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Worker ExpIoitation in Minnesota's

RetaiI JanitoriaI Industry
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|N1kODUC1|ON
Diversifed, which is based in Florida, provides
janitorial services to supermarkets and retail
department stores. It is the largest service provider
to Target, with contracts covering over 600 stores
nationwide.
1

In October 2011, twelve Minnesotans fled a lawsuit
against Diversifed Maintenance charging that the
company required some of them to work up to 80
hours a week without overtime pay.
2
This lawsuit,
which is currently pending, is not the frst time that
workers have sued Diversifed to get the overtime
wages they believe they were owed.
Over the last fve years, the company has been the
subject of at least six private lawsuits as well as
an investigation by the U.S. Department of Labor,
which found that Diversifed required employees
to work 7 days a week without any overtime pay.
The investigation also found that Diversifed held
new employees` pay as a 'deposit that they would
receive when they left the company.
3

Although this report focuses mostly on Diversihed
Maintenance, this problem is not limited to just
one company. Unfortunately, these problems
pervade the retail janitorial industry in Minnesota
and throughout the United States.
Other cleaning companies with which Twin Cities
area department stores and supermarkets contract
have also been the subjects of similar lawsuits and
Department of Labor investigations for not paying
their workers the overtime wages they earned:
4

Carlson Building Maintenance cleans Target,
Lunds, Byerly`s, and Rainbow Foods stores,
among others.
Eurest Services cleans Target, Best Buy,
Home Depot, and JC Penney stores.
National Floor Maintenance cleans Lunds
and Byerly`s stores.
Paquette Maintenance cleaned Lunds,
Walgreens, K-Mart, and Menards stores.
In order to cut costs and avoid responsibility,
department stores and supermarkets contract out their
janitorial work. There is ferce competition among
the janitorial companies for these contracts, with
each company trying to underbid the other. Since
labor is by far the largest and most costly expense
in a cleaning contract, the company with the lowest
labor costs tends to win the contract.

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About 20 years ago, janitorial companies were paid
about 32 cents per square foot to 'strip and wax
tile foors and had to apply four coats of fnish. If
this price had kept up with infation, the cost would
currently be 58 cents per square foot. In reality
however, contractors now get 10 to 12 cents per
square foot and have to put down seven to eight coats
of fnish.
5

In some cases, the janitorial companies try to
minimize their labor costs with practices such as not
paying overtime or by requiring employees to get
more work done in a shorter period of time.
Area janitors report that in the last ten years their
hourly wage has dropped from $10-$11 an hour to
just above the federal minimum wage of $7.25 an
hour, and their workload has nearly doubled.
6

The contractors count on the predominantly
immigrant workforce
not being aware of
their rights or being
afraid of retaliation if
they complain. In one
case, a Philadelphia
cleaning company
even went so far as to
enslave their workers
and to threaten the
workers and their
families with physical
violence if they tried
to escape.
7

|N1kODUC1|ON
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A Dir|y 8usiness: Wor|or |loltotloo lo too kotoll 1ooltorlol loucstry -- CJuL
An ~intentional, willful, and unlawful
refusal to pay overtime
Diversifed Maintenance is headquartered in Tampa,
FL and provides janitorial services to supermarkets
and retail department stores.
Diversifed is the largest janitorial service provider
to Target, with contracts covering over 600 stores
nationwide.
8

Nationally, Diversifed also has contracts with Sears,
Lord and Taylor, Best Buy, Kohl`s, Home Depot,
Macy`s, Petco, JC Penney, and Kmart.
9

In 2011, twelve current and former Diversifed
employees in Minnesota fled a lawsuit charging
that the company failed to pay janitors for the hours
worked.
The case, which is still pending, alleges that:
10

One employee worked 80 hours per week
without any overtime pay. The other employees
regularly worked 56-60 hours a week without
full overtime pay.
11

The employees were required to work 7 days
a week - 6 days a week under their own name
and the other 1 day a week under a 'ghost
name.
12

When employees questioned a supervisor
about not being paid overtime, the supervisor
threatened to fre them or have them arrested
and sent to jail.
13

This is not an isolated case. Diversifed has a history
of investigations and lawsuits for failure to pay its
workers overtime.
The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) found
that Diversifed owed 19 employees in
Minnesota overtime pay from 2005 to 2007.
The DOL found that the employees worked 7
days a week, averaging 57 hours a week, and
were paid $1600 a month, an average of $6.50
per hour. The DOL also found that Diversifed
did not pay employees for some weeks when
they frst started. Their hours were held in a
'bank or as a 'deposit to be paid out when
the employees left the company.
14

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7 A Dir|y 8usiness: Wor|or |loltotloo lo too kotoll 1ooltorlol loucstry -- CJuL

A 2007 Florida lawsuit charged Diversifed

with not paying its janitorial employees
overtime even though they regularly worked
over 40 hours a week. Diversifed agreed to
settle the suit.
15

In 2008, Diversifed settled another lawsuit
brought by janitorial employees in Florida
about Diversifed`s alleged failure to pay them
overtime.
16

In 2008, Diversifed settled a separate lawsuit
charging that Diversifed had 'instituted and
carried out an unlawful policy and practice
of refusing to pay its janitorial employees
overtime although the employees regularly
worked overtime.
17


In 2009 Diversifed settled a lawsuit which
charged that Diversifed 'repeatedly and
willfully failed to pay numerous employees
overtime pay, and that this was a 'company-
wide policy.
18

In 2011 Diversifed settled a lawsuit by a New
York employee who charged that the company
didn`t pay him overtime although he had to
work eighty-four hours a week.
19

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8 A Dir|y 8usiness: Wor|or |loltotloo lo too kotoll 1ooltorlol loucstry -- CJuL
O1HLk COMIAN|L8 OILkA1|NG |N M|NNL8O1A
This problem is not limited to just one company.
As shown in this report, other cleaning companies
with which Twin City area department stores and
supermarkets contract have also been the subjects
of similar lawsuits and Department of Labor
investigations for not paying their workers the
overtime wages they earned.
CorIson 8uiIdinq Moin|enonce
Carlson Building Maintenance provides janitorial
services, foor cleaning, and maintenance services
in six states.
20
About 90 percent of Carlson`s clients
are in the retail sector. In Minnesota, Carlson has
contracts to clean Target, Lunds, Byerly`s, and
Rainbow stores, among others.
21

In 2007, the Department of Labor investigated
Carlson Building Maintenance and found that
Carlson owed back wages to 242 of its employees.
22

'I held two jobs because of the low wages. We work
in a place flled with food and yet we can barely feed
our families, said one former Carlson employee who
cleaned a supermarket. 'They look for a cleaning
company that is going to give the lowest price for the
work. The result for us: lower wages and increased
workloads.
23

This employee said
that the hourly wage at
Carlson had dropped
from $10 to $11 an
hour to just above the
federal minimum wage
of $7.25 an hour, and
their workload has nearly
doubled.
24

'Many who have worked
ten years in the industry
know there were four
workers to a shift and
today there
25
No|ionoI IIoor Moin|enonce
Reckless disregard for overtime laws
There have been at least six signifcant investigations
by the United States Department of Labor over the
last decade about labor practices at National Floor
Maintenance (NFM), one of the companies that clean
Lunds and Byerly`s stores.
26
In these investigations
the Department of Labor found that NFM failed to
pay the required overtime wages to more than 1,000
total workers.
In 2008, the U.S. Department of Labor`s
Minneapolis district offce found that National
Floor Maintenance had not paid the required
overtime to over 100 workers cleaning Lund`s
and Byerly`s stores.
27

In 2006 the U.S. Department of Labor
brought a civil lawsuit against National Floor
Maintenance for repeatedly and willfully
violating overtime laws in Minnesota, Texas,
Colorado, and Nevada. The Department of
Labor and National Floor Maintenance into a
consent judgment requiring National Floor to
pay the back overtime wages owed.
28

In 2005 the Department of Labor`s Houston,
TX district offce found that National Floor
Maintenance owed overtime wages to almost
200 of its employees.
29

A separate investigation in 2005 by the
Department of Labor`s Denver, CO offce found
that National Floor Maintenance owed overtime
wages to almost 350 of its employees.
30

A 2002 DOL investigation had found that
National Floor Maintenance failed to pay 459
employees overtime wages. A subsequent
investigation by the DOL found that National
Floor Maintenance continued to not pay its
workers in Minnesota the required overtime
wages in 'reckless disregard of the Fair Labor
Standards Act.
31

9 A Dir|y 8usiness: Wor|or |loltotloo lo too kotoll 1ooltorlol loucstry -- CJuL

Ioque||e Moin|enonce
Paquette deliberately delayed responding to [our]
investigation to be able to declare bankruptcy and
not pay workers.
Paquette Maintenance was a Minnesota based
company which had contracts to clean Lunds,
Marshall`s, T.J. Maxx, Walgreens, Goodwill,
K-Mart, and Menards stores. In 2008 the United
States Department of Labor (DOL) carried out an
investigation against Paquette for failure to pay
proper overtime to its workers. The DOL found that
Paquette owed overtime pay to over 100 workers.
33

It appeared to the DOL investigator that Paquette
deliberately delayed responding to the investigation
in order to be able to declare bankruptcy and not
pay workers. The DOL report noted that from the
beginning of the investigation, the company was
'disinterested, evasive, and uncooperative.
35

According to the DOL report, Paquette refused to
calculate the back wages that the DOL requested and
never provided the DOL the names and addresses
of the employees. The DOL wrote that it became
clear that these were stalling ctactics when Paquette
fled for bankruptcy in March 2008. The DOL
investigators believed that this was all part of the
company`s strategy to make the back wages part of
the numerous claims included in the bankruptcy.
35

The DOL investigator noted that instead of
improving as a result of the investigations, Paquette`s
pay practices actually got much worse. All the
paychecks for the 116 employees bounced in January
and February 2008.
36

Lures|[ kimco
In early 2009 Compass Group bought Kimco
Corporation, an Illinois-based company which
provided janitorial services to commercial, retail, and
industrial customers in 37 states. Compass merged
Kimco into its Eurest Services division.
In Minnesota, Eurest cleans Target, Best Buy, Home
Depot, and JC Penney stores.
In 2010 seven Latino employees fled a lawsuit in
New York charging that Kimco had failed to pay
them their wages for overtime as well as regularly
worked hours. According to the lawsuit, one of the
workers who cleaned a Home Depot store was owed
a month`s worth of pay.
When he complained to the company, he was fred.
Some of the other employees in the lawsuit also
alleged that they were
illegally fred in retaliation
for their complaints about
not being paid. The lawsuit,
which is still pending,
charges that the company`s
retaliation was 'malicious,
intentional and performed
with the actual intent of
harming [the workers].
37

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32

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lu A Dir|y 8usiness: Wor|or |loltotloo lo too kotoll 1ooltorlol loucstry -- CJuL
They call it modern-day slavery. It's hiding in
plain sight.
In October 2011, two men were convicted in federal
court of operating a slavery ring involving workers
who cleaned at Target, K-Mart, Wal-Mart, and other
stores in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, New
York, and New Jersey.
38

The men recruited poor, unemployed workers in the
Ukraine with false promises of good paying jobs
and homes. The workers were told their travel
arrangements from the Ukraine would be taken care
of and that they would earn $300-$500 per month,
in addition to their room and board.
39
When
they arrived in the U.S., they were told they owed
a very large debt, but they were given very little
information about how much the debt was or how
much of it they had paid.
40

The immigrants` passports and travel documents
were taken away. They were put to work
immediately on cleaning crews in department stores
and were forced to work up to 16 hours a day.
41

They slept on dirty mattresses on the foor, often fve
or six to a room, and were only paid $100 a month.
42

The men created an atmosphere of fear in order to
ensure that the workers did not try to escape. They
beat and kicked the workers, threatened to kill them,
and threatened to harm their families in Ukraine.
In one case, they brutally raped one of the female
workers.
43

'They call it modern-day slavery, Assistant U.S.
Attorney Daniel Velez said. 'It`s hiding in plain
sight.
44

NA1|ONAl IkO8lLM8 |N 1HL |NDU81kY
woI-Mor|
When you don't pay taxes, don't pay Social
Security and don't pay workers' comp, you have a
40 percent cost advantage,
Wal-Mart`s motto is 'Always low prices. One of
the ways it sought to keep its prices low was by
exploiting immigrants from Eastern Europe.
In 2003, federal agents raided 60 Wal-Mart stores in
21 states and uncovered an illegal scheme to exploit
hundreds of janitors. Workers were recruited from
Russia, Poland, and Lithuania. When they arrived
in the U.S., they were immediately put to work on
the overnight shift cleaning Wal-Marts seven nights
a week. One worker said he had worked every night
for the eight months he had been in the U.S.
45

The cleaning contractors often paid workers off the
books and did not pay overtime, Social Security, and
workers` compensation. 'When you don`t pay taxes,
don`t pay Social Security and don`t pay workers`
comp, you have a 40 percent cost advantage, said
Lilia Garcia, executive director of the Maintenance
Cooperation Trust Fund, a group fnanced by
California cleaning contractors to police fy-by-night
competitors. 'It makes it hard for companies that
follow the rules.
46

In 2005, Wal-Mart entered into an $11 million
federal settlement to clear the allegations about its
knowledge of the illegal employment practices.
47

Forty-one of the employees have brought a lawsuit
against Wal-Mart, which is still pending in court.
The suit alleges that the janitors routinely worked
seven days a week without any overtime pay and
that they were locked inside the stores while they
worked.
48

ll A Dir|y 8usiness: Wor|or |loltotloo lo too kotoll 1ooltorlol loucstry -- CJuL
1orqe|
Having clean, shiny stores is one of the four things
that Target was founded on. It is part of what we
stand for . . . It is part of our brand statement.
49

Target has over 1,700 stores in the U.S. Its stores in
the U.S. are known for their trademark clean foors
and bright lights. Most customers are unaware that
the level of cleanliness has been achieved through the
use of sub-contractors who exploit their janitors.
Prestige Maintenance, based in Plano, TX, cleaned
Target stores in several states. In 2009 the company
settled a lawsuit brought by sixteen of it workers
who claimed that the company owed them overtime
pay. The workers who brought the lawsuit were
Latino immigrants who cleaned Target stores in
Maryland overnight from 10:30 pm to 8 a.m. every
night.
50
According to the prosecuting attorney, this
case 'tends to actually refect the norm within the
janitorial industry, that there`s a lot of unlawful wage
practices.
51

Prior to the lawsuit, Prestige Maintenance was
investigated by the Department of Labor three times,
resulting in more than 400 violations for failing to
pay overtime.

In 2003, the DOL`s Minneapolis district offce
found that Prestige owed overtime pay to
almost 300 workers.
52

In 2004, the Department of Labor found that
Prestige Maintenance owed overtime pay to
121 workers.
53

In 2007, the DOL`s Minneapolis district offce
found that Prestige owed three employees
overtime pay.
54

Jim`s Maintenance settled a lawsuit in 2009 brought
by its workers who cleaned Target stores in Texas.
55

The workers charged that they were not paid
overtime despite consistently working 55 to 75 hours
a week. Workers alleged that managers locked
cleaning crews in overnight for a typical shift from
10:30 pm to 7 or 8 a.m.
One of the workers stated that they worked 10
hours a day, with only 1 day off every two weeks.
Another worker was paid a fat $1,400 a month.
Based on the hours he worked, it came out to an
hourly wage of $4.86.
56

Global Building Services cleaned Target stores
in California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and
Texas. In 2004 the company entered into a $1.9
million settlement with the United States Department
of Labor over charges that it owed overtime to 775
janitors who often worked seven nights a week
cleaning Target stores.
One worker said that he worked 80 hours a week
- from 10 pm to 8 am without any days off. The
company not only didn`t pay him overtime wages,
but his total pay came out to less than the minimum
wage.
57

NA1|ONAl IkO8lLM8 |N 1HL |NDU81kY

l2 A Dir|y 8usiness: Wor|or |loltotloo lo too kotoll 1ooltorlol loucstry -- CJuL
Cose 8|udy -
CommercioI !oni|orioI |ndus|ry
Ten years ago, janitors who cleaned offce buildings
in the Twin Cities faced many of the same conditions
as the janitors who clean department stores,
described in this report.
The property services industry had changed.
Building owners began to contract out the cleaning
work rather than hire janitors directly. The
contractors were in high competition with each other
and cut wages for their workers.
Janitors earned minimum wage with no paid
holidays, sick time, or vacation. They did not get
any health insurance, and worked only four hours
per night. These workers organized as a union and
as part of the Justice for Janitors campaign they won
a voice at work and raised standards in the industry,
transforming poverty wages into livable wages.
Now, the contractors who work in this feld are
responsible - they pay decent wages and provide
health insurance for their employees. These
contractors also have signed a master union contract,
which not only provides a guaranteed wage and
beneft structure for their employees, but it also sets
out decent working conditions.
Janitors who clean offce buildings in the Twin Cities
now:
Work eight hour shifts
Earn $13.42 an hour
Get six paid holidays a year and paid vacation
Have individual health insurance for $20 a
month and family coverage for $150 a month.
wHA1 CAN 8L DONL

The retail janitorial industry needs a similar

transformation.
1) Wages and Benehts
Twin City retailers should ensure that the janitors
who clean their stores are paid a living wage, as
defned by the Minneapolis City Council, with
annual cost of living increases, and receive benefts
that include paid time off, such as paid vacation
days, sick leave, and holidays.
2) Workload
Representatives of the workers and of the cleaning
contractors should work jointly to determine
reasonable standards for workload. Once these
standards are established, the contractor should
provide all employees with this information and
adhere to the standard.
3) Worker Retention
When a retailer changes cleaning contractors, the
new contractor should hire the workers who are
employed cleaning the store at that time.
4) Workplace Rights
Twin City retailers should allow for an annual
training for workers about their basic rights in the
workplace and about the recourses available to them
if they feel their rights have been violated.
5) Compliance with State and Federal Laws
Twin City retailers should require that the contactors
they use comply with all state and federal laws
regarding employees` rights, and should terminate
a contract if repeated violations are found and not
corrected in a timely manner.
6) Right to Organize
Contractors and retailers should take steps to ensure
that workers are free to exercise their right to
unionize and to engage in collective activity, without
intimidation or retaliation.
l3 A Dir|y 8usiness: Wor|or |loltotloo lo too kotoll 1ooltorlol loucstry -- CJuL
Abou| C1Ul
Centro de Trabajadores
en Lucha (CTUL) began
in 2005 as a project
of Workers` Interfaith
Network (WIN) with the
goal of supporting low-
wage workers who are
facing workplace issues
such as unjust frings
or wage theft. Initially
known as the Interfaith
Center for Worker Justice
(ICWJ), the project served
mainly as a service for
low-wage workers, focusing on resolving immediate
workplace issues mainly through legal means.
In August of 2007, the Workers` Center shifted from
being a service to a base-building organization.
CTUL began focusing on empowering low-wage
workers to lead a movement aimed at achieving
fair and equitable wages, working conditions and
treatment for all.
Over the past four years workers have succeeded
in recovering back wages and reinstating hundreds
of unjustly fred workers, while winning victories
against some of the biggest and most well-
established employers in the area and becoming
frmly established as a major force for worker justice
in the process. We have persuaded 20 companies
into changing corporate policies impacting workers,
gaining improvements for over 600 low-wage
workers. In only four years, CTUL has grown from
a small organization with a few members into a
powerful force for those whose
voices have gone unheard.
Since 2010, CTUL has been
organizing with retail cleaning
workers across the industry.
Workers have organized
marches, protests, and
community events, to bring
to light the injustices they
reportedly face every night
as they clean big stores in the
Twin Cities.
In May of 2011, 18 workers and allies participated in
a hunger strike that lasted 12 days. During that time,
the Minneapolis City Council passed a resolution
supporting retail cleaning workers, and workers
were supported by a number of infuential fgures
including, Lutheran Bishop Craig Johnson, State
Rep. Jim Davnie, State Sen. Patricia Torres Ray, and
U.S. Rep. Keith Ellison.
Shortly following the conclusion of CTUL`s hunger
strike last June, many workers at different companies
from across the industry reported signifcant pay
increases. These were the frst pay increases that
many workers have seen since they started working
in the industry.
Now, we move into a new phase in this campaign in
which we continue to organize to ensure fair wages,
fair working conditions and a voice in the workplace
for all retail cleaning workers in the Twin Cities.

1
'Diversifed Maintenance Systems Hits Several Major Milestones in 2011, July 12, 2011 press release
2
Alvarez et al. v. Diversifed Maintenance Systems, LLC et al, No. 0:11-cv-03106-SRN-TNL, U.S. District Court, Dist of MN
3
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1479614, Local Filing Number 2007-250-03336
4
The list of which contractors clean which stores is from CTUL interviews with janitors
5
'The Janitorial Pricing Limbo Contest, Cleaning and Maintenance Management Online, James Madison, Nov 2009
6
Lunds: Escucha; estamos en la lucha, Insight News, Ivan Phifer, February 11, 2011
7
'Ukrainian brothers guilty in slave case, UPI, Oct. 12, 2011
8
'Diversifed Maintenance Systems Hits Several Major Milestones in 2011, July 12, 2011 press relase
9
Diversifed Maintenance 'Valued Customers
l= A Dir|y 8usiness: Wor|or |loltotloo lo too kotoll 1ooltorlol loucstry -- CJuL
10
Alvarez et al. v. Diversifed Maintenance Systems, LLC et al, No. 0:11-cv-03106-SRN-TNL, U.S. District Court, Dist of MN
11
Alvarez et al. v. Diversifed Maintenance Systems, pp. 5-7
12
Alvarez et al. v. Diversifed Maintenance Systems, p. 8
13
Alvarez et al. v. Diversifed Maintenance Systems, p. 11
14
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1479614, Local Filing Number 2007-250-03336
15
Anne Marie Wright v. Diversifed Maintenance Systems, No. 9:07-cv-80983-KAM, U.S. District Court, S. District of FL
16
Vergara v. Diversifed Maintenance Systems, Inc. et al, No. 6:08-cv-00598-ACC-KRS, U.S. District Ct, Middle Dist of FL
17
Sousa v. Universal Building Maintenance, Inc. d/b/a Diversifed Maintenance Systems, No. 6:08-cv-00245-JA-DAB, ,
U.S. District Court, Middle District of FL
18
Munoz v. Building Maintenance, Inc. d/b/a Diversifed Maintenance Systems, No. 6:08-cv-922-ORL-DAB, U.S. District Court,
Middle District of FL
19
Arellano v. Diversifed Maintenance Systems, Inc. No. 1:11-cv-01288-FB-JO, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of NY
20
'Case Study: Carlson Building Services, Amano Pioneer Eclipse Corporation
21
From CTUL interviews with janitors
22
U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division, Minneapolis District Offce, Case ID: 1561107,
Local Filing No. 2010-250-04816
23
'Grocery Store Cleaners Enter Day 7 of Hunger Strike, In These Times, R.M. Arrieta, May 7, 2011
24
Lunds: Escucha; estamos en la lucha, Insight News, Ivan Phifer, February 11, 2011
25
'Grocery Store Cleaners Enter Day 7 of Hunger Strike, In These Times, R.M. Arrieta, May 7, 2011
26
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1500383, Local Filing Number 2008-250-03658
27
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1500383, Local Filing Number 2008-250-03658
28
Chao, Elaine L., U.S. Department of Labor v. Omni Contracting Management, Inc. et al, Case No. 1:06-cv-00164-REB
29
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1378019, Local Filing Number 2004-199-03087
30
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1379476, Local Filing Number 2008-174-02811
31
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1500383, Local Filing Number 2008-250-03658
32
'Cleaning Workers Rally for Better Pay, Conditions, WCCO-TV, Lindsey Seavert, November 6, 2010
33
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1490944, Local Filing Number 2007-250-0351
34
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1490944, Local Filing Number 2007-250-0351
35
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1490944, Local Filing Number 2007-250-0351
36
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1490944, Local Filing Number 2007-250-0351
37
Ricciardi et al. v. The Kimco Corporation et al., Case No. 2:10-cv-05371-JS-ARL
38
'Ukrainian brothers convicted of forced labor in US, Associated Press, Oct. 12, 2011,
39
United States of America v. Botsvynyuk, et al, Criminal No. 10-159-01, 02
40
United States of America v. Botsvynyuk, et al, Criminal No. 10-159-01, 02
41
'Ukrainian brothers guilty in slave case, UPI, Oct. 12, 2011
42
'Ukrainian brothers charged with slave labor in Philadelphia, Philadelphia Inquirer, Nathan Greenstein, July 1, 2010
43
United States of America v. Botsvynyuk, et al, Indictment, p. 5
44
Ukrainian brothers convicted of forced labor in US, Associated Press, Oct. 12, 2011,
45
'Illegally in U.S., and Never a Day Off at Wal-Mart, New York Times, November 5, 2003, Steven Greenhouse
46
'Illegally in U.S., and Never a Day Off at Wal-Mart, New York Times, November 5, 2003, Steven Greenhouse
47
'Wal-Mart Mops Up Immigrant Flap, CBS News.com, March 18, 2005
48
Zavala et al. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Case No. 2:10-cv05301-WJM-MF, p. 18
49
'Target Target: Janitors win a legal victory, The Austin Chronicle, Justin Ward, Feb. 29, 2008.
Fuentes, et al. v. Jim`s Maintenance, et al., Case No. 4:06-cv-01721
50
Gonzales et al. v. Prestige Maintenance, Case 8:07-cv-01949-PJM
51
Overtime suit in U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland in Greenbelt settles for up to $3.8 millon, Caryn Timber,
The Daily Record, December 9, 2009
52
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1183955, Local Filing Number 2002-250-00443
53
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1361131, Local Filing Number 2004-167-04122
54
U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division Case ID 1447129, Local Filing Number 2006-250-02803
55
Fuentes et al. v. Jim`s Maintenance et al., Case No. 4:06-cv-01721
56
'Target Target: Janitors win a legal victory, The Austin Chronicle, Justin Ward, Feb. 29, 2008.
57
'Labor Department Wins $1.9 Million in Back Pay for Janitors, New York Times August 26, 2004, Steven Greenhouse
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