1.

(a) Let u
k
=
k
k
3
1 +
.
Then
3
1
) 1 (
3
3
) 2 (
lim lim
1
1

+

+

k
k
u
u
k
k
k
k
k
k
< 1. (M2)
and hence the series converges by the ratio test. (R1)
3

(b) Let f (k) =
3
) (ln
1
x x
Since x(ln x)
3
is an increasing function of x for x > 1,
f (x) is a positive decreasing function of x for x > 1. (M1)
Further, f (x) =
3
) (ln
1
k k
Hence, by the integral test,

2
3
) (ln
1
k
k k
converges or diverges according
to the convergence or divergence of

2 2
3 3
) (ln
d
lim
) (ln
d 1
R
R
x x
x
x x
x
(M1)
=
2 2 2
2
2
) 2 (ln 2
1
) 2 (ln 2
1
) (ln 2
1
lim
2
) (ln
lim

'

+
1
]
1

R
x
R
R
R
(A1)
So the series converges, by the integral test. (R1)
4

(c)

+
+

1
2
1
1
) 1 (
k
k
k
k
is an alternating series.
When f (x) =
1
2
+ x
x
, f (x) =
2 2
2
) 1 (
1
+

x
x
0, (M1)(A1)
when x 1, the sequence

'

+1
2
k
k
is a decreasing sequence.
Also
k
k
k
k
k k 1
1
lim
1
lim
2
+

+

= 0. (M1)(A1)
Hence the series converges by the alternating series test. (R1)
5
[12]
1
2.
1
4 3
2

+

x
B
x
A
x x
x
(M1)
A(x 1) + Bx = 3x 4, for all x. (M1)
Put x = 0: A = 4 (A1)
Put x = 1: B = 1 (A1)
Therefore
1
1 4 4 3
2

x x x x
x
(C4)
[4]

3.
x
y
d
d
= y tan x + 1, 0 x <
2

x
y
d
d
y tan x = 1
h (x) = tan xdx = ln (cos x)
The integrating factor is e
h(x)
= cos x. (M1)

Now, cos x
x
y
d
d
y sin x = cos x.
x d
d
(y cos x) = cos x
y cos x = cos xdx = sin x + c
y = tan x + c sec x (M1)(A1)
But, y = 1 when x = 0 giving c = 1.
y = tan x + sec x (A1) (C4)
OR y cos x = sin x + 1
[4]

4. (a)
1 2 1
2 2
1
2
3
3
2 ) 1 (
lim
+ +
+
+

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
a
a
(M1)
=
2
2
3
) 1 ( 2
lim
n
n
n
+

(M1)
=
3
2
< 1 (A1)
This series converges by the ratio test since lim
n
n
a
a
1 +
< 1. (R1)
4
2
(b) Since f (x) =
k x
x
k
k
+
1
is decreasing and continuous for x > 2, the
integral test may be applied. (R1)
a
k
a
k
k
k x
k
x
k x
x
1
1
1
) ( ln
1
lim d
1
]
1

+
+

(M2)
=
1
]
1

+ +

) 1 ( ln
1
) ( ln
1
lim k
k
k a
k
k
a
(A1)
=
Thus the integral diverges and consequently the series diverges too. (R1)
5
[9]

5. (a) f (x) =
2
2 x
x

(A1)
f (x) =
2
2 / 1 2 2
2
) 2 )( 2 (
2
1
2
x
x x x x

,
_

+

(M1)
=
2 2
2 2
2 ) 2 (
2
x x
x x

+
(A1)
=
2 2
2 ) 2 (
2
x x
(AG)
3

(b) f (x) f (0) + f (0)x + f (0)
!
) 0 (
...
! 2
) ( 2
n
f x
n
+ +
x
n
+ ... (M1)
f (0) =
2
f (0) = 0
f (0) =
2
2
f (0) = 0
f
4
(0) =
4
2 3
(A2)

,
_

,
_

24 4
2 3
2 2
2
2 2
4 2
2
x x
x
(M1)
=

,
_

4
2
4 2
32
1
4
1 2
32
2
4
2
2 x
x
x x
k =
32
1
(A1) 5

3
(c)

,
_

1
0
6 4
2
1
0
2 2
d
32 4
2 d 2 x
x x
x x x x
(M1)
=
1
0
7 5 3
224 20 3
2
1
]
1

x x x
(M2)
=

,
_

224
1
20
1
3
1
2
(A1)
= 0.39438 (AG) 4

(d) x =
2
sin sin =
2
x
x = 0, = 0 or x = 1, =
4

dx =
2
cos d
2 2
2
x
cos (M1)
Therefore,


1
0
4 /
0
2 2 2 2
d cos sin 4 d 2 x x x
(M1)
=

4 /
0
2
d 2 sin
=
d ) 4 cos (1
2
1
4 /
0

(M1)
=
4 /
0
4
4 sin
2
1
1
]
1

=
8

(A1)
Therefore,
8

0.39438 3.1550(A1) 5
[17]

6. (a) Since, sin x =

+
+

0
1 2
)! 1 2 (
) 1 (
n
n
n
n
x
,
sin x
2
=

+
+

0
) 1 2 ( 2
)! 1 2 (
) 1 (
n
n
n
n
x
(A1)
1
4
(b) Let
I =

+
+

1
0
0
1
0
2 4 2
d
)! 1 2 (
1
) 1 ( d sin
n
n n
x x
n
x x
=

+ +

0
) )! 1 2 )(( 3 4 (
1
) 1 (
n
n
n n
(A1)
=

0
) 1 (
n
n
n
c
, say.
The sum of the alternating series

0
) 1 (
n
n
n
c
lies between

N
n
n
n
c
0
) 1 (
and

N
n
n
n
c
0
) 1 (
t c
N+1
.

Hence for 4 decimal place accuracy, we need c
N+1
< 0.00005.
N
I =

N
n
n
n
c
0
) 1 ( c
N+1

1
I =
) ! 3 ( 7
1
3
1

= 0.3095238095
) ! 5 ( 11
1
= 0.0000757576
2 I = 0.3102813853
) ! 7 ( 15
1
= 0.000013
(M1)(M1)
Notes: Award (M1) for calculating I in terms of the sum. Award
(M1) for calculating the error.
Since 0.000013 < 0.00005, I = 0.3103 (A1)
5
[6]

7. (a) Let u
k
(x) =
2 / 3
) 5 (
k
x
k

.
Then
2 / 3
2 / 3
1
) 1 (
5
lim
) (
) (
lim
+

+

k
k x
x u
x u
k
k
k
k
= x 5 . (M1)
By the ratio test the series is convergent for x 5 < 1. (A1)
Hence, the radius of convergence is 1. (R1)
3
5
(b) From part (a), the series converges absolutely for x 5 < 1,
which is the same as {x : 4 < x < 6}. To find the interval of
convergence, we have to check whether the series converges
when x = 4 and x = 6. (M1)
When x = 6, the series becomes

1
2 / 3
k
k
which converges
since k
p
converges for p > 1. (R1)
When x = 4, the series reduces to

1
2 / 3
) 1 (
k
k
k
, which is an
alternating series of the form

1
) 1 (
k
k
k
b
with b
k
= k
3/2
. (M1)
Since, k
3/2
> (k + 1)
3/2
, k = 1, 2, ..., and
k
lim
k
3/2
= 0,
the alternating series converges. (R1)
Thus the interval of convergence is 4 x 6. (R1)
5
[8]

8. (a) Since every face is enclosed by at least c edges,
Eulers theorem: f = 2 + e v (M1)
2e cf (A1)
2e c(2 + e v) 2e 2c + ec cv (M2)
e(c 2) c(v 2) (A1)
e
2
) 2 (

c
v c
(AG)
5

(b) In
3.3
the minimum length c is 4 (A1)
9
2 4
) 2 6 ( 4

= 8, which is a contradiction (M2)

Hence the graph cannot be planar. (R1)
4
[9]
6
9. This series converges by the alternating series test because (R1)
!
1
)! 1 (
1
n n

+
, and
!
1
lim
n
n
= 0 (M1)
Start summing up its terms
1
24
1
6
1
2
1
+
+ ...
and by the alternating series remainder, we have
|S S
4
| = |R
4
| a
5
=
120
1
0.008 (M1)
The sum of the first four terms is 0.625, therefore the sum S lies
between 0.625 and 0.625 + 0.008, ie 0.625 S 0.633. (R1)
s = 0.63 (2 dp) (A1)
[5]

10. (a) f (x) = ln(1 + x), f (0) = 0
f (x) =
x + 1
1
, f (0) = 1 (A1)
f (x) = (1 + x)
2
, f (0) = 1 (A1)
f (x) = (1)(2)(1 + x)
3
f (0) = 2 (A1)
f
(n)
(x) = (1)
n1
(n 1)!(1 + x)
n
, f
(n)
(0) = (1)
n1
(n 1)!
Maclaurins series for f (x) = ln(1 + x) is
ln (1 + x) = x
... ) 1 ( ...
3 2
1
3 2
+ + +

n
x x x
n
n
=
n
x
n
n
n

1
1
) 1 (
(A1)
4
Note: Award (A0) if the general term
n
x
n
n 1
) 1 (

is not written.

(b) First (n + 1) terms give R
n
=
)! 1 (
) (
) 1 (
+
+
n
c f
n
x
n+1
for some c such that 0 < c < x.
On substitution R
n
=
1
1
1
1
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( )! 1 (
! ) 1 (
+
+
+
+
+ +

+ +

n
n n
n
n n
c n
x
c n
x n
, (M1)
R
n
=
) 1 (
1
) 1 )( 1 (
1
1
+
<
+ +
+
+
n c n
x
n
n
for 0 x < 1, (AG)
since 0 < c < x. (A1)
2
Notes: Award (A0) if the reasons 0 < c < x, 0 x < 1 are not
written.
Accept an answer using estimation of error in an alternating
series.
[6]
7

11. Note: Do not accept unjustified answers, even if correct.
(a) Compare the series with

1
1
n
n
. (M1)
x
x
n
n
x n
sin
lim
1
1
sin
lim
0

= 1 (M1)(A1)
Since

1
1
n
n
diverges,

1
1
sin
n
n
is divergent by the comparison test. (M1)(A1)
5

(b) cos n = (1)
n
Hence u
n
=
4 . 1 4 . 1
) 10 (
) 1 (
cos ) 10 (
n
n
n
n n
n
+

+
= (1)
n
v
n
(C1)
with v
n
=
4 . 1
10
n
n +

1 1
) 1 (
n n
n
n
n
v u
, (M1)
v
n
=
4 . 1
10
n
n +
is a decreasing sequence in n (M1)
4 . 0 4 . 1
1
lim
10
lim lim
n n
n
v
n n
n
n

= 0, (A1)
so the series

+
1
4 . 1
cos ) 10 (
n
n
n n
is convergent, by the alternating
series test. (R1) 5
[10]

12. (a) The derivative can be found by logarithmic differentiation. Let y = f (x).
y =
x
x
y x
x
ln
1
ln
1

(M1)

2 2
ln 1 1 1
ln
1
x
x
x x
x
x y
y
+

(M1)(M1)
y = y

,
_

2
ln 1
x
x
that is, f (x) = f (x)

,
_

2
ln 1
x
x
(AG)
3
8
(b) This function is defined for positive and real numbers only.
To find the exact value of the local maximum:
y = 0 ln x = 1 x = e (M1)
y =
e
1
e
(A1)
To find the horizontal asymptote:
x
x
y x y
x x
x
x
ln
lim ln lim ) ( lim
1


= 0

x
lim
y = 1 (M1)(A1)
y
x
( e , e )
y = 1
1
e
( )
(A1)
5

(c) By Taylors theorem we have
P
2
(x) = f (e) + f (e)(x e) +
2
e) ( f
(x e)
2
(A1)
f (x) = f (x)

,
_

+
,
_

3 2
3 ln 2
) (
ln 1
x
x
x f
x
x
(M1)
Also, f (e) = 0, and f (e) = 0 + f (e)
3
e
1
3
e
1
3
e
e
1
e
e
3 2


,
_

,
_

(M1)(A1)
hence P
2
(x) =
2
e
e
3
e
1
e
1

(x e)
2
which is a parabola with vertex
at x = e and P
2
(e) =
e
1
e
= f (e) (R1)(AG)
5
[13]
9
13. This can be done using comparison with the harmonic series. (R1)
Let b
n
=
n
1
represent the harmonic series.
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
b
a
1 1
1
1
lim
1
1
lim lim

+


= 1. (M1)(A1)
Since b
n
diverges, so does a
n
. (A1)
[4]

14. (a) (i) 2x
2

,
_

+
x
v
x v
d
d
= x
2
+ v
2
x
2
(M1)
v +
x
v
x
d
d
=
2
1
2
v +

2x
x
v
d
d
= (v 1)
2
(A1)(AG)

(ii) 2
( )

x
x
v
v d
1
d
2
(M1)
1
2
v
= ln x + c (A1)
1
2
x
y
= ln x + c (A1)
c x
x
x
y
c x +

+ ln
2
1
ln
2
= y x (A1)
y = x
c x
x
+ ln
2
(AG)
Note: For other approaches award marks as follows
(M1) for separation of variables; (A1) for correct integration;
(A1) for substitution; (A1) for solving for y.

(iii) y = 2, x = 1 c = 2 (A1)
7

(b) (i) x = e
2
or x = 7.39 (A1)
Note: Award (A0) if answer is not given as an equation
(just e
2
or 7.39)
10
(ii) x =
2 ln
2
x
x
ln x = 4 (M1)
x = e
4
(must be exact) (A1)
Note: Award (M0)(G1) for x = 54.6.

(iii) Area = 46.7 (G2)
OR
Area =

5
1
dx y
(M1)
= 46.7 (G1) 5
[12]

15. (a) y = vx =>
x
y
d
d
= v + x
x
v
d
d
(M1)
Consider
x
y
d
d
=
( )
2
2 2 2
2
3
x xy
x x y

+
(M1)
=
x
y
x
y
2
1
3
2
2
+
(y = vx => v =
x
y
)
=
v
v
2
1 3
2
+
(A1)
Therefore
x
y
d
d
= v + x
x
v
d
d
=
v
v
2
1 3
2
+
(AG)
3
11
(b) x
x
v
d
d
=
v
v
2
1 3
2
+
v, x
x
v
d
d
=
v
v
2
1
2
+

+

1
2 d
2
v
v
x
x
dv (M1)
ln x + ln C = ln (v
2
+ l) (A1)
y = 2, x = 1 => ln C = ln 5 (A1)
ln x + ln 5 = ln

,
_

+1
2
2
x
y
(A1)
4
(or 5x =
1
2
2
+
x
y
or 5x
3
= y
2
+ x
2
or y = x
1 5x
or any equivalent form.)
Note: Do not penalize if the answer is given as
y = x
1 5x
.
[7]

16. (a) S
2n
=

n
k
k
2
1
1
= S
n
+

+
n
n k
k
2
1
1
S
n
+

+
n
n k
k
2
1
2
1
= S
n
+
2
1
(M1)(A1)(AG)
2

(b) The sequence S
n
is increasing and it follows from (a) that
S
2
n
S
2
(n1)
+
2
1
(A1)
similarly S
2
(n1
)
S
2
(n2)
+
2
1
, S
2
(n2)
S
2
(n3)
+
2
1
=> S
2n
S
2
(n1)
+
2
1
S
2
(n2)
+
2
1
+
2
1
(M1)
ie S
2
n
S
2
(n1)
+
2
1
S
2
(n2)
+
2
2
S
1
+
2
n
S
1
= 1 => S
1
+
2
n
=
2
2 n +
=> S
2
n

2
2 n +
(A1)
so that there are elements of the sequence that are arbitrarily large and
therefore the sequence cannot converge. (C1)(R1)
5
[7]
12
17. (a) S
2n
=
( )


+
n
k
n
k
k k k
u u u
2
1 1
2 1 2
(A1)
=

+
n
k
k k
1
2
1

1 2
3
(A1)
=
( )

+
n
k
k k
k
1
1 2 2
1 4
(A1)
3

(b) (By limit comparison test)
( )

,
_

+

k k k
k
k
1
:
1 2 2
1 4
lim
= 1 (M1)(A1)

1
1
k
k
is divergent. (A1)
Therefore S
2n
as n , hence the given series is divergent. (A1)
4
Notes: The series is alternating and its general term converges
to 0 but is not decreasing in absolute value so that no conclusion
is possible using this criterion.
Award (R1) to candidates who observed this but did not
otherwise get full marks on this question.
[7]
13
18. y = xv
x
v
x v
x
y
d
d
d
d
+
(A1)
Now x
2
+ y
2
+ 2xy
x
y
d
d
= 0
x
2
+ x
2
v
2
+ 2x
2
v

,
_

+
x
v
x v
d
d
= 0 (A1)
1 + v
2
+ 2v
2
+ 2xv
x
v
d
d
= 0 (since x
2
> 0)
2xv
x
v
d
d
= (1 + 3v
2
)

+
x
x
v
v
v
d
1
d
3 1
2
2
(M1)

3
1
ln 1 + 3v
2
= ln x + ln k (A1)(A1)
ln 1 + 3v
2
= 3 ln x + ln k
1 +
3 2
2
3
x
k
x
y

(A1)
x + 3xy
2
= k (AG)
[6]

19. (a) The integral test for a
n
.
Let a
n
= f (n) where f (x) is a continuous and positive decreasing
function for all x some positive integer, N. (R1)(R1)
Then the series

N n
n
a
and the integral

N
x x f d ) (
both diverge or both converge. (R1)
(ie if the integral is finite then a
n
is finite, if the integral is
infinite then a
n
is infinite)
3
14
(b) Let f (x) =
2
e
x
x
which satisfies the above conditions since from
GDC we get for x > 1, f (x) > 0 and f (x) < 0. (R1)
Now

t
x
t
x
x x x
x
1 1
2
d e lim d
e
2
2
(M1)
=
1
2
e
2
1
lim
1
]
1

x
t
(A1)
=
e 2
1
e
2
1
e
2
1
lim
1
2

'

1
]
1

1
]
1

t
t
(A1)
Since the integral converges so the series

1
2
n
n
e
n
converges. (A1)
5
[8]

20. (a) f (x) = f (0) + f (0)x +
! 2
) 0 (
2
x f
+
f (x) = sin x f (0) = 0
f (x) = cos x f (0) = 1
f (x) = sin x f (0) = 0
f (x) = cos x f (0) = 1
f
iv
(x) = sin xf
iv
(0) = 0
f
v
(x) = cos xf
v
(0) = 1
f
vi
(x) = sin x f
vi
(0) = 0
f
vii
(x) = cos x f
vii
(0) = 1 (M1)
Hence sin x = x
! 7 ! 5 ! 3
7 5 3
x x x
+
(A1)
Note: Award (A2) if series is quoted as a standard result.

(ii) e
x
= 1 + x +
! 3 ! 2
3 2
x x
+
+ (a standard result)
! 3
) (
! 2
) (
1 e
3 2 2 2
2
2
x x
x
x
+ + +
(M1)
=
! 3 ! 2
1
6 4
2
x x
x + + +
+ (A1)
4
15
(b)

,
_

,
_

+ + +
! 7 ! 5 ! 3 ! 3 ! 2
1 sin e
7 5 3 6 4
2
2
x x x
x
x x
x x
x
(M1)
= x
! 2 ! 3 ! 5 ! 3
5 5
3
5 3
x x
x
x x
+ + +
(neglecting terms after x
5
)
= x + x
3

120 6 2 6
5 5 5 3
x x x x
+ +
= x +
120
41
6
5
3
+ x
x
5
(A1)
2

(c) Using above result (part (b)) we get
2
3
120
41
6
5 sin e
2
x
x
x x
x
+

(M1)
Hence
6
5 sin e
lim
3
0
2

,
_

x
x x
x
x
(A1)
2
[8]

21. Note: In this question do not penalize accuracy for more than 3 sf
METHOD 1
We note first that f (0) = 0. (A1)
f (x) =
x
x
sin 1
cos
+
; (M1)
f (0) = 1 (A1)
f (x) =
) sin 1 (
1
) sin 1 (
cos ) sin 1 ( sin
2
2
x x
x x x
+

+
+
= f (0) = 1 (A1)
f (x) =
2
) sin 1 (
cos
x
x
+
, f (0) = 1 (A1)
f (x) =
4
2 2
) sin 1 (
cos ) sin 1 ( 2 ) sin 1 ( sin
x
x x x x
+
+ +
, f
(4)

(0) = 2 (A1)
Note: Award full marks for numerical derivatives obtained from
a GDC.
The series is f (x) = x
! 4
2
! 3 ! 2
4 3 2
x x x
+
+ ... (M1)(A1)
16
METHOD 2
ln (1 + sin x) = sin x
4
sin
3
sin
2
sin
4 3 2
x x x
+
+ ... (M1)(A1)
= x
4 3
2
3 3
...) (
4
1
...) (
3
1
...
6 2
1
...
6
+ + +

,
_

+ + x x
x
x
x
(M1)(A1)
= x
...
4
1
3
1
...
6
1
2
1
...
6
4 3 4 2
3
+ + + + + x x x x
x
= x
...
12
1
6 2
4
3 2
+ + x
x x
(A1)(A1)(A1)(A1)
[8]

22. The ratio test must be used. (M1)
The series must converge if for n sufficiently large
1 1
) 1 (
) 1 1 (
) 1 (
1
+ +
+

+ +
+
+
n
n x
n x
n x
n
n
< 1
that is to say if for n sufficiently large
1 1
1
+ +
+
<
n
n
x
(M1)
This will be the case if x|< 1. (A1)
The series is divergent when x = 1 because it is equivalent to the
harmonic series. (M1)(A1)
The series is convergent when x = 1 because it is alternating with a
general term whose absolute value decreases to 0. (M1)
Therefore range [1, 1[ (A1)
[7]

23. (a) For all n,
2 2
2 2
sin
n n

<
so using the comparison test (M1)
since the series

1
2
1
n
n
is convergent (Ml)
then the series under consideration is also convergent. (A1)
3

(b)
n n n n n
1

1
1
) 1 (
1 1
2
<
(M1)(AG)
1
17
(c) All the terms of the series are non negative. (A1)
The first term is = 0 and the second is = 1. Hence the sum
of the series is 1. (A1)
Since every term of the series from n = 2 on are bounded by

,
_

n n
1

1
1
2
, the sum of the series will be bounded by the sum of
these terms, ie by
2 ...
4
1

3
1
3
1

2
1
2
1
1 2
,
_

+ + +
So

,
_

<
n n n n
1

1
1
2
2 2
sin 0
2 2
(M1)(A1)
So 1 S < 2 (AG) 4
[8]

24. Let f (x) =
x x
x x
sin
sin
(M1)
) (
lim
0

x f
x

,
_

x x x
x
x
cos sin
1 cos lim
0
A1A1
=

,
_

x x x
x
x
sin cos 2
sin lim
0
A1A1
= 0 A1 N2
[6]

25. For p > 1,
p
x
1
is
positive for x 1, and decreasing for x 1. A1A1
L
lim
x
x
L
p
d
1
1

=
L
lim
L
p
x p
1
1
) 1 (
1
1
]
1

(M1)

L
lim
1
) 1 (
1

p
L p

p 1
1
A1
1
1

p
A1
The convergence of this integral ensures the convergence of the series
using the integral test. R1AG N0
[6]

26. (a) (i) y = ln (1 + sin x)
18
y =
x
x
sin 1
cos
+
A1
y =
x sin 1
1
+
A1
y
(3)
=
2
) sin 1 (
cos
x
x
+
A1
y
(4)
=
4
2 2
) sin 1 (
cos ) sin 1 ( 2 ) sin 1 ( sin
x
x x x x
+
+ +
(M1)A1

(ii) y(0) = 0; y (0) = 1 A1A1
y(0) = 1; y
(3)
(0) = 1; y
(4)
(0) = 2 A1A1A1
ln (1 + sin x) = x
2
1
x
2
+
6
1
x
3

12
1
x
4
+ ... AG
N0 10

(b) (i) ln (l sin x) = ln (1 + sin (x)) (M1)
= x
2
1
x
2

6
1
x
3

12
1
x
4
+ ... A1
N2

(ii) ln (1 + sin x) + ln (1 sin x) = ln (1 sin
2
x) (M1)
= ln cos
2
x A1
So ln cos
2
x = x
2

6
1
x
4
+ ... A1
ln cos x =
2
1
x
2

12
1
x
4
+ ... A1 N2

(iii) Differentiating,
x d
d
(ln cos x) =
x cos
1
(sin x) (M1)
= tan x A1
tan x = x +
3
1
x
3
+ ... A2
N3 10
Note: No term in x
4
since tan (x) = tan x.
19
(c)
x
x
cos ln
) ( tan
2
...
12 2
...
3
4 2
4
2
+
+ +

x x
x
x
(M1)
...
12 2
1
...
3
1
2
4
+
+ +

x
x
A1
2 as x 0 A1
so
0
lim
x

,
_

x
x
cos ln
) ( tan
2
= 2 A1
N3 4
[24]

27. (a)
x
y
d
d
= 1
2
4 x
xy

x y dy/dx h dy/dx
0 1 1 0.25 A2
0.25 1.25 0.9206349206 0.2301587302 A2
0.5 1.48015873 0.8026455027 0.2006613757 A2
0.75 1.680820106 0.6332756132 0.1583189033 A2
1 1.839139009 A1
To two decimal places, when x = 1, y = 1.84. A1 N0
10
20
(b) (i) Integrating factor =
( ) x
x
x
d
4
2
e

(M1)
=

,
_

) 4 ( n 1
2
1 2
e
x
A1
=
2
4
1
x
A1
It follows that
x d
d
2 2
4
1
4 x x
y

,
_

(M1)
2
4 x
y

= arcsin

,
_

2
x
+ C A1A1
Putting x = 0, y = 1,
2
1
= C A1
Therefore, y =
2
4 x

,
_

+
,
_

2
1
2
arcsin
x
A2 N0

(ii) When x = 1, y = 1.77. A1 N1
10

(c)
x
y
2
1
1 0
Since
x
y
d
d
is decreasing the value of y is over-estimated at each step. R1A1
4
[24]
21
28.
1 1
term (2 )! !( 1)!
term !( 1)! (2 2)!
k k
k k
x k x k k
x k k k x
+ +
_ _

+
, ,
(M1)
2 (2 1)
( 1)
k k
x
k k
_

+
,
(A1)
This
4 x
(
as k
) (A1)
Using the ratio test, the series is convergent if
4 1 x <
(M1)
So radius of convergence is
1
4
(Accept
1
4
x <
, but not
1
4
x <
) (A1)
[5]

29. (a)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
b
1 1 1 x
c x
x
a
x x
x
+
+
+
+

+ +
x
2
a(1 + x
2
) + (bx + c) (1 + x) (M1)(A1)
1 = a + b, 0 = a + c, 0 = b + c
Solving gives 1 = 2a
.
2
1
,
2
1
2
1
c b a
(A1)(A1)(A1) (N2)
22
(b) (i)
( ) ( )

+
+
x
x
x
x
I d
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
=
( ) ( ) ( )

+

+
+
+
2 2
1
d
2
1
d
1
2
4
1
d
1
1
2
1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(M1)
=
k x x x + + + + arctan
2
1
1 ln
4
1
1 ln
2
1
2
(A1)(A1)(A1)
Note: Do not penalize the absence of k, or
the absolute value signs.
(ii)
k + +
8
2 ln
4
1
2 ln
2
1
4

(M1)(A1)
k + 2 ln
4
3
8
3

,
_

2 ,
4
3
,
8
3
2 ln
4
3
8
3
r q p accept k

(A1)
(N1)
Note: I is not unique. Accept equivalent
expressions which may lead to
different values of p, q, r.
[12]
23
30. (a) (i)
( )
( )

! 1 2
1
1
1
n
n
( )
0
! 1 2
1
lim lim

n
a
n
n
n
(A1)
Now
( ) ! 1 2
1
n
is decreasing as n increases

1 +
>
n n
a a
for n 1 (A1)
So by alternating series test (M1)
( )
( )

! 1 2
1
1
1
n
n
is convergent. (accept ratio test) (AG)
(ii)
! 7
1
! 5
1
! 3
1
1
4
+ S
(M1)
=
5040
1
120
1
6
1
1 +
(A1)
= 0.841468 (6 dp)
(iii) Error in n
th
partial sum is less than a
n + 1
S
4
Error < a
5
Error <
! 9
1
(M1)
Error < 0.00000276 (A1)
24
(b) (i) f (x) = sin x f (0) = 0
f (x) = cos x f (0) = 1
f (x) = sin x f (0) = 0
f (x) = cos x f (0) = 1
f
(4)
(x) = sin x f
(4)
(0) = 0
f
(5)
(x) = cos x f
(5)
(0) = 1
f
(6)
(x) = sin x f
(6)
(0) = 0
f
(7)
(x) = cos x f
(7)
(0) = 1
...
! 7 ! 5 ! 3
sin
7 5 3
+ +
x x x
x x
(M1)(A1)
(ii) n
th
term given by
( )
( ) ! 1 2
1
1 2
1

n
x
n
n
(A1)(A1)
Note: Award (A1) for (1)
n

1
, (A1) for
( ) ! 1 2
1 2

n
x
n
(iii)
( )
( )

,
_

,
_

+

+

1 2
1 2
1
1 2
! 1 2
lim lim
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
n
n
x
a
a
=
( )

,
_

+

n n
x
n
2 1 2
lim
2
= 0 (M1)(A1)
series converges for all x. (AG)
(iv) Now
( )
x
x
x
d
sin d
cos
=
x
x x x
x
d
...
! 7 ! 5 ! 3
d
7 5 3

,
_

+ +
=
...
! 6 ! 4 ! 2
1
6 4 2
+ +
x x x
(M1)(A1)
[15]
25
31. At (0, 1)
x
y
d
d
= 3 (M1)(A1)
Increment = 3 0.5 (= 1.5) M1A1
y = 2.5 (at x = 0.5) M1A1
At (0.5, 2.5),
x
y
d
d
= 2 (A1)
Increment = 2 0.5 (= 1) A1
Therefore y 3.5 when x = 1. A1
N0
Note: Allow FT from their y value when x =
0.5.
[9]

32. (a)

+ C x x
x
x
x x cos ln d
cos
sin
d tan
M1A1
= ln sec x + C AG N0
Note: Accept a solution showing that the
derivative of ln sec x is tan x.

(b) Integrating factor =
( )
k x
x x
+

sec ln
d tan
e e
(M1)
= (C) sec x A1

(c) Multiply by integrating factor (M1)
sec x
x
y
d
d
+ y sec x tan x = sec
2
x (A1)
gives y sec x = tan x + c A1A1A1
Substitute (0, 2) (2 = 0 + c) (M1)
So c = 2 A1
y sec x = tan x + 2
y =
( ) x x y
x
x
cos 2 sin
sec
2 tan
+
+
A1
[12]

33. (a)
( )
1
1 5 . 0
lim
1 1
lim
5 . 0
0 0

+
x
x
x
x x
M1A1
= 0.5 A1
26
N1

(b)
x
x
x x
x x 1
ln
lim ln lim
0 0

M1A1
=
2
0
1
1
lim
x
x
x

M1A1
=
0
lim
x
(x) A1
= 0 A1 N1
[9]

34. (a) (i) For attempting to use the comparison test (could be in an
example) M1
If u
n
is convergent, it follows that there exists N
such that for, n N, u
n
< 1. M1
So, for n N, u
n
2
< u
n
. A1
It follows by the comparison test that

2
n
u
is convergent.
(ii) The converse is not true. A1
A counterexample is

2
1
n
is convergent but

n
1
is not. A1
27
(b) (i)(ii) Consider, for k

1,
( )

2
ln
d
k
x x
x
M1A1
Recognizing the substitution u = ln x or attempting
integration by parts (M2)
( ) ( )

1
1
]
1

2
1
ln 1
1
k
x k
M1A1
This integral, and therefore the series,
is convergent for k > 1 and divergent for k < 1. A1
For k = 1,
( ) [ ]

2
2
ln ln
ln
d
x
x x
x
M1A1
This integral, and therefore the series, is divergent for k = 1. A1
(The series is therefore convergent for k > 1 and divergent
for k 1.)
[15]

35. (a) (i) Consider
( )
( )
!
0
n
f
a
n
n

or
( )
( )
n
n
a n f ! 0
(M1)(A1)
Note: Award M1A1 if this statement, or its
equivalent with at least 2 numerical
values of n, is seen anywhere in the
candidates work.
Putting x = 0 in the given relationship M1
( ) 0 ! ! 2
2
2
+
+ n n
a n n a n
A1
So
( ) ( ) 1 , 2 1
2
2
+ +
+
n a n a n n
n n
AG
(ii) We find that
3 2
1
2
3

a
(M1)
5 4
3
3 2
1
2 2
5

a
(A1)
and in general, for odd n 3,
( )
!
2 ... 3 1
2 2 2
n
n
a
n

A1

(b) Using the ratio test. M1
28
For odd n,
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 1 term
term
x
n n
n
x
x
n
n

+ +

+
M1
x
2
as n A1
EITHER
The series is convergent for
x
< 1. A1
OR
Radius of convergence is 1. A1

(c) arcsin
6 2
1

,
_

A1

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

+
,
_

5 3
2
1
40
3
2
1
6
1
2
1
1
M1A1
3.139 A1 N0
[15]

36. (a)
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2
1
2
3
1
1 2
3
lim lim lim
n
n
n n
n n n
a
n n
n
n

(M1)(A1)
=
2
1
A1 N3

(b)
001 . 0
2
1
1 2
3
2
2
<

+
n
n n
M1
001 . 0
2 4
1 6
2
<

+
n
n
A1
6n + 1 < 0.004n
2
0.002 A1
0.004n
2
6n 1.002 > 0 A1
Positive root = 1500.166... A1
N = 1501 A1 N3
[9]
29
37. (a) Method 1:
Dividing each term of the quotient
x
y
d
d
by x
2
M1
yields
x
y
d
d
=

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
y
x
f
x
y
x
y
2
3
A1
Therefore the differential equation is homogenous. AG
Method 2:
All terms of
x
y
d
d
are of degree 2. A2

(b) By using the substitution y = xv we have
( )
,
3 3 3 3
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
v
v
v x
v x
xv x
v x x
xy
y x +

+
M1A1
also, y = v + v x v + v x =
v
v
2
3+
M1A1
v
2
+ vv x = 3 + v
2

3
d
d

x
v
vx

x
x
vdv
d
3
M1

c x v + ln 3
2
1
2
or v
2
= 6 ln x + k A1
Since
x
y
v

2 2 2
ln 3
2
1
cx x x y +
y
2
= 6x
2
ln x + kx
2
A1 N0

(c) The curve passes through the point (1, 2), therefore M1
2
2
= 6 1
2
ln1 + k 1
2
k = 4 A1
So the equation of the curve is y
2
= 6x
2
ln x + 4x
2
A1 N1
[12]
30
38. Noting either that the error in an alternating series is less than the
next term or using the Lagrange form of the error term in the
Maclaurin series,
Error
! 7
7
x
M1A1
We require
! 7
7
x
< 0.005 M1
2 . 25
7
< x
(A1)
( ) 59 . 1 Accept 59 . 1 < x x
A1
[5]

39. We first note that
(n + 1)

n
2

n
for n 1 M1A1
2

n
is a geometric series with common ratio 0.5 R2
It is therefore convergent. R1
(n + 1)

n
is therefore convergent by the comparison test. M1A1
[7]

40. y (0.1) = y (0) + 0.1(2 1 + sin (0)) M1A1
= 1.2 A1
y (0.2) = 1.2 + 0.1(2 1.2 + sin (0.1)) M1A1
= 1.449983342 (1.45) A1
y (0.3) = 1.449983342 + 0.1(2 1.449983342 + sin (0.2)) A1
= 1.759846943 (1.76) A1
y (0.4) = 1.759846943 + 0.1(2 1.759846943 + sin (0.3)) A1
= 2.14 A1 N0
[10]

41. (a)
( ) ! 1
!
1
+

+
n
n
u
u
n
n
M1A1
=
0
1
1

+ n
as n A1A1
Therefore series convergent by ratio test. AG

31
(b)
, 1
!
2
<
n
n
n > 3 (M1)
2
n
< n!, n > 3
...
8
1
4
1
2
1
1 ...
24
1
6
1
2
1
1 + + + + < + + + +
M1A1
so
( ) 2
2
1
1
1

<

S
A1
that is S

< 2 AG

(c) e 1 A1
[9]

42. (a) Putting f (x) = ln x
f (1) = 0 A1
( ) ( ) 1 1 ,
1
f
x
x f
A1
( ) ( ) 1 1 ,
1
2
f
x
x f
A1
( ) ( ) 2 1 ,
2
3
f
x
x f
A1
ln x
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
6
1
1
2
1
1
3 2

+
x x
x
M1A1
=
( ) ( ) 1 3 3
3
1
1 2
2
1
1
2 3 2
+ + + x x x x x x
A1
=
6
11
3
2
3
3
2 3
+ x
x x
AG

(b) Integrating both sides of the above result
x ln x x
C
x x x x
+ +
6
11
2
3
2 12
2 3 4
M1A1
Putting ln1 = 0 gives
4
1
C
so (M1)A1
ln x
x
x x x
4
1
6
5
2
3
2 12
2 3
+
A2

(c) When x = 1.5
32
ln x = 0.4054...
... 4166 . 0
6
11
3
2
3
3
2 3
+ x
x x
A1
... 4062 . 0
4
1
6
5
2
3
2 12
2 3
+
x
x x x
A1
The second approximation is nearer the time value and
therefore better. A1
[17]

43. (a) METHOD 1
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
ln
d
d
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x

+ +
+

,
_

,
_

+
M1A2
=
2
1
2
x
AG
METHOD 2
( ) ( ) ( )
x x
x x
x
+
+
+
1
1
1
1
1 ln 1 ln
d
d
M1A2
=
2
1
2
x
AG
33
(b) Put y = vx so that
x
v
x v
x d
d
d
dy
+
(M1)A1
Substituting
( )
2 2 2
1
d
d
v v x
x
v
x v x +

,
_

+
(M1)(A1)
x
v
x
d
d
= 1 v
2
A1
x
x d
=
2
1
d
v
v

A1
ln x =

C
v
v
2
1
d
M1A1
=
C
v
v
+

,
_

+
1
1
ln
2
1
A1
Substituting

,
_

2
1
, 1
3 n l
2
1
giving 3 n l
2
1
0 + C C
(M1)A1
ln x
2
= ln
( )

,
_

+
y x
y x
3
M1A1
y x
y x
x

2
3
A1
giving
1 3
3
2
3
+

x
x x
y
A2
[19]

44. (a) (i)
[ ]

2
2
) + 1 ( ln
2
1
=
+ 1
d
n
n
n
n
x
x
x x

M1A1
=
+ 1
+ 1
ln
2
1
2
2 2
n
n
M1A1
(ii)
2
ln
2
1

or ln as n M1A1
34
(b) Limit =

,
_

x x
x x
x
cos cos
sec sec
lim
2 2
0
M1A1A1
=

,
_

x x
x x x x
x
sin sin
tan sec 2 tan sec 2
lim
2 2
0
A1A1
=

,
_

+
+

x x
x x x x x x
x
cos cos
tan sec 4 sec 2 tan sec 4 sec 2
lim
2
2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2
0


A1A1
=
1 +
2 2
2
2

A1
= 2 A1
[15]

45. (a) (i)
1
2
lim
1
ln
lim
1
2
1
x
x
x
x x

M1A1
= 2 A1 N0
(ii)
x
x x
x
x
x x
sin
sec tan 2
lim
cos 1
tan
lim
2
0
2
0

M1A1
EITHER
=
x
x x x
x
cos
sec tan 4 sec 2
lim
2 2 4
0
+

M1A1
= 2 A1 N0
OR
=
0
lim
x
2 sec
3
x M1A1
= 2 A1

(b) The argument is incorrect because the denominator is not
zero when x = 3. R2
[10]
35
46. METHOD 1
f (x) = e
sin x
, f (0) = 1 A1
f (x) = (cos x) e
sin x
f (0) = 1 A1
f (x) = (sin x) e
sin x
+ (cos
2
x) e
sin x
M1
f (0) = 1 A1
f (x) = (cos x) e
sin x
(sin x cos x) e
sin x
+ (cos
3
x) e
sin x
2(sin x cos x) e
sin x
M1
f (0) = 0 A1
a = 1, b = 1, c =
2
1
, d = 0 A2
N0
METHOD 2
e
sin x
= 1 + sin x +
...
6
sin
2
sin
3 2
+ +
x x
(M1)(A1)
=
... ...
6 6
1
...
6 2
1
...
6
1
3
3
2
3 3
+

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
x
x
x
x
x
x
M1A1
...
6 2 6
1
3 2 3
+ + + +
x x x
x
M1A1
=
... 0
2
1
3
2
+ + + + x
x
x
A2
N0

,
_

0 ,
2
1
, 1 , 1 d c b a
[8]

47. (a) EITHER
( )

<
+
1
2
1
1
2
1
n n
n n n
which is convergent M1A1
The given series is therefore convergent using the comparison test. R1
OR
( )
1
2
1
lim
1
2
1
lim
2

+

+

n n n n
n n
M1A1
The given series is therefore convergent using the limit
comparison test. R1

36
(b) (i) Let
( ) 2
1
+ n n
=
( )
( )

,
_

+
+ +

+
+
2
2
2 n n
Bn n A
n
B
n
A
(M1)
Substituting values for n
2
1
A
(A1)
2
1
B
(A1)
( ) ( ) 2 2
1
2
1
2
1
+

+ n n n n
A1
(ii) Using partial fractions
( )
...
7
2
1
5
2
1
6
2
1
4
2
1
5
2
1
3
2
1
4
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
+ + + + +
+

n
n n
M1A1
Recognizing the cancellation (in the telescoping series)
(eg crossing out). R1
( ) 4
3
4
1
2
1
2
1
1
+
+

n
n n
A2
[12]

48. (a) I =
x x x
x
d e cos sin
sin

For a reasonable attempt at integration by parts. (M1)

u = sin x v = e

sin x
du = cos x dx dv = cos x e

sin x
dx (A1)
I = sin x e

sin x
+
x x
x
d e cos
sin

A1A1
= sin x e

sin x
e

sin x
+ C AG

(b) IF =

x x d cos
e
(M1)(A1)
= e

sin x
A1
37
(c) e

sin x

x x
x x x y
x
y
sin sin
e cos sin e cos
d
d


M1A1
e

sin x
y =
x x x
x
d e cos sin
sin

M1A1
e

sin x
y = sin x e

sin x
e

sin x
+ C A1
Substituting x = 0 and y = 2 (M1)
2 = 0 1 + C
1 = C(A1)
so e

sin x
y = sin x e

sin x
e

sin x
+ 1 A1
y = sin x 1 e
sin x
A1
[16]
38
49. Using the ratio test (M1)
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
n
x
n
u
u

,
_

,
_

+

+

sin
1
sin
lim lim
1
1
A1
=

,
_

,
_

n
n
x
n
sin
1
sin
lim
A1
=
x
A1
The series is convergent for
x
< 1 A1
When x = 1, the series is

,
_

1
sin
n
n
M1
Using the limit comparison test with the divergent series

1
1
n
n
M1

,
_

n
n
n
1
sin
lim
A1
The series is divergent. R1
When x = 1, the series is
( )

,
_

1
sin 1
n
n
n
M1
The series is alternating (after the first term). R1
The general term is decreasing in magnitude and tending to zero as n . R1
The series is convergent. R1
The interval of convergence of the original series is 1 x < 1. A1
[14]
39
50. (a)
( )

1
1
]
1

s
s s
s
4
4 3
lim
4
( )
1
1
1
]
1

1
4 3
2
3
1
lim
2
1
4
s
s
using lHpitals Rule
M1A1A1
=
( )
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
16
2
3
1 2
1
=
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
8
3
1
=
8
5

A1
N1
40
(b) EITHER

,
_

x x
x
x
sin
1 cos
lim
0

,
_

x x x
x
x
sin cos
sin
lim
0
M1A1

,
_

x x x x
x
x
cos sin cos
cos
lim
0
M1A1
2
1

A1 N1
OR

,
_

,
_

2
cos
2
sin 2
1
2
sin 2 1
lim
sin
1 cos
lim
2
0 0
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
M1A1

,
_

,
_

x
x
x
x
x
x x
2
tan
lim
2
cos
2
sin
lim
0 0
M1A1
2
1
1
2
sec
2
1
lim
2
0

,
_

x
x
A1
N1
[9]
41
51. (a)
A1A1A1
Note: Award A1 for attempt of slope field,
A1
for parallel line segments at
appropriate
points, A1 for completely correct.

(b) For curve (candidates minimum should be approximately
on the line y = x). A1
42
(c)
y x
x
y

d
d
x y
x
y
+
d
d
(A1)
integrating factor is
x
x
e e
d

M1A1
so
x y
x
y
x x x
e e
d
d
e +
(A1)

x x y
x x
d e e
A1
=

x x
x x
d e e
M1A1
=
c x
x x
+ e e
A1
(0, 3) belongs to the curve so
3 = 1 + c
c = 4 A1
and y = x 1 + 4e

x
A1
[14]

52. (a) Let
3 4 1 4 3 8 16
1
2
+
+

+ r
B
r
A
r r
substituting values of r (M1)
4
1
A
4
1
B
M1A1A1
N4

(b)

,
_

+ 3 4
1
1 4
1
4
1
3 8 16
1
2
r r r r
substituting values of r = 1, 2, 3,..., n gives

,
_

+ + + +
3 4
1
1 4
1
...
15
1
11
1
11
1
7
1
7
1
3
1
4
1
n n
S
n
M1A1A1
=

,
_

3 4
1
3
1
4
1
n
A1

43
(c)

,
_

,
_

+
1
2
3 4
1
3
1
4
1
lim
3 8 16
1
r
n
n r r
M1
=
12
1
A1
Hence the series is convergent. AG
[10]

53.

a
p
a
p
x
x
x
x
1 1
d
1
lim d
1
M1
=
( )
( ) 1 ,
1
1
lim
1
1

1
]
1

p a
p
a
p
a
A1
=
( )
1
]
1

1
1
1
lim
1 p
a
a
p
A1
if p < 1, 1 p > 0 and
( )
1
]
1

1
1
1
1 p
a
p
R1
if p > 1, a
(1

p)
0 as a so
1
1
1
1
1
lim
1

1
]
1

p
a
p
p
a
A1
if p = 1,

1
1
ln d
1
x x
x
A1
Hence

1
d
1
x
x
converges for p > 1. A1
[7]
44
54. (a) (i)
( ) y x
x
y
2 1
d
d

( ) y
x
y
x
x
y
2
d
d
2 1
d
d
2
2

M1A1
( )
x
y
x
y
x
x
y
d
d
4
d
d
2 1
d
d
2
2
3
3

A1
( )
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
d
d
4
d
d
2
d
d
2 1
d
d
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
x
y

A1
=
( )
2
2
3
3
d
d
6
d
d
2 1
x
y
x
y
x
AG
(ii) y(0) = 2
y
1
(0) = 2 A1
y
2
(0) = 2 4 = 2 A1
y
3
(0) = 2 8 = 10 A1
y
4
(0) = 10 + 12 = 2 A1
y =
...
! 4
2
! 3
10
! 2
2
! 1
2
2
4 3 2
+ + +
x x x x
M1A1
Note: Award M1 if at least three terms are
given.

(b) y (0.5) = 2 + 1 0.25 0.208333 + 0.005208 = 2.55 (M1)A1

(c)
( ) 1 . 0 , 2 1
d
d
h y x
x
y
y
n + 1
= y
n
+ h f (x
n
, y
n
)
x
i
y
i
x
y
d
d
y
0 2 2 0.2 M1
0.1 2.2 1.76 0.176 A1
0.2 2.376 1.4256 (0.14256) A1
0.3 2.51856 1.007424 (0.1007424) A1
0.4 2.6193024 0.52386048 (0.052386048) A1
0.5 2.6716884
y (0.5) = 2.67 A1 N0
45
(d) The Maclaurin method can be made more accurate by taking
more terms. A1
Eulers method can be made more accurate by decreasing the
step value. A1
[20]

55. (a)
1
2 ln 2 1 2
lim lim
x
x
x
x x

M1A1
= 1n 2 A1

(b) EITHER
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
1 3
1 ln
1 1
2
1
2
2
3
2
lim lim

+
+

+
+

x
x x
x x
x
x x
M1A1
=
( ) ( )
x
x x x
x
+ +

1 1 3
2
1
2
lim
A1A1
= 3A1
OR
( ) ...
2
3
1 ...
2
3
1 1 1
2 2
2
3
2
+ + + + x x x
M1A1
ln (1 + x) x = x
...
2
1
...
2
1
2 2
+ + x x x
M1A1
Limit = 3 A1
[8]
46
56. Rewrite the equation in the form
x
x
y
x x
y
2
1 2
d
d +
+
M1A1
Integrating factor =

,
_

x d
x
2
e
M1
= e
21n x
(A1)
= x
2
A1
The equation becomes
( )
2 2
1
d
d
x x yx
y
+
M1
( ) C x yx + +
2
3
2 2
1
3
1
A1
3
1
8
3
1
3 + C C
M1A1
( )
1
]
1

,
_

+ + 1 1
3
1
giving
2
3
2 2
x yx
[9]
47
57. (a) (i)
( )
( )
( )
2
e 1 e
x n x
n
x f

+

(M1)A1
(ii)
( )
( )
!
0
of t Coefficien
n
f
x
n
n

(M1)
=
( )
! 2
1 1
n
n
+
(A1)
( ) ...
24 2
1
4 2
+ + +
x x
x f
A1
(iii) Putting
2
1
x
M1
( )
384
433
24 16
1
8
1
1 5 . 0

+ + f
(M1)A1
(iv) Lagrange error term =
( )
( )
( )
1
1
! 1
+
+
+
n
n
x
n
c f
M1
=
( )
( )
5
5
2
1
120

,
_

c f
A1
f
(5)
(c) is an increasing function because any valid reason, eg
plotted a graph, positive derivative, increasing function minus a
decreasing function, so this is maximized when x = 0.5. R1
Therefore upper bound =
( )
5
0.5 0.5
2
1
120 2
e e

,
_

M1
= 0.000136 A1
48
(b) We consider

,
_

1 1
2
1
d ln d
ln
x
x x x
x
x
M1A1
=

+
1
]
1

1
2
1
d
1 ln
x
x x
x
A1A1
=

1
]
1

1
]
1

1 1
1 ln
x x
x
A1
Now
0
1
lim
,
_

x
x
R1
0
1
lim
ln
lim
,
_

,
_

x x
x
x x
M1A1
The integral is convergent with value 1 and so therefore is
the series. R1
[22]

58. (a) (i) Domain 1, 1 A1
Range
1
]
1

2
,
2

A1
(ii) f (x) = arcsin x, f (0) = 1 A1
f (x) =
,
1
1
2
x
f (0) = 0 A1
f (x) =
), 2 ( ) 1 (
2
1

2
3

2
x x
f (0) = 0 A1
f (x) =
, ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
2
3

2
3

2
2
5

2
x x x x +
A1
f (0) = 1 A1
f (x) = x +
+
6
3
x
A1
49
(b) cos (arcsin x) = 1
24
6
2
6
4
3
2
3

,
_

+
+

,
_

+
x
x
x
x
M1A1
= 1
24 2
3
4
4
2

+
+

,
_

+ +
x
x
x
A1
= 1
8

2
4 2
x x
A1

(c) (i) P
r

,
_

+ + +
4
2
2
2 2
2
) 1 (
1 ) 1 ( x
p
q r r
x
p
q
r p x
p
q
r r
M1A1
(ii) Equating: P
r
= 1 p = 1; rq =
2
1
q
=
;
2
1
r

8
1

2
) 1 (
2
q
r r
M1
1
1
8
1
4
1
2
) 1 (
2

r
r
r
r r
M1
r 1 = r
r =
;
2
1
q = 1 A1
Series is (1 x
2
)
1/2
The same function is being considered in (b) and (c) R1
since cos (arcsin x) = cos arccos
2 / 1 2 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( x x
R1
[19]

59. (a)
( )
( ) a
a
x a
x a
x
ln
ln
ln
ln
lim
2
3
2 2
0

,
_

M1A1
=
2
ln
ln 2

a
a
A1
50
(b)
( )
( )

,
_

,
_

+

2
2
0
2
2
0
1
2
1
2
lim
1 ln
1 ln
lim
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
M1A1
=
( )
( )
1
1
1
lim
2
2
0

,
_

x
x
x
A1

(c)

,
_

+
+

,
_

+
+

x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
sin 2 e e
sin 2 2
lim
cos 2 e e
cos 2 2
lim
0
2
0
M1A1
=

,
_

+ +
+

x
x x
x x
x
cos 2 e e
cos 2 2
lim
0
A1
=
4
4
A1
= 1 AG
Note: The expression
" "
4
4

must be shown
to
obtain the A1.
[10]

60. (a)
vx y
( ) v F
x
v
x v
x
y
+
d
d
d
d
M1
( ) v v F
x
v
x
d
d
A1
This is separable, ie
( )

x
x
v v F
v d d
A1
51
(b)
2 , 1 y Y x X
1 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 3
7 ) 2 ( 3 ) 1 (
d
d
d
d
+ +
+ + +

Y X
Y X
X
Y
x
y
M1A1
X
Y
X
Y
Y X
Y X
x
y

3
3 1
3
3
d
d
A1
This is a homogeneous differential equation.
Using
vX Y
v
v
X
Y
X
Y
X
v
X v

+
+
3
3 1
3
3 1
d
d
A1
v
v
v
X
v
X

3
3 1
d
d
v
v
v
v v v
X
v
X

+ +

3
1
3
3 3 1
d
d
2 2
M1A1

+

v
v
v
X
X
d
1
3 d
2
A1
ln
( ) C v v X + +
2
1 ln
2
1
arctan 3
A1A1
Note: Award A1 for 3 arctan v and A1 for
( ) . 1 ln
2
1
2
v +
ln
C
x
y
x
y
x +

,
_

,
_

,
_

2
1
2
1 ln
2
1
1
2
arctan 3 1
A1A1
Note: Award A1 for each correct
substitution.
[14]
52
61. (a) (i)
(A1) for graph
From consideration of relative areas of rectangle and trapezoid,
( )

+

,
_

+
+ < <
+
1
1
1 1
2
1 d
1
1
a
a
a a x
x
a
M1A1

,
_

+

+
+

a
a
x
x
x
a
a
a
a
1
ln ln
d
1
1
A1
( )

1
1 1
2
1 1
ln
1
1

,
_

+
+ <
,
_

+
<
+ a a a
a
a
AG
(ii) Putting a = 1 M1
4
3
2 ln
2
1
< <
AG
(iii) If ln 3 = ln

,
_

+
a
1 a
M1
3a = a + 1
2
1
a
A1
3
4
3
2
2
2
1
,
3
2

,
_

+ q p
A1
53
(b) From (a)(i)
( )

,
_

< <
n n
n n
n
1
1
1
2
1
1 ln ln
1
M1A1
1
1
n
< ln (n 1) ln (n 2) <

,
_

+
1
1
2
1
2
1
n n
A1
2
1
n
< ln (n 2) ln (n 3) <

,
_

+
2
1
3
1
2
1
n n
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
2
1
< ln 2 ln 1 <

,
_

+
2
1
1
1
2
1
A1
Summing
( ) 1
2
1 1
2
1
ln 1 +
,
_

< <
n n n
H
n
H n H
A1
n
H n H
n n
2
1
2
1
ln 1 < <
AG

(c)
( ) 1 ln ln
1 1
+

n H n H
n n n n
M1A1
=
1
ln
1

n
n
H H
n n
A1
=
(a)(i) of result the using , 0
1
ln
1
<

n
n
n
A1
Hence the terms decrease as n increases.
[17]
54
62. (a)
( )
10 1
10
1
10
10
1
n
n
u
u
n
n
n
n

+
+
M1A1
10
1
1
10
1

,
_

+
n
A1
10
1

as n A1
1
10
1
<
R1
So by the Ratio Test the series is convergent. R1
[6]

63. (a)
x
x
x
x
x
e
1
lim
e
lim

M1A1
= 0 AG

(b) Using integration by parts M1
[ ]


+
a
x
a
x
a
x
x x x x
0
0
0
d e e d e
A1A1
[ ]
a
x a
e ae
0


A1
= 1 ae

a
e

a
A1

(c) Since e

a
and ae

a
are both convergent (to zero), the integral is
convergent. R1
Its value is 1. A1
[9]
55
64. (a) Rewrite the equation in the form
1
2
d
d
2
2
+

x
x
y
x x
y
M1A1
Integrating factor =

x
x
d
2
e
M1
=
x 2ln
e

A1
=
2
1
x
A1
Note: Accept
3
1
x
as applied to the original
equation.

(b) Multiplying the equation,
1
1 2
d
d 1
2 3 2
+

x
y
x x
y
x
(M1)
1
1
d
d
2 2
+

,
_

x x
y
x
(M1)(A1)

1
d
2 2
x
x
x
y
M1
= arctan x + C A1
Substitute x = 1, y = 1. M1
4
1
4
1

+

C C
A1

,
_

+
4
1 arctan
2
x x y
A1
[13]

65. (a) The area under the curve is sandwiched between the sum of the
areas of the lower rectangles and the upper rectangles. M2
Therefore

+ + + < < + + +
3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
...
5
1
1
4
1
1
3
1
1
d
...
6
1
1
5
1
1
4
1
1
x
x
A1
which leads to the printed result.
56
(b) We note first that
18
1
2
1 d
3
3
2 3

1
]
1

x x
x
M1A1
Consider first

,
_

+ + + + + +
1
3 3 3 3 3 3
...
6
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
n
n
M1A1
18
1
27
1
8
1
1 + + + <
M1A1
=
( ) ( ) bound upper an is which 22 . 1
216
263
A1

,
_

+ + + + +
1
3 3 3 3 3
...
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
n
n
M1A1
18
1
8
1
1 + + >
M1A1
=
( ) 18 . 1
216
255
72
85

,
_

(which is a lower bound) A1

[15]

66. (a) Constant term = 0 A1

(b)
x
x f

1
1
) (
A1
( )
2
1
1
) (
x
x f

A1
f (x) =
( )
3
1
2
x
A1
f (0) = 1; f (0) = 1; f (0) = 2 A1
Note: Allow FT on their derivatives.
...
! 3
2
! 2
1
! 1
1
0 ) (
3 2
+

+
x x x
x f
M1A1
=
2 2
3 2
x x
x + +
AG

(c)
2
1
2
1
1

x
x
(A1)
57
ln 2
24
1
8
1
2
1
+ +
M1
=
( ) 667 . 0
3
2
A1

(d) Lagrange error =
( )
1
1
2
1
)! 1 (
) (
+
+

,
_

+
n
n
n
c f
(M1)
=
( )
4
4
2
1
24
1
1
6

,
_

c
A1
16
1
24
1
2
1
1
6
4

,
_

<
A2
giving an upper bound of 0.25. A1

(e) Actual error = ln 2
0265 . 0
3
2

A1
The upper bound calculated is much larger that the actual
error therefore cannot be considered a good estimate. R1
[17]

67. (a) Using lHopitals rule,

,
_

,
_

x
x
x
x
x x
2 cos 2
1
lim
2 sin
ln
lim
1 1
M1A1
=
2
1
A1
58
(b)

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ + + +

,
_

...
! 4 ! 2
1 1
...
! 3 ! 2
1 1
lim
cos 1
e 1
lim
4 2
6 4
2
0 0
2
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
M1A1A1
Note: Award M1 for evidence of using the
two series.
=

,
_

,
_

,
_

...
! 4 ! 2
...
! 3 ! 2
lim
4 2
6 4
2
0
x x
x x
x
x
A1
EITHER
=

,
_

,
_

,
_

...
! 4 ! 2
1
...
! 3 ! 2
1
lim
2
4 2
0
x
x x
x
M1A1
=
2
2
1
1

A1
OR
=

,
_

,
_

,
_

...
! 4
4
! 2
2
...
! 3
6
! 2
4
2
lim
3
5 3
0
x x
x x
x
x
M1A1
=

,
_

,
_

,
_

...
! 4
4
1
...
! 3
6
! 2
4
2
lim
2
4 2
0
x
x x
x
=
2
1
2

A1
[10]
59
68.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 1 2 2
2 1 2
1 2 2 1 2 2
1
Let
+ +
+ + +

+
+
+

+ + x x
x B x A
x
B
x
A
x x
M1A1
3
1
2 A x
A1
3
2
2
1
B x
A1 N3
( ) ( )

1
]
1

h
x
x x
I
0
d
2
1
1 2
2
3
1
M1
=
( ) ( ) [ ]
h
x x
0
2 ln 1 2 ln
3
1
+ +
A1
=
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+
+

2
1
ln
2
1 2
ln lim
3
1
h
h
h
A1
=

,
_

2
1
ln 2 ln
3
1
A1
=
2 ln
3
2
A1
Note: If the logarithms are not combined in
the
third from last line the last three A1
marks
cannot be awarded.
[9]

69. (a) (i)
( ) y x x
x
y
+
2
1 2
d
d
x
i
y
i
y
i
y
1 2 0 0
1.1 2 0.4620 0.0462
1.2 2.0462 0.9451 0.0945
1.3 2.1407
M1
A2
Notes: Award A2 for complete table.
Award A1 for a reasonable attempt.
f (1.3) = 2.14 (accept 2.141) A1
(ii) Decrease the step size A1

60
(b)
( ) y x x
x
y
+
2
1 2
d
d
( )
2
1 2 2
d
d
x x xy
x
y
+
M1
Integrating factor is
2
e e
d 2
x
x x

M1A1
So,
( ) x x xe xe y e
x x x
d 2 2
2
2 2 2

+
A1
=

+ x xe e x e
x x x
d 2
2 2 2
2
M1A1
k e e x e
x x x
+ +
2 2 2
2
=
k e x
x
+
2
2
A1
y =
2
2 x
ke x

+
x = 1, y = 2 2 = 1 + ke

1
M1
k = e
y = x
2
+
2
1
e
x
A1
[14]
61
70. (a) f (x) = ln cos x
x
x
x
x f tan
cos
sin
) (

M1A1
f (x) = sec
2
x M1
f (x) = 2 sec x sec x tanx A1
f
iv
(x) = 2 sec
2
x (sec
2
x) 2 tan x (2 sec
2
x tan x)
= 2 sec
4
x 4 sec
2
x tan
2
x A1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ... 0
! 4
0
! 3
0
! 2
0 0
4 3 2
+ + + + +
iv
f
x
f
x
f
x
f x f x f
f (0) = 0, M1
f (0) = 0,
f

(0) = 1,
f

(0) = 0,
f
iv
(0) = 2, A1
Notes: Award the A1 if all the substitutions
are correct.
Allow FT from their derivatives.
ln (cos x)
! 4
2
! 2
4 2
x x

A1
=
12 2
4 2
x x

AG
62
(b) Some consideration of the manipulation of ln 2 (M1)
Attempt to find an angle (M1)
EITHER
Taking
3

x
A1
ln
! 4
3
2
! 2
3
2
1
4 2

,
_

,
_

A1
ln 2
! 4
81
2
! 2
9
4 2


A1
ln 2

,
_

+ +
108 2
1
9 972 18
2 2 4 2

A1
OR
Taking
4

x
A1
ln
! 4
4
2
! 2
4
2
1
4 2

,
_

,
_

A1
! 4
256
2
! 2
16
2 ln
2
1
4 2


A1
ln 2

,
_

+ +
192 2
1
8 1536 16
2 2 4 2

A1
[14]
63
71. (a) The ratio test gives
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
n n n
n n n
n
n
n
n
x n
n x
u
u
1 3 2
3 1 1
lim lim
1
1 1
1
+
+

+
+ +

+

M1A1
=
( )
( ) 2 3
1
lim
+
+

n
x n
n
A1
=
3
x
A1
So the series converges for
3
x
< 1, A1
the radius of convergence is 3 A1
Note: Do not penalize lack of modulus signs.

(b)
n n u
n
+
3
3
1
=

,
_

+
3
3
1
1
1
n
n
M1A1
=

,
_

+ + 1 ...
81
5
9
1
3
1
1
9 6 3
n n n
n
A1
using
2
1
n
v
n

as the auxilliary series, M1
since
converges ...
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
and
3
1
lim
2 2 2 2
+ + + +

n
n
n
v
u
M1A1
then
n
u
converges A1
Note: Award M1A1A1M0M0A0A0 to
candidates
attempting to use the integral test.
[13]
64
72. Rewrite the equation in the form
( ) ( ) 2
1
2 1 d
d
+

+ +
+
x x x
y
x
y
M1
Integrating factor = exp
( ) ( )

,
_

+ +

2 1
d
x x
x
A1
= exp

,
_

,
_

x
x x
d
2
1
1
1
M1A1
= exp ln

,
_

+
+
2
1
x
x
A1
=
2
1
+
+
x
x
A1
Multiplying by the integrating factor,
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
2
d
d
2
1
+
+

+
+

,
_

+
+
x
x
x
y
x
y
x
x
M1
=
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
2
2
+

+
+
x x
x
A1
Integrating,
( ) C
x
x y
x
x
+
+
+ +

,
_

+
+
2
1
2 ln
2
1
A1A1
( )

'

+
+
+ +

,
_

+
+
C
x
x
x
x
y
2
1
2 ln
1
2
A1
[11]

73. (a)
( )
x
x
x f
sin 1
cos
+

M1A1
( )
( )
( )
2
2
sin 1
cos sin 1 sin
x
x x x
x f
+
+

M1
=
( )
2
sin 1
1 sin
x
x
+

A1
=
( ) x sin 1
1
+

AG

65
(b)
( )
( )
2
sin 1
cos
x
x
x f
+

A1
( )
( ) ( )
( )
4
2 2
sin 1
cos sin 1 2 sin 1 sin
x
x x x x
x f
iv
+
+ +

A1
f (0) = 0, f (0) = 1, f (0) = 1, f (0) = 1, f
iv
(0) = 2 (A2)
Note: Award A1 for 2 errors and A0 for
more
than 2 errors.
ln (1 + sin) =
...
12 6 2
4 3 2
+ +
x x x
x
M1A1

(c) ln (1 sin) = ln 1 + sin (x)) = x
...
12 6 2
4 3 2
+
x x x
M1A1

(d) Adding, M1
ln (1 sin
2
x) = ln cos
2
x A1
=
...
6
4
2
+
x
x
A1
ln cos x =
...
12 2
4 2
+
x x
A1
ln sec x =
...
12 2
4 2
+ +
x x
AG

(e)
...
12 2
sec ln
2
+ +
x x x
x x
x
M1
Limit = 0 A1
[18]

74. (a) S
2n
= S
n
+
n n n 2
1
...
2
1
1
1
+ +
+
+
+
M1
n n n
S
n
2
1
...
2
1
2
1
+ + + + >
M1A1
2
1
+
n
S
AG
66
(b) Replacing n by 2n,
2
1
2 4
+ >
n n
S S
M1A1
> S
n
+ 1 A1
Continuing this process,
2
3
8
+ >
n n
S S
(A1)
In general,
2
2
m
S S
n
n
m
+ >
M1A1
Putting n = 2 M1
2
2
2
1
m
S S
m
+ >
+
AG

(c) Consider the (large) number N. M1
Then,
N S
m
>
+1
2
if
N
m
S > +
2
2
A1
ie if m > 2(N S
2
) A1
This establishes the divergence. AG
[13]
67