SOS - Seminar

Various Models of FEM for Ultimate Strength Analysis

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Submitted by: Kurian Joseph (17)

What is FEA?
The finite element analysis (FEA) refers to the numerical methods useful for solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics. Used in problems with complicated geometries, loadings, and material properties where analytical solutions cannot be obtained. e.g. the Ship Structure.

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Ultimate Strength Analysis

As the applied hull girder load increases, the most highly stressed structural components of a ships hull buckle in compression or yield in tension. The ship structure can withstand further loading and fails only later. Thus the maximum stress it can endure in between this is the ultimate strength and finding this is Ultimate Strength Analysis(concepts in the plastic theory of material behavior).
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Computation of the Ultimate Hull Girder Strength

Simple Beam Theory

Intelligent Super-size Finite Elements

Presumed Stress Distribution

methods

Idealized Structural Unit

NonLinear FEM

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Non-Linear Finite Element Methods for Ultimate Strength Analysis

Other methods does not take into account the progressive failures of the structural components
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While the FEMs gives us a much more refined and accurate computation. The resulting computations can be totally wrong if the modeling technique applied is inadequate. A ships hull is a very complicated structure consisting of many components such as deck, bottom, side shell, bulkhead, frames, longitudinal.
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A Typical FEM Model for Non-Linear Analysis of the Cantilever Box Girder

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1. GLOBAL HULL MODEL

The hull girder as such is taken for consideration. Considered impractical because of the great computational efforts required. Consists of a coarse mesh that is used to represent the overall stiffness and the global stress distribution of the primary stress distribution of the primary members. Structures not contributing to the global strength of the vessel may be disregarded.

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GHM (contd)
Deformations and nominal stresses from the following are described: a) Vertical Hull Girder Bending b) Vertical Shear Distribution between ships side and bulkheads. c) Horizontal hull girder bending, torsion of ship girder. d) Transverse shear and bending.

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A Spherical Tank LNG Carrier

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2.CARGO HOLD MODELS

Used to analyze the deformation response and nominal stresses of the primary members of the midship area. a) One-Cargo Hold Model: used when shearing forces (H/V) are applied without V/H BMs, transverse frames can fail or at least deform before the stiffened panels between the adjacent frames reach the ultimate limit state.

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CHM (contd)
b) Two-Cargo Hold Model c) Three-Cargo Hold Model
b) and c) are used when the effects of rotational restraints at the transverse bulkheads need to be taken into consideration These models generally cover + 1 + cargo hold/tank length in the midship region.

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3. FRAME AND GIRDER MODELS

Used to analyze nominal stresses in the main framing/girder system. This can be included in the cargo hold model or run separately with prescribed boundary conditions. One-Bay Sliced Hull Cross Section Model: When H/V bending moment is predominant and the transverse frames cannot fail before the stiffened panels between the transverse frames reach ultimate state.
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FGM (contd)
Two-Bay Sliced Hull Cross Section Model: To take into account the effect of rotational restraints to the transverse frames.

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4. LOCAL STRUCTURE MODEL

Used to analyze stresses in local areas. E.g. local plates, longitudinals, Brackets, hatch cover openings, corrugations etc Magnitude of the stress results depends on the mesh divisions.

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Local models in D/B

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5. STRESS CONCENTRATION MODELS

Used for the fatigue analysis of details were the geometrical stress concentration is unknown. Usually applied in conjunction with the Local FE methods Aim is to find the geometric stress concentration distribution rather than notch stress. Results are used directly in fatigue analysis or in deriving the stress concentration factors.

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Inner Bottom

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Conclusion
Main advantage of non-linear FEM is that the interaction between structural components can be taken into account. The results serve as a benchmark for other analysis based on simplified models. The dimensions of the models are based on Common Structural Rules (CSR) issued by IACS. Purpose built softwares like ABAQUS, Simulia 2009 are the popular choices.

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