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Water Treatment
process of making water suitable for its applica9on or returning to its natural state

Water Treatment Scheme

Coagula2on
Objec9ve: to turn the small par9cles that cause turbidity and color, and bacteria into precipitates (ocs)

Coagula2on
A chemical technique directed toward destabiliza9on of par9cles Involves the addi9on of chemicals or coagulants
Coagulants: aluminum and ferric iron

A slow mixing technique which promotes the agglomera9on of destabilized par9cles Par9cles collide, s9ck together and grow to a size that will readily seLle

Floccula2on

Sedimenta2on
Objec9ve: seLle all the suspended par9cles that can be seLled within a reasonable amount of 9me

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Sedimenta2on
Done in seLling tanks where solid par9cles are allowed to seLle by gravity at the boLom and will be removed from the water stream

Sedimenta2on
Four zones:
Inlet SeLling zone Outlet Sludge storage

Sedimenta2on
Done in a seLling tank or sedimenta9on basin or clarier

Design of Sedimenta2on Tank

vo vs

Par9cles and velocity vectors are evenly distributed across the tank cross sec9on. This is the func9on of the inlet zone. Any par9cle hiSng the boLom of the tank is removed.

Horizontal Sedimenta2on Basin

Horizontal Sedimenta2on Basin

PARTIAL REMOVAL
The percentage of par9cles removed, P, with a seLling velocity of vs, in a sedimenta9on tank designed with an overow rate, vo

P=

vs *100% vo

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Determina2on of Se>ling Velocity and Overow Rate

Determina2on of vS
Determina9on of vs are dierent for dierent types of par9cles

Types of Sedimenta2on
Discrete seLling (Type I Sedimenta9on) Flocculant seLling (Type II Sedimenta9on) Hindered seLling (Type III Sedimenta9on) Compression

Type I Sedimenta2on
In discrete seLling individual par9cles seLle independently It occurs when there is a rela9vely low solids concentra9on

Type II Sedimenta2on
In occulant seLling , individual par9cles s9ck together into clumps called ocs seLling This occurs when there is a greater solids concentra9on, and chemical or biological reac9ons alter par9cle surfaces to enhance aLachment

Type III Sedimenta2on

In hindered seLling , par9cle concentra9on is great enough to inhibit water movement seLling Water must move in spaces between par9cles

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Determina2on of vO
Compression seLling occurs when par9cles seLle by compressing the mass below Calcula9on Floccula9on sedimenta9on lab or pilot data Zone sedimenta9on lab data Jar test data Experience

Calcula2on
Usually done for spherical par9cles (or for Type I Sedimenta9on) Stokes Law is used
s

Stokes Law
vs = par9cle seLling velocity ( m/s or c/s) s = par9cle density (kg/m3 or lb/c3) w = uid density (kg/m3 or lb/c3) d = par9cle diameter (m or c) g = gravita9onal accelera9on (9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 c/s2) = dynamic viscosity (Ns/m or lbs/c) Then overow rate is calculated as 0.33 to 0.70 2mes of se>ling velocity

Floccula2on Sedimenta2on Lab or Pilot Data

Stokes law cannot be used Laboratory tests with seLling columns are used At least 300 mm in diameter with depth equal to that of the proposed clarier The concentra9on of suspended solids is determined for each sample and the percent removal is calculated then ploLed (isoconcentra9on lines) Each intersec9on point of an isoconcentra9on line and boLom of the column denes an overow rate

Isoconcentra2on Lines for Type II Se>ling Test Using a 2m deep column

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Overow rate from isoconcentra2on lines

vo = H ti

Frac9on of solids removed

RTa = Ra + H1 H ( Rb Ra ) + 2 ( Rc Rb ) + ... H H

H = height of column (m) ti = 9me dened by the intersec9on of

isoconcentra9on lines and boLom of column

RTa = total frac9on removed for seLling

9me, ta

Ra, Rb, Rc = isoconcentra9on frac9ons

a, b, c, etc.

Examples
Sedimenta9on Tank Design:
What diameter of circular clarier and side water depth are needed for a 15,000 m3/d ow based on a maximum overow rate of 16 m/d and deten9on 9me of 4 hours?

Examples
Par9al Removal:
If the seLling velocity of a par9cle is 0.70 cm/s and the overow rate of a horizontal clarier is 0.80 cm/s, what percent of the par9cles are retained in the clarier?

Example 3-23 (Introduc2on to Envi Engg, 3rd ed.)

The city of Urbana is planning to install a new water treatment plant. Design a seLling tank to remove 65% of the inuent suspended solids from their design ow of 0.5 m3/s. A batch-seLling test using a 2.0-m column and coagulated water from their exis9ng plant yielded the following data:

Suspended solids removal versus deten9on 9me

Sampling Time, min

Depth, m
0.5 1.0 2.0 5 41 19 15 10 50 33 31 20 60 45 38 40 67 58 54 60 72 62 59 90 73 70 63 120 76 74 71

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Suspended solids removal versus overow rate

Assignment
Two rectangular clariers each 27 m long, 5 m wide, and 3.8 m deep are used to treat 6000 m3/d. Calculate the deten9on 9me and overow rate.