy ra
i
( x) =
2k
2k + 1
x
2k-1
k=1

Bi 7.13
Tm bn knh hi t v min hi t ca
1) [1 + si n
nn
2

n
x
n
2
n
n=0

2)
n!
n
n
x
n
n=1

3)
( 2n)
n
( n + 1)
n+1
x
n
n=0

4)
x
n
n
n
n=1

5)
x
n-1
n. 3
n
l n n
n=1

6)
( x 3)
n
n. 5
n
n=1

7)
( x + 3)
n
n
2
n=0

8)
n! ( x + 3 )
n
n
n
n=1

9) ( 1)
n-1
( x 5 )
n
n. 3
n
n=1

Gii :
1) [1 + si n
nn
2

n
x
n
2
n
n=0

Ta c

407

l i m
n
sup
_
_[1 + si n
nn
2

n
1
2
n
_
n
=
1
2
l i m
n
sup [1 + si n
nn
2
= 1

+ Bn knh hi t R = 1.
+ Min hi t . Xt :
x = 1. Chui tr thnh
[1 + si n
nn
2

n
1
2
n
n=0

Ta c
[1 + si n
nn
2

n
2
n
=
[1 + 2 si n
nn
4
cos
nn
4

n
2
n
=
[1 + 2 si n
nn
4
cos
nn
4

n
2
n
=
_[si n
nn
4

2
+ [cos
nn
4

2
+ 2 si n
nn
4
cos
nn
4
]
n
2
n
=
[si n
nn
4
+ cos
nn
4

2n
2
n
= _si n
( n + 1 ) n
4
]
2n

Nn
[1 + si n
nn
2

n
2
n
khng hi t v 0.
Vy [1 + si n
nn
2

n
1
2
n
n=0
phn k.
x = 1. Chui tr thnh
( 1)
n
[1 + si n
nn
2

n
1
2
n
n=0

Theo trn ta c( 1)
n
[1 + si n
nn
2

n
2
n
khng hi t v 0.
Vy ( 1)
n
[1 + si n
nn
2

n
2
n
n=0
phn k.
Vy min hi t l( 1,1) .
2)
n!
n
n
x
n
n=1

Ta c

408

l i m
n
sup _
( n+1) !
( n+1)
n+1
n!
n
n
_ = l i m
n
sup _
1
[1 +
1
n
n
_ =
1
c

+ Bn knh hi t R = c.
+ Min hi t:
x = c. Chui tr thnh
n! c
n
n
n
n=1

Ta c :
( n+1) !c
n+1
( n+1)
n+1
n!c
n
n
n
=
c
[1 +
1
n
n
> 1n
Nn
n! c
n
n
n
l dy tng nn khng hi t v 0 .
Vy
n! c
n
n
n
n=1
phn k.
x = c. Chui tr thnh
( 1)
n
.
n! c
n
n
n
n=1

Ta c
( 1)
n

n! c
n
n
n
khng hi t v0cng do
n! c
n
n
n
l dy tng.
Nn ( 1)
n
.
n! c
n
n
n
n=1
phn k.
Vy min hi t l( c, c) .
3)
( 2n)
n
( n + 1)
n+1
x
n
n=0

Ta c
l i m
n
sup __
( 2n)
n
( n + 1)
n+1
_
n
=
2n
n + 1
.
1
n + 1
n
= 2

409

+ Bn knh hi t R =
1
2
.
+ Min hi t :
Xt x =
1
2
. Chui tr thnh
n
n
( n + 1)
n+1
n=1

Ta c
l i m
n
n
n
( n+1)
n+1
1
n+1
= l i m
n
1
[1 +
1
n
n
=
1
c

M
1
n + 1
n=1

phn k nn theo tiu chun so snh ta c
n
n
( n + 1)
n+1
n=1

phn k.
Xt x =
1
2
. Chui tr thnh
( 1)
n
n
n
( n + 1 )
n+1
n=1

Ta c
( n + 1 ) _1 +
1
n
]
n
< ( n + 1) _1 +
1
n + 1
]
n+1
< ( n + 2) _1 +
1
n + 1
]
n+1
n
Suy ra
n
n
( n + 1)
n+1
>
( n + 1)
n+1
( n + 2)
n+2
n
Nn _
n
n
( n + 1 )
n+1
_ l dy dng gim v
l i m
n
n
n
( n + 1)
n+1
= l i m
n
n
n
( n + 1)
n

1
n + 1
=
1
c
0 = 0

410

Suy ra ( 1)
n
n
n
( n + 1)
n+1
n=1
hi t.
Vy min hi t lj
1
2
,
1
2
.
4)
x
n
n
n
n=1

Ta c
l i m
n
sup
_
_
1
n
n
_
n
= l i m
n
sup
1
n
= 0
Vy min hi t l .
5)
x
n-1
n. 3
n
l n n
n=2

Ta c
l i m
n
su p
_
_
1
n. 3
n
. lnn
_
n-1
=
1
3
. l i m
n
sup
1
n
n-1
lnn
n-1
=
1
3

+ Bn knh hi t R = 3.
+ Min hi t :
Xt x = 3. Chui tr thnh
1
3

1
n. lnn
n=2

t ( x) =
1
x. l n x
, x [ 2, ) .
C ( x) > 0 x [ 2, ) , l hm gim v
_
1
x. lnx
Jx
+
2
= _
1
u
Ju
+
In2

Vy
1
3

1
n. l n n
n=2
phn k theo tiu chun tch phn.
Xt x = 3 .Chui tr thnh

411

1
3

( 1)
n
n. l n n
n=2

Chui ny hi t theo tiu chun Leibnit
Vy min hi t l[ 3,3) .
6)
( x 3)
n
n. 5
n
n=1

Ta c
( x 3)
n
n. 5
n
n=3
=
[
x-3
5

n
n
n=3

Ta c
l i m
n
su p
_
_
1
n
_
n
= 1
+ Xt khi
x 3
5
= 1.
Lc chui tr thnh
1
n
+
n=1
, chui ny phn k.
+Xt khi
x 3
5
= 1.
Lc chui tr thnh ( 1)
n

1
n
+
n=1
, chui ny hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz.
Vy chui cho hi t khi v ch khi 1
x-3
5
< 1 h ay 2 x < 8.
Vy min hi t: [ 2,8) .
7)
( x + 3)
n
n
2
n=0

Ta c
l i m
n
sup | n
2
|
n
= l i m
n
sup ( n
n
)
2
= 1

412

Mt khc 1 < x + 3 < 1 tng ng vi 4 < x < 2.
Khi x = 4. Chui tr thnh
( 1)
n
n
2
n=1

Chui ny hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz.
Khi x = 2. Chui tr thnh
1
n
2
n=1

hi t theo nh l chui iu ha (tr145).
Vy min hi t l[ 4, 2] .
8)
n! ( x + 3 )
n
n
n
n=1

Theo cu 2, chui
n! ( x + 3)
n
n
n
n=1

Hi t khi v ch khi c < x + 3 < c hay c 3 < x < c 3.
Vy min hi t ( c 3, c 3 ) .
9) ( 1)
n-1
( x 5)
n
n. 3
n
n=1

Tng t cu 6. Ta c:
( 1)
n-1
( x 5)
n
n. 3
n
n=1
=
[
5-x
3

n
n
n=1

Chui hi t khi v ch khi 1
5-x
3
< 1 hay 2 < x 8 .
Vy min hi t l( 2 ,8] .

Bi 7.25

413

Cho 0 o
n
1, n 0. Chng minh rng o
n
x
n
n=0
hi t khi0 x < 1 v c
tng
1
1 x
.
Hn na, nu o
n
n=0
hi t, chng minh rng o
n
x
n
hi t khi 0 x 1
n=0
v c
tng mi n _o
n
n=0
,
1
1 x
_.
Gii :
Khi 0 o
n
1
Ta c | o
n
x
n
| x
n
n
M chui x
n
l chui hnh hc hi t do0 x < 1.
n=0

Nn chui o
n
x
n
cng h i t t heo t i u ch u n so snh.
n=0

Ngoi ra
o
n
x
n
m
n=0
x
n
m
n=0
m 0
Cho m th ta c
o
n
x
n
n=0
x
n
n=0
=
1
1 n

Khi o
n
n=0
hi t
Ta c | o
n
x
n
| = o
n
x
n
o
n
n 0.
Nn o
n
x
n
hi t theo tiu chun so snh do o
n
n=0
hi t.
n=0

414

Khi x = 1, ta c:
o
n
x
n
m
n=0
= o
n
m
n=0
m 0
Cho m th ta c
o
n
x
n
n=0
o
n
n=0
0 x 1
Vi 0 < x < 1, theo chng minh phn trn th
o
n
x
n
n=0

1
1 x
0 x < 1
Nn ta c
o
n
x
n
n=0
mi n _o
n
n=0
,
1
1 x
_

Bi 7.26
Cho chui s dng hi t o
n
+
n=1
. Chng minh rng o
n
x
n
+
n=1
hi t tuyt i
khi | x| 1.
Gii :
Ta c | o
n
x
n
| o
n
x [ 1,1] , n .
Nn chui | o
n
x
n
|
+
n=1
hi t theo tiu chun so snh do o
n
+
n=1
hi t.
Vy o
n
x
n
+
n=1
hi t tuyt i khi | x| 1 .

415

Bi tp tng hp

Bi 6.1
Chng minh rng cc chui o
=1
v o
=m
hoc cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
Khi chng cng hi t, xc nh o sao cho o
=1
= o + o
=m
.
Gii :
Ta xt dy cc tng ring phn sau :
Dy{ s
n
} s
n
= o
n
=1
n N.
Dy{ t
n
} t
n
= o
m+n-1
=m
n N.
Ta c :
-Chui o
=1
hi t khi v ch khi dy{ s
n
} hi t v o
=1
= l i m
n
s
n
. ( 1)
-Chui o
=m
hi t khi v ch khi dy{ t
n
} hi t v o
=m
= l i m
n
t
n
. ( 2)
Mt khc ,ta c lu sau:
-Dy { s
n
} hi t khi v ch khi dy{ s
n+m-1
} hi t v l i m
n
s
n
= l i m
n
s
n+m-1
( 3)
-Vi mi n ta c:
s
n+( m-1)
= o
m+n-1
=1
= o
m+n-1
=m
+ o
m-1
=1
= t
n
+ o
m-1
=1
( 4 )
Do , dy|s
n+( m-1)
| hi t khi v ch khi chui{ t
n
} hi t v theo (4) ta c

416

l i m
n
s
n+( m-1)
= l i m
n
t
n
+ o
m-1
=1
( 5 )
T ( 1 ) , ( 2) , ( 3) , ( 4 ) v ( 5 ) suy rachui a
I
I=1
hi t khi v ch khi chui o
=m
hi t v
o
=m
= o
=1
+ o
m-1
=1

Vt ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 6.2
Chng t rng,nu chui o
=1
hi t th
e > 0, n
0
, n n
0
, _o
t
t=n
_ e
Gii :
V a
I
I=1
hi t nn vi mi m , chui o
=m
hi t v
o
=1
= o
=m
+ o
m-1
=1
( 1 )
Xt dy tng ring phn{ s
n
} s
n
= o
n
=1
. Khi dy{ s
n
} hi t v o
=1
= l i m
n
s
n

Do vy,vi mi e > 0,tn ti n
0
sao cho vi mi n n
0
th :
_s
n-1
o
=1
_ = _o
n-1
=1
o
=1
_ e ( 2)
Kt hp (1) v (2),ta suy ra : Vi mi n n
0
th:

417

_o
=n
_ e

Bi 6.3
Cho hai chui s hi t o
n
v b
n
c tng ln lt l o v b. Chng minh rng
cc chui ( o
n
+ b
n
) v oo
n
, vi o cng hi t v c tng ln lt l o + b
v oo.
Gii:
Vi mi m, ta c
( o
n
+ b
n
m
n=1
) = o
1
+ b
1
+ o
2
+ b
2
+ + o
m
+ b
m

= ( o
1
+ o
2
+ + o
m
) + ( b
1
+ b
2
+ + b
m
)
= o
n
m
n=1
+ b
n
m
n=1

Do o
n
vb
n
u hi t, ta suy ra:
l i m
m
( o
n
+ b
n
m
n=1
) = l i m
m
_o
n
m
n=1
+ b
n
m
n=1
_ = l i m
m
o
n
m
n=1
+ l i m
m
b
n
m
n=1
= o + b.
Mt cch tng t, ta c: Vi mi m th
oo
n
m
n=1
= oo
1
+ oo
2
+ + oo
m
= o( o
1
+ o
2
+ + o
m
) = o o
n
m
n=1
.
nn l i m
m
oo
n
m
n=1
= l i m
m
_o o
n
m
n=1
_ = o l i m
m
o
n
m
n=1
= oo.

Bi 6.4
Cho chui s o
n
n=1
v dy tng ngt cc s nguyn ( n
k
) sao chon
1
= 1.

418

t b
k
= o
n
k+1
-1
=n
k
= o
n
k
+ o
n
k
+1
+ + o
n
k+1
-1
.
Chng minh rng nu o
n
n=1
hi t v c tng l o th b
k
k=1
cng hi t v c tng l o.
Gii :
Do chui o
=1
hi t v c tng l o, ta xt dy tng ring phn { s
n
} : s
n
= o
n
=1

Khi o o
=1
= l i m
n
s
n
. Ta chng minh b
=1
hi t v c tng l o:
Xt dy tng ring phn{ t
k
} t
k
= b
k
=1
k . Ta c:
t
k
= b
k
=1
= b
1
+ b
2
+ + b
k
= o
n
2
-1
=n
1
+ o
n
3
-1
=n
2
+ + o
n
k+1
-1
=n
k

= o
n
k+1
-1
=1
= s
n
k+1
-1

Do vy, vi mi k th t
k
= s
n
k+1
-1
.Mt khc, v{ n
k
} l mt dy tng ngt cc s
t nhin nn { n
k+1
1} cng l mt dy tng ngt cc s t nhin,suy ra |s
n
k+1
-1
|l
dy con ca { s
n
} v cng hi t v o.
Do ,{ t
k
} hi t v o, tc l chui b
k
k=1
hi t v c tng l o.
Ghi ch: chiu ngc li cha hn ng. Chng hn ta xt chui
( 1 )
=1

th chui ny khng hi t do dy { ( 1 )
n
}
n
khng tin v 0. Tuy nhin vi dy tng
ngt { n
k
} xc nh bi n
k
= 2k 1 th b
k
= ( 1)
2k-1
+ ( 1)
2k
= 0 nn ta c

419

b
k
k=1
= 0

Bi 6.5
Chng minh rng vi | x| < 1 v m th ta c:
x
n
+
n=m
=
x
m
1 x

Gii :
Cch 1:
Do x
n
+
n=0
hi t nn x
n
+
n=m
cng hi t v:
x
n
+
n=m
= x
n
+
n=0
x
n
m-1
n=0
=
1
1 x

1 x
m
1 x
=
x
m
1 x

Cch 2:
Ta c
x
n
+
n=m
= x
m
x
n-m
+
n=m
= x
m
x
n
+
n=0
= x
m
.
1
1 x
=
x
m
1 x

Vy ta cng c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 6.6
Dy s { o
n
} c gi l mt cp s cng khi tn ti o sao choo
n+1
= o
n
+ o, n
. Khi o c gi l cng sai ca cp s cng ( o
n
) . Chng minh rng nu ( o
n
) l mt
cp s cng th o
n
phn k tr khi dy ( o
n
) gm ton cc s 0.
Dy s ( o
n
) c gi l mt cp s nhn khi tn ti q sao cho o
n+1
= o
n
q, n
. Khi q c gi l cng bi ca cp s nhn ( o
n
) . Chng minh rng nu ( o
n
) l
mt cp s nhn c cng bi l q th o
n
hi t nu v ch nu | q| < 1 v khi :

420

o
n
n=1
=
o
1
1 q
.
Gii :
Gi s dy o
n
l mt cp s cng vi cng saio.Theo tnh cht ca cp s cng, ta c
o
n
= o
1
+ ( n 1) o.Suy ra, tng ring phn th n ca chuio
k
c xc nh nh sau:

s
n
= o
n
=1
= ( o
1
+ io)
n-1
=0
= no
1
+ o _i
n-1
=0
_ = no
1
+ o
n( n 1 )
2
=
o
2
n
2
+ [o
1

o
2
n
Chui o
n
hi t khi v ch khi dy{ s
n
} hi t. T cng thc ca s
n
, ta nhn thy { s
n
}
hi t khi v ch khi
u
2
= o
1

u
2
= 0 o
1
= o = 0. V s hng th nht v cng sai u
l 0 nn khi , { o
n
} s l dy gm ton cc s 0.
Gi s dy { o
n
} l mt cp s nhn vi cng bi q. Theo tnh cht ca cp s nhn,
ta c o
n
= q
n-1
o
1
. Suy ra
o
n
n=1
= q
n-1
o
1
n=1
= o
1
q
n-1
n=1
= o
1
q
n
n=0
.
Chui s q
n
n=0
hi t khi v ch khi| q| < 1 v tng ca chui ny (nu c) l
1
1 q
.
Vy, chui s o
n
n=1
hi t trong khi v ch khi| q| < 1 . Khi o
n
n=1
=
o
1
1 q
.

Bi 6.11
Cho ( o
n
) l mt dy cc ch s thp phn, ngha l o
n
{ 0, ,9} , n N. Chng minh
rng chui s
u
n
10
n
+
n=1
lun hi t v c tng l x tho iu kin 0 x 1. Hn na,
chng t rng x = 1 nu v ch nu o
n
= 9 n N.
Gii :
Gi s c
o
n
10
n
+
n=1
l mt chui s.Ta c
o
n
10
n

9
10
n
vi mi n.
Mt khc, ta c:

421

9
10
n
+
n=1
= 9 . _
1
10
]
n
+
n=1
= 1
Theo tiu chun so snh, ta c
o
n
10
n
+
n=1
hi t, ng thi ta c 0
o
n
10
n
+
n=1
1.
Do
9
10
n
+
n=1
=
9
10
.
1
10
n
+
n=0
=
9
10
.
1
1
1
10
= 1 nn ta ch cn chng minh:
Nu
o
n
10
n
+
n=1
= 1 tho
n
= 9 n
Tht vy, gi s tn ti m sao cho o
m
< 9. Lc
9 o
m
10
m

1
10
m
Nn ta c:
9 o
n
10
n
n=1

9 o
m
1 0
m

1
1 0
m
> 0
Do vy
o
n
10
n
+
n=1
<
o
n
10
n
+
n=1
+
9 o
n
10
n
=
n=1

9
10
n
+
n=1
= 1.
iu ny dn n v l v cho taiu phi chng minh.

Bi 6.12
Cho ( o
n
) v ( b
n
) l hai dy cc ch s thp phn sao cho n
0
,
i ) o
n
0
0 v o
n
= 0 n > n
0

ii) b
n
= o
n
n < n
0
, b
n
0
= o
n
0
1 v b
n
= 9 n > n
0

Chng t rng
o
n
10
n
+
n=1
=
b
n
1 0
n
+
n=1
.
Gii :
Ta c
o
n
10
n
+
n=1
=
o
1
10
1
+
o
2
10
2
+ . +
o
n
0
-1
10
n
0
-1
+
o
n
0
10
n
0
.
Mt khc, ta cng c

422

b
n
10
n
+
n=1
=
b
n
10
n
n
0
n=1
+
9
10
n
n=n
0
+1

=
o
1
10
1
+ +
o
n
0
-1
10
n
0
-1
+
o
n
0
1
1 0
n
0
+
9
10
n
0
+1
1
1 0
n
n=0

=
o
1
10
1
+ +
o
n
0
-1
10
n
0
-1
+
o
n
0
1
1 0
n
0
+
9
10
n
0
+1
.
1
1
1
10

=
o
1
10
1
+
o
2
10
2
+ . +
o
n
0
-1
10
n
0
-1
+
o
n
0
10
n
0
=
o
n
10
n
+
n=1


Bi 17(Khai trin theo c s k).
Cho k > 1 l mt s nguyn. Chng minh rng vi mi x [ 0,1] , c dy { x
n
} trong
{ 0,1 , , k 1 } sao cho
x = x
n
k
-n
n=1

Gii :
Ta s xy dng mt dy { x
n
} sao cho:
0 x x
k
-
k
-m
m 1
m
=1

Tht vy, t x
1
= max| y 0, k 1 yk
-1
x| = A
0
suy ra 0 x x
1
k
-1

k
-1
.
Gi s xy dng c { x
1
, x
2
x
n
} vi x
1, k 1 , i 1, n sao cho:
0 x x
k
-
k
-m
m
=1
m { 1,2 n}
t:

423

x
n+1
= max{ y 0 , k 1 yk
-( n+1)
+ x
k
-
x}
n
=1
= A
n

_do 0 _y 0, k 1 yk
-( n+1)
+ x
k
-
x
n
=1
_ nnA
n
_
Vy theo quy np ta c c dy { x
n
} sao cho:
0 x x
k
-
k
-m
m 1
m
=1

T suy ra x [ 0,1 ] , c dy { x
n
} { 0 ,1,2 k 1 } tha yu cu bi.

Bi 6.18
Chng minh rng dy tng ring phn ca mt chui s dng l mt dy tng.
Gii :
Vi chui s dng o
n
n=1
, o
n
> 0 , n , ta k hiu dy tng ring phn l S
n
.
Vi min , ta cS
n+1
= o
n+1
=1
= o
n
=1
+ o
n+1
> o
n
=1
= S
n
.
Vy { S
n
} l dy tng v ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 6.19
Cho ( o
)
I
l mt h khng rng cc s 0. Xt A l tp hp cc tng hu hn cc
phn t ca ( o
)
I
, ngha l:
A = |o
1
+ o
2
+ + o
n
{ i
1
, i
2
, , i
n
} I|
Chng minh rng sup A < th tp cc ch s i I sao cho o
0 l tp qu lm
m c. Khi ta t o
I
= sup A. Hn na chng t rng khi I m c,
ngha l c song nh
i I
n i
n

424

Th chui o
n=1
hi t v c tng cng l sup A.
Gii :
Chng minh I l tp qu lm m c:
Vi I l tp hu hn, ta c iu phi chng minh. Nu I l tp v hn, ta xt tp hp:
I
n
= _i I o
>
1
n
_
Ta s chng minh I
n
hu hn vi mi n . Tht vy, gi s c n
0
sao cho I
n
0

v hn th vi mi m , ta tm c mn
0
ch s i
k
(vi k = 1, mn
0
) khc nhau
trong I
n
0
. Suy ra:
o A vi o = o
k
mn
0
k=1
> mn
0
.
1
n
0
= m
Nn vi mi m , m < su p A, ngha l su p A = + . iu ny mu thun vi gi
thit v dn n I
n
hu hn vi mi n.
Ta s chng minh I = I
n n
. Tht vy, v I
n
I n nn v phi l con ca v
tri. Ta ch cn chng minh I I
n n
. Vi mi i I, v o
> 0 v dy ]
1
n
hi t v
0 nn tn ti m ln sao cho
1
m
< o
. Lc y i I
m
, vy bao hm thc ngc li
cng ng v ta c:
I = _I
n
n

V I l hi ca mt h m c cc tp m c nn I cng l mt tp m c.
Chng minh khi I m c th chui o
n=1
hi ti sup A:
Nu I l m c, ta c th gi s I = { i
n
: n } . Ta c o
n=1
l mt chui
dng nn dy tng ring phn { s
n
} l mt dy tng v b chn trn bi sup A
nn hi t ti o su p A ( 1 ) .
Ta chng minh o sup A. Tht vy vi mi e > 0 , tn ti o A sao cho o >
sup A e, ngha l tn ti cc ch s i
n
1
, i
n
2
, , i
n
T
sao cho
o = o
n
k
1
k=1
> su p A e

425

Chn N = max|n
k
: k = 1 , I|, ta c
o s
N
= o
m
N
m=1
o
n
k
1
k=1
> sup A e
Vy o > sup A e e > 0 nn ta cng c o sup A( 2)
T ( 1) v ( 2) ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Bi 6.20
Cho ( o
)
I
l mt h khng rng cc s 0 vi tng o
I
< v ( I
n
)
n
l mt
phn hoch ca I, ngha l I
n
0, n ; I
m
I
n
= khi m n v I
n n=1
= I .
Chng minh rng chui o
I
n
n=1
hi t v c tng l o
I
.
Gii :
u tin ta chng minh cc k hiu o
I
n
l c ngha:
Tht vy, xt
A
n
= _o
k
m
k=1
: i
k
I
n
, m _
gm cc tng hu hn ca nhng phn t c ch s trong I
n
th r rng A
n
A vi
A = _o
k
m
k=1
: i
k
I, m _
M su p A = o
I
< + nn suy ra A
n
b chn trn bi su p A. Vy su p A
n
< +
nn cc k hiu o
I
n
l c ngha.
Chui o
I
n
n=1
c dy tng ring phns
m
= o
I
n
m
n=1
= su p A
n
m
n=1
tng tha
s
m
= sup A
n
m
n=1
= su p A
n
m
n=1
vi A
n
m
n=1
A
nn s
m
sup A m . Ta ch cn chng minh vi mi e > 0, tn ti H :
s
M
sup A e

426

Tht vy, vi mi e, tn ti m v cc ch s i
k
I, k = 1 , m phn bit sao cho
su p A e o
k
m
k=1
= I A
V { I
n
: n } l mt phn hoch ca A nn ta suy ra mi ch s i
k
u nm trong mt
tp I
cI(
k
)
vi cl ( i
k
) l s th t ca lp cha i
k
. Gi H = max{ cl ( i
k
) : k = 1, m}
th ta c I l mt tng hu hn cc phn t c ch s khc nhau trong I
n
M
n=1
, ngha
l
I A
n
M
n=1

Suy ra
s
M
= sup A
n
M
n=1
I sup A e
Vy ta c th kt lun
o
I
n
n=1
= l i m
m
s
m
= sup A = o
I

Bi 6.21
Xt hai chui s dng o
n
v b
n
. Chng minh:
a) Nu b
n
hi t v l i m
n
su p
u
n
b
n
< th o
n
hi t.
b) Nu b
n
phn k v l i m
n
i nf
u
n
b
n
> 0 th o
n
phn k.
Gii :
a) Do l i m
n
sup
u
n
b
n
< + nn tn ti o > 0 sao cho
u
n
b
n
< o n . Lc ta c
o
n
m
n=1
< ob
n
m
n=1
= o b
n
m
n=1
o b
n
+
n=1
m
Suy ra dy tng ring phn ca chui o
n
+
n=1
b chn. Do o
n
+
n=1
hi t.

427

b) Do l i m
n
i nf
u
n
b
n
> 0 nn tn ti o > 0 sao cho
u
n
b
n
> o n . Lc ta c
o
n
m
n=1
> ob
n
m
n=1
= o b
n
m
n=1
m
Suy ra dy tng ring phn ca chui o
n
+
n=1
khng b chn. Do o
n
+
n=1
phn k.

Bi 6.23
Chng minh rng cc hng s o trong tiu chun t s ca dAlembert v tiu chun
cn s ca Cauchy c th ln lt thay bng
o = l i m
n
su p
u
n+1
u
n
v o = l i m
n
sup o
n
n
.
Gii :
Thay hng s o trong tiu chun t s ca dAlembert bng o = l i m
n
su p
u
n+1
u
n
,
ta c cc kt lun sau:
-Trng hp o = l i m
n
sup
u
n+1
u
n
< 1, ta khng nh chui cho hi t:
Tht vy, tn ti s q < 1 sao cho c n
0

u
n+1
u
n
q n n
0
. Ta suy ra
o
n+1
q
n+1

o
n
q
n

o
n
0
q
n
0
n n
0

Do o
n
q
n
u
n
0
q
n
0
n n
0
. M chui q
n
.
u
n
0
q
0
n
n=n
0
hi t nn ta cng c o
n
n=1

hi t.
-Trng hpo = l i m
n
sup
u
n+1
u
n
> 1 , ta khng th kt lun c g:
Tht vy, ta a ra cc v d sau:
Chui 2
n
n=1
c o = 2 > 1 v khng hi t.

Chui Bi 6.22 c o = + > 1 nhng vn hi t
Thay hng s o ca tiu chun cn s ca Cauchy bng o = l i m
n
sup o
n
n
, ta
c cc kt lun sau:
-Trng hp l i m
n
sup o
n
n
< 1, ta khng nh chui cho hi t:

428

Tht vy, tn ti s q < 1 sao cho c n
0
o
n
n
q n n
0
. Suy ra o
n
q
n

vi mi n n
0
. M chui q
n
n=n
0
hi t nn ta cng c o
n
n=1
hi t.
-Trng hp o = l i m
n
sup o
n
n
> 1, ta khng nh chui cho phn k:
Tht vy, tn ti q > 1 sao cho c n
0
sup { o
n
n
: n n
0
} > q > 1 n n
0
. Vy
c n
1
sao cho
o
n
1
n
1
>
1+q
2
> 1 . Mt khc sup { o
n
n
: n n
1
+ 1 } > q > 1 nn c
n
2
sao cho
o
n
2
n
2
>
1+q
2
> 1. Bng quy np, ta xy dng c dy tng ngt { n
k
} sao
cho
o
n
k
n
k
> 1 , ngha l |o
n
k
| khng hi t v 0.
Vy chui o
n
n=1
phn k.

Bi 6.24
Nu ( o
n
) l mt dy s dng gim v o
n
hi t th l i m
n
no
n
= 0
Gii :
V chui o
m
m=1
hi t nn dy { r
n
} xc nh bi r
n
= o
=n
hi t v 0. Do { o
n
}
l dy s dng v gim nn ta c:
r
n
= o
=n
o
2n
=n+1
o
2n
2n
=n+1
= no
2n

r
n
= o
=n
o
2n+1
=n+2
o
2n+1
2n+1
=n+2
= no
2n+1

Khi n , v r
n
0 nn ta c no
2n
v no
2n+1
cng tin v 0 . Vy ta c
- l i m
n
2 no
2n
= 2 l i m
n
no
2n
= 0
- l i m
n
( 2n + 1) o
2n+1
= l i m
n
( 2n + 1)
n
. l i m
n
no
2n+1
= 2.0 = 0
Suy ra l i m
n
no
n
= 0 v ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 6.26

429

Cho ( o
n
) l mt dy cc s dng, gim v k . Chng minh rng cc chui o
n

v k
n
o
k
n hoc cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
Gii :
Chng minh nu o
=1
hi t th k
n
o
k
n
=1
hi t.
Do { o
n
} l dy cc s dng gim nn ta c. Vi mi n, ta c:
( k 1 ) k
n-1
o
k
n o
k
n
-1
+ o
k
n
-2
+ + o
k
n-1 = o
k
n
-1
=k
n-1
n
T suy ra:
k 1
k
k
o
k
i
n
=1
o
k
n
-1
=1
o
=1
n .
nn k
o
k
i
n
=1
l mt dy tng v b chn trn nn hi t

Chng minh k
n
o
k
n
=1
hi t th o
=1
hi t:
Theo gi thit, { o
n
} l dy s dng gim nn ta suy ra:
( k 1) k
n
o
k
n o
k
n + o
k
n
+1
+ + o
k
n+1
-1
= o
k
n+1
-1
=k
n
n
T ta c:
o
k
n+1
-1
=k
( k 1) k
o
k
i
n
=1
( k 1) k
o
k
i
=1
n
Ta li c dy { k
n+1
1} l dy tng v khng b chn trn nn vi mi m , tn ti
n ln sao cho:
o
m
=k
( k 1) o
k
n+1
-1
=k
k
o
k
i
=1

Vy ta c o
m
=k
hi t, suy ra o
m
=1
hi t.

430

Bi 6.27
Xt chui s dng o
n
. Chng minh rng nu o
n
hi t th cc chui o
n
2
,
u
n
1+u
n
v
u
n
n
cng hi t.
Gii :
(a) Ta chng minh chui o
n
2
hi t
Do o
n
n=1
l mt chui hi t nn ta c l i m
n
o
n
= 0 .
Vy ta tm c mt N sao cho n > N, 0 < o
n
< 1 . Suy ra0 < o
n
2
< o
n
n >
N. Theo Tiu chun so snh 1, vo
n
hi t ta suy ra chui o
n
2
cng hi t.
(b) Ta chng minh chui
u
n
1+u
n
hi t
Do o
n
l mt chui s dng, ta suy ra rng 0
u
n
1+u
n
o
n
n .Theo tiu
chun so snh 1,v o
n
hi t nn ta cng c
u
n
1+u
n
l mt chui hi t.
(c) Ta chng minh chui
u
n
n
hi t
Nhn thy rng
u
n
n
o
n
n nn theo tiu chun so snh 1, v o
n
hi t, ta suy
ra
u
n
n
l mt chui hi t.

Bi 6.28
Chng minh rng nu | o
n
| hi t th | o
n
| | o
n
| v ng thc ch xy ra khi
mi o
n
l cng du.
Gii:
i) Chng minh _o
n
n=1
_ | o
n
|
n=1

Ta c _o
n
m
n=1
_ | o
n
|
m
n=1
m .
Cho m suy ra _o
n
n=1
_ | o
n
|
n=1
.

431

ii) Chng minh ng thc xy ra khi mi o
n
cng du
Gi s c n
0
sao cho | o
n
n
0
n=1
| < | o
n
|
n
0
n=1

t | o
n
|
n
0
n=1
_o
n
n
0
n=1
_ = e > 0 . Lc vi mi m > n
0
ta c
_o
n
m
n=1
_ _o
n
n
0
n=1
_ + | o
n
|
m
n=n
0
+1
= | o
n
|
m
n=1
e
Cho m ta c _o
n
n=1
_ | o
n
|
n=1
e, iu ny tri vi gi thit.
Vy ta phi c _o
n
m
n=1
_ = | o
n
|
m
n=1
m .
iu ny ch xy ta khi v ch khi vi mi m th mi s o
n
vi n = 1, m u
cng du vi nhau. Suy ra khng tn ti 2 ch s < k sao cho o
h
v o
k
tri du
nhau. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 6.29
Chng t rng chui
( -1)
n
( n+u)
p
, vi o > 0, hi t tuyt i khi p > 1 , hi t c iu
kin khi 0 1 nn chui
( -1)
n
( n+u)
p
hi t tuyt i
khi v ch khi p > 1 ( ) .
Khi p 0 th
( -1)
n
( n+u)
p
= | ( n + o)
-p
| + khi n nn chui cho phn k.

432

Khi 0 < p 1 th
1
( n+u)
p
l dy dng gim v hi t v 0 nn chui cho hi t
theo Tiu chun Leibnitz. Trong trng hp ny, theo ( ) , chui s cho hi t
nhng khng hi t tuyt i nn hi t c iu kin.

Bi 6.30
Chng minh rng cc chui
cos n0
+
n=1
v si n n0
+
n=1

c dy tng ring phn b chn tr trng hp 0 l bi s ca 2 n trong chui th nht.
Gii :
Chng minh cos n0
+
n=1
c dy tng ring phn b chn tr khi 0 l bi s ca
2n:
Khi 0 l bi s ca 2 n th cos n0 = 1 vi mi n nn dy tng ring phn phn k.
Khi 0 khng phi l bi s ca 2n th si n
0
2
0 ta c:
2 si n
0
2
cos 0 = si n
30
2
si n
0
2

2 si n
0
2
cos 2 0 = si n
50
2
si n
30
2

2 si n
0
2
cos k0 = si n
( 2k + 1) 0
2
si n
( 2k 1 ) 0
2

Suy ra
2 si n
0
2
_cos n0
m
n=1
_ = si n
( 2m + 1) 0
2
si n
0
2
m
T vi mi m ta c

433

_cos n0
m
n=1
_ = _
si n
( 2m+1) 0
2
si n
0
2
2 si n
0
2
_
2
2 si n
0
2
=
1
si n
0
2

Vy dy tng ring phn ca chui cos n0
+
n=1
b chn.
Chng minh si n n0
+
n=1
c dy tng ring phn b chn:
Khi 0 l bi s ca 2 n th si n n0 = 0 vi mi n nn dy tng ring phn b chn.
Khi 0 khng phi l bi s ca 2n th si n
0
2
0 Tng t nh pha trn th vi mi
k ta c
2 si n
0
2
si n k0 = cos
( 2k 1) 0
2
cos
( 2k + 1) 0
2

Suy ra
2 si n
0
2
_cos n0
m
n=1
_ = cos
0
2
cos
( 2m + 1) 0
2
m
T vi mi m ta c
_si n n0
m
n=1
_ = _
cos
0
2
cos
( 2m+1) 0
2
2 si n
0
2
_
2
2 si n
0
2
=
1
si n
0
2

Vy dy tng ring phn ca chui si n n0
+
n=1
b chn.

Bi 6.32
Chng minh rng nu chui
o
n
n
q
+
n=1
hi t hay c tng ring phn b chn th chui
o
n
n
q
+
n=1
hi t khiq > p.
Gii :
-Ta chng minh khi
o
n
n
p
+
n=1
c tng ring phn b chn th
o
n
n
q
+
n=1
hi t. Tht vy:

434

Ta c
n
p
n
q
=
1
n
q-p
l dy dng gim v hi t v 0 .
Mt khc
o
n
n
p
+
n=1
c tng ring phn b chn.
Nn
o
n
n
q
+
n=1
=
o
n
n
p
n
p
n
q
+
n=1
hi t theo Tiu chun Dirichlet.
-Khi
o
n
n
p
+
n=1
hi t th tng ring phn ca n b chn, theo chng minh trn th ta cng
c
o
n
n
q
+
n=1
hi t.

Bi 6.34
Cho o
n
, b
n
vi o
n
= b
n
=
( -1)
n
n+1

1) Chng minh rng chui tch c
n
vi s hng tng qut
c
n
= ( 1)
n
1
( k + 1) ( n + 1 k)
n
k=0

2) Kho st s hi t ca c
n
.
Gii :
1) S hng tng qut ca chui tch l
c
n
= o
k
. b
n-k
n
k=0
= _
( 1)
k
k + 1
.
( 1)
n-k
n k + 1
_
n
k=0
= ( 1)
n
1
( k + 1) ( n + 1 k)
n
k=0

2) Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, vi mi k = 0 , n ta c
( k + 1) ( n + 1 k)
k + 1 + n + 1 k
2
=
n + 2
2

Do

435

| c
n
| =
1
( k + 1) ( n + 1 k)
n
k=0
( n + 1) .
2
n + 2
= 1 +
n
n + 2
> 1
Suy ra { c
n
} khng tin v 0 khi n . Vy chui s cho khng hi t.

Bi 6.35
Cho chui o
n
hi t c iu kin. Chng t rng vi mi o , c mt chui hon
v o
c( )
ca o
n
sao cho o
c( )
hi t v c tng l o.
Gii :
Xt 2 tp A v B xc nh nh sau:
A = { n : o
n
0} , B = { n : o
n
< 0}
Hin nhin { A, B} l mt phn hoch ca . Ta chng minh A, B u v hn. Tht
vy, gi s B hu hn, ta suy ra dy { o
n
} k t mt ch s n
0
no tr i s khng
m, ngha l dy { o
n
} v { | o
n
| } bng nhau k t ch s n
0
. iu ny mu thun v
chui o
n
hi t trong khi chui | o
n
| hi t. Vy A c v hn phn t v ta k hiu
A = {
: i } vi
<
]
i < ]. Hon ton tng t, B cng l tp v hn v ta
vit B = { k
: i } vi k
< k
]
i < ].
Do o
n
hi t v | o
n
| phn k nn ta c
2 o
h
i
=1
= ( | o
n
| + o
n
)
n=1
= | o
n
|
n=1
+ o
n
n=1
+
Vy
o
h
i
=1
= + ( 1)
Chng minh tng t, ta cng c
o
k
i
=1
= ( 2)
V o
n
hi t nn ta c l i m
n
o
n
= 0. Mt khc, |o
h
i
|, |o
k
i
| l cc dy con ca { o
n
}
nn ta cng c
l i m
o
h
i
= l i m
o
k
i
= 0 ( 3)

436

Vi mi o , ta xy dng song nh o: sao cho o
c( n)
= o. Ta xy dng
o( n) bng quy np nh sau:
-Nu o 0, ta t o( 1) =
1
. Nu o < 0 , ta t o( 1) = k
1

-Nu o o
c( )
n
=1
0 , ta t o( n + 1) = mi n A |o( i) : i = 1 , n|. Trong trng
hp cn li, ta t o( n + 1) = mi n B |o( i) : i = 1, n|.

Hin nhin theo cch xy dng trn, o l mt n nh. Ta chng minh o cng l ton
nh, ngha l o( ) = = A B. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta chng minh vi mi
A, u tn ti n
sao cho o( n
) =
bng quy np:

-Vi
1
A, gi s khng tn ti n
1
sao cho o( n
1
) =
1
, ngha l o( n) B n .
V ( 2) nn tn ti m sao cho o > o
k
i
m
=1
= o
c( )
m
=1
, suy ra o( i + 1) =
1
.
iu ny mu thun v cho ta s tn ti ca n
1
.

-Gi s tn ti n
sao cho o( n
) =
, gi s khng tn ti n
+1
sao cho o( n
+1
) =
+1
, ta suy ra o( n) B n n
+ 1 . V o( n
+ 1) = k
t
B nn vi mi m > n
, ta
c
o
c( n)
m
n=1
= o
c( n)
n
i
n=1
+ o
c( n)
m
n=n
i
+1
= o
c( n)
n
i
n=1
+ o
k
]
m-n
i
]=t
khim
Suy ra tn ti m ln sao cho o
c( n)
m
n=1
< o, ngha l o( m+ 1) =
+1
. Mu
thun ny cho ta s tn ti ca n
+1
.
Vy theo nguyn l quy np, ta c o( ) B. Hon ton tng t, ta c o( ) A,
suy ra o( ) nn o l ton nh. Vy ta chng minh c o l mt song nh t
vo .
Ta chng minh
o
c( n)
n=1
= o

437

V ( 3) nn vi mi e > 0, tn ti N sao cho |o
h
i
|, |o
k
i
| < e i N. V o l song
nh nn ta gi H = max o
-1
(
N
, k
N
) . Suy ra |o
c( n)
| < e n H. Khng mt tnh
tng qut, ta gi s o( H) = k
N
B.
V o( ) cha A l tp v hn nn ta gi I l ch s nh nht sao cho I > H v
o( I) A. Ta suy ra o( I 1) B, vy nn
o
c( n)
1-1
n=1
o < o
c( n)
1
n=1

Ngha l | o
c( n)
1
n=1
o| < e . Ta chng minh | o
c( n)
m
n=1
o| < e m I ( )
bng quy np. Tht vy, mnh ng khi m = I. Khi mnh ng vi mi
I m K, ta chng minh mnh cng ng khi m = K + 1 bng phn chng.
Tht vy, khng mt tnh tng qut, ta ch xt khi:
o
c( n)
K+1
n=1
o > e ( 4 )
V o
c( n)
K+1
n=1
> o nn theo quy tc xy dng ca o, ta phi c o
c( n)
K
n=1
< o nn
o
c( n)
K+1
n=1
< o + o
c( K+1)
< o + e ( 5 )
( 5) mu thun vi ( 4) v cho ta mnh ( ) cng ng khi m = K + 1 . Vy theo
nguyn l quy np, ta c
_o
c( n)
m
n=1
o_ < e m I
Ngha l
o
c( n)
n=1
= o

Bi 7.2
Tm min hi t ca chui v tnh tng chui ?

438

1) ox
2n+1
+
n=0
, ( o 0)
2)
1
x
k
+
k=1

3)
o
( 2 + x)
n
+
n=0
, ( o 0 )
4) 3 _
1 + x
1 x
]
k
+
k=0

5) c
kx
+
k=0

6) l n
k
( x)
+
k=0

Gii :
1) ox
2n+1
+
n=0
( o 0 )
Ta c
ox
2n+1
+
n=0
= ox
2n
x
+
n=0
= ox( x
2
)
n
+
n=0
= by
n
+
n=0

Vi b = ox, y = x
2

Nu x = 0 th b = 0, chui cho hi t.
Xt khi x 0, lc b 0. Theo Tnh cht chui hnh hc th
by
n
+
n=0
hi t y
n
+
n=0
hi t | y| < 1 1 < x < 1
Vy trong c hai trng hp trn chui cho hi t khi v ch khi 1 < x < 1. Khi

439

ox
2n+1
+
n=0
= by
n
+
n=0
=
b
1 y
=
ox
1 x
2
.
2)
1
x
k
+
k=1

Ta c
1
x
k
+
k=1
hi t
1
x
k
+
k=1
hi t _
1
x
_ < 1 x > 1 hoc x < 1
Chui cho hi t khi v ch khi x > 1 hoc x < 1. Khi
1
x
k
+
k=1
=
1
1
1
x
1 =
1
x 1

3)
o
( 2 + x)
n
+
n=0
, ( o 0 )
Ta c
o
( 2 + x)
n
+
n=0
hi t
1
( 2 + x)
n
+
n=0
hi t _
1
2 + x
_ < 1 x > 1 hoc x < 3
Khi
o
( 2 + x)
n
+
n=0
= o _
1
1
1
2+x
_ =
o( 2 + x)
( 2 + x) 1
=
o( x + 2)
x + 1

4) 3 _
1 + x
1 x
]
k
+
k=0

Ta c
3 _
1 + x
1 x
]
k
+
k=0
hi t_
1 + x
1 x
]
k
+
k=0
_
1 + x
1 x
_ < 1 x < 0
Chui cho hi t vi x < 0 khi :

440

3 _
1 + x
1 x
]
k
+
k=0
=
3
1
1+x
1-x
=
3( x 1 )
2x

5) c
kx
+
k=0

Ta c
c
kx
+
k=0
= ( c
x
)
k
+
k=0

Nn
( c
x
)
k
+
k=0
hi t | c
x
| < 1 x < 0
Vy chui hi t khi v ch khi x < 0. Khi :
( c
x
)
k
+
k=0
=
1
1 c
x
.

6) l n
k
( x)
+
k=0

Ta c
l n
k
( x)
+
k=0
hi t | l n ( x) | < 1
1
c
< x < c
Vy chui ch hi t khi v ch khi
1
c
< x < c. Khi
l n
k
( x)
+
k=0
=
1
1 l n( x)
.

Bi 7.4
Chng minh rng

441

2x
n
2
x
2
n=1

Hi t u trn khong ng bt k khng cha 1,2,
Gii :
Xt khong ng [ o, b] khng cha 1,2,
C C > 0 sao cho | x| < C x [ o, b] .
Do n
2
n
3
2
+ khi n + , c N sao cho n
2
n
3
2
> C
2
n N
Ta c
| x|
n
2
x
2

C
n
2
C
2
=
( n
2
+ | x| C) ( | x| C)
( n
2
x
2
) ( n
2
C
2
)
0 x [ o, b] , n N
Lc
_
2 x
n
2
x
2
_ =
2| x|
n
2
x
2

2C
n
2
C
2

2C
n
3
2
x [ o, b] , n N
Ta c chui
2C
n
3
2
+
n=1

l chui hi t nn theo Tiu chun Weierstrass chui hm
2x
n
2
x
2
n=1

hi t u trn [ o, b] .

Bi 7.7
Nu
( x) =
cos nx
n
2
n=1

442

Chng minh rng
_( x) Jx
n
2
0
=
( 1)
n
( 2n + 1)
3
n=0

Gii :
Xt
n
( x) =
cos nx
n
2

Ta c
|
n
( x) | =
cos nx
n
2

1
n
2
, x j0 ,
n
2
[
V chui
1
n
2
n=1

hi t nn suy ra chui
cos nx
n
2
n=1

hi t u v hm trn j0,
n
2
[
ng thi
n
( x) =
cos nx
n
2

kh tch trn j0,
n
2
[
Do
_( x) Jx
n
2
0
= _
n
( x) Jx
n
2
0
n=1
= _
cos nx
n
2
Jx
n
2
0
=
n=1

si n nx
n
3
_
n
2
0
n=1
=
1
1
3

1
3
3
+
1
5
3

1
7
3
+ =
( 1 )
k
( 2 k + 1)
3
k=0

443

Bi 7.10
Chng minh rng nu | x| < 1 th
1
( 1 x)
2
= 1 + 2x + 3x
2
+ + ( n + 1 ) x
n
+
2
( 1 x)
3
= 2 + 3.2x + 4.3x
2
+ + ( n + 2) ( n + 1) x
n
+
Gii :
Ta xt chui ly tha
x
n
n=1

Chui ny hi t vi mi x ( 1,1) .
t
( x) = x
n
n=1

Khi
( x) =
1
1 x
, x ( 1,1)
Theo Tnh cht chui ly tha, kh vi trn ( 1 ,1) v
i
( x) =
1
( 1 x)
2
= nx
n-1
n=1
= 1 + 2x + + ( n + 1 ) x
n
+ x ( 1 ,1)
Tip tc p dng Tnh cht chui ly tha, ta c kh vi trn ( 1 ,1) v
ii
( x) =
2
( 1 x)
3
= n( n 1 ) x
n-2
n=1
= 2 + 3.2x + 4.3x
2
+ + ( n + 1) nx
n-1
+
vi mi x ( 1,1) .

444

Bi 7.15
Cho (
n
) l mt dy hm hi t u v hm trn , x . Gi s
o
n
= l i m
tx
n
( t)
tn ti vi mi n .
Chng minh rng ( o
n
) l dy hi t v
l i m
tx
( t) = l i m
tx
o
n

Gii :
Chng minh ( o
n
) hi t.
Ta s chng minh ( o
n
) Cauchy. Tht vy, vi e > 0 , c N sao cho
sup
t
|
n
( t)
m
( t) | <
e
2
m, n > N
Xt m, n > N bt k, do
l i m
tx
m
( t) = o
m
v l i m
tx
n
( t) = o
n

Nn | o
m
o
n
|
s
2
< e.
T iu trn, ta c ( o
n
) l dy Cauchy nn hi t v o.

Chng minh lim
tx
( t) = o.
Vi e > 0 , tn ti N sao cho
sup
t
|
n
( t) ( t) | <
e
3
n > N
C H sao cho
| o
n
o| <
e
3
n > H
Gi l = max{ H, N} + 1
C o > 0 sao cho |
I
( t) o
I
| <
s
3
t B( x, o)
Ly t , vt B( x, o) . Ta c

445

| ( t) o| | ( t)
I
( t) | + |
I
( t) o
I
| + | o
I
o| <
e
3
+
e
3
+
e
3
= e

Bi 7.16(nh l Dini)
Cho (
n
) l mt dy hm lin tc, hi t tng im v hm s lin tc trn [ o, b] .
Chng t rng nu
n
( x) >
n+1
( x) , x [ o, b] , n , th (
n
) hi t u trn
[ o, b] .
Gii :
Gi s
n
khng hi t u v , th e > 0, N , n > N sao cho J(
n
, ) e.
Nn e > 0, n , tn ti mt N > n v mt x [ o, b] sao cho
N
( x) ( x) e
Ta xy dng dy s nh sau:
n = 1 c s n
1
v x
1
[ o, b] sao cho
n
1
( x
1
) ( x
1
) e
n = n
1
c s n
2
> n
1
v x
2
[ o, b] sao cho
n
2
( x
2
) ( x
2
) e

n = n
k-1
c s n
k
> n
k-1
v x
k
[ o, b] sao cho
n
k
( x
k
) ( x
k
) e
...
Dy ( x
k
) trong [ o, b] nn c dy con (x
k
l
) hi t v x [ o, b]
Do
n
( x) ( x) khi n nn c N ln sao cho n N,
n
( x) ( x) <
s
2
. Ta
c n
k
N
N nn
n
k
N
( x) ( x) <
e
2
( 1)
Mt khc ta li c
n
k
N
(x
k
l
) (x
k
l
)
n
k
l
(x
k
l
) (x
k
l
) e. Cho l + , ta c
n
k
N
( x) ( x) e ( 2)
R rng ( 1 ) v ( 2 ) mu thun nhau nn ta c iu phi chng minh.

446

Bi 47
Cho X l khng gian metric compactv{
n
} l mt dy n iu cc hm s thc lin
tc trn X, hi t im v mt hm lin tc . Chng minh rng {
n
} hi t u v .
Gii :
Xt {
n
} l dy n iu gim. Theo nh l Dini(Bi 7.16), ta c {
n
} hi t u v
. Trong trng hp {
n
} l dy n iu tng, xt dy { g
n
} vi g
n

n
, ta cng c
g
n
hi t u v g. Do ta cng c {
n
} hi t u v g.

Bi 7.20
Chng t rng chui
( 1)
n
( x
2
+ n)
n
2
+
n=1

khng hi t tuyt i ti mi im x nhng l chui hm hi t u trn mi
khong b chn [ o, b] .
Gii :
Chng t chui cho khng hi t tuyt i ti mi im x .
Cho x
Ta c
( x
2
+ n)
n
2
m
n=1

1
n
m
n=1

M chui
1
n
n=1
= +
Nn
( 1)
n
( x
2
+ n)
n
2
+
n=1

447

khng hi t tuyt i ti mi im x

Chng minh chui hm hi t u trn mi khong b chn [ o, b] .
GiS
m
( x) =
( 1)
n
( x
2
+ n)
n
2
m
n=1
,x
Ta cS
m
( x) =
( 1 )
n
n
2
x
2
m
=1
+
( 1)
n
n
m
=1
= x
2
_
( 1)
n
n
2
m
=1
_ +
( 1)
n
n
m
=1

t
u
m
=
( 1 )
n
n
2
m
=1
, :
m
=
( 1)
n
n
m
=1
.
Theo Tiu chun Leibnitzu
m
u, :
m
: khi m + v S
m
( x) = u
m
x
2
+ :
m
.
t S( x) = ux + :. Do tn ti C > 0 sao cho x
2
< C x [ o, b] nn ta c
J( S
m
, S) = sup
x[ u,b]
| ( u
m
u) x
2
+ ( :
m
:) | | u
m
u| C + | :
m
:|
Nn J( S
m
, S) 0 khi m + , ngha l chui s cho hi t u trn [ o, b] .

Bi 7.21
Khai trin thnh chui Fourier cc hm ( x) = x
2
, g( x) = x v ( x) = | x| trn on
[ n, n] .
Gii :
Khai trin hm g( x) = x trn on [ n, n] .
Ta c:
o
0
=
1
n
_x cos 0x Jx
n
-n
=
1
n
_xJx
n
-n
= 0
v vi n 1,
o
n
=
1
n
_x cos nx Jx
n
-n
vb
n
=
1
n
_x si n nx Jx
n
-n

448

Dng tch phn tng phn ta c:
_x cos nx
n
-n
Jx =
x
n
si n nx
n
n
_
1
n
si n nxJx
n
-n
=
1
n
2
cos nx
n
n
= 0
_x si n nx
n
-n
Jx =
x
n
cos nx
n
n
+ _
1
n
cos nxJx
n
-n
=
2 n
n
cos nn
Vy suy ra:
o
n
=
1
n
_x cos nx
n
-n
Jx = 0
b
n
=
1
n
_x si n nx
n
-n
Jx =
2
n
cos nn
Nn
g( x) =
2
n
cos nn . si n nx
+
n=1

Khai trin hm ( x) = x
2
trn on [ n, n] .
Ta c:
o
0
=
1
n
_x
2
cos 0x
n
-n
Jx =
1
n
_x
2
n
-n
Jx =
2 n
2
3

v vi n 1,
o
n
=
1
n
_x
2
cos nx
n
-n
Jxvb
n
=
1
n
_x
2
si n nx
n
-n
Jx
Dng tch phn tng phn ta c:
_x
2
cos nx
n
-n
Jx =
x
2
n
si n nx
n
n

2
n
_x si n nx Jx
n
-n
=
4n
n
2
cos nn

449

_x
2
si n nx
n
-n
Jx =
x
2
n
cos nx
n
n
+
2
n
_x cos nx Jx
n
-n
= 0
Vy suy ra :
o
n
=
1
n
_x
2
cos nx
n
-n
Jx =
4
n
2
cos nn
b
n
=
1
n
_x
2
si n nx
n
-n
Jx = 0
Nn
( x) =
n
2
3
+
4
n
2
cos nn . cos nx
+
n=1

Khai trin hm ( x) = | x| trn on [ n, n] .
Ta c:
o
0
=
1
n
_| x| cos 0x
n
-n
Jx =
1
n
_x
0
-n
Jx +
1
n
_x
n
0
Jx =
n
2
+
n
2
= n
v vi n 1,
o
n
=
1
n
_| x| cos nx
n
-n
Jx
b
n
=
1
n
_| x| si n nx
n
-n
Jx
Dng kt qu tnh ton hm g( x) , ta suy ra:
_| x| cos nx
n
-n
Jx = _x
0
-n
cos nx Jx + _x
n
0
cos nx Jx
= 2 _x
n
0
cos nx Jx _x cos nx
n
-n
Jx = 2 _
x
n
si n nx +
1
n
2
cos nx]
n
0
=
2 ( cos nn 1 )
n
2

450

V _| x| si n nx
n
-n
Jx = _x
0
-n
si n nx Jx + _x
n
0
si n nx Jx
= 2 _x
n
0
si n nx Jx _x si n nx
n
-n
Jx = 2 _
x
n
cos nx +
si n nx
n
2
]
n
0
+
2n
n
cos nn = 0
Vy suy ra:
o
n
=
1
n
_| x| cos nx
n
-n
Jx =
2 ( cos nn 1 )
n
2
vb
n
=
1
n
_| x| si n nx
n
-n
Jx = 0
Nn
( x) =
n
2
+
2( cos nn 1)
n
2
. cos nx
+
n=1

Bi 7.22
Chng t rng hm
( x) =
1
n
x
n=1

lin tc trn min x > 1 v c o hm mi cp trn min ny.
Gii :
Theo Bi 7.5 ta thy rng chui
1
n
x
n=1

hi t u trn mi khong [ x
0
, ) , x
0
> 1 (*). Nn ( x) lin tc trn ( 1 , ) .
t
n
=
1
n
x
, ta c:
n
i
=
l n n
n
x
.
Xt chui
l n n
n
x
n=1
=
l n n
n
x
n=1

Xt mt x
0
> 1 . p dng Quy tc LHopital, ta c

451

l i m
t
l n t
t
u
= l i m
t
1
t
ot
u-1
= l i m
t
1
ot
u
= 0 (Doo > 1 )
Nn l i m
n
l n n
n
x
0
-1
2
= 0
Vy c s N sao cho l n n < n
x
0
-1
2
vi mi n N
Ta c:
l n n
n
x
<
n
x
0
-1
2
n
x
0
=
1
n
x
0
+1
2
x x
0
, n N
M
1
n
x
0
+1
2
n=1
hi t nn
l n n
n
x
n=1
hi t u trn mi khong[ x
0
, ) , x
0
> 1( )
T (*) v (**)ta c c o hm lin tc trn ( 1 , ) v
i
( x) =
n
i
( x)
n=1
=
l n n
n
x
n=1
x ( 0 , )
Gi s hm s c o hm lin tc cp k,
( k)
( x) =
n
( k)
( x)
n=1
= ( 1)
k

l n
k
( n)
n
x
n=1

v
l n
k
( n)
n
x
n=1
0
, ) , x
0
> 1.
Ta c
n
( k+1)
( x)
n=1
= ( 1)
k+1
l n
k+1
( n)
n
x
n=1

Tng t nh trn, xt mt x
0
> 1 .
l i m
n
l n
k+1
( n)
n
x
0
-1
2
= l i m
n
_
l n n
n
x
0
-1
2( k+1)
_
k+1
= 0
Nn c s H sao cho l n
k+1
( n) < n
x
0
-1
2
vi mi n H

452

l n
k+1
( n)
n
x
<
n
x
0
-1
2
n
x
0
=
1
n
x
0
+1
2
x x
0
, n H
M
1
n
x
0
+1
2
n=1
hi t nn
ln
k+1
( n)
n
x
n=1
hi t u trn mi khong[ x
0
, ) , x
0
> 1.
Vy c o hm lin tc cp k + 1 trn ( 1 , ) v
( k+1)
( x) = ( 1 )
k+1
l n
k+1
( n)
n
x
n=1
x ( 0, )

Bi 7.23
Chng t rng hm
( x) = c
-nn
2
x
+
-

xc nh v thuc lp C
trn min x > 0.

Gii :
Thc ra ta ch cn chng minh cho hm
g( x) = c
-n
2
x
+
n=0
x > 0
V ( x) = 2 g( nx) 1 x > 0 .
Chng minh g xc nh:
Vi mi x > 0 , c s N sao cho Nx 1 . Khi
1
c
n
2
x

1
c
nNx

1
c
n
n N
M chui c
-n
+
n=0
hi t nn c
-n
2
x
+
n=0
hi t.
Vy g xc nh.

453

Chng minh g thuc lp C
trn ( 0 , + ) :
t g
n
( x) = c
-n
2
x
x ( 0 , + ) , th g
n
( k)
( x) = ( n
2
)
k
c
-n
2
x
.
Tng tBi 7.22 ta ch cn chng minh k th g
n
( k)
( x)
+
n=0
hi t tuyt i trn
mi khong[ x
0
, + ) , x
0
> 0.
Tht vy, vi mi x
0
> 0, c N sao cho Nx
0
2 .
p dng Quy tc L'Hopital ta tnh c l i m
y
2k
c
= 0. Do tn tiH sao cho

n
2k
c
n
1 n H.
t max{ H, N} = I, lc vi mi n I th
|g
n
( k)
( x) | =
n
2k
c
n
2
x

n
2k
c
nNx

n
2k
c
2n
=
n
2k
c
n

1
c
n

1
c
n
x [ x
0
, + )
M chui c
-n
+
n=0
hi t nn g
n
( k)
( x)
+
n=0
hi t tuyt i trn[ x
0
, + ) , x
0
> 0 .

Bi 7.27
Chng minh rng
l n( x + 1) = ( 1)
n+1
x
n
n
n=1
, | x| < 1,
V
( 1 + x)
m
= 1 +
m( m 1) ( m k + 1)
k!
x
k
+
k=1
, m > 0, m , | x| < 1 .
Gii :
Chng minh:

454

l n( x + 1) = ( 1 )
n+1
x
n
n
n=1
| x| < 1,
Xt chui s sau:
( x) =
1
x + 1
= ( x)
n-1
n=1

Ta thy ( x) hi t vi mi x tha| x| < 1
Nn ta cng c:
F( x) = l n ( x + 1) = _( t) Jt
x
0
= _( t)
n-1
n=1
Jt
x
0

= _( t)
n-1
x
0
Jt
n=1
=
( x)
n
n
n=1
= ( 1)
n+1
x
n
n
n=1

Ta c iu phi chng minh

Chng minh:
( 1 + x)
m
= 1 +
m( m 1) ( m k + 1)
k!
x
k
+
k=1
, m > 0, m , | x| < 1 .
u tin ta chng minh chui s cho hi t. Tht vy, vi k > m, ta c:
_
m( m 1) ( m k + 1)
k!
_
= _
m( m 1) ( m m) ( m m 1) (m ( m + k m 1) )
( k m 1) ! ( k m) k
_
=
( m + 1 m) (( m + k m 1) m)
( k m 1) !
.
m( m 1) ( m m)
( k m) k
< 1.
m( m 1) ( m m)
( k m) k
< 1
Nn chui cho hi t khi | x| < 1
t

455

( x) = 1 +
m( m 1) ( m k + 1)
k!
x
k
+
k=1
, | x| < 1
Ta c
( 1 + x)
i
( x) =
m( m 1 ) ( m k + 1)
( k 1) !
x
k-1
+
k=1
+
m( m 1) ( m k + 1)
( k 1) !
x
k
+
k=1

= m+
m( m 1 ) ( m k)
k!
x
k
+
k=1
+
m( m 1) ( m k + 1 )
( k 1) !
x
k
+
k=1

= m+
m( m 1 ) ( m k + 1) ( k + m k)
k!
x
k
+
k=1

= m+ m( ( x) 1) = m( x)
Vy ta c m( x) = ( 1 + x)
i
( x) . t g( x) = ( x) . ( 1 + x)
-m
, ta c
g
i
( x) = ( 1 + x)
-( m+1)
(
i
( x) ( 1 + x) m( x) ) = 0
Suy ra g( x) = g( 0) = ( 0) = 1 x ( 1,1) , ngha l ( x) = ( 1 + x)
m


Bi 7.28
Cho
E( x) =
x
n
n!
n=0
, C( x) = 1
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4 !
, S( x) = x
x
3
3 !
+
x
5
5!

Chng minh rng
a) E( x) E( y) = E( x + y)
b) C( x + y) = C( x) C( y) S( x) S( y)
c) S( x + y) = S( x) C( y) + C( x) S( y)
d) (C( x) )
2
+ (S( x) )
2
= 1
Gii :

456

V l i m
n+
_
1
n!
n
= 0 nn ta nhn thy E( x) , C( x) , S( x) hi t u.
a) Gi E
M
( x) l tng ring phn ca chui E( x) , ta c
E
M
( x) =
x
n
n!
M
n=0
, E
M
( y) =
y
n
n!
M
n=0

E
M
( x) . E
M
( y) =
x
n
n!
M
n=0
.
y
m
m!
M
m=0
=
x
k
k!
.
y
n-k
( n k) !
n
k=0
M
n=0
+
x
k
k!
.
y
n-k
( n k) !
M
k=n-M
2M
n=M+1
=
1
n!
C
n
k
x
k
y
n-k
n
k=0
M
n=0
+
x
k
k!
.
y
n-k
( n k) !
M
k=n-M
2M
n=M+1

| E
M
( x) . E
M
( y) E
M
( x + y) | = _
x
k
k!
.
y
n-k
( n k) !
M
k=n-M
2M
n=M+1
_
_
( | x| + | y| )
n
n!
2M
n=M+1
_ < _
| x| + | y|
n
n!
+
n=M+1
_

Suy ra | E
M
( x) . E
M
( y) E
M
( x + y) | 0 khi H +
Vy E( x) E( y) = E( x + y)
b) t C
M
( x) v S
M
( x) l cc tng ring phn ca C( x) v S( x)
C
M
( x) = ( 1)
k
x
2k
( 2k) !
M
k=0
, S
M
( x) = ( 1)
k
x
2k+1
( 2k + 1) !
M
k=0

Ta c
C
M
( x) C
M
( y) S
M
( x) S
M
( y)
= ( 1)
k
x
2k
( 2k) !
M
k=0
. ( 1)
h
x
2h
( 2 ) !
M
h=0
( 1 )
k
x
2k+1
( 2k + 1 ) !
M
k=0
. ( 1 )
h
x
2h+1
( 2 + 1) !
M
h=0

457

= ( 1)
n
n
k=0
x
2k
y
2n-2k
( 2k) ! ( 2n 2 k) !
M
n=0
+ ( 1)
n
M
k=n-M
x
2k
y
2n-2k
( 2 k) ! ( 2 n 2k) !
2M
n=M+1
( 1)
n
n
k=0
x
2k+1
y
2n-2k+1
( 2k + 1) ! ( 2n 2k + 1 ) !
M
n=0
( 1)
n
M
k=n-M
x
2k+1
y
2n-2k+1
( 2k + 1) ! ( 2n 2 k + 1) !
2M
n=M+1

= ( 1)
n
n
k=0
x
2k
y
2n-2k
( 2k) ! ( 2n 2 k) !
M
n=0
( 1)
n-1
n-1
k=0
x
2k+1
y
2n-2k-1
( 2 k + 1) ! ( 2n 2k 1) !
M+1
n=1
+ ( 1)
n
M
k=n-M
x
2k
y
2n-2k
( 2k) ! ( 2n 2k) !
2M
n=M+1
( 1)
n
M
k=n-M
x
2k+1
y
2n-2k+1
( 2k + 1) ! ( 2n 2 k + 1) !
2M
n=M+1

= 1 + ( 1)
n
n
k=0
_
x
2k
y
2n-2k
( 2 k) ! ( 2n 2k) !

x
2k+1
y
2n-2k-1
( 2k + 1) ! ( 2n 2k 1) !
_
M
n=1
( 1)
M
M
k=0
x
2k+1
y
2M-2k+1
( 2k + 1) ! ( 2H 2 k + 1) !
+ ( 1)
n
M
k=n-M
x
2k
y
2n-2k
( 2k) ! ( 2n 2k) !
2M
n=M+1
( 1)
n
M
k=n-M
x
2k+1
y
2n-2k+1
( 2k + 1) ! ( 2n 2 k + 1) !
2M
n=M+1

t
A = 1 + ( 1)
n
n
k=0
_
x
2k
y
2n-2k
( 2 k) ! ( 2n 2k) !

x
2k+1
y
2n-2k-1
( 2k + 1) ! ( 2n 2k 1) !
_
M
n=1
= 1 + ( 1)
n
2n
k=0
1
( 2n) !
C
2n
k
x
k
y
2n-k
M
n=1
= 1 + ( 1)
n
1
( 2n) !
. ( x + y)
2n
M
n=1
= C
M
( x + y)
V

458

B = ( 1)
M
M
k=0
x
2k+1
y
2M-2k+1
( 2 k + 1) ! ( 2H 2 k + 1) !
+ ( 1)
n
M
k=n-M
x
2k
y
2n-2k
( 2 k) ! ( 2n 2k) !
2M
n=M+1
( 1 )
n
M
k=n-M
x
2k+1
y
2n-2k+1
( 2k + 1) ! ( 2n 2k + 1) !
2M
n=M+1

Th
| B|
( | x| + | y| )
2M+2
( 2H + 2) !
+
( | x| + | y| )
2n+2
( 2n + 2) !
2M
n=M+1
+
( | x| + | y| )
2n+2
( 2n + 2) !
2M
n=M+1
<
( | x| + | y| )
2M+2
( 2 H+ 2) !
+
( | x| + | y| )
2n+2
( 2n + 2) !
+
n=M+1
+
( | x| + | y| )
2n+2
( 2n + 2 ) !
+
n=M+1

Ta c
| C
M
( x) C
M
( y) S
M
( x) S
M
( y) C
M
( x + y) | = | B|
<
( | x| + | y| )
2M+2
( 2 H+ 2) !
+
( | x| + | y| )
2n+2
( 2n + 2) !
+
n=M+1
+
( | x| + | y| )
2n+2
( 2n + 2 ) !
+
n=M+1

Nn | C
M
( x) C
M
( y) S
M
( x) S
M
( y) C
M
( x + y) | 0 khi H + v ta c iu phi
chng minh.
c) Theo cu b) ta c C( x) = C( x + y) C( y) S( x + y) S( y) (*). Mt khc
nhn thy C( t) = C( t) v S( t) = S( t) t nn (*) thnh:
C( x) = C( x + y) C( y) + S( x + y) S( y)
= (C( x) C( y) S( x) S( y) )C( y) + S( x + y) S( y)
= C( x) C
2
( y) S( x) S( y) C( y) + S( x + y) S( y)
Mt khc, theo cu d) , ta c C( x) = C( x) (C
2
( y) + S
2
( y) ). Suy ra:
C( x) C
2
( y) + C( x) S
2
( y) = C( x) C
2
( y) S( x) S( y) C( y) + S( x + y) S( y)
S( y) (S( x + y) S( x) C( y) C( x) S( y) ) = 0 ( 1)
Chng minh tng t, ta c S( x) (S( x + y) S( x) C( y) C( x) S( y) ) = 0 ( 2)
Vi x, y bt k, nu S( x) , S( y) c mt s khc 0 , ( 1) hoc ( 2 ) , ta suy ra ngay
iu phi chng minh.

459

Ngc li, nu S( x) = S( y) = 0 , theo cu d) ta c | C( x) | = | C( y) | = 1 nn
| C( x + y) | = | C( x) . C( y) S( x) S( y) | = 1, ngha l S( x + y) = 0. Vy ta cng
c S( x + y) = C( x) S( y) + S( x) C( y) .
Trong c 2 trng hp, khng nh ca bi u c chng minh.
d) T ng thc b) ta cho y = x th do C( x) = C( x) v S( x) = S( x) nn
(C( x) )
2
+ (S( x) )
2
= C( 0) = 1

Bi 7.29
Tm min hi t ca chui hm
a) n
n
( x + 3 )
n
n=1

b)
1
n
x
n=1

c) 2
n
si n
x
3
n
n=1

d)
cos nx
2
n
n=0

e)
cos nx
c
nx
n=0

f)
si n ( 2n 1) x
( 2n 1)
2
n=0

Gii :
a) n
n
( x + 3 )
n
n=1

Ta c l i m
n
sup | n
n
|
n
= l i m
n
sup n =
Vy chui hi t khi v ch khi x + 3 = 0 hay x = 3.

460

b)
1
n
x
n=1

Theo nh l chui iu ha, chui s trn hi t khi v ch khi x > 1.
c) 2
n
si n
x
3
n
n=1

Khi x = 0, hin nhin chui s hi t
Xt x 0 . Ta c
l i m
n
_2
n
. si n
x
3
n
n
= l i m
n
2. __
si n
x
3
n
x
3
n
_
x
3
n
n
= l i m
n
2
3
__
si n
x
3
n
x
3
n
_ | x|
n
=
2
3
< 1
Nn chui cho hi t vi mi x 0.
Vy min hi t ca chui s l .
d)
cos nx
2
n
n=0

Ta c
cos nx
2
n

1
2
n
n , x .
Do
1
2
n
n=0
hi t nn theo Tiu chun so snh, chui
cos nx
2
n
n=0
hi t vi mix .
e)
cos nx
c
nx
n=0

- Vi x = 0 th
cos nx
c
nx
n=0
= 1
n=0

Nn chui ny khng hi t.
- Vi x < 0, t x = t vi t > 0, ta c

461

c
nt
. cos( nt)
n=0
= c
nt
. cos nt
n=0

Ta chng minh chui ny khng hi t. Tht vy, gi s chui trn hi t th
l i m
n
c
nt
. cos nt = 0
M | c
nt
cos nt| > | cos nt| nn ta cng c cos nt 0 khi t +
Mt khc cos( n + 1 ) t = cos nt . cos t si n nt . si n t
Nn ta c si n t . si n nt 0 khi n + ( 1)
Mt khc, v l i m
n
cos nt = 0. Nn l i m
n
| si n nt| = 1 ( 2)
T ( 1) v ( 2) , ta phi c si n t = 0 , suy ra t = kn. Nh vy si n nt = si n nkn = 0 ,
mu thun vi ( 2) .
Vy vi x < 0 th chui trn khng hi t.
- Vi x > 0 th ta c
cos nx
c
nx

1
c
nx
n , x > 0
M
1
c
x
< 1.
Nn chui
1
c
nx
n=0
hi t. Do theo Tiu chun so snh ta suy ra chui
cos nx
c
nx
n=0

cng hi t.
Vy min hi t ca chui cho l ( 0, + ) .

f)
si n ( 2n 1) x
( 2n 1)
2
n=0

Ta c
_
si n ( 2n 1) x
( 2n 1 )
2
_
1
( 2n 2 )
2
=
1
4( n 1)
2
n 2, x

462

Ta c chui
1
4 ( n 1 )
2
n=2
hi t nn theo Tiu chun so snh chui
si n( 2n 1) x
( 2n 1)
2
n=0

hi t vi mi x .

463

Bi tp nng cao

Bi 6.14
Cho 0 x < 1. Chng minh rng x l mt s hu t nu v ch nu x c mt biu
din thp phn tun hon, ngha l tn ti dy { x
n
} trong { 0 ,1, ,9} sao cho tn ti
n
0
, k sao cho x
n+k
= x
n
n n
0
v x = x
n
. 10
-n
n=1

Gii :
1) Nu x c biu din mt s thp phn tun hon th x l mt s hu t.
Tht vy, gi s tn ti dy ( x
n
) { 0,1, 9} v n
0
, k sao cho x =
x
n
10
n
+
n=1
. V
x
n+k
= x
n
, n > n
0
.
Ta c
x =
x
10
n
0
=1
+ _
x
10
1
10
]k
]=0
_
n
0
+k
=n
0
+1
=
x
10
n
0
=1
+ _
x
10

10
k
10
k
1
_
n
0
+k
=n
0
+1

T y suy ra x hu t.
2) Chiu ngc li: nu x hu t th c biu din mt s thp phn tun hon.
Cch 1:
Trc ht, ta c: vi n N sao cho gcd ( n, 10) = 1, tn ti mt s t nhin gm ton
ch s 9 l bi s ca n. (*)
Tht vy, xt n + 1 s: 9, 99 , 9 99, . . . , 99 9 ___
n+1 ln
. Khi thc hin php chia chng cho n, ta
c th thu c nhiu nht n s d l 0 ,1, 2, . . . , n 1. Theo Nguyn l Dirichlet, tn
ti t nht hai trong n + 1 s ny c cng s d khi chia cho n. Hiu ca chng khi
s chia ht cho n.
Ta c 9 9 9 ___
u ln
99 9 ___
ln
chia ht cho n, gi s u > :. Do 99 9 ___
u- ln
00 0 ___
ln
chia ht
cho n.M ( n, 10 ) = 1, suy ra 99 9 ___
k ln
chia ht cho n vi k = u :.
Theo gi thit do x l mt s hu t thuc [ 0,1) , tn ti m < n sao cho x =
m
n
.
Gi s n = 2
s
5
t
q trong ( q, 10) = 1, theo (*) ta tm c p sao cho tch ca

464

pv q s l mt s t nhin gm ton ch s 9 . Ta c x =
m
n
=
m
2
s
5
t
q
=
2
t
5
s
pm
10
s+t
pq
=
2
t
5
s
pm
10
s+t
.999 ___
k l n

Nh vy, x c th c vit di dng x =
10
]
.999 ___
k l n

Thc hin php chia i cho 99 9 ___
k I n
ta c i = 99 9 ___
k I n
. b + r.
V x < 1 nn i < 1 0
]
. 99 9 ___
k I n
. Suy ra, b < 10
]
hay b c nhiu nht l ] ch s.
V r l s d trong php chia nn r < 99 9 ___
k I n
. Vy r c nhiu nht l k ch s. Ta vit
li i = 99 9 ___
k I n
. b
1
b
2.
b
]
+ r
1
r
2.
r
k

Th vo x ta c:
x =
99 9 ___
k I n
b
1
b
2.
b
]
+ r
1
r
2.
r
k
10
]
99 9 ___
k I n
=
b
1
b
2.
b
]
10
]
+
1
10
]

r
1
r
2.
r
k
10
k

10
k
10
k
1

=
b
1
b
2.
b
]
10
]
+
1
10
]

r
1
r
2.
r
k
10
k

1
10
hk
h=0

=
b
I
10
I
]
I=1
+
1
10
]
_
r
I
10
I
k
I=1
_ _
1
10
hk
h=0
_
=
b
I
10
I
]
I=1
+
r
I
10
I+hk
k
I=1
h=0
=
b
I
1 0
I
]
I=1
+
r
I
10
]+I+hk
k
I=1
h=0
=
x
I
10
I
I=1

Trong x
n
= b
n
vi mi n ], v x
n+k
= x
n
vi mi n > ].
Suy ra x c mt biu din thp phn tun hon .

Cch 2:
Vi x =
m
n
vi gcd ( m, n) = 1, ta chng minh tn ti tn ti n
0
, k { 0} sao
cho

465

10
n
0
-1
( 10
k
1) n
1

Gi s n = 2
u
. 5
b
c vi gcd ( c, 10) = 1 , t n
0
= max{ o, b} + 1 v k = or d
c
( 1 0) l
cp
2
theo module c ca 10, th hin nhin 10
n
0
-1
( 10
k
1 ) 2
u
. 5
b
. c = n v n
0
, k l
cc s t nhin nh nht tha mn iu ny. t x =
m
n
= 0, x
1
x
2
x
3
, ta c
1 0
n
0
+k
x 1 0
n
0
x = 10
n
0
( 10
k
1) x = 10
n
0
( 10
k
1) .
m
n

Suy ra phn thp phn ca 10
n
0
+k
x v 10
n
0
x l ging nhau, ngha l
0, x
n
0
+k
x
n
0
+k+1
0 , x
n
0
x
n
0
+1

Vy dy ch s thp phn { x
n
} tun hon t ch s n
0
vi chu k c s l k.
Ghi ch: vi cch trn, ta tnh c chu k c s l k = or d
c
( 10) , ngoi ra ta cng c
th suy ra k ( n) , iu m Cch 1 khng lm c.

Bi 6.15
Chng t 0,1 01001 00010 00010 , trong s ch s 0 gia hai s 1 lin tip tng
thm 1 sau mi ln cut hin, biu din mt s v t.
Gii :
t A l s c biu din thp phn theo yu cu ca bi, ta chng minh A v t.
Tht vy, gi s A, hu t, theo Bi 6.14, biu din thp phn ca n tun hon vi
chu k I.
Ta c
A = 0, x
1
x
2
x
n
0
x
n
0
+1
x
n
0
+1

vi x
n+1
= x
n
n n
0
( 1 ) . Theo tnh cht ca bi, tn ti hai s 1 lin tip trong
biu din ca A sao cho gia chng c n
0
+ I s 0. Ta gi s
x
m
= 1, x
m+n
0
+1+1
= 1 vx
= 0 i = m+ 1, m+ n
0
+ I( 2)
V m+ n
0
+ I + 1 > m+ n
0
+ 1 > n
0
nn theo ( 1) , ta c
x
m+n
0
+1+1
= x
m+n
0
+1
= 1

1
Ta c th d dng chng minh iu ny bng Nguyn l Dirichlet nh Cch 1, tuy nhin cch lm trn gip ta
xc nh c n
0
v chu k c s ca dy
2
Xem thm v khi nim cp ti: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_order

466

iu ny mu thun vi ( 2) v m+ n
0
+ 1 [ m+ 1, m+ n
0
+ I] v kt thc chng
minh.

Bi 6.16
Chng t rng 0, x
1
x
2
x
3
, trong nu x
n
= 1 nu n l s nguyn t, x
n
= 0 nu n
khng l s nguyn t biu din mt s v t.
Gii:
Gi s 0, x
1
x
2
x
3
l s thp phn tun hon. Lc tn ti cc s n
0
, k sao cho
x
n+k
= x
n
vi mi n n
0
.
Do tp s nguyn t l v hn nn c s nguyn t n
1
> n
0
+ 2, v dy ch s thp
phn cho l tun hon chu k k k t n
0
nn x
n
1
+n
1
k
= x
n
1
= 1. Vy ta cng
cn
1
+ n
1
k ls nguyn t. M n
1
+ n
1
k = n
1
( 1 + k) l hp s do n
1
v k + 1 u
khng nh hn 2 nn ta tm c mt mu thun v kt thc chng minh.

Bi 6.31
Xt
cos n0
n
p
v
sInn0
n
p
. Chng t rng, tng qut cc chui ny hi t tuyt i khi
p > 1, hi t c iu kin khi 0 1: chui hi t tuyt i vi mi 0 :
Ta chng minh chui cho hi t tuyt i vi mi 0. Tht vy, do
_
cos n0
n
p
_
1
n
p
n ,
1
n
p
n=1
< +
Nn ta suy ra chui s cho hi t tuyt i.

Khi 0 < p 1: chui cho hi t c iu kin vi mi 0khng l bi s ca 2n:

467

-Khi 0 k2 n vi k :
Theo Bi 6.30, cc chui cos n0 , si n n0 c tng ring phn b chn v dy ]
1
n
p

tin v 0 nn theo Tiu chun Dirichlet, chui s cho hi t. Ta chng minh n
khng hi t tuyt i.
Tht vy, ta chng minh iu ny vi
cos n0
n
p
trc: khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi
s 0 ( 0, n) . Trn ng trn lng gic, cc im k
n
4
vi k = 0 ,7 chia ng trn
thnh 8 cung bng nhau, mi cung c s o l
n
4
. Nn trong 9 im k0 vi k = 0,8,
theo Nguyn l irichlet c 2 im nm trn cng mt cung, ngha l tn ti i, ]
[ 0,8 ] khc nhau sao cho ( i ]) 0 o j0 ,
n
4
[ (mod 2n ). t t = | i ]| , ta c
t [ 0,8] v
_
cos n0
n
p
_
n=1
_
cos nt0
( nt)
p
_
n=1
=
1
t
p
_
cos n( i ]) 0
n
p
_
n=1
vi( i ]) 0 j0,
n
4
[
Do , ta ch cn chng minh chui ban u khng b chn khi 0 j0,
n
4
[. Tht vy,
t N =
2n
0
[ + 1 , vi mi I , xt dy N im ( I + 1) 0, ( I + 2) 0, , ( I + N) 0
trn ng trn n v. V khong cch ca 2 im lin tip l 0
n
4
v s o cung
nh hng ni t im u n im cui l ( N 1) 0 =
2n
0
[ 0 2n nn phi tn
ti mt im ( I + i) 0 [ j0,
n
4
[ vi i [ 1, N] , ngha l cos( I + i) 0
1
2
. Suy ra
_
cos n0
n
p
_
n=1
= _
cos( nN + i) 0
( nN + i)
p
_
N
=1
n=0

1
2( nN + N)
=
n=0
1
2N
1
n
n=1
= +
Vy chui
cos n0
n
p
trong trng hp ny hi t c iu kin.
Vi chui
sInn0
n
p
, nu tn ti k 2 sao cho k0 l bi ca 2n, bng cch th trc
tip, ta suy ra chui cho lun phn k tr trng hp 0 = n. Trong trng hp
ngc li, lp lun nh trn, tn ti t 0 trong [ 8,8 ] sao cho t0 o j0,
n
4
[. Do
kt0 khng l bi ca 2n vi mi k 2 nn ta suy ra o [0,
n
4
. Vy ta cng ch phi
xt khi 0 [0,
n
4
. Thc hin tng t nh trn ta chng minh c trong N + 1 bi
bt k ca 0 c t nht mt bi m0 c s d module 2n nm trong on j
n
4
,
n
2
[. Do
si n m0
1
2
. Vy nn

468

_
si n n0
n
p
_
n=1
= _
si n ( nN + i) 0
( nN + i)
p
_
N
=1
n=0

1
2( nN + N)
=
n=0
1
2N
1
n
n=1
= +
Vy chui
sInn0
n
p
trong trng hp ny hi t c iu kin nu 0 n v hi t tuyt
i nu 0 = n.
-Khi 0 = k2 n vi k :
Ta c cos n0 = 1, si n n0 = 0 n nn cos n0 phn k v si n n0 hi t ti 0.

Khi p < 0 :
S hng tng qut o
n
, b
n
ca chui trn cho bi cng thc:
o
n
= n
-p
cos n0 , b
n
= n
-p
si n n0
-Trong trng hp 0 khng l bi ca n:
Ta chng minh o
n
, b
n
khng hi t v 0 . Tht vy, gi s ngc li, v n
-p
khi
n nn nu o
n
(hay b
n
) hi t v 0 th cos n0 (hay si n n0) cng hi t v 0. Mt
khc, ta c
cos( n + 1) 0 = cos n0 cos 0 si n ( n + 1) 0 si n 0 ( 1)
si n ( n + 1 ) 0 = si n n0 cos 0 + cos( n + 1) 0 si n 0 ( 2)
Nn nu cos n0 0 , v si n 0 0 nn t ( 1) ta suy ra si n n0 0. Nu si n n0 0 ,
( 2) li cho ta cos n0 0 khi n . iu ny l mu thun v si n
2
n0 + cos
2
n0 =
1. Vy trong trng hp ny, cc chui cho u phn k.
-Trong trng hp 0 l bi ca n:
Hin nhin dy { cos n0} khng hi t v 0 nn chui
cosn0
n
p
phn k. Chui
sInn0
n
p

c mi s hng u bng 0 nn hi t ti 0 .
Bi 6.33
1) Chng minh rng nu A
n
A v B
n
B khi n th :
n
=
A
1
B
n
+ A
2
B
n-1
+ A
n
B
1
n
AB
Hn na nu ( A
n
) , ( B
n
) l cc dy dng gim th (
n
) cng dng gim.

469

2) Chng minh rng vi:
c
n
= o
1
b
n
+ o
2
b
n-1
+ + o
n
b
1

A
n
= o
1
+ o
2
+ + o
n

B
n
= b
1
+ b
2
+ + b
n

C
n
= c
1
+ c
2
+ + c
n

Th C
n
= o
1
B
n
+ o
2
B
n-1
+ + o
n
B
1
= b
1
A
n
+ b
2
A
n-1
+ + b
n
A
1
v C
1
+ C
2
+
+ C
n
= A
1
B
n
+ A
2
B
n-1
+ + A
n
B
1
.
Suy ra rng nu o
n
, b
n
hi t v c tng l A, B th:
C
1
+ C
2
+ + C
n
n
AB
3) ( nh l Abel v chui tch) Cho c
n
l chui tch ca hai chui hi t o
n
, b
n
.
Nu c
n
hi t th:
c
n
= [o
n
[b
n

Gii :
1) V A
n
A, B
n
B khi n nn tn ti X
+
sao cho A
n
, B
n
, A, B b chn
trong [ X, X] . Mt khc, theo nh l trung bnh Cesaro, ta cng c
_
A
n
=1
n
_ , _
B
n
=1
n
_ A, B khi n .
Vy vi mi e > 0, tn ti N ln sao cho
| A
n
A| , | B
n
B| , _
A
n
=1
n
A_ , _
B
n
=1
n
B_ <
e
2X
n N
Vi mi m > H = 2N, ta c
|
m
AB| = _
A
B
m+1-
AB
m
m
=1
_ = _
A
B
m+1-
AB
m
N
=1
+
A
B
m+1-
AB
m
m
=N+1
_
= _
A
B
m+1-
A
B + A
B AB
m
N
=1
+
A
B
m+1-
AB
m+1-
+ AB
m+1-
AB
m
m
=N+1
_

470

= _
A
( B
m+1-
B) + B( A
A)
m
N
=1
+
B
m+1-
( A
A) + A( B
m+1-
B)
m
m
=N+1
_
N
m
X
e
2X
+ _
B( A
A)
m
N
=1
_ +
( m N)
m
X
e
2X
+ _
A( B
m+1-
B)
m
m
=N+1
_
e
2
+
N
m
_B
A
A
N
N
=1
_ +
m N
m
_A
B
m+1-
B
m N
m
=N+1
_
e
2
+ X
N
m
. _
A
N
=1
N
A_ + X.
m N
m
_
B
m-N
=1
m N
B_
e
2
+ X
e
2X
= e
Vy theo nh ngha, ta c
n
AB khi n .
Ta chng minh nu { A
n
} , { B
n
} l cc dy gim th {
n
} cng l dy gim. Tht vy, ta
c
n

n+1
( n + 1) A
B
n+1-
n
=1
n A
B
n+2-
n+1
=1
( )
By gi ta chng minh ( ) . Do { A
n
} , { B
n
} gim nn vi mi i = 1 , n, ta c:
( n + 1 i) A
B
n+1-
( n + 1 i) A
B
n+2-

iA
B
n+1-
iA
+1
B
n+1-

Cng v theo v ta c:
( n + 1) A
B
n+1-
( n + 1 i) A
B
n+2-
+ iA
+1
B
n+1-
i = 1, n
Suy ra
( n + 1) A
B
n+1-
n
=1
( n + 1 i) A
B
n+2-
n
=1
+ iA
+1
B
n+1-
n
=1
= ( n + 1 i) A
B
n+2-
n
=1
+ ( i 1) A
B
n+2-
n+1
=2
= nA
1
B
n+1
+ nA
n+1
B
1
+ ( n + 1 i + i 1) A
B
n+2-
n
=2
= n A
B
n+2-
n+1
=1

471

Vy ( ) ng v ta suy ra {
n
} l dy gim
2) u tin ta c
C
n
= c
1
+ c
2
+ + c
n-1
+ c
n

= o
1
b
1
+ ( o
1
b
2
+ o
2
b
1
) + + ( o
1
b
n-1
+ o
2
b
n-2
+ + o
n-1
b
1
) + ( o
1
b
n
+ o
2
b
n-1
+ o
n
b
1
)
= ( o
1
b
1
+ o
1
b
2
+ + o
1
b
n
) + ( o
2
b
1
+ o
2
b
2
+ + o
2
b
n-1
) + + ( o
n-1
b
1
+ o
n-1
b
2
) + o
n
b
1

= o
1
( b
1
+ b
2
+ + b
n
) + o
2
( b
1
+ b
2
+ + b
n-1
) + + o
n-1
( b
1
+ b
2
) + o
n
b
1

= o
1
B
n
+ o
2
B
n-1
+ + o
n-1
B
2
+ o
n
B
1

Do vai tr ca hai dy { o
n
} v { b
n
} nh nhau nn ta cng c
C
n
= b
1
A
n
+ b
2
A
n-1
+ + b
n-1
A
2
+ b
n
A
1

Tng t nh trn ta c
C
1
+ C
2
+ + C
n-1
+ C
n

= o
1
B
1
+ ( o
1
B
2
+ o
2
B
1
) + + ( o
1
B
n-1
+ o
2
B
n-2
+ + o
n-1
B
1
)
+ ( o
1
B
n
+ o
2
B
n-1
+ o
n
B
1
)
= B
1
A
n
+ B
2
A
n-1
+ + B
n-1
A
2
+ B
n
A
1

Khi o
n
+
n=1
= A, b
n
+
n=1
= B th ta c
C
1
+ C
2
+ + C
n-1
+ C
n
n
=
B
1
A
n
+ B
2
A
n-1
+ + B
n-1
A
2
+ B
n
A
1
n
ABkhin
3) Gi s c
n
+
n=1
= C, tcC
n
Ckhin . Theo nh l trung bnh Cesaro th
C
1
+ C
2
+ + C
n-1
+ C
n
n
C
Theo cu 2) ta phi c C = AB. Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 7.17
Cho : l hm tun hon vi chu k 2 sao cho ( x) = x khi 0 x 1 v
( x) = 2 x khi 1 x 2 .
t
( x) = _
3
4
]
n
( 4
n
x)
n=0

472

Chng minh rng l hm lin tc trn nhng khng kh vi ti mi im trn .
Gii:
Nhn thy ( x) = 1 | 1 x| x [ 0,2] nn lin tc trn [ 0,2 ] . Mt khc l hm
tun hon chu k 2 nn ta c lin tc trn .
Xt dy cc hm:
n
= _
3
4
]
n
( 4
n
x)
lin tc trn , ta c |
n
| [
3
4
n
= o
n
, o
n
n=0
= 4 nn
n
n=0
hi t u v . Suy
ra cng l hm lin tc trn .
Ta chng minh ti mi x th u khng kh vi. Tht vy, gi s tn ti x
sao cho:
l i m
x
( y) ( x)
y x
= I

u tin ta chng minh bt ng thc sau:
| ( x) ( y) | | x y|
Tht vy, v 0 ( t) 1 t nn nu | x y| 1 th bt ng thc hin nhin
ng. Ta xt khi | x y| < 1. Gi s x y v ta c y 1 < x y.
V lun tn ti I sao cho 2I x < 2I + 2 (chn I = j
x
2
[ ) nn ta t
o = x 2I, b = y 2 I ( o [ 0,2 ] v b 1 < o b ), bt ng thc cn chng
minh tng ng vi:
| ( o) ( b) | | o b| o [ 0,2] , b [ o, o + 1 ) [ o, 2] [ 2,3)
Nu b 2, ta c
| ( o) ( b) | = | ( 1 | 1 o| ) ( 1 | 1 b| ) | = || 1 o| | 1 b| |
= max{ | 1 o| | 1 b| , | 1 b| | 1 o| } | o b|
Nu b ( 2,3 ) th o ( 1,2) , ta c ( b) = ( b 2 ) = b 2 v ( o) = 2
o.
Suy ra | ( o) ( b) | ( o) + ( b) = b 2 + 2 o = | b o|

473

Vy bt ng thc c chng minh.

Xt dy
y
n
= x +
t
n
2
2n+1

Vi t
n
= 1 c xc nh nh sau:
(i) t
n
= 1 nu { 4
n
x}
1
2

(ii) t
n
= 1 nu { 4
n
x} >
1
2

(K hiu { x} ch phn l ca s thc x, c tnh bng: { x} = x x)
Ta s chng minh vi cch chn t
n
nh trn th iu sau c tha mn:
_ _4
n
x +
t
n
2
] ( 4
n
x) _ =
1
2

Tht vy, ta c
Trng hp 1: { 4
n
x}
1
2

Kh nng (1.a):4
n
x = 2 J vi J
V 0 { 4
n
x}
1
2
nn ta c
( 4
n
x) = ( 4
n
x 2J) = ( { 4
n
x} ) = { 4
n
x}
V
_4
n
x +
t
n
2
] = _4
n
x +
1
2
2J] = _{ 4
n
x} +
1
2
] = { 4
n
x} +
1
2

Suy ra
_ _4
n
x +
t
n
2
] ( 4
n
x) _ =
1
2

Kh nng (1.b):4
n
x = 2 J + 1 vi J
V 0 { 4
n
x} <
1
2
nn ta c
( 4
n
x) = ( 4
n
x 2J) = ( { 4
n
x} + 1) = 1 { 4
n
x}
V

474

_4
n
x +
t
n
2
] = _4
n
x +
1
2
2J] = _{ 4
n
x} +
3
2
] = 2 _{ 4
n
x} +
3
2
]
=
1
2
{ 4
n
x}
Suy ra
_ _4
n
x +
t
n
2
] ( 4
n
x) _ =
1
2

Trng hp 2:{ 4
n
x} >
1
2

Kh nng (2.a):4
n
x = 2 J vi J
V
1
2
{ 4
n
x} 1 nn ta c
( 4
n
x) = ( 4
n
x 2J) = ( { 4
n
x} ) = { 4
n
x}
V
_4
n
x +
t
n
2
] = _4
n
x
1
2
2J] = _{ 4
n
x}
1
2
] = { 4
n
x}
1
2

Suy ra
_ _4
n
x +
t
n
2
] ( 4
n
x) _ =
1
2

Kh nng (2.b):4
n
x = 2 J + 1 vi J
V
1
2
{ 4
n
x} < 1 nn ta c
( 4
n
x) = ( 4
n
x 2J) = ( { 4
n
x} + 1) = 1 { 4
n
x}
V
_4
n
x +
t
n
2
] = _4
n
x
1
2
2J] = _{ 4
n
x} +
1
2
] = 2 _{ 4
n
x} +
1
2
]
=
3
2
{ 4
n
x}
Suy ra
_ _4
n
x +
t
n
2
] ( 4
n
x) _ =
1
2

475

Vy ta c
_ _4
n
x +
t
n
2
] ( 4
n
x) _ =
1
2
n
Mt khc ta cng c | y
n
x
n
|
1
2
2n+1
. Suy ra l i m
n
y
n
= x.

Ta c php bin i sau:
_
( y
n
) ( x)
y
n
x
_ = 2
2n+1
. __
3
4
]
k
(( 4
k
x + t
n
. 2
2k-2n-1
) ( 4
k
x) )
k=0
_
= 2
2n+1
__
3
4
]
k
[( 4
k
x + t
n
2
2k-2n-1
) ( 4
k
x)
n-1
k=0
+ _
3
4
]
n
__4
n
x +
t
n
2
] ( 4
n
x) __
(V vi k n + 1 th
( 4
k
x + t
n
2
2k-2n-1
) ( 4
k
x) = (4
k
x + 2. t
n
2
2( k-n-1)
) ( 4
k
x) = 0
do tun hon chu k 2)
2
2n+1
___
3
4
]
n
__4
n
x +
t
n
2
] ( 4
n
x) __
__
3
4
]
k
[( 4
k
x + t
n
2
2k-2n-1
) ( 4
k
x)
n-1
k=0
__
2
2n+1
__
3
4
]
n
.
1
2
_
3
4
]
k
| t
n
2
2k-2n-1
|
n-1
k=0
_ = 2
2n+1
_
3
n
2
2n+1
3
k
2
-( 2n+1)
n-1
k=0
_
= 2
2n+1
_
3
n
2
2n+1
2
-( 2n+1)
3
n
1
2
] =
3
n
+ 1
2
( )

t u
n
=
](
n
) -]( x)
n
-x
th do kh vi ti x nn dy { u
n
} hi t v I . Nhng ( ) li
cho thy u
n
khng b chn. iu ny gy mu thun v kt thc chng minh.

Bi 1.4.6
Cho ( E, . ) l mt khng gian nh chun tha mn iu kin mi chui hi t tuyt
i th u hi t. Chng minh rng E l khng gian Banach.

476

Gii :
Xt { x
n
}
n
l mt dy Cauchy trong E. Vi mi k , tn ti N
k
sao cho
x
n
x
m
<
1
2
k
m, n > N
k

t n
1
= N
1
v n
k
= max|N
: i = 1, k, n
k-1
+ 1| vi k 2 . Ta c { n
k
} l dy tng
ngt v n
k
> N
k
k . Ta suy ra [x
n
k+1
x
n
k
[ <
1
2
k
k . Vy ta c chui s
sau y l hi t tuyt i
(x
n
k+1
x
n
k
)
+
k=1

Theo tnh cht ca E th chui trn cng hi t, ngha l dy |x
n
k
| cng hi t. Vy
dy { x
n
} l Cauchy v c dy con hi t nn cng hi t. Ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 7.1_BTGTA2
nh l Dini cn ng khng nu ta b i iu kin hm lin tc.
Gii :
Nu khng lin tc th nh l Dini khng cn ng na. Ta s ly mt v d chng
minh iu ny:
Ly dy hm {
n
} vi
n
( x) = x
n
, x [ 0,1] . Hin nhin lin tc trn [ 0,1] v
n
( x) = x
n
x
n+1
=
n+1
( x)
Nn {
n
} l dy hm lin tc, n iu gim v hi t tng im v hm s xc nh
nh sau:
_
( x) = 0 khi x [ 0,1 )
( x) = 1 khi x = 1

ng thi hm xc nh nh trn khng lin tc ti 1 v ( 1
-
) = 0 < 1 = ( 1) .
Tt nhin dy {
n
} khng th hi t u n v nu iu xy ra th l hm
lin tc trn [ 0,1] . Vy v d trn tha mn yu cu bi.

Bi 7.2_BTGTA2

477

Cho P l a thc thc. chng minh rng
P( n) . c
-n
2
x
n=1

xc nh v thuc lp C
trn min x > 0.

Gii :
Ta chng minh tng t nh Bi 7.23
Chng minh xc nh :
Vi mt x > 0 , c s N sao cho Nx 2 . Bng Quy tc LHopital ta c
l i m
+
P( y)
c
= l i m
+
P
( dcgP)
( y)
( c
)
( dcgP)
= 0
Do tn ti H sao cho
_
P( n)
c
n
_ < 1 n H
Khi
_
P( n)
c
n
2
x
_
| P( n) |
c
2n
= _
P( n)
c
n
_
1
c
n

1
c
n
n max{ H, N}
Chui c
-n
+
n=0
hi t nn P( n) c
-n
2
x
+
n=1
hi t.
Vy xc nh.
Chng minh thuc lp C
trn ( 0, + ) .
t
n
( x) = P( n) c
-n
2
x
x ( 0, + ) th
n
( k)
( x) = ( n
2
)
k
P( n) c
-n
2
x
.
Tng t Bi 7.22, ta ch cn chng minh vi mt k th
n
( k)
( x)
+
n=1

0
, + ) , x
0
> 0. Tht vy, vi mt x
0
> 0, c N sao
cho Nx
0
2.

478

Bng Quy tc LHopital ta c
l i m
+
y
2k
P( y)
c
= l i m
+
(y
2k
P( y) )
( dcgP+2k)
( c
)
( dcgP+2k)
= 0
Do c H sao cho _
n
2k
P( n)
c
n
_ 1 n H.
t max{ H, N} = I, lc vi mi n I ta c
_
n
2k
P( n)
c
n
2
x
_
| n
2k
P( n) |
c
2n
= _
n
2k
P( n)
c
n
_
1
c
n

1
c
n
x [ x
0
, + )
M chui c
-n
+
n=1
hi t nn
n
( k)
( x)
+
n=1
hi t u trn[ x
0
, + ) , x
0
> 0.

479

Ti liu tham kho

[1] ng c Trng inh Ngc Thanh Phm Hong Qun, Gio trnh Gii
Tch A2, NXB i hc Quc gia TP.HCM, 2008
[2] ng nh ng, Nhp mn Gii Tch, NXBGD, 1998
[3] Dng Minh c, Gii Tch hm, NXB i hc Quc gia TP.HCM, 2005
[4] Tom M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, 1974
[5] ng c Trng inh Ngc Thanh Phm Hong Qun Trn Anh Hong
Trn Vnh Hng, Bi tp Gii Tch A2, TP.HCM

Tong Hop Bai Tap Giai Tich A2

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1

I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

) cha y hoc ri nhau hoc trng nhau.

) cha im z, ta s chng minh chng trng nhau. Tht

, theo B A.III.2, suy ra B

, + ) . Ta chng minh c th vit I

) nu v ch nu A c 2 tnh cht sau:

lin tc u trn v trit tiu bn ngoi [ o, b] .

lin tc u trn v trit tiu bn ngoi [ 0,1] .

l mt hm s (tht ra l mt a thc) theo y. Vy { P

trn [ 0,1] v nh l c chng minh.

( x) > m} , ta chng minh cc tp 0

} bng quy np nh sau:

} c xc nh hon ton theo nguyn l quy np. t

) vi ( i = 1,2, , n) l n khng gian metric.

) , i = 1,2 ,3 l khng gian metric.

) , i = 1,2,3 l khng gian metric.

, khng gian cc dy s thc b chn, ta c chun sau:

, . ) l khng gian nh chun.

, . ) l khng gian vector v . tha mn cc tnh phn bit

. Vy bt ng thc tam gic c tha mn v do

, . ) l khng gian nh chun.

) l khng gian metric bt k v mt nh x X ,

) l khng gian metric v mt nh x .

cng l nh x tuyn tnh. Tht vy, vi mi x, y

lin tc v l mt t hp ca cc nh x tuyn tnh tin tc:

l tp ng trong E v l tp ng nh nht trong E cha A.

l tp ng nh nht trong EchaA.

l tp m ln nht trongEcha trong A.

: i = 1 , n| l mt phn hoch ca , ngha l

, ngha l tn ti k sao cho m = m

(( x) , g( x) ) l nh x t X vo . Theo bt ng thc tam gic, ta c:

nn g cng lin tc trn .

tin compact th vi mi e > 0 tn ti |x

: i = 1, n| trong A sao cho

} trong A sao cho o( x

: i = 1, n| trong A sao cho

cng b chn. Tht vy, ta gi s A B( 0 , r) B

tin compact. Mt khc, mi dy { x

cng l Cauchy trong X, m X y nn tn ti x X sao cho { x

tin compact, theo kt qu Bi 55 ta suy ra A tin compact.

) . Chng minh rng

vi ibt k Ith ta chng minh A

B . Chng minh rng A B lin thng.

l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc:

l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc.

l dy trong nn cng trong A hi t

lin tc trn [ 0,1] . Ta s chng minh C

( [ 0,1] ) sao cho t

( x) l xc nh duy nht. Tht vy gi { x

l nh x duy nht tha mn iu kin:

xc nh nh sau (hm ny khc hm Cch 1v khng ph thuc B)

xy dng nh trn tha mn yu cu bi.

lin tc trn E sao cho

t E vo [ 0,1] sao cho

lin tc trn E xc nh nh sau:

c xy dng tha yu cu bi.

. Ta tin hnh chn B

thc s l mt chun trn X. Theo H qu A.IV.3, ta c .

( x, 0 ) . Hon ton tng t ta cng c

( x, y) ti( x, y) = ( 0 ,0) v( x, y) ( 0 ,0) . Suy ra biu thc ca

, theo kt qu tng qut Bi 4.2, ta c

, chng minh rng F = 2o

( x, y) = 0 nhng li ph thuc bin th hai.