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medium. Types of Multiplexing SDM An unsophisticated form of multiplexing that simply constitutes propagating signals from different sources on different cables that are contained within the same trench. Space-Division Multiplexing Phase-Division Multiplexing Time-Division Multiplexing Frequency-Division Multiplexing Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
PDM QPSK is a form of phase-division multiplexing where two data channels modulate the same carrier frequency that has been shifted 90 in phase.
TDM Transmissions from multiple sources occur on the same facility but not at the same time. The fundamental building block for most TDM systems in the United States begins with a DS-0 channel (digital signal level 0)
T1 Digital Carrier A digital carrier system is a communications system that uses digital pulse rather than the analog signals to encode information. T1 digital carrier system The North American digital multiplexing standard T1 stands for transmission one
TDM Format Superframe 12 frames Signaling frames (6 12) Odd numbered- alternating 1/0; frame and sample synchronization Even numbered 001110; used to identify A and B signaling frames
Extended superframe 24 frames Frame synchronization 4 8 12 16 20 (001011) Error detection frames 1 5 9 13 17 21 Facilities data link (FDL) Signaling frames (6 12 18 24)
T1 carrier system 1 mile to over 50 miles Uses BPRZ-AMI Regenerative repeaters 3000, 6000, 9000 ft Susceptible to losing clock synchronization B8ZS(binary eight zero substitution) +-0-+000 -+0+-000 T2 Carrier System Uses BPRZ-AMI B6ZS (binary zero six substitution) 0-+0+0+-0-+
Digital Carrier Frame Synchronization Added-Digit Framing Robbed-Digit Framing Added-Channel Framing Statistical Framing Unique line code framing
Statistical TDM An efficient alternative to synchronous TDM Exploits the natural breaks in transmissions by dynamically allocating time slots on a demand basis.
FDM Multiple sources that originally occupied the same frequency spectrum are each converted to a different frequency band and transmitted simultaneously over a single transmission medium which can be a physical cable or the Earths atmosphere.
Composite Baseband Signal Channel carrier frequency (0 to 4 kHz) fc = 112 4n kHz fout = (fc 4 kHz) to fc
Group carrier frequency (60 to 108 kHz) fc = 372 + 48n kHz fout = (fc 108 kHz) to (fc 60 kHz) Supergroup frequency (312 to 552 kHz) fout = (fc 552) to (fc -312) kHz Supergroup Carrier Frequencies for a U600 Mastergroup (312 to 552 kHz)
Super group 13 14 15 16 17 18 D25 D26 D27 D28 Carrier Frequency (Khz) 1116 1364 1612 1860 2108 2356 2652 2900 3148 3396
Supergroup 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WDM Sometimes referred to as wave-division multiplexing Similar to FDM in that the idea is to send information signals that originally occupied the same band of frequencies through the same fiber at the same time without their interfering with each other.