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THESIS PROGRESS PRESENTATION
ON
Implementation of Efficient Medical Image
Compression Using Space-Frequency Quantization
Presented by
Krishna Kumar
R.N.- 2010EL27
M. tech 4
rd
sem.
(DIGITAL SYSTEM)
Under The Guidance Of
Dr. Basant Kumar
Assist. Prof., ECED
MNNIT, Allahabad
Outline
(1) INTRODUCTION.
(2) EZW CODING STEPS.
(2) MDL SFQ CODER DESIGN STEPS.
(3) MODELLING OF SUB-BAND WAVELET
COEFFICIENTS.
(4) RESULTS .
( 5)CONCLUSION.
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Data Compression in Telemedicine Data Compression in Telemedicine
Medical images require :
Larger memory space for storage
Higher bandwidth
Higher transmission time
Types of compression:
Lossless compression
limited compression ratio
Lossy compression
can be used with compromising quality.
Compression Technique Used
WAVELET TRANSFORM METHODS.
(TRANSFORM BASED IMAGE COMPRESSION).
ADVANTAGES :
Avoids blocking artefacts.
Facilitates progressive transmission of images.
Better matched to the hvs(human visual system)
characteristics
Compression scalable to achieve high compression ratios.
Very efficient at low bit rates.
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Step 1:Compute DWT Coefficients of the medical image.
Step 2:Set threshold and Iteration count.
Step 3:Apply Zero-tree pruning algorithm.
Step 4:Divide the survivor set of DWT coefficients into two sets of
positive and negative coefficients.
Step 5:Apply Lloyd-Max algorithm based uniform scalar quantizer
on positive and negative survivor sets.
Step 6:Apply Huffman code for encoding quantized DWT
coefficients.
Steps Followed in MDL SFQ Coder Design
Sub-band decomposition of an N x M image
H
0
HH
H
1
H
0
H
1
H
0
HL
LH
LL
H
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
a
0
a
1
N
M
N/2
M/2
M/2
N
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Subband Structure (4- Level)
N/8
N/4
N/2
N
Scanning of wavelet coefficients for encoding
using EZW
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2. EZW encoding:
Lets use 2-Level decomposition
26 6
-7 7
4
4 6
-4
-2 2
-3 4
0 -2
10 13
2
log 26
0
T = 2 = 16
(

sp zr zr zr
{ }
26
s
L =
EZW encoding (Continued..)
The reconstructed value of this coefficient is
24 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
1.5 T = 24
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EZW encoding (Continued..)
Correction of a two level quantizer with reconstruction level
T
0
/4.
28 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
EZW encoding (Continued..)
Now we r educe t he t hr eshol d by a f act or of 2
and r epeat t he pr ocess.
*
6
-7 7
4
4 6
-4
-2 2
-3 4
0 -2
10 13
0
1
T
T = = 8
2
iz zr zr sp sp iz iz
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EZW encoding (Continued..)
Now t he t hr eshol d coef f i ci ent s ar e r econst r uct ed
w i t h val ues 1.5T
1
=12.
28 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
12 12
{ }
s
L = 26,13,10
EZW encoding (Continued..)
26 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
10 14
0
T
Correction becomes = 2
4
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Scalar Quantization
M ean squar e quant i zat i on er r or
To desi gn of quant i zat i on means det er mi ne t he
boundar i es b
j
and l evel y
j
t hat mi ni mi zes
quant i zat i on er ror.
(1)
( )
i
i-1
b
M
2
2
q x
j=1
b
= f (x)dx
i
x-y

}
Scalar Quantization(Continued..)
These values of quantization can be
determined with the help of Lloyd-Max
quantizer.
It is a pdf optimized quantizer
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Scalar Quantization(Continued..)
The design equation for Lloyd-Max quantizer is
( )
( )
j
j-1
j
j-1
b
x
b
j b
x
b
x f x dx
y =
f x dx
}
}
j+1 j
j
y + y
b =
2
Needs For Statistical Modelling of Medical
Image
To characterized the image in the transform domain.
Benefits in model dependent quantization scheme
Characteristic of medical image wavelet coefficients:
Peaky
Heavy-tailed
Non-gaussian statistics
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Some heavy-tailed distributions
Generalized Student-t distribution
Generalized Pareto distribution
Weibull distribution
Gamma distribution
Gamma Distribution

:
st andard devi at i on
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Comparison of Various Distribution
Level 2 Distribution Chi-square value
(positive data)
Chi-square value
(negative data)
HL 2 Generalized Pareto 0.9980 0.5692
Weibull 1.0687 0.5417
Generalized student-t 3.1374 0.2028
Gamma 0.9631 0.5231
LH 2 Generalized Pareto 1.2523 0.5977
Weibull 1.2552 0.5714
Generalized student-t 4.4818 0.2280
Gamma 1.0240 0.4985
HH 2 Generalized Pareto 0.8593 0.5741
Weibull 0.8792 0.5473
Generalized student-t 1.3042 0.2239
Gamma 0.8315 0.4996
Chi- Square Value (+Ve Data)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
HL2 LH2 HH2
G.Par et o
Wei bul l
G.St udent -t
Gamma
C
h
i
-
S
q
u
a
r
e

V
a
l
u
e
Sub-
bands
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Chi- Square Value (-Ve Data)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
HL2 LH2 HH2
G.Par et o
Wei bul l
G.St udent -t
Gamma
C
h
i
-
S
q
u
a
r
e

V
a
l
u
e

Sub-bands
Jointly Optimization of SFQ Quantizer
M DL Cr i t er i on i s used
Best model i s t hat w hi ch gi ves mi ni mum
descr i pt i on l engt h.
The code l engt h f or f i ndi ng t he bi n i ndi ces
Wher e: m- no. of quant i zat i on l evel s
- bi n wi dt h
Ck- no. of coef f i ci ent s i n Kt h bi ns
n- l engt h of subband
2
( , ) log
k
k
C
L X m C
n
.
A =

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Jointly Optimization of SFQ Quantizer
(Continued..)
M DL cr i t er i on can be w r i t t en as
2
2
, 1
2
1
( , ) ( ) ( , )
2 log
n
ij ij
i j
e
L X X x x L X m

. . .
=
= + A

Jointly Optimization of SFQ Quantizer

(Continued..)
To optimize jointly the two quantization we
use the principle of bit allocation,
The best performance is achieved when the
two quantizer operated on the same slope
(=R/D) on RD curve.
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RESULTS
Performance Comparison
I M AGES BPP=. 25 BPP=. 5 BPP=1
SPIHT M DL PROPOSED
SFQ M DL-SFQ
SPIHT M DL PROPOSED
SFQ M DL-SFQ
SPIHT M DL PROPOSED
SFQ M DL-SFQ
US-1
42.10 42.92 44. 82 46.81 47.53 49. 11 51.05 51.40 52. 90
US-2
43.27 45.6 46. 92 51.7 52.01 53. 13 51.90 52.40 54. 11
CT-1
40.32 42.47 43. 23 43.67 45.44 46. 77 47.82 49.00 50. 42
CT-2
40.58 42.24 42. 96 42.79 44.77 46. 22 47 48.35 49. 67
M R-1
39.80 41.27 42. 07 43.31 44.17 45. 30 44.98 46.27 47. 53
M R-2
39.00 39.81 40. 01 41.70 42.72 43. 87 43.30 44.82 46. 42
PSNR Comparison for US-1 Image
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
BPP=0.25 BPP=0.5 BPP=1
SPIHT
M DL-SFQ
Pr oposed SFQ
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PSNR Comparison for US-2 Image
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
BPP=0.25 BPP=0.5 BPP=1
SPIHT
M DL-SFQ
Pr oposed SFQ
PSNR Comparison for CT-1 Image
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
BPP=0.25 BPP=0.5 BPP=1
SPIHT
M DL-SFQ
Pr oposed SFQ
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PSNR Comparison for CT-2 Image
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
BPP=0.25 BPP=0.5 BPP=1
SPIHT
M DL-SFQ
Pr oposed SFQ
PSNR Comparison for MR-1 Image
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
BPP=0.25 BPP=0.5 BPP=1
SPIHT
M DL-SFQ
Pr oposed SFQ
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PSNR Comparison for MR-2 Image
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
BPP=0.25 BPP=0.5 BPP=1
SPIHT
M DL-SFQ
Pr oposed SFQ
Image US-1
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Image US-1
graph: psnr vs. bpp
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
bpp
P
S
N
R


MDL SFQ
SFQ
Prosed MDL SFQ
IM AGE US-2
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IM AGE US-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
bpp
P
S
N
R


SPIHT
MDL SFQ
Propose MDL SFQ
IM AGE: CT-1
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IM AGE: CT-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
bpp
P
S
N
R


MDL SFQ
Propose MDL SFQ
IM AGE: CT-2
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IM AGE: CT-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
bpp
P
S
N
R


MDL SFQ
Proposed MDL SFQ
IM AGE: M R-1
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IM AGE: M R-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
bpp
P
S
N
R


MDL SFQ
Propose MDL SFQ
IM AGE: M R-2
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IM AGE: M R-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
bpp
P
S
N
R


Proposed MDL SFQ
MDL SFQ
Conclusions
PROPOSED MDL-SFQ GIVES 1.18dB(APPROX)
IMPROVEMENT OVER EXITING MDL-SFQ.
PROPOSED MDL-SFQ GIVES IMPROVED RESULT ON
US,CT and MR IMAGES.
IMPROVEMENT IN PSNR OF CT AND MR IMAGES ARE
VERY LESS AS COMPARED TO US IMAGE
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Fur t her Wor k
Impl ement at i on of ROI SFQ Coder.
REFERENCES
[ 1] .Xl ONG, Z., RAM CHANDRAN, K., and ORCHARD, M . T. (1997):
' Space f requency quant i zat i on f or wavel et i mage codi ng' , IEEE
Tr ans.Im age Pr ocess., 6, p. 677 693.
[ 2] .Xl ONG, Z., RAM CHANDRAN, K., and ORCHARD, M . T. (1998):
' Wavel et packet i mage codi ng usi ng space-f requency
quant i zat i on' ,IEEE Tr ans. Im age Pr ocess., 7, pp. 892 898
[ 3] .RAJPOOT, N. M ., WILSON, R. G., M EYER, F. G., and COIFM AN, R.
R.,(2003): ' Adapt i ve wavel et packet basi s sel ect i on f or zero t ree
i mage codi ng' , IEEE Tr ans. Im age Pr ocess., 12, pp. 1460 1471
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REFERENCES ( CONT. )
[ 4] .PRZELASKOWSKI, A., KAZUBEK, M ., and JAM ROGIEWICZ, T.
(1997):,Ef f ect i ve wavel et based compressi on met hod w i t h
adapt i ve quant i zat i on t hreshol d and zero-t ree codi ng' .Pr oc.
SPIE, M ul t i m edi a St or age and Ar chi vi ng Syst em -II, 3229, pp. 348
[ 5] .PRZELASKOWSKI, A. (1998):,' Fi t t i ng quant i zat i on scheme t o
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IEEE, p. 485 488
[ 6] .PEARLM AN WA. A SAID A, A new f ast and ef f i ci ent i mage codec
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[ 7] .SHARIPO,M .9(1993): Embedded i mage codi ng usi ng zero
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ci r cui t s and syst em s.vol cas-25,no.-7.
[ 9] .ANTONINI,M . BARLAUD,M . M ATHIEU,P.
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REFERENCES ( CONT. )
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[10] . L. Kaur ,R.C. Chauhan & S.C. Saxena: Space-f requency
quant i ser desi gn f or ul t rasound i mage compressi on based on
mi ni mum descr i pt i on l engt h cr i t er i on. M edi cal & Bi ol ogi cal
Engi neer i ng & Com put i ng 2005, Vol . 43
[ 11] .Vl adan Vel i savl j evi c, Bal t asar Bef er ul l-Lozano & M ar t i n
Vet t er l i: Sace Frequanct Quant i zat i on usi ng Di rect i onl et s.
ICIP IEEE 2007.
REFERENCES ( CONT. )
BOOKS
[ 1] .A WAVELET TOUR OF SIGNAL PROCESSING
(FIRST EDITION).
AUTHOR STEPHAN M ALLAT
[ 2] .INTRODUCTION TO DATA COM PRESSION
(THIRD EDITION).
AUTHOR KHALID SAYOOD
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Thank you