Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Concept Map
Soap
Detergent
Medicine
Food additives
Saponification
Cleansing action
Cleansing action
Plants and herbs Analgesic Antibiotic Psychotherap eutic drugs Hormones and drugs
14.1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Soap Soap is water soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids which consist of 12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule. Soap is manufactured by heating animal fats or vegetable oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide. Animal fats or vegetable oils are natural esters from fatty acids and glycerol.
The general formula of soap is RCOONa where R is a long-chained alkyl group. Some examples of soap is shown in the table below. Soap Sodium oleate Sodium palmitate Sodium laurate Fatty acid Oleic acid Palmitic acid Lauric acid Raw material Olive oil Palm oil Coconut oil It involves the hydrolysis of fats or oils catalysed by concentrated
6.
alkali.
Fats
NaOH
boil
soap
+ glycerol
Oils
14.2 1. 2.
NaOH
soap + glycerol
The Cleansing Action of Soap and Its Effectiveness Cleansing is ineffective if only water is used because water, being a polar solvent, cannot dissolve oil or grease which are found in dirt. A cleansing agent is required to
(a) aid water in wetting the surface of the object to be cleaned by reducing the surface tension of water, (b) isolate or separate the oil or grease from the surface of the object to be cleaned, (c) emulsify the dirt in water so that the dirt can be easily expelled. 3. When soap dissolves in water, the soap molecule is ionized to form cations and anions of soap. CH3(CH2)14COONa(s) 4. CH3(CH2)14COO (aq) + Na + (aq)
The cleansing action of soap is explained by the properties of the structure of the anions of soap:
(a) The anion of soap has a structure that consists of two components: the long-chained hydrocarbon which is hydrophobic and the negative end which is hydrophilic. (b) The hydrophobic hydrocarbon is covalent in nature which dissolves in grease but not in water, whereas the hydrophilic component is ionic and dissolves in water but not in grease. (c) Both of these properties of the anion of soap enable the soap to clean greasy stains effectively. 6. 14.3 The cleansing action of soap: Detergent
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (a) (b) 6.
Detergent is the sodium salt of organic acid such as sulphonic acid. Natural detergent is made from animal or vegetable oil while synthetic detergent is normally made from petroleum. Commercial detergents are usually sodium alkyl sulphates and sodium alkylbenzene sulphonates. When detergent dissolves in water, it is ionized to sodium cations and anions of the detergent. The cleansing action of the detergent can be explained by using the structural properties of its anions. The anions of the detergent consist of two components: the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic components. The hydrophobic component dissolves in grease but not in water while the hydrophilic component dissolves in water but not Advantages and disadvantages of soap:
Advantages Disadvantages (a) Soap is ineffective in hard water which contains dissolved calcium or magnesium ions or other minerals. (b) The calcium and magnesium which are present in hard water can combine with the anions of soap to form a white precipitate called scum. (c) The scum formed will float on the surface of the
in grease.
(a) Soap is a biodegradable substance which can be decomposed by bacteria. threat to the environment. (b) Soap can only clean effective in pure water which does not contain dissolved calcium or magnesium ions. (c) Soap is also ineffective in acidic water. This is Therefore soap does not pose a
because the hydrogen ions can react with the anions of soap such as stearate to form fatty acid molecules.
water causing the cleansing action to start only after all the calcium and magnesium ions in the hard water react completely with the anions of soap. (d) The scum formed will also stick onto the cloth and hard to remove.
both hard and pure water. (b) Detergents are more effective than soaps in hard water because the calcium or magnesium salts from detergents are soluble in water. Therefore detergents do
non-biodegradable. (b) Formation of large amount of bubbles or foam will restrict the oxygen supply from diffusing into the water, hence threatens aquatic lives. 2
not form scum in hard water. (c) Detergents are also effective in acidic water because
the hydrogen ions do not combine with the anions of the detergent.
14.4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9.
Food Additives Food consists of organic substances. Therefore the freshness of food cannot be maintained for a long time because organic
There are two types of food additives: natural source and chemically made.
substances tend to decay. The decay of organic substances is due to the chemical reactions caused by microorganisms such as bacteria. The decay of food can be prevented through preservation. The function of preservatives is to destroy or prevent the growth of microorganisms in food. Salt is widely used to preserve foods such as vegetables, meat, and fish. This is because salt will absorb the water contained
Microorganisms cannot survive in sugar solution and acidic conditions of vinegar. Some permitted food preservatives are shown below: Sulphur dioxide Benzoic acid Sodium benzoate Ascorbic acid Propanoic acid Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Ethanoic acid
These preservatives are commonly used in soft drinks, syrups, fruit juices, margarine, processed meat, fish paste, and dried Oils and fats as well as certain vitamins can undergo oxidation when exposed to air. Oxidation can decompose food into
vegetables. smaller molecules which are toxic. Ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid and isopropyl citrate are added to foods as antioxidants to prevent spoilage. Sometimes an artificial flavouring is added to food to enhance the flavour of the food. One example is monosodium
glutamate(MSG). Saccharin and aspartame are artificial sweeteners which can increase the sweetness of foods. Summary of harmful side effects caused by some food additives: Additive Sugar Salt Sodium nitrite Sulphur dioxide and sodium benzoate Aspartame MSG Obesity and diabetes High blood pressure Forms carcinogenic compounds in the body May develop sore throats and skin rashes and hives Causes respiratory allergies, headaches, dizziness, nausea and numbness Headache, burning sensation along the back of the neck and chest pain Likely side effect
14.5 1. 2.
Traditional medicines are medicines which are obtained from natural sources without being processed chemically.
Properties Refresh body and enhance body strength Treatment of itchiness and wounds Increase body temperature and induce sweating Act as anesthetics As an antibiotic, reduces the stickiness of platelets Treatment of flatulence in the body, warming of the body to prevent cold Treatment of malaria and muscle cramps
Modern medicines are produced chemically and often involve drugs. Modern medicines usually come in the form of pills, capsules, emulsion, paste, and solution. Basically modern medicines are divided into four groups according to their functions. Analgesics Antibiotics Hormones and steroids Psychotherapeutic drugs
6.
These medicines are generally used to lower the body temperature of a person suffering from high fever. 7. 8. Antibiotics: Examples are penicillin and streptomycin. These drugs can be Psychotherapeutic Drugs:
Psychotherapeutic drugs are used to treat psychiatric patients by altering their emotions as well as behaviour. categorised into stimulants and antidepressants. Examples of stimulants include amphetamine and caffeine. patient. 9. Examples include barbiturate and tranquiliser. Hormones and Steroids: Insulin is a type of hormone secreted by pancreas to control the blood sugar level.
Hormones are chemicals produced by human`s endocrine gland to control physiological processes and homeostasis in the human body. Anabolic steroids are medicines used to treat AIDS and cancer. Assessment 14 Objective Questions 1. A. B. C. 2.
A. C.
Which of the following is not true about soap? Soap is a mixture of sodium and sulphonic acid with 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Soap is made from animal fats or vegetable oils. The process of making soap is called saponification. The soap molecule has the following properties except
its hydrophobic end is covalently bonded B. its hydrophobic end dissolves in grease its effectiveness decreases in heated water D. it reduces the surface tension of water.
D.
3.
and detergent?
Soap is ineffective in hard water as it forms scum Dehydrated zinc carbonate overcomes the problem of hard and 4
acidic water
III IV A. 4. A. C. 5.
Soap is more soluble in water as compared to detergent. Detergent is less biodegradable compared to soap B. I, II, and III only C. I and IV only D. IV only
I and II only
The following are the advantages of using food additives except delays food decay B. increases mineral and vitamin content prevents heart related diseases. reduces health risks in the case of sorbitol D. Food packaging labels should contain I II III IV mass of product expiry date address of manufacturer added vitamins and minerals B. I, II, and IV only C. II, III, and IV only D. I, II, III, and IV only
A. 6. A. B. D. 7. A.
a type of medicine which is used as an antidepressant used to retard growth of microorganisms C. used to relieve pain a type of steroid used to cure arthritis rheumatoid Caffeine, nicotine, and dextroamphetamine are types of antipsychotic drugs B. antidepresants C. steroids D. stimulants
8. Which of the following is most commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?
A. Panadol
9. I II III IV A. 10. A. 1. (a)
B.
Prednisone
C.
Codeine
D.
Steptomycin
Which of the following is true about hormones? Hormone carries the function of controlling metabolism, physiological and homeostatic activities in the body. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood stream Excessive use of hormones may cause side effects such as insulin shock and liver disorders. Females will have the characteristics of a male when testosterone is taken e\ B. I, III, and IV only C. II, III, and IV only D. excessively. I, II, III, and IV I, II, and IV only
Vineger, lime, onions, salt and cinnamon are all used as natural flavouring B. natural stabilisers C. natural preservatives D. natural antioxidants
Structured Questions Soap is manufactured by mixing fatty acids Name the process of manufacturing soap. Name the two processes. [2 marks] (c) (d) One type of fatty acid that can be used to produce soap is palmitic acid. One of the by products of manufacturing soap is an alcohol. Where can it be obtained from? [1 mark] Name that alcohol. [1 mark] with an alkaline solution. [1 mark]
(e)
H H H H HH H H H H H H O HCCCCCCCCCCCCOSO Na + H H H H H H H HH H H H O
[1 mark]
Circle the hydrophobic part of the detergent molecule above. (f) Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is added into detergents as an additive. What is its function?
2.
(a)
(b) What is tartrazine used for? (c) State the method that can be used to separate tartrazine from food?
(d) State two uses of aspirin. (e) Barbiturate is an antidepressant used as sleeping pills and to treat fits.
(f)
[3 marks]
Essay Question 1. (a) Outline an experiment to prepare a sample of soap by using coconut oil in the laboratory. [8 marks] [8 marks] [4 marks]
(b) Describe the cleansing action of soap on a piece of handkerchief stained with grease. (c) Give two examples of traditional medicines derived from plants and state their functions.