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z
q
4
2
2
2
0
2
E E
x
s
x
i
+ = 0 on strip
E E e
x
i i i
jk x
i
=
0
sin
cos
|
|
e j
( )
,
s i
x x
E E x w w = e
The Electric Field Integral Equation
q
4
2
0
2
k
k J x H k x x dx
w
w
' ' '
R
S
T
z
bg c h
bg
+
'
' ' '
U
V
W
= e
z
d
dx
d
dx
J x H k x x dx E x x w w
w
w
x
i
bg c h bg b g
bg
0
2
,
The current on the strip is the unknown to be determined. The unknown
quantity is under the integral sign.
J w J w = =
b g bg
0
Solution of Integral Equations (MoM)
Step 1: Approximate unknown (surface current) by
means of a finite sum of N known functions each with an
unknown coefficient.
( )
1
( )
N
n n
n
I
=
~
J r f r
Three Major Steps
+
'
' ' '
U
V
W
= e
z
d
dx
d
dx
J x H k x x dx E x x w w
w
w
x
i
bg c h bg b g
bg
0
2
,
Solution of Integral Equations (MoM)
Step 2: Substitute the approximation (Step 1) into the IE
and establish a well-conditioned system of linear equations
by enforcing the resulting equations over N subintervals
which are within the interval where a solution is desired
( )
1
( )
N
n n
n
I
=
~
J r f r
q
4
2
0
2
k
k J x H k x x dx
w
w
' ' '
R
S
T
z
bg c h
bg
(substitute and apply testing function)
1 11 2 12 3 13 4 14 1
1 21 2 22 3 23 4 24 2
1 31 2 32 3 33 4 34 3
1 41 2 42 3 43 4 44 4
for subinterval 1
for subinterval 2
for subinterval 3
for subinterval 4
i
i
i
i
J Z J Z J Z J Z E
J Z J Z J Z J Z E
J Z J Z J Z J Z E
J Z J Z J Z J Z E
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
J Z E m N
n mn m
i
n
N
= =
=
, , , , 12
1
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (
(
| | | |
1
i
n mn m
J Z E
(
=
Once we have found J(r) we can find all the radiation
properties of the antenna
Why Printed Antennas?
Printed antennas are low-profile planar structures
that utilize printed circuit board (PCB) technology
They are compact, low cost, easy to manufacture
and suitable for integration with electronic
systems
Multi-band operation can also be achieved by
integrating several coupled printed antenna
elements of different lengths and geometries on
the same PCB
Dimension can be smaller with higher dielectric
GPS, Radar, Satellite communication, Military, cell
phones, and wireless laptops
Execution Flow Chart
Create 2D geometry
Create 3D geometry
and feed
Patch Ground
Plane
Feeding
Probe
MoM Calculations
q
4
2
0
2
k
k J x H k x x dx
w
w
' ' '
R
S
T
z
bg c h
bg
+
'
' ' '
U
V
W
= e
z
d
dx
d
dx
J x H k x x dx E x x w w
w
w
x
i
bg c h bg b g
bg
0
2
,
J Z E m N
n mn m
i
n
N
= =
=
, , , , 12
1
( )
1
( )
N
n n
n
I
=
~
J r f r
Z J E
mn n m
i
=
Input impedance/
Return loss
Near field and far
field properties
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0
0.5
1
1.5
x 10
-3
x
y
z
Patch Ground Plane
Feeding Probe
Formulating the Antenna Model
Design:
Dielectric
View with Dielectric
View without Dielectric
Linearly polarized patch
antenna
Patch is 30x40mm
Ground plane is 50x60mm
Substrate has
r
= 2.55
Side View
Patch
Ground Plane
Feeding Probe
2-D Mesh Projection
Feed point
Patch
Ground plane
Volume Mesh Generation
Layer(s) properties
Substrate structure
Ground plane
Vertical metal faces
Feeding points
Patch
3D model ready!
Properties of the Patch Antenna
4800 unknowns took 1.5 hours for 50
frequency points (65sec for each point)
Input Impedance
Solid line
Matlab
Dotted line
Ansoft HFSS
Resonance
Properties of the Patch Antenna
Return Loss
2.93 GHz
2.99 GHz
2.96 GHz
2.99 2.93
2%
2.96
Bandwidth
= =
Far Field Properties
Directivity (xz-plane)
Co-polar
dominates
At 2.96GHz
Front to back ratio is about 10dB
Far Field Properties
Total Directivity (dB) 3D Directivity
The maximum directivity is approximately 7.4 dB at zenith
Near Field Properties
z-Directed Electric Field x-Directed Electric Field
x y
y-Directed Electric Field
Near Field Properties
Surface Current Distribution (x-directed) Surface Current Distribution (y-directed) Surface Current Distribution (z-directed)
Future Work
Simulate more multiband antennas
accordingly with future wireless
communication needs
Incorporate the genetic algorithm
with the code for antenna
optimization
After convergence studies construct
and test a multiband antenna in the
spherical near field chamber
Acknowledgements
Dr. Anthony Martin
Dr. Daniel Noneaker
Dr. Xiao-Bang Xu
Michael Frye
Questions
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