MULTILEVEL VIEWPOINT OF A MACHINEOur computer is build on various layers.

These layers are basically divided into:Software layer Hardware Layer Instruction Set Architecture24

Fig 1: Multilevel viewpoint of a machineComputer system architecture is decided on the basis of the type of applications or usageof the computer.The computer architect decides the different layers and the function of each layer for aspecific computer.These layers or functions of each can vary from one organization to another.Our layered architecture is basically divided into 3 parts: Macro-Architecture : as a unit of deployment, we will talk about Clientapplications and COM Servers. Computer Architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structureof a computer system. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements(especially speeds and interconnections) and design implementations for the various partsof a computer .This is basically our software layer of the computer.It comprises of : User Application layer The user layer is basically to give the interface to the user with the computer for which the computer is designed .At this layer the user gives the inputs aswhat processing has to be done .The requirements given by the user has to beimplemented by the computer architect with the help of other layers. High level language INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE (ISA)PROCESSOR MEMORY I/0 SYSTEMCIRCUIT LEVEL DESIGNSILICON LAYOUT LAYERCOMPILERASSEMBLEROS MSDOSWINDOWSUNIX / LINUXUSER APPLICATION LAYERSOFTWARELAYERHARDWARELAYERDATA PATH AND CONTROLGATE LEVEL DESIGN MACROARCHITECTUREMICROARCHITECTURE 25

High-level programming language is a programming language with strongabstraction from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier touse, or more portable across platforms. Such languages hide the details of CPU operations such as memory access

models and management of scope.E.g. C/Fortran/Pascal .These are not computer dependent. Assembly language Assembly Language refers to the lowest-level human-readable method for programming a particular computer. Assembly Languages are platformspecific, and therefore there is a different Assembly Language necessary for programming every different type of computer. Machine languageMachine languages consist entirely of numbers and are almost impossible for humans to read and write. Operating system Operating systems interface with hardware to provide the necessary servicesfor application software. E.g. OS, LINUX, UNIX etc.Functions of Operating system: Process management Memory management File management Device management Error Detection SecurityTypes of Operating system: Multiprogramming Operating System Multiprocessing Operating system Time Sharing Operating system Real time Operating system Distributed Operating system Network Operating system Compiler Software that translates a program written in a high-level programminglanguage (C/C++, COBOL, etc.) into machine language. A compiler usuallygenerates assembly language first and then translates the assembly languageinto machine language. A utility known as a "linker" then combines allrequired machine language modules into an executable program that can runin the computer.26

Assembler is the software that translates assembly language into machinelanguage. Contrast with compiler, which is used to translate a highlevellanguage, such as COBOL or C, into assembly language first and then intomachine language.Instruction set architecture:

This is an abstraction on the interface between thehardware and the low-level software. It deals with the functional behaviour of acomputer system as viewed by a programmer . Computer organization deals withstructural relationships that are not visible by a programmer. Instruction setarchitecture is the attribute of a computing system, as seen by the assemblylanguage programmer or compiler.ISA is determined by: Data Storage.

 Memory Addressing Modes. Operations in the Instruction Set. Instruction Formats. Encoding the Instruction Set. Compilers View.Micro-Architecture: inside a unit of deployment we will talk about running process, COM apartment, thread concurrency and synchronization, memorysharing. Micro architecture , also known as Computer organization is a lower level, moreconcrete, description of the system that involves how the constituent parts of thesystem are interconnected and how they interoperate in order to implement theISA. The size of a computers cache for instance, is an organizational issue thatgenerally has nothing to do with the Processor memory I /o system These are the basic hardwaredevices required for the processing of any system application. Data path and control In different computers we have differentnumber and type of registers and other logic circuits .The data pathand control decides the flow of information within the various parts of the computer system in various circuits. Gate level design These circuits such as register, counters etc areimplemented in the form of various gates available.

 Circuit level design to add the gates to form a logical circuit or acomponent we have the basic circuit level design which ultimatelygives birth to all the hardware components of a computer system. Silicon layout layer Other than the architecture of the computer , we have some very basic units which areimportant for our computer