Operating System BCA 32

4/11/12
Operating System BCA 32
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The most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure those different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system. Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are available, such as Linux.
As a user, you normally interact with the operating system through a set of commands. For example, the DOS operating www.scribd.com/doc/7395805/Operating-System-BCA-32
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through a set of commands. For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and RENAME for copying files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a part of the operating system called the command processor or command line interpreter. Graphical user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at objects that appear on the screen.
What Does It Do?
At the simplest level, an operating system does two things: 1. It manages the hardware and software resources of the system. In a desktop computer, these resources include such things as the processor, memory, disk space, etc. (On a cell phone, they include the keypad, the screen, the address book, the phone dialer, the battery and the network connection.) 2. It provides a stable, consistent way for applications to deal with the hardware without having to know all the details of the hardware. The first task, managing the hardware and software resources, is very important, as various programs and input methods compete for the attention of the central processing unit (CPU) and demand memory, storage and input/output (I/O) bandwidth for their own purposes. In this capacity, the operating system plays the role of the good parent, making sure that each application gets the necessary resources while playing nicely with all the other applications, as well as husbanding the limited capacity of the system to the greatest good of all the users and applications. The second task, providing a consistent application interface, is especially important if there is to be more than one of a particular type of computer using the operating system, or if the hardware making up the computer is ever open to change. A consistent application program interface (API) allows a software developer to write an application on one computer and have a high level of confidence that it will run on another computer of the same type, even if the amount of memory or the quantity of storage is different on the two machines.
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Even if a particular computer is unique, an operating system can ensure that applications continue to run when hardware upgrades and updates occur. This is because the operating system and not the application is charged with managing the hardware and the distribution of its resources. One of the challenges facing developers is keeping their operating systems flexible enough to run hardware from the thousands of vendors manufacturing computer equipment. Today's systems can accommodate thousands of different printers, disk drives and special peripherals in any possible combination.
An OS or Operating System is a software package, which allows the computer to function. Operating systems is essentially the body of the computer. An operating System is a system, which may be viewed as an organized collection of softwares consisting of procedures for operating a computer and providing an environment for execution of programs. The primary objective of an operating system is to make computer system convenient to use and utilize computer hardware in an efficient manner. An operating system is a large collection of software, which manages resources of the computer system, such as memory, processor, and file system and input/output devices. It keeps track of the status of each resource and decides who will have a control over computer resources. So it acts as an interface between users and the hardware of a computer system. A computer, without any software, is essentially of no use. It is with its software that it can store, process and retrieve information. An operating system is the program that controls all the other parts of a computer system both the hardware and the software. There are many important reasons for studying operating systems. Some of them are: i. User interacts with the computer through operating system in order to accomplish his task since it is his primary interface with a computer. ii. It helps user to understand the inner function of a computer very closely. iii. Many concepts and techniques found in operating system have general applicability in other applications.
OS Function can be classified into:
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i.Resource allocation and related function: - The operating system allocates resource for user by users of a computer system. The resource can be dividing into system-provided resource like CPUs, memory areas and IO devices, or user created resource like file, which are entrusted to the OS. Allocation of system resource in driven by its consideration of efficiency of resource utilization. ii.User interface function. The resource allocation function, implements resource sharing by the users of a computer system.
1.2 Qualities of Operating System

o
Usability: Robustness: -accept all valid input without error, and gracefully handles all invalid inputs. Consistency: E.g., if "-" means options flags it means place, in one it in another. Key idea: conventions. Concept: The Principle of Least Astonishment. Proportionality: - Simple, cheap and frequent things are easy.
o o
Also, expensive and disastrous things (ram *) are hard. Forgiving: -Errors can be recovered from. Reasonable error messages. Example from "rm"; UNIX vs. TOPS. Convenient: - Not necessary to repeat things, or do awkward procedures to accomplish things. Example copying a file took a batch job. Powerful: - Has high-level facilities. Facilities Sufficient for intended use. Complete
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o o
Appropriate. Costs Want low cost and efficient services. Good algorithms: -Make use of space/time tradeoffs, special hardware. Low overhead: - Cost of doing nothing should be low. E.g., idle time at a terminal. Low maintenance cost: -System should not require constant attention. Adaptability Tailored to the environment: - Support necessary activities. Do not impose unnecessary restrictions. What are the things people do most -- make them easy. Changeable over time: -Adapt as needs and resources change. E.g., expanding memory and new devices, or new user population.
Extensible: -Adding new facilities and features - which look like the old ones.
1.3 Feature of Operating System
Multi-User: Allows two or more users to run programs at the same
time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users. Multi Processing: Supports running a program on more than one CPU. Multi Tasking: Allows more than one program to run concurrently. Multithreading: Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently. Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX, are not real-time.
The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system. All desktop computers have operating systems. The primary operating systems in use are the many versions Windows (95, 98, NT, ME, 2000, XP), the many
Versions of UNIX(Solaris, Linux etc.) and the Macintosh O.S. There are also hundreds of other operating systems available for special-purpose applications, including specializations for mainframes, robotics,
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