You are on page 1of 5

Multiplexing is the transmission of information from one or more source to one or more destination over the same transmission

medium. Types of Multiplexing SDM An unsophisticated form of multiplexing that simply constitutes propagating signals from different sources on different cables that are contained within the same trench. Space-Division Multiplexing Phase-Division Multiplexing Time-Division Multiplexing Frequency-Division Multiplexing Wavelength-Division Multiplexing

PDM QPSK is a form of phase-division multiplexing where two data channels modulate the same carrier frequency that has been shifted 90 in phase.

TDM Transmissions from multiple sources occur on the same facility but not at the same time. The fundamental building block for most TDM systems in the United States begins with a DS-0 channel (digital signal level 0)

T1 Digital Carrier A digital carrier system is a communications system that uses digital pulse rather than the analog signals to encode information. T1 digital carrier system The North American digital multiplexing standard T1 stands for transmission one

North American Standard


Designator T0 T1 Fractional T1 T1C T2 T3 Fractional T3 T4M T5 DS2 DS3 DS3 DS4 DS5 DS Level DS0 DS1 DS1 Throughput (Mbps) 0.064 1.544 0.064 to 1.536 3.152 6.312 44.736 0.064 to 23.152 274.176 560.160 No. of Channels 1 24 24 48 96 672 672 4032 8064

TDM Format Superframe 12 frames Signaling frames (6 12) Odd numbered- alternating 1/0; frame and sample synchronization Even numbered 001110; used to identify A and B signaling frames

Extended superframe 24 frames Frame synchronization 4 8 12 16 20 (001011) Error detection frames 1 5 9 13 17 21 Facilities data link (FDL) Signaling frames (6 12 18 24)

T1 carrier system 1 mile to over 50 miles Uses BPRZ-AMI Regenerative repeaters 3000, 6000, 9000 ft Susceptible to losing clock synchronization B8ZS(binary eight zero substitution) +-0-+000 -+0+-000 T2 Carrier System Uses BPRZ-AMI B6ZS (binary zero six substitution) 0-+0+0+-0-+

T3 Carrier system B3ZS (Binary three zero substitution 00-000+ +0+

Japanese T-carrier System


Level 0 1 2 3 4 5 Throughput (Mbps) 0.064 1.544 6.312 32.064 97.728 400.352 No. of Channels 1 24 96 480 1440 5760

CEPT 30+2 (European Standard)


Level 1 2 3 4 5 Throughput (Mbps) 2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 564.992 No. of Channels 30 120 480 1920 7680

Digital Carrier Frame Synchronization Added-Digit Framing Robbed-Digit Framing Added-Channel Framing Statistical Framing Unique line code framing

Statistical TDM An efficient alternative to synchronous TDM Exploits the natural breaks in transmissions by dynamically allocating time slots on a demand basis.

FDM Multiple sources that originally occupied the same frequency spectrum are each converted to a different frequency band and transmitted simultaneously over a single transmission medium which can be a physical cable or the Earths atmosphere.

AT&Ts FDM Hierarchy


Level Basic group Basic supergroup Basic mastergroup Jumbogroup Multijumbogroup Superjumbogroup No. of voice band 12 60 (5 groups) 600 (10 supergroups) 3600 (6 mastergroup) 7200 10 800 (3 Jumbogroups)

Composite Baseband Signal Channel carrier frequency (0 to 4 kHz) fc = 112 4n kHz fout = (fc 4 kHz) to fc

Group carrier frequency (60 to 108 kHz) fc = 372 + 48n kHz fout = (fc 108 kHz) to (fc 60 kHz) Supergroup frequency (312 to 552 kHz) fout = (fc 552) to (fc -312) kHz Supergroup Carrier Frequencies for a U600 Mastergroup (312 to 552 kHz)
Super group 13 14 15 16 17 18 D25 D26 D27 D28 Carrier Frequency (Khz) 1116 1364 1612 1860 2108 2356 2652 2900 3148 3396

Supergroup Carrier Frequencies for a L600 Mastergroup (312 to 552 kHz)


Carrier Frequency (kHz) 612 Direct 1116 1364 1612 1860 2108 2356 2724 3100

Supergroup 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

CCITTs FDM Hierarchy


Level Group Supergroup Mastergroup Supermastergroup No. of voiceband 12 60 (5 groups) 300 (5 supergroups) 900 (3 mastergroups)

WDM Sometimes referred to as wave-division multiplexing Similar to FDM in that the idea is to send information signals that originally occupied the same band of frequencies through the same fiber at the same time without their interfering with each other.

You might also like