1-Intro To Innov Product MGT - Part 2

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INNOVATION AND PRODUCT MANAGEMENT- SPL 4402 MANAGEMENT11:00 AM 1:00 PM, WEDNESDAYS
PM Dr. WILFREDO HERRERA LIBUNAO E-MAIL: wilfredo@utm.my PHONE: OFFICE= 5534361; MOBILE: +60177622027; +60167825658 OFFICE: C15-403(1), FACULTY OF EDUCATION
Theory, concepts, principles and definitions:

Innovation, invention, creativity, technology, research and development, etc.
*PHILOSOPHY* *PRINCIPLES* *THEORIES* *CONCEPTS*
Philosophy
- "love of wisdom [Socrates]. A philosopher is a lover of love wisdom."
wisdom, a searcher for the truth, or one who pursues knowledge.
- "a system of principles for guiding practical affairs [Stein, 1980]. - the general beliefs and attitudes of an individual or group [Moore, 1988] - the body of principles underlying a branch of learning or major discipline [Moore, 1988].
Principles
a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct a rule or standard especially of good behavior a basic truth or law or assumption a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system
Importance of principlescontd
n n n
A unique feature of principles is that, unlike concepts and procedures, they are discovered rather than invented invented. Principles are the only kind of content which represents "truth" in any significant way. It provides us with an understanding of the world around us, among us, and within us an understanding of how things happen and why they happen the way they do do. Therefore, principles are probably the most important kind of content for us to include in the majority of our instruction. And it is usually helpful to learn how to apply instruction the principles to new situations.
Theories
- are constructed to give an explanation of phenomena (Stam, 2000). According to Denzin (1970), there are three functions of a theory: 1. Permitting organization of descriptions, 2. leading to explanation, and 3. furnishing the basis for prediction of future events.
STIMULUS-RESPONSE THEORY STIMULUSStimulus Freedom to Choose Response
Selfawareness
Independent will
Imagination
Conscience
In a nutshell, theories: - Tell us what we are doing - Tell us why we do things - Not how to do things - It help us better understand the process - Will enable us to predict what is going to happen in the future
The Elephant
Six blind sages were shown an elephant and met to discuss their experience. It's wonderful, said the first, an elephant is like a rope: slender and flexible. No, no, not at all, said the second, an elephant is like a tree, sturdily planted on the ground. Nonsense, said the third, an elephant is like a wall. Incredible, said the fourth, an elephant is a tube filled with water. What a strange and piecemeal beast this is, said the fifth. Strange indeed, said the sixth, but there must be some underlying harmony. Let us investigate the matter further.
Adapted from a traditional Hindu fable
IMPORTANCE OF CONCEPT
A concept is a mental abstraction which allows generalization and the extension of knowledge from some known objects to others unknown. A concept is formed by taking a number of similar entities and deciding what makes them similar in an important way. way. Concepts are bearers of meaning, as opposed meaning, to agents of meaning. A single concept can be meaning. expressed by any number of languages.
Importance of conceptcontd In other words concepts are essentially hypotheses that will become invalid, should they fail to fit in some critical way the empirical reality it is claimed they represent. The word concept refers to a class of acts, thoughts, activities, processes, or structures.
In science its concepts drive research, research, steering inquiry according to the meaning of each.
Importance of conceptcontd
Concepts lead to new directions and new ideas through disturbances or provocations in usual thinking processes. Concepts are keys to change and improvement. improvement.
Defining Innovation
(Based on Oslo Manual, 3rd edition, 2005)
An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations. The minimum requirement for an innovation is that the product, process, marketing method or organizational method must be new (or significantly improved) to the firm.
Defining Innovationcontd
Innovation activities are all scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial steps which actually, or are intended to, lead to the implementation of innovations. Innovation activities also include R&D that is not directly related to the development of a specific innovation.
Innovation What is it?

The creation of new ideas/processes which will lead to change in an enterprises economic or social potential [P. Drucker, The Discipline of Innovation, Harvard Business Review,
Nov-Dec, 1998, 149]
Innovation has occurred when any aspect (e.g. capability, use) of a product, process or service provides an improved solution to a need need.
Innovation is the process of converting new ideas or inventions into new products and services that improve efficiency, effectiveness or quality of life. life Innovation is the viable and practical application of a meaningful, new concept or invention. invention
The term innovation means a new way of doing something. It may refer to incremental, radical, and revolutionary changes in thinking, products, processes, or organizations. A distinction is typically made between invention, an idea made manifest, and innovation, ideas applied successfully. [Mckeown 2008]
Rank
Country
Overall
Innovation Inputs
Innovation Performance
1
2
South Korea
United States
2.26
1.80
1.75
1.28
2.55
2.16
3
4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Japan
Sweden Netherlands
Canada United Kingdom Germany France Australia Spain Belgium
1.79
1.64 1.55
1.42 1.42 1.12 1.12 1.02 0.93 0.86
1.16
1.25 1.40
1.39 1.33 1.05 1.17 0.89 0.83 0.85
2.25
1.88 1.55
1.32 1.37 1.09 0.96 1.05 0.95 0.79
13
14
China
Italy
0.73
0.21
0.07
0.16
1.32
0.24
15
16 17 18
India
Russia Mexico Turkey
0.06
-0.09 -0.16 -0.21
0.14
-0.02 0.11 0.15
-0.02
-0.16 -0.42 -0.55
19
20
Indonesia
Brazil
-0.57
-0.59
-0.63
-0.62
-0.46
-0.51
Innovation index by country [Wikipedia, 2009]
Innovation typically involves creativity but is not creativity, identical to it: innovation involves acting on the : creative ideas to make some specific and tangible difference in the domain in which the innovation occurs. For example, Amabile et al. (1996) propose: "All innovation begins with creative ideas . . . We define innovation as the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization. In this view, creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is necessary innovation but not sufficient condition for the second".
Defining Creativity
}
is an essential element of innovation is an ability or aptitude (basically innate) which allows a person to think of, dream up, visualize or imagine new or unusual solutions to problems
Defining Creativitycontd
Creativity is a mental and social process involving the generation of new ideas or concepts, or new associations of the concepts creative mind between existing ideas or concepts. Creativity is fueled by the process of either conscious or unconscious insight. An alternative insight conception of creativeness is that it is simply the act of making something new.
Defining Creativitycontd
Views on Creativity (Gardner, 1993)

Creativityproducing work that is novel or original and appropriate Creative Individualspeople whose works exert a significant effect upon
CREATIVITY VS. INNOVATION

Creativity is typically used to refer to the act of producing new ideas, approaches or actions while innovation is the actions, process of both generating and applying such creative ideas in some specific context context. In the context of an organization, therefore, the term innovation is often used to refer to the entire process by which an organization generates creative new ideas and converts them into novel, useful and viable commercial products, services, and business practices, while the term creativity is reserved to apply specifically to the generation of novel ideas by individuals or groups, as a necessary step within the innovation process process.
CREATIVITY VS. INNOVATION

Amabile and Shermaine Montefalco et al. (1996) suggest that: While innovation "begins with creative ideas," "...creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation the first is a necessary but innovation; not sufficient condition for the second. Although the two words are novel, they go hand in hand. In order to be innovative, employees have to be creative to stay competitive competitive.
CREATIVITY VS. INNOVATION As Davila et al. (2006) commented: "Often, in common parlance, the words creativity and innovation are used interchangeably. They shouldn't be, because while creativity implies coming up with ideas, it's the innovation that "brings ideas to life . . . that makes life" innovation the distinct undertaking it is."
THEREFORE
Innovation = (Creativity
* Risk Taking)
Defining Invention
}
is a creative idea which is inherently novel in the legal sense that it may be patentable the creation of new forms, compositions of matter, or processes
Defining Invention contd
A patentable invention: A novel and useful product / apparatus, machine, process, or composition of matter... Which Invention Has the Most Patents?
Defining Invention contd
An invention is a new configuration, composition of matter, device, or process. Some inventions are based on preexisting models or ideas. Other inventions are radical breakthroughs which may extend the boundaries of human knowledge or experience.
Invention vs. Innovation Invention is the first occurrence of an idea for a new product or process, while innovation is the first attempt to carry it out into practice" (Fagerberg, 2004: 4)
Invention vs. Innovationcontd
Unlike invention, which often concerns a single product or process, innovation often involves a combination of products and processes that allow the successful translation of new ideas into tangible societal impact, [Krisztina Holly] .
From Invention to Innovation

While invention depends upon creativity, successful technological innovation requires integrating new knowledge with multiple business functions.
Discoveries vs. Inventions

Discovery
Identification of a
biochemical pathway Identification of a new species of plant Observation of a phenomena
Invention
Method of treating a
disease A chemical purified from a new species of plant Computer software
Defining Research and Development (R&D)

R&D. Discovering new knowledge about products, process and services, and then services applying that knowledge to create new and improved products, processes, and services that fill the market needs. Systematic activity combining both basic and applied research, and aimed at discovering research solutions to problems or creating new good and knowledge R&D may result in ownership of knowledge. intellectual property such as patents patents.
Defining R&Dcontd
Research and development is a phrase used to describe the activities associated with the creation or discovery of new processes, methods, products and/or services and using the newly discovered knowledge to fulfill a market need or demand demand. Successful Research & Development may lead to innovate new products.
Defining Research and Development (R&D)

(Based on OECDs Frascati Manual, 2002 edition)
A creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. The term research and experimental development is used as synonymous to the term research and development and both are abbreviated by the expression R&D.
Defining R&Dcontd
The term R&D covers three activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development: Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundation of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view. The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, knowledge, not to create or invent something.
Defining R&Dcontd
Applied research is also original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective. The goal of the applied scientist is to improve the human condition . e.g., improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation
Defining R&Dcontd
Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience, which is directed to producing new materials, products or devices, to installing new processes, systems and services, or to improving substantially those already produced or installed.
The boundaries of R&D: Clarification of specific cases

(Based on OECDs Frascati Manual
The basic criterion for distinguishing R&D from related activities is the presence in R&D of an appreciable element of novelty and the resolution of scientific and/or technological uncertainty. A prototype is an original model constructed to include all the technical characteristics and performances of the new product. The design, construction and testing of prototypes normally falls within the scope of R&D.
The boundaries of R&D: Clarification of specific casescontd
The construction and operation of a pilot plant is a part of R&D as long as the principal purposes are to obtain experience and to compile engineering and other data. Those elements of industrial design work, which include plans and drawings aimed at defining procedures, technical specifications and operational features necessary to the conception, development and manufacturing of new products and processes.
Defining Technology
The process used to change inputs into outputs. The application of knowledge to perform work. The theoretical and practical knowledge, skills and artifacts that can be used to develop products as well as their production and delivery system. The technical means people use to improve their surroundings. The application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives; the entire body of methods and materials used to achieve such objectives.
Defining Technologycontd
The practical implementation of learning and knowledge by individuals and organizations to aid human endeavor. The knowledge, products, process, tools and systems used in the creation of goods or in the provision of services.
END OF SESSION
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1-Intro To Innov Product MGT - Part 2

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Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

Theory, concepts, principles and definitions:

PHILOSOPHY PRINCIPLES THEORIES CONCEPTS

STIMULUS-RESPONSE THEORY STIMULUSStimulus Freedom to Choose Response

Adapted from a traditional Hindu fable

Innovation What is it?

Innovation index by country [Wikipedia, 2009]

Views on Creativity (Gardner, 1993)

CREATIVITY VS. INNOVATION

CREATIVITY VS. INNOVATION

Defining Invention contd

Defining Invention contd

Invention vs. Innovationcontd

From Invention to Innovation

Discoveries vs. Inventions

Defining Research and Development (R&D)

Defining Research and Development (R&D)

The boundaries of R&D: Clarification of specific cases

The boundaries of R&D: Clarification of specific casescontd

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