1.

ABSTRACT

4G TECHNOLOGY
4G is the term to refer to the next wave of high-speed mobile technologies that will be used to replace current 3g networks. The top contenders are LTE and WiMAX, both of which are to

replace current 3G networks that are the use of LTE and are trailing their own 4G networks. 4G is the short name for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will super cede the third generation (3G).Although carriers and governing standards bodies have not agreed upon exactly what 4Gwill be, it is expected to use available radio spectrum more efficiently and as a result, provide end users with cable-modem tramission speeds which will support high-quality streaming video. 4G wireless services offer enhancements to current applications, including greater data speeds, increased capacity for voice and data and the advent of packet data networks versus todays switched networks. 4G (Fourth Generation) is a generic name for a set of mobile technologies which use a host of high-tech infrastructure networks, handsets, base stations, switches and other equipment to allow mobiles to offer high-speed Internet access, data, and video and CD-quality music services The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Note that both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system. But the call itself is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency (typically 150MHz and up).

2. INTRODUCTION
4G, short for fourth-generation wireless communication systems, has engaged the attention of wireless operators, equipment makers (OEMs), investors, and industry watchers around the world. 4G refers to the next generation of wireless technology that promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia services. Since, at this point, 4G is more of an aspiration than a standard, there is not an agreement yet on what should constitute 4G. Since the ITU is a major force in the standardization of telecommunications technologies, its worth looking at the ITUs performance goals for 4G:

The framework for 4G systems should fuse elements of current cellular systems with nomadic wireless-access systems and personal-area networks in a seamless layered architecture that is transparent to the user

Data rates of 100 Mbps for mobile applications and 1 Gbps for nomadic applications should be achievable by the year 2010.

Worldwide common spectrum and open, global standardization should be pursued.

As another viewpoint, the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) defines a 4G network as one that operates on Internet technology, combines it with other applications and technologies such as Wi-Fi and WiMAX, and runs at speeds ranging from 100 Mbps (in cell-phone networks) to 1 Gbps (in local Wi-Fi networks). There is some debate among standards bodies and industry watchers as to whether WiMAX is, or will become, a full-fledged 4G technology competitive with 4G wireless.

From Performance Goals to a Standard

The process of developing a standard is a long one, carried out by several groups, which include Standards Development Organizations (SDOs), industry forums, and companies, such as OEMs, that have a stake in the end product. Some of the major SDOs are nonprofit regional or governmental bodies, such as ETSI in Europe, CCSA in China, and the TTA in Korea. 3GPP and 3GPP2 are examples of industry SDOs that develop and maintain standards for current 2G and 3G technologies. In 2007, the ITU will convene a global congress to set a course for the 4G standards development process. It is doubtful that we will see an ITU standard before 2010 or beyond. Nor are standards necessarily the final word on the subject. Standards are what various groups are willing to agree to after years of negotiation. In the meantime, there is nothing to stop the various SDOs and wireless operators from deploying so-called 4G systems without waiting for the completion of the formal standards process. Progress to Higher Data Rates -- But Short of a Defined 4G Standard The CDMA development group (CDG) based in the United States is pushing the 1xEV-DO speeds to what they hope will qualify it as a 4G technology. In Revision C they plan to use

CDMA, TDM, OFDM and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) and even the Space Division Multiple Access advanced antenna to increase the download speeds up to 280 Mbps. This new standard will be called Ultra mobile Broadband. Japans NTT Do Como and Koreas Samsung are testing a 4G communication system prototype called Variable Spreading Factor Orthogonal Frequency and Code Division Multiplexing (VSFOFCDM) at 100 Mb/s while moving, and 1 Gb/s while stationary (or nomadic in ITU terms). NTT DoCoMo and Samsung both plan on launching the first such commercial network in 2010. One alternative to 4G being proposed is the 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) project. It is the name given to an initiative within the Third Generation Partnership (3GPP) Project for the ongoing enhancement of the UMTS 3G standard.. The LTE project is not a standard, but it will establish a 4G like capability for UMTS operators. Among all these technologies, several
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research organizations think 3G LTE holds the most promise. 3G LTE, sometimes called 3.99G, is also being hyped as Super 3G.

Emerging 4G Access and Capacity Schemes

Recent years have seen major advances in wireless access technologies. Among the new

schemes being proposed for 4G, 802.16e and 802.20 standards are OFDMA, Single Carrier FDMA, and MC-CDMA. The new technologies, while offering the efficiencies of the older technologies such as CDMA, also offer advantages in scalability. Current working assumptions for physical layer multiple access schemes is OFDMA for downlink and Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) for uplink. One way to increase system capacity is to implement a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna scheme. A wireless system with single antennas obeys Shannon's classical limit for capacity, which can be expressed as C = log2(1+SNR). Ideal capacity therefore increases as the log of the signal-to-noise ratio. MIMO systems, on the other hand, increase capacity linearly with respect to the number of transmit and receive pairs that are used.

The Spectrum Bottleneck

The 4G migration, while holding great promise for high data rate services and a broad range of multimedia applications, will require additional radio spectrum. The FCC opening of the 700 MHZ band through the auction process is a possible solution for 4G deployment in the U.S. However, use of this band for mobile wireless services is years away due to the complexities of reallocating existing broadcast licenses. Moreover, there is little chance of establishing a common 4G spectrum plan on global basis. The lack of a unified spectrum plan for mobile wireless networks was obvious with the rollout of 2G and 3G networks.

Business Implications for 4G

4G technology will not be a major factor in the wireless market in the next four to five years. During early 2007, operators will most likely be choosing between investments in 15 year-old GSM technology or newer 3G technologies like CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, WCDMA, and HSDPA which offer greater network capacity and lower cost to deliver emerging multimedia service as well as broadband data. 4G will not be available as a business option until the ITU and the national standards groups like the 3GPP and 3GPP2 organizations have completed the development of a formal 4G standard.

HISTORY

1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone technology, cell phones. These are the analog cell phone standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital cell phones. 2G networks (GSM, CDMA One, DAMPS) are the first digital cellular systems launched early 1990s.2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Note that both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system. But the call itself is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency (typically 150MHz and up). 2.5G networks (GPRS, cdma2000 1x) are the enhanced versions of 2G networks with data rates up to about 144kbit/s.While the terms "2G" and "3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was invented for marketing purposes only. 2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well.e of wireless communic2M bit/sec. 4G networks (UMTS FDD and TDD, cdma2000 1x EVDO, cdma2000 3x, TD-SCDMA, Arab WCDMA, EDGE, IMT-2000 DECT) are the latest cellular networks that have data rates 384kbit/s and more

3. GENERATION OF 4G

4G is a generic term covering a range of future wireless network technologies, including WCDMA, CDMA2000, UMTS and EDGE. 3G combines high-speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP) based services. This doesn't just mean fast mobile connection to the World Wide Web - by liberating us from slow connections, cumbersome equipment and immovable access points, 3G will enable new ways to communicate, access information, conduct business and learn. This is summarized in the diagram on below produced by Allied Business. WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access: A technology for wideband digital radio communications of Internet, multimedia, video and other capacity-demanding applications. WCDMA has been selected for the third generation of mobile telephone systems in Europe, Japan and the United States. Voice, images, data, and video are first converted to a narrowband
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digital radio signal. The signal is assigned a marker (spreading code) to distinguish it from the signal of other users. WCDMA uses variable rate techniques in digital processing and it can achieve multi-rate transmissions. WCDMA has been adopted as a standard by the ITU under the name IMT-2000 direct spread. CDMA 2000 - Code Division Multiple Access 2000: Commercially introduced in 1995, CDMA quickly became one of the world's fastest-growing wireless technologies. In 1999, the International Telecommunications Union selected CDMA as the industry standard for new "third-generation" (4G) wireless systems. Many leading wireless carriers are now building or upgrading to 4G CDMA networks in order to provide more capacity for voice traffic, along with high-speed data capabilities. Today, over 100 million consumers worldwide rely on CDMA for clear, reliable voice communications and leading-edge data services. CDMA 20001X for Voice and Data: CDMA2000 1X technology supports both voice and data services over a standard (1X) CDMA channel, and provides many performance advantages over other technologies. First, it provides up to twice the capacity of earlier CDMA systems (with even bigger gains over TDMA and GSM), helping to accommodate the continuing growth of voice services as well as new wireless Internet services. Second, it provides peak data rates of up to 153 kbps (and up to 307 kbps in the future), without sacrificing voice capacity for data capabilities.CDMA2000 1X phones also feature longer standby times. And because it's backwards-compatible with earlier CDMA technology, CDMA2000 1X provides an easy and affordable upgrade path for both carriers and consumers. CDMA 20001xEV- DO for Faster Data: For those who want higher-speed or higher capacity data services, a data-optimized version of CDMA2000 called 1xEV-DO provides peak rates of over 2 Mbps, with an average throughput of over 700 kbps - comparable to wire line DSL services and fast enough to support even demanding applications such as streaming video and large file downloads. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO also delivers data for the lowest cost per megabyte, an increasingly important factor as wireless Internet use grows in popularity. 1xEV-DO devices will provide "always-on" packet data connections, helping to make wireless access simpler, faster and more useful than ever.

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System:

The name for the fourth generation mobile telephone standard in Europe, standardized by ETSI. UMTS offers Tele-services (like speech or SMS) and bearer services, which provide the capability for information transfer between access points. It is possible to negotiate and renegotiate the characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment and during ongoing session or connection. Both connections oriented and connectionless services are offered for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint.

EDGE - Enhanced Data for Global Evolution:

A technology that gives GSM the capacity to handle services for the third generation of mobile telephony. EDGE was developed to enable the transmission of large amounts of data at a high speed, 384 kilobits per second. EDGE uses the same TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure, logic channel and 200 kHz carrier bandwidth as today's GSM networks, which allows existing cell plans to remain intact. The combination of a common network, harmonized air interfaces and multi-mode terminals will give customers seamless access to 3G IP services around the world, while satisfying the varied needs of each carrier. The 3G.IP member companies will cooperate closely and share information in the development of standards for advanced communications systems that will meet or exceed all of the requirements for 3G services established by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and regulatory bodies. The focus group expects that standardization activities related to an all IP based architecture for third generation systems should continue rapidly in the appropriate standard and specification development bodies, and the Group will fully support these standards development processes.

4. FEATURES
The most significant features offered by fourth generation (4G) mobile technologies are the momentous capacity and broadband capabilities to support greater numbers of voice and data customers - especially in urban centers - plus higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G. 4G uses 5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver significantly higher data rates and increased capacity compared with 2G networks. The 5 MHz channel carrier provides optimum use of radio resources for operators who have been granted large, contiguous blocks of spectrum. On the other hand, it also helps to reduce the cost to 3G networks while being capable of providing extremely high-speed data transmission to users. It also allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and 2Mbps for stationary systems. 3G users are expected to have greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency, which will allow them to access global roaming between different 3G net workings. The main characteristics of 3G are to provide mobile multimedia services at transmission rate of 144kbps at the high-speed 384kbps at the speed of walking 2Mbps indoors This theoretical maximum (2Mbps) is close to the speed of LAN connections that many households nowadays have. In addition, 3G networks can offer faster data transmission than the slowest.

What are the benefits of 4G?

Packet-based data provides several advantages over the existing circuit-switched techniques used for carrying mobile voice. It allows higher call volumes and support for multimedia data applications. Users will be charged on how much data they transmit, not on how much time they are connected to the network, because with 3G you are constantly online and only pay for the information you receive.
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ARCHITECTURE

UE = User Equipment BS = Base Station SN-C = Serving Node (Control plane) SN-U = Serving Node (User plane) SGW = Service Gateway.

Terminal availability:
The availability of user-friendly, affordable terminals is paramount to the speed of adoption of new technologies. It is critical at this stage to gain a clear understanding of vendor plans with regards to multimode and multi-band handset supply for 3G services. Backwards compatibility with existing 2G and 2.5G networks is key to the success of 3G. The upgrade from GSM to UMTS and the availability of dual-mode handsets is confirmed as are the terminals for CDMA and CDMA 1X.
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Mobile Internet Browsing the Web from Mobile

The term mobile Internet, or Internet in mobile, refers to gaining access to the Internet using a handheld, wireless device like a mobile phone or pda. Internet offers the advantage of always being near at hand, and of being a personal tool. On this basis possible successful services might be services developed for traveling purposes like ticketing, checking schedules, traffic reports and related services.

Messaging services
Mobile messaging, referring to short message service (SMS) and multimedia message Service (MMS), is expected to be the most utilized mobile service in the future. It is Estimated that step-by-step consumers as well as business users will upgrade their Messaging from sending simple text messages to multimedia messages including Pictures and video clips However, in 3G networks the data transmission speed is Depended upon the number of users accessing the network at the same point of time

Location-specific information
Like informing users about the availability of stores, restaurants, gas stations, free parking lots and so on near them.

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Direct access to company networks

Business users will have a direct access to company networks while traveling or working outside office.

Third party organization:

The combination of 3g and ecommerce is leading to always on technology Enabling data to be transferred on a number of ways-not just by making a phone call. This could open up opportunities for the people to be charged by the amount data that they transfer.

City on air:
This world first development of a live 3g transmission provides a multimedia web based tourist guide with related find me the nearest services, by knowing your location, your terminal can be used to find a certain street, make a hotel booking or calculate your hotel distance from the city center. Expecting a friend to arrive by train to meet u? Using location aware technology, our buddy finder, can track them and notify u when they are within a certain distance. CDMA systems (with even bigger gains over TDMA and GSM), helping to accommodate the continuing growth of voice services as well as new wireless Internet services. Second, it provides peak data rates of up to 153 kbps (and up to 307 kbps in the future), without sacrificing voice capacity for data capabilities.CDMA2000 1X phones also feature longer standby times. And because it's backwards-compatible with earlier CDMA technology, CDMA2000 1X provides an easy and affordable upgrade path for both carriers and consumers.

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5. Wireless Technologies in 4G
Types of Multiplexing. OFDM MI Sim IP Core

Types of Multiplexing
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple access(FDMA) is the most common analog sysyem.it is

a technique where by spectrum is divided up into frequencies and then assigned up to users. With FDMA,only one subscriber at any given time is assigned or a channel. the channel therefore is close. The title of each requirement is also placed into the first version of the RTM, along with the title of each goal from the project plan. The purpose of the RTM is to show that the product components developed during each stage of the software development lifecycle are formally connected to the components developed in prior stages In the requirements stage, the RTM consists of a list of high-level requirements, or goals, by title, with a listing of associated requirements for each goal, listed by requirement title. In this hierarchical listing, the RTM shows that each requirement developed during this stage is formally linked to a specific product goal. In this format, each requirement can be traced to a specific product goal, hence the term requirements traceability. The outputs of the requirements definition stage include the requirements document, the RTM, and an updated project plan. Feasibility study is all about identification of problems in a project. No. of staff required to handle a project is represented as Team Formation, in this case only modules are individual tasks will be assigned to employees who are working for that project.

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The most critical section of the project plan is a listing of high-level product requirements, also referred to as goals. All of the software product requirements to be developed during the requirements definition stage flow from one or more of these goals. The minimum information for each goal consists of a title and textual description, although additional information and references to external documents may be included. The outputs of the project planning stage are the configuration management plan, the quality assurance plan, and the project plan and schedule, with a detailed listing of scheduled activities for the upcoming Requirements stage, and high level estimates of effort for the out stage. The design stage takes as its initial input the requirements identified in the approved requirements document. For each requirement, a set of one or more design elements will be produced as a result of interviews, workshops, and/or prototype efforts. Design elements describe the desired software features in detail, and generally include functional hierarchy diagrams, screen layout diagrams, tables of business rules, business process diagrams, pseudo code, and a complete entity-relationship diagram with a full data dictionary. These design elements are intended to describe the software in sufficient detail that skilled programmers may develop the software with minimal additional input.

4.2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS Performance is measured in terms of the output provided by the application. Requirement specification plays an important part in the analysis of a system. Only when the requirement specifications are properly given, it is possible to design a system, which will fit into required environment. It rests largely with the users of the existing system to give the requirement specifications because they are the people who finally use the system. This is because the requirements have to be known during the initial stages so that the system can be designed according to those requirements. It is very difficult to change the system once it has been designed and on the other hand designing a system, which does not cater to the requirements of the user, is of no use.

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The requirement specification for any system can be broadly stated as given below: The system should be able to interface with the existing system The system should be accurate The system should be better than the existing system

The existing system is completely dependent on the user to perform all the duties. Initially the language was called as oak but it was renamed as java in 1995.The primary motivation of this language was the need for a platform-independent(i.e. architecture neutral)language that could be used to create software to be embedded in various consumer electronic devices. Java is a programmers language Java is cohesive and consistent Except for those constraint imposed by the Internet environment. Java gives the programmer, full control

Finally Java is to Internet Programming where c was to System Programming .An application is a program that runs on our Computer under the operating system of that computer. It is more or less like one creating using C or C++ .Javas ability to create Applets makes it important. An Applet I san application, designed to be transmitted over the Internet and executed by a Java-compatible web browser. An applet I actually a tiny Java program, dynamically downloaded across the network, just like an image. But the difference is, it is an intelligent program, not just a media file. It can be react to the user input and dynamically change.

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MIMO
It provides a portable, robust, high performing environment for development. Java provides portability by compiling the byte codes for the Java Virtual Machine, which is then interpreted on each platform by the run-time environment. Java is a dynamic system, able to load code when needed from a machine in the same room or across the planet. During run-time the Java interpreter tricks the byte code file into thinking that it is running on a Java Virtual Machine. In reality this could be an Intel Pentium windows 95 or sun SPARCstation running Solaris or Apple Macintosh running system and all could receive code from any computer through internet and run the Applets. This world first development of a live 3g transmission provides a multimedia web based tourist guide with related find me the nearest services, by knowing your location, your terminal can be used to find a certain street, make a hotel booking or calculate your hotel distance from the city center. Expecting a friend to arrive by train to meet u? Using location aware technology, our buddy finder, can track them and notify u when they are within a certain distance.

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Z1010 is music, video calling and full speed mobile video messaging. With this phone, you can access and enjoy the latest and most advanced operator services. UMTS makes everything go faster and smoother. With 4G video calling, you can see the person on the other end in full color and real-time movement. And they can see you. Z1010 also has an MP3 player for your favorite songs And Memory Stick Duo@ when you

Smart Antennas
Testing can be performed starting from smallest and lowest level modules andproceeding one at a time. For each module in bottom up testing a short program executes the module and provides the needed data so that the module is asked to perform the way it will when embedded with in the larger system. When bottom level modules are tested attention turns to those on the next level that use the lower level ones they are tested individually and then linked with the previously examined lower level modules. The most significant features offered by third generation (3G) mobile technologies are the momentous capacity and broadband capabilities to support greater numbers of voice and data customers - especially in urban centres - plus higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G. 4G uses 5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver significantly higher data rates and increased capacity compared with 2G networks. The 5 MHz channel carrier provides optimum use of radio resources for operators who have been granted large, contiguous blocks of spectrum. On the other hand, it also helps to reduce the cost to 3G networks while being capable of providing extremely high-speed data transmission to users. It also allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and 2Mbps for stationary systems. 4G users are expected to have greater capacity and improved spectrum

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IP Core
At the UMTS Congress in Monte Carlo, nine global leaders in wireless communications - AT&T Wireless Services, Inc., British Telecommunications Plc, Rogers Cantel Inc., Ericsson, Lucent Technologies, Nokia Corporation, Nortel Networks Inc., Telenor AS, and Telecom Italia Mobile - announced the formation of a new focus group to promote an Internet Protocol (IP) based wireless system for third generation (3G) mobile communications technology. The newly initiated focus group will go by the name 3G.IP. The nine companies have committed to support the development of next-generation wireless services such as voice, high speed data and Internet access, imaging and video conferencing on an all IP based network architecture using a common core network based on evolved General Packet Radio System (GPRS). The 4G IP group plans to set the direction and requirements for the work towards the development of an IP based system for 3G mobile communications technology using W-CDMA and EDGE broadband air interfaces, which are ideally suited to support IP enabled voice and high-speed data transmission for global 4G services. .

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6. ADVANTAGES
In a client application for Navigator, JavaScript statements embedded in an HTML Page can recognize and respond to user events such as mouse clicks form Input and page navigation. For example, you can write a JavaScript function to verify that users enter valid information into a form requesting a telephone number or zip code. Systems design is the process or art of defining the architecture, used for the Components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. One Could see it as the application of systems theory to product development. There is some overlap and synergy with the disciplines of systems analysis, systems architecture and Systems engineering.

A Database is a collection of interrelated data stored with a minimum of redundancy to serve many applications. The database design is used to group data into a number of tables and minimizes the artificiality embedded in using separate files. The tables are organized to: Reduced duplication of data. Simplify functions like adding, deleting, modifying data etc.., Retrieving data Clarity and ease of use More information at low cost

Following cases: Guarantee that all independent paths have been Executed. Execute all logical decisions on their true and false Sides. Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds Execute internal data structures to ensure their validity

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Testing can be performed starting from smallest and lowest level modules and proceeding one at a time. For each module in bottom up testing a short program executes the module and provides the needed data so that the module is asked to perform the way it will when embedded with in the larger system. When bottom level modules are tested attention turns to those on the next level that use the lower level ones they are tested individually and then linked with the previously examined lower level modules

This type of testing starts from upper level modules. Since the detailed activities usually performed in the lower level routines are not provided stubs are written. A stub is a module shell called by upper level module and that when reached properly will return a message to the calling module indicating that proper interaction occurred. No attempt is made to verify the correctness of the lower level module.

3G combines high-speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP) based services. This doesn't just mean fast mobile connection to the World Wide Web - by liberating us from slow connections, cumbersome equipment and immovable access points, 3G will enable new ways to communicate, access information, conduct business and learn. This is summarized in the diagram on below produced by Allied Business. 3G stands for third generation, and is a wireless industry term for a collection of international standards and technologies aimed at increasing efficiency and improving the performance of mobile wireless networks. 3G wireless services offer enhancements to current applications, including greater data speeds, increased capacity for voice and data and the advent of packet data networks versus todays switched networks. 3G (Third Generation) is a generic name for a set of mobile technologies which use a host of high-tech infrastructure networks, handsets, base stations, switches and other equipment to allow mobiles to offer high-speed Internet access, data, and video and CD-quality music services.
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1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone technology, cell phones. These are the analog cell phone standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital cell phones. 2G networks (GSM, CDMA One, DAMPS) are the first digital cellular systems launched early 1990s.2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Note that both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system. But the call itself is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency (typically 150MHz and up). 2.5G networks (GPRS, cdma2000 1x) are the enhanced versions of 2G networks with data rates up to about 144kbit/s.While the terms "2G" and "3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was invented for marketing purposes only. 2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well.e of wireless communic2M bit/sec. 3G networks (UMTS FDD and TDD, cdma2000 1x EVDO, cdma2000 3x, TD-SCDMA, Arib WCDMA, EDGE, IMT-2000 DECT) are the latest cellular networks that have data rates 384kbit/s and more

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At the UMTS Congress in Monte Carlo, nine global leaders in wireless communications - AT&T Wireless Services, Inc., British Telecommunications Plc, Rogers Cantel Inc., Ericsson, Lucent Technologies, Nokia Corporation, Nortel Networks Inc., Telenor AS, and Telecom Italia Mobile - announced the formation of a new focus group to promote an Internet Protocol (IP) based wireless system for third generation (3G) mobile communications technology. The newly initiated focus group will go by the name 3G.IP. The nine companies have committed to support the development of next-generation wireless services such as voice, high speed data and Internet access, imaging and video conferencing on an all IP based network architecture using a common core network based on evolved General Packet Radio System (GPRS). The 3G.IP group plans to set the direction and requirements for the work towards the development of an IP based system for 3G mobile communications technology using W-CDMA and EDGE broadband air interfaces, which are ideally suited to support IP enabled voice and high-speed data transmission for global 3G services. .

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DRAW BACKS OF 3G

W-CDMA CDMA2000 CDMA2001 TD-CDMA / TD-SCDMA UWC-136

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7. CONCLUSION
4G is considered to be the evolution of existing mobile communications. In the light of the discussion in this paper, there is strong evidence to suggest that the main outcome of using 3G networks and services will be to get access to the same services with faster data connection speed. Furthermore, it seems that the success of 3G lies in its ability to serve not only mobile users but in providing access to the Internet with data cards inserted in laptops. Thus, 3G networks will serve the same purpose as LAN and WLAN networks. In terms of business opportunities, telecommunication companies main source of income is still coming from voice-centric services. For example, the mobile operator Hutchinson, offering services purely in 3G networks, announced this autumn 2006 that its main source of income comes from discount packets that offer free speech time in 3G networks. Moreover, as long as the price of the network time is high in 3G, operators cannot wait fast diffusion of data centric mobile services. According to mobile operators, 3G is needed in congested places where the demand on current mobile networks exceeds the capacity. On this basis, future research that identifies additional factors or views the factors presented in different light would contribute to the understanding of 3G acceptance. Thus, a natural extension of this study is the collection of primary data about the use and acceptance of 3G services in both consumer and business markets.

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8. REFERENCES

The Internet is the driving force for higher data rates and high speed access for mobile wireless users. This will be the motivation for an all mobile IP based core network evolution.

The market may not be able to support two incompatible wireless mobile technologies such as 4G wireless cellular networks and mobile WiMAX.

OFDM and MIMO are the largest strongest candidates for 4G access technologies. NTT Do Como and Samsung are the world leaders in testing and rolling out so called 3.99G technologies. Lessons learned here may influence the direction and technology path for 4G in the next 4 years.

The lack of radio spectrum suitable for 4G deployments will be a major impediment to the migration of 3G to 4G networks, especially in the U.S.

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