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How do metals respond to external loads? Stress& strain Elastic deformation. Plastic deformation.
STRESS-STRAIN TESTING
Typical tensile specimen Typical tensile test machine
Adapted from Fig. 6.2, Callister 6e.
Adapted from Fig. 6.3, Callister 6e. (Fig. 6.3 is taken from H.W. Hayden, W.G. Moffatt, and J. Wulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. III, Mechanical Behavior, p. 2, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1965.)
Load, P (kN)
Elongation, DL (mm)
Sy
E E Proportional Limit
(Ultimate)
Su
Stress-strain behavior
Elastic behavior
In brittle materials Non linear elastic behavior In ductile materials Linear elastic behavior
S Ee
ey ex ez ez
Stress-strain behavior
Elastic deformation Reversible: when the stress is removed, the material returns to the dimension it had before the loading. Usually strains are small (except for the case of plastics). Plastic deformation Irreversible: when the stress is removed, the material does not return to its previous dimension.
Elastic Recovery
Loading Loading Reloading
Stress
Unloading Unloading
Strain
elastic strain
Strain
Stress
p=- e Strain
e
Plastic
p
Elastic
The 0.2% offset yield stress is the stress that gives a plastic (permanent) strain of 0.002.
The yield strength is defined in this case as the average stress at the lower yield point.
Tensile Strength
For structural applications, the yield stress is usually a more important property than the tensile strength, since once the it is passed, the structure has deformed beyond acceptable limits
Ductility
L f Lo Lo
EL%
x 100
EL%
Ductility is a measure of the deformation at fracture Define as elongation percent or reduction in area L f Lo
Lo
Ao A f Ao
x 100
AR%
x 100
Engineering Strain
Example problem
Determine the mechanical properties for metal which have the stress-strain curve as shown below.
The elastic modulus is the slope in the linear elastic region For the yield strength, the 0.002 strain offset line is drawn dashed. It intersects the stress-strain curve at approximately 285 MPa
(d) The tensile strength is approximately 370 MPa, corresponding to the maximum stress on the complete stress-strain plot. If the gauge length (L0) = 12 cm , the length at fracture (Lf) = 16 cm, original diameter (d0)= 12 mm, the diameter at fracture (df) = 8mm. Then the ductility =